Ch-7-2nd-Edition by Parts Integration Techniques

7
TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
7.1 Integration by Parts
Preliminary Questions
1. Which derivative rule is used to derive the Integration by Parts formula?
SOLUTION The Integration by Parts formula is derived from the Product Rule.
2. For each of the following integrals, state whether substitution or Integration by Parts should be used:
Z
x cos.x
2
/ dx;
Z
x cos x dx;
Z
x
2
e
x
dx;
Z
xe
x
2
dx
SOLUTION
(a)
Z
x cos.x
2
/ dx: use the substitution u D x
2
.
(b)
Z
x cos x dx: use Integration by Parts.
(c)
Z
x
2
e
x
dx; use Integration by Parts.
(d)
Z
xe
x
2
dx; use the substitution u D x
2
.
3. Why is u D cos x, v
0
D x a poor choice for evaluating
Z
x cos x dx?
SOLUTION Transforming v
0
D x into v D
1
2
x
2
increases the power of x and makes the new integral harder than the original.
Exercises
In Exercises 16, evaluate the integral using the Integration by Parts formula with the given choice of u and v
0
.
1.
Z
x sin x dx; u D x, v
0
D sin x
SOLUTION Using the given choice of u and v
0
results in
u D x v D cos x
u
0
D 1 v
0
D sin x
Using Integration by Parts,
Z
x sin x dx D x.cos x/
Z
.1/.cos x/ dx D x cos x C
Z
cos x dx D x cos x Csin x CC:
2.
Z
xe
2x
dx; u D x, v
0
D e
2x
SOLUTION Using u D x and v
0
D e
2x
gives us
u D x v D
1
2
e
2x
u
0
D 1 v
0
D e
2x
Integration by Parts gives us
Z
xe
2x
dx D x
_
1
2
e
2x
_
Z
.1/
1
2
e
2x
dx D
1
2
xe
2x
1
2
_
1
2
_
e
2x
CC D
1
4
e
2x
.2x 1/ CC:
3.
Z
.2x C9/e
x
dx; u D 2x C9, v
0
D e
x
SOLUTION Using u D 2x C9 and v
0
D e
x
gives us
u D 2x C9 v D e
x
u
0
D 2 v
0
D e
x
Z
.2x C9/e
x
dx D .2x C9/e
x
Z
2e
x
dx D .2x C9/e
x
2e
x
CC D e
x
.2x C7/ CC:
782 CHAPT ER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
4.
Z
x cos 4x dx; u D x, v
0
D cos 4x
SOLUTION Using u D x and v
0
D cos 4x gives us
u D x v D
1
4
sin 4x
u
0
D 1 v
0
D cos 4x
Z
x cos 4x dx D
1
4
x sin 4x
Z
.1/
1
4
sin 4x dx D
1
4
x sin 4x
1
4
_
1
4
cos 4x
_
CC
D
1
4
x sin 4x C
1
16
cos 4x CC:
5.
Z
x
3
ln x dx; u D ln x, v
0
D x
3
SOLUTION Using u D ln x and v
0
D x
3
gives us
u D ln x v D
1
4
x
4
u
0
D
1
x
v
0
D x
3
Z
x
3
ln x dx D .ln x/
_
1
4
x
4
_
Z _
1
x
__
1
4
x
4
_
dx
D
1
4
x
4
ln x
1
4
Z
x
3
dx D
1
4
x
4
ln x
1
16
x
4
CC D
x
4
16
.4 ln x 1/ CC:
6.
Z
tan
1
x dx; u D tan
1
x, v
0
D 1
SOLUTION Using u D tan
1
x and v
0
D 1 gives us
u D tan
1
x v D x
u
0
D
1
x
2
C1
v
0
D 1
Z
tan
1
x dx D x tan
1
x
Z _
1
x
2
C1
_
x dx:
For the integral on the right well use the substitution w D x
2
C1, dw D 2x dx. Then we have
Z
tan
1
x dx D x tan
1
x
1
2
Z _
1
x
2
C1
_
2x dx D x tan
1
x
1
2
Z
dw
w
D x tan
1
x
1
2
ln jwj CC D x tan
1
x
1
2
ln jx
2
C1j CC:
In Exercises 736, evaluate using Integration by Parts.
