Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management INTRODUCTION Everyone always wants to live with beauty; no one wants to live with ugliness. They have to dress with a nice clothes and makeup in order to be more attractive to other people around them. However, beauty cannot fulfill people needs to make their life resilient, everyone desires to be in a fresh and clean environment. Clean environment is really important in everyday life, everyone should know about the greatness of it. If they make a bad effect to environment, as the consequence it appears that they will be getting the bad effect from it. Now let us know The definition of environment. Environment refers to everything around us both all living and non- living objects that have communicated with each other on the Earth. As we have already mentioned about the definition of environment, waste is also one part of the environment and that we should take into account and care about it. Waste is a major health hazard that undermines peoples rights to a safe life. All forms of waste municipal, bio-medical, e-waste, or industrial, if not treated and disposed carefully are a threat to the health of people as well as the environment. Did you know how much do we waste daily? In average a person generate 4.3 pounds (1.95 kilogram) of waste per day. We can imagine that only a small family with 4 members, every day they will produce 4.3 x 4 pounds waste and then per year it will be 4.3 x 4 x 356 pounds. The calculation results a large amount of waste which produced by only a small family of 4 members. How much the amount of waste was produced by the people in one country every day and every year? This will become the major issue that requires everyones attention and serious action to prevent or to resolve it. Everyone should know how to reduce and manage waste; otherwise it will be worst to their living environment. It does not matter, if the waste created by in person is effected only one person who made it. But it will be the problem in the community/society and then it will become the serious problem in the whole country. For instance, a plastic bag waste that we drop
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management away on the land, then recently it will be disappeared on the soil but it belongs in the ground. The indefinite period of time that it takes for the average plastic bag to breakdown can be literally hundreds of years. Every bag that ends up in the woodlands of the country threatens the natural progression of wildlife[2]. Although plastic bags are a waste but we still can take the advantage of it. We can recycle the plastic bags by using it again and again till it cannot carry any more stuffs, then we throw it away in the waste bin. So it is good, if start from a person who know how to manage their waste by dividing it into the groups. It is simply only two groups of waste should be divided-- recyclable and unrecyclable waste. We should have a prevention to manage waste in society to hold a sustainable environment. A local waste management should be brought into consideration at every community, industry, society, school, market, and society etc. The intentions of the local waste management are to oversee the waste by starting from the local small place, simply manage the waste in the household. They can manage their waste by preparing two kinds of waste bin; recyclable and non-recyclable bin. Regularly, they should bring the non-recyclable waste to the Public landfill. In addition, the local waste management aims to have a clean environment locally where possible in order to sustain the local economy and to reduce environmental impacts by minimizing the amount of waste disposed, the amount of carbon emission, the soil erosion and water pollution. It offers a local economy supported by making the multitude who live with the clean environment have a good health, and healthy people will not spend much money to see a doctor. Moreover, a tourism country with the clean and fresh environment is the most targeted tourism site. The living-standard of people will be better with the sustainable environment. Locally waste management tends to be fresher and clean environment since they dont make the bad effect to the environment, as we
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management already known the relationship between the "three pillars of sustainability", suggesting that both economy and society are constrained by environmental limits LITERATURE REVIEW There are many ways for managing the solid waste in every country, we will have a closed look at three different theme countries, and how these three countries manage their local solid waste. As with many nations in the AsiaPacific region, Cambodia is embarking on a period of rapid urban growth. But with the increasing number of populations comes increasing demand for improved sanitation and waste management. Cambodia is a one of developing countries which most people live in rural society, with 84.3% of its 14 million estimated population living in rural areas. The remaining 15.7% urban dwellers live predominantly in Phnom Penh, which has an estimated Population of 1.2 million in 2002. The population in Phnom Penh grows at a faster rate than in the country overall, with an estimated 8% per annum Made of a 3% in-migration rate and a 5% natural Increase. As the population is growing very fast the city will face with the solid waste management problem. Current Status of Solid Waste Management: The management, collection and transportation of solid wastes in Cambodia are still weak, as a result of a number of factors, including a low budget, a shortage of all types of equipment needed for the transportation, collection and storage of waste, weak laws and enforcement and no overall management plan. Transportation and collection processes are complicated and the services are slow and unpredictable (Cotter, 2000). Thus, solid waste issues presented in Phnom Penh city. As indicated in the figure 2.1 above, the volume of solid waste in Phnom Penh City has doubled between 1994 and 2002. The collected mixed solid
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management wastes, from different sources like domestics, hospital, commercial sectors, are being disposed in an open dumped site which is no longer suitable with increasing piles of waste.
