TRIGONOMETRYREVIEW

DefinitionsoftheSixTrigonometricFunctions
sin csc
cos sec
tan cot
opp hyp
hyp opp
adj hyp
hyp adj
opp opp
adj adj
u u
u u
u u
= =
= =
= =

CircularFunctionDefinitions:

TheUnitCircle:

TrigonometricIdentities:
2 2
2 2
2 2
Pythagorean Identities Reciprocal Identities
1 1
sin cos 1 sin csc
csc sin
1 1
1 cot csc cos sec
sec cos
1 1
tan 1 sec tan cot
cot tan
Tangent and Cotangent Identities
sin cos
tan cot
cos sin
u u u u
u u
u u u u
u u
u u u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
+ = = =
+ = = =
+ = = =
= =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Cofunction Identities
sin cos cos sin
2 2
csc sec tan cot
2 2
sec csc cot tan
2 2
Negative Angle Identities
sin sin cos cos
csc csc tan tan
sec
u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
t t
t t
t t
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
= =
= =
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
sec cot cot
Sum and Difference Identities
sin sin cos cos sin
cos cos cov sin sin
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan
Half-Angle Identities
1 cos 1 cos
sin cos
2 2 2 2
1 cos sin
tan
2 sin 1 cos
u u u u
u v u v u v
u v u u v
u v
u v
u v
u u u u
u u u
u u
= =
=
=

=
+
= =

= =
+

Proof: Let be the altitude of either triangle shown.

You then have:
sin sin
sin sin
So then: sin sin (divide out , )
sin sin
The same proof can be used to solve for sin .
h
h
A orh b A
b
h
B orh a B
a
a B b A a b
B A
b a
C
= =
= =
=
= =
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2
Double-Angle Identities
sin2 2sin cos
cos2 cos sin 2cos 1 1 2sin
2tan
tan2
1 tan
Power-Reducing Identities
1 cos2 1 cos2
sin cos
2 2
1 cos2
tan
1 cos2
Sum to Product Identities
sin sin 2
u u u
u u u u u
u
u
u
u u
u u
u
u
u
u v
=
= = =
=

+
= =

=
+
+ =
( ) ( )
sin cos
2 2
sin sin 2cos sin
2 2
cos cos 2cos cos
2 2
cos cos 2sin sin
2 2
Product to Sum Identities
1
sin sin cos cos
2
cos cos
u v u v
u v u v
u v
u v u v
u v
u v u v
u v
u v u v u v
u v
+
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
+
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
+
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
= + (

=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0
1
cos cos
2
1
sin cos sin sin
2
1
cos sin sin sin
2
Special Trig. Limits
sin 1 cos
lim 1 lim 0
x x
u v u v
u v u v u v
u v u v u v
x x
x x

+ + (

= + + (

= + (

= =

Law of Sines
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
a b c A B C
or
A B C a b c
= = = =

( ) ( )
( )
Graphing Trignometric Functions
sin tan
cos
2
sin
y a bx c d y a bx c d
y a bx c d a vertical stretch
a Amplitude period
b
Period
b
c
horizontal shift
b
d vertical shift
y x
t
t
= + = +
= + =
= =
=
=
=
=

cos y x =

tan y x =

csc y x =

sec y x =

cot y x =

( ) Complex Imaginary Numbers

Any number can be written as a complex number containing
two parts in the standard form:
: 1
Ex:
3 4 3 is the real part and 4 is the imaginary par
a bi
real part imaginary part
where i
i
+
=
+ t.
12 12 0 12 is real, and an imaginary 0.
The Equality of Complex Numbers
Complex numbers are equal if (and only if) their components
are equal. &
This allows for complex number equatio
i
a bi c di if a c b d
= +
+ = + = =
( ) ( )
ns.
Ex:
Find and if 3 8 11 17 6 1
Real components must be equal: 3 8 17: 3
Imaginary components must be equal: 11 6 1: 2
Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers:
Simply add/subtract the co
x y x i y i
x x
y y
+ + = +
+ = =
= =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 5 9 1 4
2
2 6 10 2 4
3 2 7 11 3 4
2
4 2 8 12 4 4
mponents.
Ex: If
( ):
1 , ,...
1 1 , ,...
, ,...
1 , ,...
Multiplication of
n
n
n
n
z a bi and z a b i
z z a a b b i
z z a a b b i
Powers of i
i i i i i
i i i i
i i i i i i i
i i i i i
+
+
+
+
= + = +
+ = + + +
= +
= = =
= = =
= = =
= = =
( )( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
2
1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
Complex Numbers (FOIL):
If z a bi and z a b i
z z a b i a b i a a a b i a bi bb i
a a bb a b a b i
= + = +
= + + = + + +
= + +

( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
: Allows for Division
& are ,whose
product is .
(Using rule for difference of squares)
.
of Complex Numbers:
2
. mul
4 7
ComplexConjugates
a bi a bi complexconjugates
a b
a bi a bi a bi a b i a b
Division
i
Ex
i
+
+
+ = = = +

( )
2
tiply by its
2 4 7 8 14 14 8
4 7 4 7 16 49 65
of Complex Numbers
Found by graphing the complex number ( )on
a graph of the and .
conjugate
i i i i i
i i
Trigonometric Form
x yi
x i axis
+ + + | || |
= =
| |
+ +
\ .\ .
+

( )
2 2
The absolute value or modulus of the complex number
is the distance from the origin to the end point ( , ).
since cos cos
sin sin
cos sin
cos sin
x y
r z x yi x y
and
x
x r
r
x
y r
r
then z x yi
r r i
r ri
u u
u u
u u
u u
= = + = +
= =
= =
= +
= +
= +

( )
( )
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2
Convert between complex and trigonometric form
using relationships:
cos sin
cos , sin , tan
Multiplication/Division of Trigonometric Form
cos sin
co
z x yi r i r cis
r x y
x y y
r r x
let z r i r cis
z r
u u u
u u u
u u u
= + = + =
= +
= = =
= + =
= ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
s sin
cos sin cos sin
cos sin
: multiply the magnitudes ( ) and add
the angles.
' : (found using multiplica
i r cis
z z r i r i
r r i
r r cis
Translation r
Demoivre sTheorem
u u u
u u u u
u u u u
u u
+ =
= + + ( (

= + + + (

= +
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
1 2
2 2
tion)
cos sin
Division of Trigonometric Form
cos sin
cos sin
of a Trigonometric Number
cos sin
3
cos
n
n n
k
let z r i r cis
z r cis n
let z r i r cis
z r i r cis
z r
cis
z r
Roots
z r i r cis
w r
n
u u u
u
u u u
u u u
u u
u u u
u
= + =
=
= + =
= + =
=
= + =
= +
1
60 360
sin
360
where 0,1,2,..., 1.
n
k i k
n n n
r cis k
n n
k n
u
u
( | | | |
+ +
( | |
\ . \ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
=

( )
Polar Coordinates
Coordinates in the form , , graphed on a grid
of positions on circles of varying radius.
r u

2 2
Converting between rectangular and polar:
Use the relationships:
and tan
: the sign of and location of need to be
in the same quadrant as the rectangular point.
y
r x y
x
note r
u
u
= + =

CommonPolarGraphs