7.
Z
.4x 3/e
x
dx
SOLUTION Let u D 4x 3 and v
0
D e
x
. Then we have
u D 4x 3 v D e
x
u
0
D 4 v
0
D e
x
Using Integration by Parts, we get
Z
.4x 3/e
x
dx D .4x 3/.e
x
/
Z
.4/.e
x
/ dx
D e
x
.4x 3/ C4
Z
e
x
dx D e
x
.4x 3/ 4e
x
CC D e
x
.4x C1/ CC:
SECT I ON 7.1 Integration by Parts 783
8.
Z
.2x C1/e
x
dx
SOLUTION Let u D 2x C1 and v
0
D e
x
. Then we have
u D 2x C1 v D e
x
u
0
D 2 v
0
D e
x
Z
.2x C1/ e
x
dx D .2x C1/.e
x
/
Z
.2/.e
x
/ dx
D .2x C1/e
x
C2
Z
e
x
dx D .2x C1/e
x
2e
x
CC D e
x
.2x 1/ CC:
9.
Z
x e
5xC2
dx
SOLUTION Let u D x and v
0
D e
5xC2
. Then we have
u D x v D
1
5
e
5xC2
u
0
D 1 v
0
D e
5xC2
Z
xe
5xC2
dx D x
_
1
5
e
5xC2
_
Z
.1/
_
1
5
e
5xC2
_
dx D
1
5
xe
5xC2
1
5
Z
e
5xC2
dx
D
1
5
xe
5xC2
1
25
e
5xC2
CC D
_
x
5
1
25
_
e
5xC2
CC
10.
Z
x
2
e
x
dx
SOLUTION Let u D x
2
and v
0
D e
x
. Then we have
u D x
2
v D e
x
u
0
D 2x v
0
D e
x
Z
x
2
e
x
dx D x
2
e
x
2
Z
xe
x
dx:
We must apply Integration by Parts again to evaluate
Z
xe
x
dx. Taking u D x and v
0
D e
x
, we get
Z
xe
x
dx D xe
x
Z
.1/e
x
dx D xe
x
e
x
CC:
Plugging this into the original equation gives us
Z
x
2
e
x
dx D x
2
e
x
2
_
xe
x
e
x
_
CC D e
x
.x
2
2x C2/ CC:
11.
Z
x cos 2x dx
0
D cos 2x. Then we have
u D x v D
1
2
sin 2x
u
0
D 1 v
0
D cos 2x
Z
x cos 2x dx D x
_
1
2
sin 2x
_
Z
.1/
_
1
2
sin 2x
_
dx
D
1
2
x sin 2x
1
2
Z
sin 2x dx D
1
2
x sin 2x C
1
4
cos 2x CC:
12.
Z
x sin.3 x/ dx
0
D sin.3 x/. Then we have
u D x v D cos.3 x/
u
0
D 1 v
0
D sin.3 x/
Z
x sin.3 x/ dx D x cos.3 x/
Z
.1/ cos.3 x/ dx D x cos.3 x/ Csin.3 x/ CC
13.
Z
x
2
sin x dx
SOLUTION Let u D x
2
and v
0
D sin x. Then we have
u D x
2
v D cos x
u
0
D 2x v
0
D sin x
Z
x
2
sin x dx D x
2
.cos x/
Z
2x.cos x/ dx D x
2
cos x C2
Z
x cos x dx:
Z
x cos x dx. Taking u D x and v
0
D cos x, we get
Z
x cos x dx D x sin x
Z
sin x dx D x sin x Ccos x CC:
Plugging this into the original equation gives us
Z
x
2
sin x dx D x
2
cos x C2.x sin x Ccos x/ CC D x
2
cos x C2x sin x C2 cos x CC:
14.