Figure 2.1:The volume of solid Waste generation in Phnom Penh The Solid Waste Management (SWM), in Cambodia have been privatized to private companies, under supervision from local agencies and technical job agencies. The sub-decree on SWM, enacted in April, 1999, was established to regulate SWM in a proper technical and safe manner to protect human health and the environment. The sub-decree sets the overall framework for SWM in Cambodia and applies to all activities related to the disposal, storage, collection, transport, recycling, and dumping of waste. In order to improve the SWM, MoE 1 has developed a new 3Rs national strategy (2009) but implementation of the strategy is still very limited, Waste recycling has been done only by private recyclers (informally) and some NGOs but on a limited scale(See Figure 2.2 below).
1 Ministry of Education
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management Figure 2.1: Solid Waste Management System Collection and Transportation: CINTRI, one of CINTECs branches based in Canada, was granted an exclusive agreement by Phnom Penh Municipality in 2002 on the provision of garbage collection services for the period of 49 years. This company has a clear vision Zero waste in Phnom Penh and three branches. Waste collection serves only at urban and municipal areas including domestic, markets, commercial & government administrative centers, and public school or university. Cambodia has the combinational collection systems as the following: Curbside collection, Container collection-stationary, Container collection-Leased, Primary/secondary collection, with or without recycling center,
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management Street sweeping. To ensure the smooth manual collection system, over 800 workers are deployed and actively collecting waste in eight khans of Phnom Penh by sweeping boulevards/streets and picking garbage at public places. 140 drivers for 138 trucks consist of compactor trucks and arm roll trucks in associated with over 350 push carts are available to operate cleaning and transporting waste at all operating areas. This transport system is dynamically loading the garbage amounting to 1,200 tons a day to the dumpsite where situated about 16 km outside of the city. The Waste Collection Schedule has been sufficiently prepared and distributed to local authorities to ensure local residents widely aware of collection time. This schedule helps local residents package, keep and take out their garbage at the right time. The schedule also indicates the shifts for which the Company arranges to operate efficiently and effectively. These shifts are night and day. The night shift is generally more preferable to day one as result of avoiding waste jam, impacting resident health and commercial transactions. There are 60 Dump sites and a landfill in countries. The waste disposal in Phnom Penh city: Only about 70 % of waste generation is disposed into the landfill, 15 % is self-disposal, 9 % is recycled and 8 % is illegal dumping. Solid Waste Bin: The dust bins that are rotationally molded using industrial polyethylene which ensures durability and strength for long years. These dust bins have been imported from Vietnam
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management and other countries. Our range is ideal for public places, markets & plazas, and any outdoor places. Some of the salient features of our dust bin are smooth surface, easy to clean, easy installation, fixed to ground, easy to empty by rotating and corrosion resistance. Recycling Process: Generally, recycling is done by self-help groups of people such as waste generator, street waste picker, street buyer, waste collector, and waste picker at the dumpsite and deport owners. Beside of that, it also is done by community groups of people, NGOs etcthat involved or get the profit with waste (See Figure 2.3 below).
Figure 2.3: Recycling Activities India is a country in South Asia. It is the largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. New Delhi is
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management the capital of India and seat of the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of the Government of India. It is also the Centre of the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. New Delhi constitutes roughly 1% of the population of Delhi metropolis. With a population of 22 million in 2011, Delhi metropolitan region is the world's second most populous city and the largest city in India and also one of the largest in the world in terms of area. With the large amount of population city New Delhi also face the problem with solid waste manage. Current Status of Solid Waste Management: Management of solid wastes has become a critical issue for almost all the major cities in India. Although the responsibility of solid waste management remains primarily with the municipal bodies, several other stakeholder groups play significant roles in the process. Three municipal bodies - the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and the Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB), are responsible for solid waste management in Delhi. MCD alone manage almost 95 % of the total area of the city. The above authorities are supported by a number of other age ncies. The Delhi Development Authority (DDA) is responsible for siting and allotment of land to MCD for sanitary land filling. Delhi Energy Development Agency (DEDA) under Delhi Administration (DA) is responsible for solid waste utilization projects aiming at bio- gas or energy generation in consultation with the Department of Non - Conventional Energy Sources (DNES), and Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India. The Department of Flood Control of Delhi Administration looks after the supply of soil to be used as cover for sanitary landfills by the MCD. Apart from the above public agencies there are other important agents who play their part in the overall scheme of solid waste management in the city. They are private sweepers and garbage collectors employed by the people for cleaning privately owned premises, waste pickers, waste dealers and recycling industries, which consume recyclable waste to produce recycled products.
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management Waste Collection and Transportation The west zone of Delhi is, indeed, a true representative of the concrete jungle, an area of approximately 79.75 km having a residential population of 15.80 lakhs. The municipal solid waste generated from the 16 wards of which the whole zone comprises of, is well above 500 tons per day. The whole task of collection, segregation and transportation is given shape by a team of field supervisors 45 in number, office/tech. staff 42 in number, drivers 50 in number, helpers 60 in number and dahlia workers 500 in number. All the 16 wards have been divided into 4 sets of 4 wards each and have been put under the governance of a team leader Identification of critical points under his area, where garbage is being dumped or there is a lack of a dhalao and placement of adequate number of bins in those critical areas. We can summarize the process of solid waste management in Delhi by the Figure 2.4 below:
Figure 2.4: Waste Management System in Delhi Storage and Solid Waste Segmentation System components support segregation and comprise of waste storage depots and street corner bins.
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management Waste storage depots: The waste storage depots (Figures 2.5) have been reconstructed, repaired and maintained. Each waste storage depot is usually looked after by 3 people. The waste is not thrown on the floor of the WSD as was the practice earlier but is stored in bins. There are separate bins for wet and dry waste. The capacity of each bin 1100ltrs. Each WSD contains 8 to 12 bins. Water, electricity and drainage connections have also been provided in the WSDs. All the waste is collected daily from the WSDs and nothing is left. Proper hygiene and cleanliness is also maintained.
Figure 2.5:The Elevation and the Plan of Waste Storage Depots Street corner bins: Street Corner Bins have been placed for the purpose of waste collection in the residential colonies, commercial establishments and other institutions. Waste from the households, offices etc. is brought and dropped into these SCBs. However the responsibility of bringing the waste to the SCBs lies upon the waste generators. There is no door to door collection system. Minimum one SCB has been placed in an area of 1 sq.km. There are separate bins for wet and dry
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management waste. The bins have been placed after the consultation with the local residents. The bins are properly looked after and are repaired from time to time according to the requirement. The repair work is done at the Subhash Nagar central workshop. SCBs, bins inside the Dhalaos and the vehicles have been colour coded and support primary segregation of waste into wet and dry portions. The Dhalao (WSD) workers have been assigned the task of separating the recyclable portion from the total waste. Segregation is done at the WSDs and sorting trolleys have been provided to facilitate the process of segregation. All the recyclable waste sorted at the WSDs is brought to the ward office in the evening and is weighed. Every Dhalao worker is paid according to the weight of the recyclable waste segregated by him in compliance with the market rate and serves as an extra source of income.
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal monarchy in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometers (11,787 sq. mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. As Belgium is one of developing country in European, we are going to see the ways how they are managing their solid waste locally. Current Status Of Solid Waste Management Waste management in Belgium falls under the responsibility of three regions: Brussels Capital Region, Flanders and Wallonia, where waste management planning and statistical reporting are undertaken by three separate entities. In order to understand the context of the waste management situation in Belgium, it is important
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management to understand that the Brussels Capital Region represents 9 % of the MSW 2 generated in Belgium, Flanders represents 60 % of the MSW generated and Wallonia represents 31 % of the MSW generated (the total MSW generated in Belgium in 2010 is about 5 million tonnes). Figure 2.6 indicates the evolution of MSW generated per capita. Between 2001 and 2010, the generation per capita has been fluctuating between a minimum of 466 kg per inhabitant (2010) to 495 kg (2007) with an average generation per capita of 481 kg over this time period.