Z
x
2
cos 3x dx
SOLUTION Let u D x
2
and v
0
u D x
2
v D
1
3
sin 3x
u
0
D 2x v
0
D cos 3x
Z
x
2
cos 3x dx D
1
3
x
2
sin 3x
Z
.2x/
1
3
sin 3x dx D
1
3
x
2
sin 3x
2
3
Z
x sin 3x dx
Use Integration by Parts again on this integral, with u D x and v
0
D sin 3x to get
Z
x
2
cos 3x dx D
1
3
x
2
sin 3x
2
3
_
1
3
x cos 3x C
1
3
Z
cos 3x dx
_
D
1
3
x
2
sin 3x C
2
9
x cos 3x
2
27
sin 3x CC
15.
Z
e
x
sin x dx
SOLUTION Let u D e
x
and v
0
u D e
x
v D cos x
u
0
D e
x
v
0
D sin x
Z
e
x
sin x dx D e
x
cos x
Z
.e
x
/.cos x/ dx D e
x
cos x
Z
e
x
cos x dx:
Z
e
x
cos x dx. Using u D e
x
and v
0
D cos x, we get
Z
e
x
cos x dx D e
x
sin x
Z
.e
x
/.sin x/ dx D e
x
sin x C
Z
e
x
sin x dx:
Plugging this into the original equation, we get
Z
e
x
sin x dx D e
x
cos x
_
e
x
sin x C
Z
e
x
sin x dx
_
:
Solving this equation for
Z
e
x
sin x dx gives us
Z
e
x
sin x dx D
1
2
e
x
.sin x Ccos x/ CC:
16.
Z
e
x
sin 2x dx
SOLUTION Let u D sin 2x and v
0
D e
x
. Then we have
u D sin 2x v D e
x
u
0
D 2 cos 2x v
0
D e
x
Z
e
x
sin 2x dx D e
x
sin 2x 2
Z
e
x
cos 2x dx:
Z
e
x
cos 2x dx. Using u D cos 2x and v
0
D e
x
, we get
Z
e
x
cos 2x dx D e
x
cos 2x
Z
.2 sin 2x/e
x
dx D e
x
cos 2x C2
Z
e
x
sin 2x dx:
Z
e
x
sin 2x dx D e
x
sin 2x 2
_
e
x
cos 2x C2
Z
e
x
sin 2x dx
_
D e
x
sin 2x 2e
x
cos 2x 4
Z
e
x
sin 2x dx:
Z
e
x
sin 2x dx gives us
Z
e
x
sin 2x dx D
1
5
e
x
.sin 2x 2 cos 2x/ CC:
17.
Z
e
5x
sin x dx
SOLUTION Let u D sin x and v
0
D e
5x
. Then we have
u D sin x v D
1
5
e
5x
u
0
D cos x v
0
D e
5x
Z
e
5x
sin x dx D
1
5
e
5x
sin x
Z
cos x
_
1
5
e
5x
_
dx D
1
5
e
5x
sin x C
1
5
Z
e
5x
cos x dx
Apply Integration by Parts again to this integral, with u D cos x and v
0
D e
5x
to get
Z
e
5x
cos x dx D
1
5
e
5x
cos x
1
5
Z
e
5x
sin x dx
Z
e
5x
sin x dx D
1
5
e
5x
sin x C
1
5
_
1
5
e
5x
cos x
1
5
Z
e
5x
sin x dx
_
D
1
5
e
5x
sin x
1
25
e
5x
cos x
1
25
Z
e
5x
sin x dx
Z
e
5x
sin x dx gives us
Z
e
5x
sin x dx D
5
26
e
5x
sin x
1
26
e
5x
cos x CC D
1
26
e
5x
.5 sin x Ccos x/ CC
18.