Figure 2.6: MSW generations per capita in Belgium The three regions of Belgium have separate waste management strategies and therefore it makes sense to undertake a more complete analysis on the recycling performance for each of these three regions. Among of these three regions, Brussels region was selected to have a closed look at the process how to manage their own local solid waste. Brussels Environment (IBGE-BIM) is the
2 Municipal Solid Waste
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management public administration for environment and energy of the Brussels-Capital Region. Brussels Environment has extensive experience in waste prevention actions in the Brussels-Capital Region involving different target groups, waste flows and means: Target groups: households, schools, offices, shops, hotels, restaurants and catering, green spaces Waste flows: food, paper, green waste, packaging, nappies, gadgets, textiles etc. Examples of actions: fighting unnecessary purchases, decentralized composting, stop advertisement stickers etc. The waste prevention and management established by Brussels Environment (IBGE) in association with the Bruxelles-Propret 3 /Net Brussel (the regional Agency for Sanitation, ABP). It involves all the solid waste produced in the Brussels Region by households, businesses, industries and any other economic activities. The amount of waste produced each year in the Brussels area (about 350 kg/inhabitant/year), requires the Brussels-Capital Region to find a delicate balance between solutions that are environmentally sound and of which the removal cost remains financially acceptable. Container and bag collections Collection of organic waste: Bruxelles-Propret organizes collections of waste in containers for their customers. Containers of different colors are provided by type of waste (blue for PMC, yellow for paper-cardboard, green for bottles, jars and flasks in clear glass, grey/black for residual waste and brown for organic waste).
3 Private company who responsible for collecting waste regularly
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management Recycle Process: Belgium, as a country, has already met its recycling obligations. In the Brussels Capital Region, source separation of municipal waste has occurred since the early nineties, but on a voluntary basis. Since 2010, separate collection of municipal waste is mandatory. This new instrument is likely to further increase the recycling rate of MSW in subsequent years. Failure to comply with the mandatory separation of waste by households is sanctioned by a fine of up to EUR 625, which could well be a strong driver for behavioral change.
According to the above description we can make some comparison among these three countries: Similarity: These three countries have the similar way to manage their waste by using Public-Private Company. The company responsible for collecting and transport the solid waste to landfill. The ways that they use to run their business quick similar : o hire the worker to collect and transport the waste o have vehicle to collect the waste regularly o have the solid waste bin to temporary store the solid from everywhere o divide the worker into a group and a specific location Every company have involved or investigated by public sector such as Ministry of Environment and Forest, Ministry of Tourism, and Ministry of Education etc. Differentiation: Both Cambodia and India are have only one private company to collect and transport solid waste over the whole country since in Belgium there are a many private company that responsible for handling and transport the solid waste.
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management Both India and Belgium the private company which responsible for waste management, which sustain a closed involved with public sector, every action was regulated by the public sector, such ask the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Ministry of Tourism, and Ministry of Education etc. Otherwise, Cambodia has a less involved from the public sector on how to manage solid waste management. It does not hold a strict law to find or punish the one who drop or throw the waste along the public place yet while Belgium has a strict law on the waste management both on household and public place. Moreover, in Belgium they have a clear categorize solid waste by waste bin color, people can put the solid waste with its corresponding color one. They are not allowed to put the waste into the incorrect color, then it will be find or illegal for that person. By doing this it makes an easier for the company which responsible for handling and transport solid waste to recycle or directly place it in landfill. This situation also exists in India, but in India they do not have many waste bin color as in Belgium they only two colors of the waste bin, they are blue and green bin. They store it in two main places, Waste Storage Depot (WSD) and Street Corner Bins (SCBs). WSD is a place where everyone can throw their solid waste both wet and dry waste. The dry waste can put into the blue bin that enable workers to segment or manually categorize by hand the recyclable waste then take it to the factory and the unrecyclable waste are go to landfill. It is quick different from the above two countries, in Cambodia there is only one kind of solid waste bin. It is in green color. It means that everyone can put or throw them in this bin without make decision which waste should be put in the correct waste bin. As they have only one kind of waste bin, every solid waste was not categorized or divided to recyclable waste. The waste that was through by everyone was directly transported to the landfill. The waste that has been through away in the landfill
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management was picked by the waste picker. They bring the solid waste to sale for waste depot. At the waste depot they have many kinds of solid waste that they have bought from waste picker. They have categorized these solid waste then bring it into a factory to recycle. Among this three countries, only the Belgium country are most care about the solid waste recycling, then the India country which also take care about the recyclable waste by categorize waste by hand at the waste depot. However, Cambodia does not have any policy or activity that use to recycling the waste yet, we only see the waste picker picked the waste at the landfill and sell it to waste depot. In short we can say that both Belgium and India, they have a great deal of recycling occurs before the waste reaches the landfill. According to this comparison, we can make a conclusion that both Belgium and India people understand how to sustainable solid waste by recycling. However, in Cambodia till 2012, we havent seen any process to recycle solid waste bedside dispose directly to the landfill. Furthermore, there is not available land space to cast aside the solid waste since now the world worry about the landfills spacing. ANALYSIS OF THE PROS AND THE CONS We are going to discuss about the advantage and disadvantage of the sustainable local solid waste management in four different pillars: economics, society, philosophy, and technology. Before we are going to discuss the relevant of sustainable local waste management to economic, we must define the definition of economic first. Economics is the social science that studies the behavior of individuals, households, and organizations (called economic actors, players, or agents), when they manage or use scarce resources, which have alternative uses, to achieve desired
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management ends (Wikipedia). What is the advantage of sustainable local waste management in form of economic? In economic point of view increase more income and employment. How the income and employment come? It is particularly simple. First, local job creation. All kind of solid waste collection and transportation companies do not require the higher education staff to work in their company. This is a good opportunity for the person who did not attended the school to get the job. Moreover, the company need all kind of staff start from the uneducated staff till the high knowledge staff. For instance, the uneducated staff can work as a waste picker or street sweeping. For the high knowledge staff they can work at the recycling factory such as technical mechanic who expert on machine to reproduce the new resource from solid waste. When have a lot jobs in the local region or local country the migration to work the second or third country will be no more exist. There are many people who illegal migration to other country to find a job, it will take them into the risk state of living or working at the entry country. So if the in the local place where they live afford enough job for them, they are not going to work at the other country. They will be enjoy to live with their family. Second, have a clean environment or we can say that it will be protected environment. Since everyone want to live with the fresh and clean environment, it will be benefit to everyone who living with the clean environment. It will not effect to their health when they live with the clean environment. It imply reduce the cost of health insurance or go to meet doctor regularly. In addition, for the tourism place will increase the number of tourism that come to visit the clean and fresh environment. The people who live nearby the tourism place can get the advantage from this by selling the tour souvenir or afford transportation service such as tuk tuk or taxi to bring the tourism visit the tour place. Another foremost benefit or recycling is that it helps in protecting the environment in the most balanced manner. While many trees are cut down continually, recycled paper made from certain trees is re-used repeatedly to minimize felling/
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management deforestation. With re-cycled paper as an outstanding example, a number of other natural resources can be reused this way. Belong to the advantages we mention above, there are also have some disadvantages with sustainable local SWM, first, as everyone know Cambodia is a developing country, its economy is depending on Agriculture to grow up their economies. The recycling process will not be an advantage of the economy since every product or raw material they import from other country. We did not examine the recycling factory which have the high technology exist in Cambodia so far. Most of recycling waste they always export to another country to reproduce it again in the form of raw material or final product. Moreover, beside the agriculture sector we can see many garment factories exist over the country. Most of the uneducated people can work in thosefactories in order to earn a better salary than work at a waste collection company. Society is a group of people involved in persistent interpersonal relationships, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations (Wikipedia). Why the sustainable local solid waste management in the perspective of social? Social a group of people who live together and communicate each other. First, important benefit is supporting local workers of the community/society. Everyone have a good communication to each other and share the same opportunity to earn profit from the companys owner. The poor people will happy to live with a few benefit that they can get from the richer by hired them to work with their quality of education. The living standard gap between the richer and poorer is not too high. It is good idea that the public or private sector concern or take it into account about the uneducated people to get involved to work in their community/society where they live. Moreover, when they have a legal job to do in