Z
e
3x
cos 4x dx
SOLUTION Let u D cos 4x and v
0
D e
3x
. Then we have
u D cos 4x v D
1
3
e
3x
u
0
D 4 sin 4x v
0
D e
3x
Z
e
3x
cos 4x dx D
1
3
e
3x
cos 4x
Z
1
3
e
3x
.4 sin 4x/ dx D
1
3
e
3x
cos 4x C
4
3
Z
e
3x
sin 4x dx
Apply Integration by Parts again to this integral, with u D sin 4x and v
0
D e
3x
, to get
Z
e
3x
sin 4x dx D
1
3
e
3x
sin 4x
Z
1
3
e
3x
4 cos 4x dx D
1
3
e
3x
sin 4x
4
3
Z
e
3x
cos 4x dx
Z
e
3x
cos 4x dx D
1
3
e
3x
cos 4x C
4
3
_
1
3
e
3x
sin 4x
4
3
Z
e
3x
cos 4x dx
_
D
1
3
e
3x
cos 4x C
4
9
e
3x
sin 4x
16
9
Z
e
3x
cos 4x dx
Z
e
3x
cos 4x dx gives us
Z
e
3x
cos 4x dx D
3
25
e
3x
cos 4x C
4
25
e
3x
sin 4x D
1
25
e
3x
.3 cos 4x C4 sin 4x/ CC
19.
Z
x ln x dx
SOLUTION Let u D ln x and v
0
D x. Then we have
u D ln x v D
1
2
x
2
u
0
D
1
x
v
0
D x
Z
x ln x dx D
1
2
x
2
ln x
Z _
1
x
__
1
2
x
2
_
dx
D
1
2
x
2
ln x
1
2
Z
x dx D
1
2
x
2
ln x
1
2
x
2
2
!
CC D
1
4
x
2
.2 ln x 1/ CC:
20.
Z
ln x
x
2
dx
0
D x
2
. Then we have
u D ln x v D x
1
u
0
D
1
x
v
0
D x
2
Z
ln x
x
2
dx D
1
x
ln x
Z
1
x
_
1
x
_
dx D
1
x
ln x C
Z
x
2
dx
D
1
x
ln x
1
x
CC D
1
x
.ln x C1/ CC:
21.
Z
x
2
ln x dx
0
D x
2
. Then we have
u D ln x v D
1
3
x
3
u
0
D
1
x
v
0
D x
2
Z
x
2
ln x dx D
1
3
x
3
ln x
Z
1
x
_
1
3
x
3
_
dx D
1
3
x
3
ln x
1
3
Z
x
2
dx
D
1
3
x
3
ln x
1
3
x
3
3
!
CC D
x
3
3
_
ln x
1
3
_
CC:
22.
Z
x
5
ln x dx
0
D x
5
. Then we have
u D ln x v D
1
4
x
4
u
0
D
1
x
v D x
5
Z
x
5
ln x dx D
1
4
x
4
ln x C
Z
1
4
x
4
1
x
dx D
1
4
x
4
ln x C
1
4
Z
x
5
dx
D
1
4
x
4
ln x
1
16
x
4
CC D
1
4x
4
_
ln x C
1
4
_
CC
23.
Z
.ln x/
2
dx
SOLUTION Let u D .ln x/
2
and v
0
D 1. Then we have
u D .ln x/
2
v D x
u
0
D
2
x
ln x v
0
D 1
Z
.ln x/
2
dx D .ln x/
2
.x/
Z _
2
x
ln x
_
x dx D x.ln x/
2
2
Z
ln x dx:
Z
ln x dx. Using u D ln x and v
0
D 1, we have
Z
ln x dx D x ln x
Z
1
x
x dx D x ln x
Z
dx D x ln x x CC:
Z
.ln x/
2
dx D x.ln x/
2
2 .x ln x x/ CC D x
h
.ln x/
2
2 ln x C2
i
CC:
24.