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management their society it will reduce the amount of criminal, murder, and theft in their society. In addition, in the whole social they will give the value to uneducated people who working on solid waste collection and transportation since they are the main power to recycle every wastes that have been thrown away by everyone and they never think it will benefit to them again.There are not more discriminate against waste picker or street garbage clearance in the community/society. Now we are going to discuss about disadvantage of sustainable local SWM in society. While the company owner becomes richer and the worker still poor in the social, it will bring the society to be in turmoil situation. In a case in the Phnom Penh, capital city of Cambodia, the waste collection company always gets the advantage of the poor worker. They always hired the poor worker to work in their company with a small amount of salary and they dont include any food or health insurance for all those poorworkers. With a large gap between these two groups of people will give the bad effect in the social, the best way to have a good social all the people should share the same benefit.The employee should not get much benefit from employer, then the employer will satisfy with profit that they earn to survive in the society with a better living standard. In term of philosophy, let us consider about the intergeneration justice. What is Intergeneration justice concern about? It is about the activity of this generation will give to the next generation. Why sustainable local solid waste management relevant to intergeneration justice? It is very important that everyone in this generation must take care about the limit resource that can be disappeared in the short period of time. It good that they try to substitute or recycle the rare product. There are many advantage of sustainable solid waste management in term of philosophy. First, the rare product or material will be exist for the current and next generation. For example, as we already known Aluminum (AL) is the rare material that can be disappeared in the future. By
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management recycling the solid waste that can substitute the raw AL material, then it will reduce the use of AL in the factory or manufacture. Second, it is guarantee a sustainable environment. The solid waste is the source to make water pollution, create CO2 in the air, and damage the soil etc. When there is not more solid waste exist in the water, land, and everywhere this kind of problem will not occur. Let consider the Industrial waste today is the main source of all types of pollution as mention above. Recycling of industrial products such as cans, chemical, plastics helps to cut down pollution levels considerably, as these materials are re-used, instead of throwing them away irresponsibly. Recycling promotes intergeneration justice and sustainable use of resources. This operation assures that there is no discrimination use of any material when available in plenty at the present. Recycling is encouraged at all levels, starting from school to corporate offices and at international levels. This means we can preserve all precious resources for our future generation, without any compromise in the present. As far as the recycling dramatically increase, the more information you know about the issue the better choice you make for your health and to the earth. The present generation about the important from the sustainable local solid waste management and matter for low cultivation can help them to cultivate their own reproduction waste and pass it to the future generation that helping the present and the future generation to live in the most sustainable environment. However, there are also exist the disadvantage in the point of view of Philosophy, as currently most of Cambodia people are uneducated, they dont knowabout how to manage their waste included in their household. Sometime they burn or throw the waste into water without knowing the effect of those wastes to air or water. They dont know how to categorize waste by the color code of waste bag or bin. They also dont know the kind of waste are going to berecycled at the manufacture in the form of raw or substitute material. The scarce resource is going to destroy by
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management the current generation. It is not fair for the next generation as they was born inthe country which every rare resource are going to be disappeared that the world are concerned about. The next generation will get nothing from the current generation as they dont take care much about the ways on how to recycle the solid waste. Before we are going to discuss about the advantage of sustainable local solid waste management in term of technology. We should know what is technology and sustainable technology. Technology is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a pre-existing solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function(Wikipedia). Sustainable Technologies is comprised of environmental professionals sharing the common goal of improving the urban environment by creating alternatives for a sustainable future 4 . Belong with technology there are many advantages of sustainable local SWM, first of all, recycling can reduces energy consumption. A large amount of energy was consumed by processing raw materials at the time of manufacture. Recycling helps to minimize energy consumption, which is all important for massive production, such mining or refining. This too establishes the production process very cost-effective and beneficial for manufacturers. Second, recycling can reduces greenhouse gases emissions. Garbage is a major contributor to global warming. Solid waste landfills are the single largest man-made source of methane gas in the United States. Methane (CH4) is a powerful greenhouse gas that is 23 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than the most prevalent greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO2). Every time
4 See http://sustech.cc/wordpress/
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management you "throw away," you are contributing to global warming. Recycling reduces more pollution, saves more energy and reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions more than any other activity besides source reduction. Recycling reduces GHG emissions in two important ways. First, recycling keeps materials out of the landfill. Landfills are designed to be anaerobic, meaning that once waste has been dumped, very little air remains below the surface. Landfill gas is generated as a byproduct of the digestion of organic materials by organisms that thrive in these anaerobic conditions. Food waste, paper, grass, and other organic matter is readily digested and turned into landfill gas, which is 50 percent methane. While most modern landfills are required to capture some of their methane emissions, significant quantities continue to escape into the atmosphere. Second, recycling reduces GHG emissions by reducing the need to continually mine and refine virgin resources for product production. Every day, consumer products such as aluminum soda cans are made from resources mined from the earth, transported great distances, and eventually processed with industrial machinery requiring massive energy inputs. This all results in significant GHG emissions. A recent California Department of Conservation report found that using recycled aluminum from soda cans requires only 5 to 8 percent of the energy required to produce primary aluminum, which results in a 95% reduction of GHG emissions as compared to primary production. Utilizing recycled plastic saves 70% of the energy otherwise needed for production, and utilizing recycled glass saves 30% of the energy otherwise needed for production. CONCLUSION I strongly have to admit that recycling project do make a great substitution to the reproduction of rare material in order to reduce energy consumption and conservation of the world environment. A closer look to Belgium, most of citizens in this country understand well about recycling and its
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management benefits. They know how to recycle their solid waste by startingfrom managing waste in their household. Nevertheless, in Cambodia, most of people do not recognize how to take the advantage from solid waste and they also dont recognize what kind of solid waste should be recyclable in the manufacture. They just make a wrong assumption that every waste that they dispose are directly to landfill. This project is not feasible because it is not easy to convince people in society to do such project. It depend on how much the quality of knowledge on the country which have this kind of project. Most of people in developing country, they do not know the waste that they dispose can reuse or reproduce again in the factory. They always think that it is a waste it will directly to landfill. When everyone know the advantage of the solid waste, they will try to manage their waste since some solid waste produce the profitable income. The most important, it is guarantee a sustainable environment. The education is really important for all kind of people who live in the society on how to manage and recycling their solid waste. On the other hand, this project is desirable in term of sustainability. It is good for the next generation. REFERENCE
Mok Mareth. (2009) Cambodia Environment Outlook. Retrieved from http://geodata.rrcap.unep.org/all_reports/cambodia_081010.pdf Sarun Sambo. (Japan, 01 November, 2006) Current Status Of Waste ManagementIn Cambodia. Retrieved from http://www.env.go.jp/recycle/3r/en/asia/02_03-1/09.pdf Sour Sethy. (Okayama, 2 February, 2013). Solid Waste Management in Cambodia. Retrieved from http://www.ambiente.okayama-u.ac.jp/management/up_load_files/ gakkan/ 2012_en/ 2012_en_3-13.pdf Ranjith Kharvel Annepu. (January 10, 2012) Sustainable Solid Waste Management in India. Retrieved from http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/Sustainable%20Solid%20Waste%20Man agement%20in%20India_Final.pdf
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Sustainable Local Solid Waste Management Papiya Sarkar. (15-17 December, 2003)Solid Waste Management In Delhi A Social Vulnerability Study. Retrieved from http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/Sarkar_SWM%20in%20Delhi%20-%20 A%20Social%20Vulnerability%20Study.pdf Ankur Garg, Varun Kumar and Vaibhav Verma. (5 - 7 September, 2007). Public Private Partnership for Solid Waste Management in Delhi. Retrieved from http://www.swlf.ait.ac.th/IntlConf/Data/ICSSWM%20web/FullPaper/Session%20IX/9_0 7%20_Ankur%20Garg.pdf Emmanuel C. Gentil. (February 2013). Municipal waste management in Belgium. Retrieved from http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/managing-municipal-solid-waste/belgium- municipal-waste-management The Effects of Plastic Bags on Environment. (21 April, 2014) Retrieved from http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/14901/1/The-Effects-of-Plastic-Bags-on- Environment.html.
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[NATO ASI Series 44] J. Marsalek (auth.), Jiri Marsalek, Cedo Maksimovic, Evzen Zeman, Roland Price (eds.) - Hydroinformatics Tools for Planning, Design, Operation and Rehabilitation of Sewer Systems (1998, Springer.pdf