Z
x.ln x/
2
dx
SOLUTION Let u D .ln x/
2
, v
0
D x. Then we have
u D .ln x/
2
v D
1
2
x
2
u
0
D
2 ln x
x
v
0
D x
Z
x.ln x/
2
dx D
1
2
x
2
.ln x/
2
Z
x
2
ln x
x
dx D
1
2
x
2
.ln x/
2
Z
x ln x dx
Apply Integration by Parts again to this integral, with u D ln x, v
0
D x, to get
Z
x ln x dx D
1
2
x
2
ln x
1
2
Z
x
2
1
x
dx D
1
2
x
2
ln x
1
4
x
2
Plug this back into the rst formula to get
Z
x.ln x/
2
dx D
1
2
x
2
.ln x/
2
_
1
2
x
2
ln x
1
4
x
2
_
CC D
1
2
x
2
_
.ln x/
2
ln x C
1
2
_
CC
25.
Z
x sec
2
x dx
0
D sec
2
x. Then we have
u D x v D tan x
u
0
D 1 v
0
D sec
2
x
Z
x sec
2
x dx D x tan x
Z
.1/ tan x dx D x tan x ln j sec xj CC:
26.
Z
x tan x sec x dx
0
D tan x sec x. Then we have
u D x v D sec x
u
0
D 1 v
0
D tan x sec x
Z
x tan x sec x dx D x sec x
Z
sec x dx D x sec x ln jsec x Ctan xj CC
27.
Z
cos
1
x dx
SOLUTION Let u D cos
1
x and v
0
D 1. Then we have
u D cos
1
x v D x
u
0
D
1
p
1 x
2
v
0
D 1
Z
cos
1
x dx D x cos
1
x
Z
x
p
1 x
2
dx:
We can evaluate
Z
x
p
1 x
2
dx by making the substitution w D 1 x
2
. Then dw D 2x dx, and we have
Z
cos
1
x dx D x cos
1
x
1
2
Z
2x dx
p
1 x
2
D x cos
1
x
1
2
Z
w
1=2
dw
D x cos
1
x
1
2
.2w
1=2
/ CC D x cos
1
x
p
1 x
2
CC:
28.
Z
sin
1
x dx
SOLUTION Let u D sin
1
x and v
0
D 1. Then we have
u D sin
1
x v D x
u
0
D
1
p
1 x
2
v
0
D 1
Z
sin
1
x dx D x sin
1
x
Z
x
p
1 x
2
dx:
We can evaluate
Z
x
p
1 x
2
dx by making the substitution w D 1 x
2
. Then dw D 2x dx, and we have
Z
sin
1
x dx D x sin
1
x C
1
2
Z
2x dx
p
1 x
2
D x sin
1
x C
1
2
Z
w
1=2
dw
D x sin
1
x C
1
2
.2w
1=2
/ CC D x sin
1
x C
p
1 x
2
CC:
29.
Z
sec
1
x dx
SOLUTION We are forced to choose u D sec
1
x, v
0
D 1, so that u
0
D
1
x
p
x
2
1
and v D x. Using Integration by parts, we get:
Z
sec
1
x dx D x sec
1
x
Z
x dx
x
p
x
2
1
D x sec
1
x
Z
dx
p
x
2
1
:
Via the substitution
p
x
2
1 D tan 0 (so that x D sec 0 and dx D sec 0 tan 0d0), we get:
Z
sec
1
x dx D x sec
1
x
Z
sec 0 tan 0d0
tan 0
D x sec
1
x
Z
sec 0d0
D x sec
1
x ln j sec 0 Ctan 0j CC D x sec
1
x ln jx C
p
x
2
1j CC:
30.
Z
x5
x
dx
0
D 5
x
. Then we have
u D x v D
5
x
ln 5
u
0
D 1 v
0
D 5
x
Z
x 5
x
dx D x
_
5
x
ln 5
_
Z
.1/
5
x
ln 5
dx D
x 5
x
ln 5
1
ln 5
Z
5
x
dx
D
x 5
x
ln 5
1
ln 5
_
5
x
ln 5
_
CC D
5
x
ln 5
_
x
1
ln 5
_
CC:
31.
Z
3
x
cos x dx
SOLUTION Let u D cos x and v
0
D 3
x
. Then we have
u D cos x v D
3
x
ln 3
u
0
D sin x v
0
D 3
x
Z
3
x
cos x dx D
3
x
ln 3
cos x C
1
ln 3
Z
3
x
sin x dx
Apply Integration by Parts to the remaining integral, with u D sin x and v
0
D 3
x
; then
Z
3
x
sin x dx D
3
x
ln 3
sin x
1
ln 3
Z
3
x
cos x dx
Plug this into the rst equation to get
Z
3
x
cos x dx D
3
x
ln 3
cos x C
1
ln 3
_
3
x
ln 3
sin x
1
ln 3
Z
3
x
cos x dx
_
D
3
x
ln 3
cos x C
3
x
.ln 3/
2
sin x
1
.ln 3/
2
Z
3
x
cos x dx
Solving for
Z
3
x
cos x dx gives
Z
3
x
cos x dx D
3
x
ln 3 cos x
1 C.ln 3/
2
C
3
x
sin x
1 C.ln 3/
2
CC D
3
x
1 C.ln 3/
2
.ln 3 cos x Csin x/ CC
32.
Z
x sinh x dx
SOLUTION Let u D x, v
0
D sinh x. Then
u D x v D cosh x
u
0
D 1 v
0
D sinh x
Z
x sinh x dx D x cosh x
Z
cosh x dx D x cosh x sinh x CC
33.
Z
x
2
cosh x dx
SOLUTION Let u D x
2
, v
0
D cosh x. Then
u D x
2
v D sinh x
u
0
D 2x v
0
D cosh x
Integration by Parts gives us (along with Exercise 32)
Z
x
2
cosh x dx D x
2
sinh x 2
Z
x sinh x; dx D x
2
sinh x 2x cosh x C2 sinh x CC
34.
Z
cos x cosh x dx
SOLUTION Let u D cos x and v
0
D cosh x. Then
u D cos x v D sinh x
u
0
D sin x v
0
D cosh x
Z
cos x cosh x dx D cos x sinh x
Z
.sin x/ sinh x dx D cos x sinh x C
Z
sin x sinh x dx:
Z
sin x sinh x dx. Using u D sin x and v
0
D sinh x, we nd
Z
sin x sinh x dx D sin x cosh x
Z
cos x cosh x dx:
Plugging this into the original equation, we have
Z
cos x cosh x dx D cos x sinh x Csin x cosh x
Z
cos x cosh x dx:
Z
cos x cosh x dx yields
Z
cos x cosh x dx D
1
2
.cos x sinh x Csin x cosh x/ CC:
35.
Z
tanh
1
4x dx
SOLUTION Using u D tanh
1
4x and v
0
D 1 gives us
u D tanh
1
4x v D x
u
0
D
4
1 16x
2
v
0
D 1
Z
tanh
1
4x dx D x tanh
1
4x
Z _
4
1 16x
2
_
x dx:
For the integral on the right well use the substitution w D 1 16x
2
, dw D 32x dx. Then we have
Z
tanh
1
4x dx D x tanh
1
4x C
1
8
Z
dw
w
D x tanh
1
4x C
1
8
ln jwj CC
D x tanh
1
4x C
1
8
ln j1 16x
2
j CC:
36.
Z
sinh
1
x dx
SOLUTION Using u D sinh
1
x and v
0
D 1 gives us
u D sinh
1
x v D x
u
0
D
1
p
1 Cx
2
v
0
D 1
Z
sinh
1
x dx D x sinh
1
x
Z _
1
p
1 Cx
2
_
x dx:
For the integral on the right well use the substitution w D 1 Cx
2
, dw D 2x dx. Then we have
Z
sinh
1
x dx D x sinh
1
x
1
2
Z
dw
p
w
D x sinh
1
x
p
w CC
D x sinh
1
x
p
1 Cx
2
CC:
In Exercises 37 and 38, evaluate using substitution and then Integration by Parts.
37.
Z
e
p
x
dx Hint: Let u D x
1=2
SOLUTION Let w D x
1=2
. Then dw D
1
2
x
1=2
dx, or dx D 2 x
1=2
dw D 2wdw. Now,
Z
e
p
x
dx D 2
Z
we
w
dw:
Using Integration by Parts with u D w and v
0
D e
w
, we get
2
Z
we
w
dw D 2.we
w
e
w
/ CC:
Substituting back, we nd
Z
e
p
x
dx D 2e
p
x
.
p
x 1/ CC:
38.
Z
x
3
e
x
2
dx
SOLUTION Let w D x
2
. Then dw D 2x dx, and
Z
x
3
e
x
2
dx D
1
2
Z
we
w
dw:
Using Integration by Parts, we let u D w and v
0
D e
w
. Then we have
Z
we
w
dw D we
w
Z
.1/e
w
dw D we
w
e
w
CC:
Substituting back in terms of x, we get
Z
x
3
e
x
2
dx D
1
2
_
x
2
e
x
2
e
x
2
_
CC:
In Exercises 3948, evaluate using Integration by Parts, substitution, or both if necessary.
39.
Z
x cos 4x dx
0
u D x v D
1
4
sin 4x
u
0
D 1 v
0
D cos 4x
Z
x cos 4x dx D
1
4
x sin 4x
Z
.1/
1
4
sin 4x dx D
1
4
x sin 4x
1
4
_
1
4
cos 4x
_
CC
D
1
4
x sin 4x C
1
16
cos 4x CC:
40.
Z
ln.ln x/ dx
x
SOLUTION Let w D ln x. Then dw D dx=x, and we have
Z
ln.ln x/ dx
x
D
Z
ln wdw
Now we can use Integration by Parts, letting u D ln w and v
0
D 1. Then u
0
D 1=w, v D w, and
Z
ln wdw D wln w
Z
1
w
.w/ dw D wln w w CC:
Substituting back in terms of x, we get
Z
ln.ln x/ dx
x
D .ln x/ ln.ln x/ ln x CC:
41.
Z
x dx
p
x C1
SOLUTION Let u D x C1. Then du D dx, x D u 1, and
Z
x dx
p
x C1
D
Z
.u 1/ du
p
u
D
Z _
u
p
u
1
p
u
_
du D
Z
.u
1=2
u
1=2
/ du
D
2
3
u
3=2
2u
1=2
CC D
2
3
.x C1/
3=2
2.x C1/
1=2
CC:
42.
Z
x
2
.x
3
C9/
15
dx
SOLUTION Note that .x
3
C0/
0
D 3x
2
, so use substitution with u D x
3
C9, du D 3x
2
dx. Then
Z
x
2
.x
3
C9/
15
dx D
1
3
Z
u
15
du D
1
48
u
16
CC D
1
48
.x
3
C9/
16
CC
43.
Z
cos x ln.sin x/ dx
SOLUTION Let w D sin x. Then dw D cos x dx, and
Z
cos x ln.sin x/ dx D
Z
ln wdw:
Now use Integration by Parts with u D ln w and v
0
D 1. Then u
0
D 1=w and v D w, which gives us
Z
cos x ln.sin x/ dx D
Z
ln wdw D wln w w CC D sin x ln.sin x/ sin x CC:
44.
Z
sin
p
x dx
SOLUTION First use substitution, with w D
p
x and dw D dx=.2
p
x/. This gives us
Z
sin
p
x dx D
Z
.2
p
x/ sin
p
x dx
.2
p
x/
D 2
Z
wsin wdw:
Now use Integration by Parts, with u D w and v
0
D sin w. Then we have
Z
sin
p
x dx D 2
Z
wsin wdw D 2
_
wcos w
Z
cos wdw
_
D 2.wcos w Csin w/ CC D 2 sin
p
x 2
p
x cos
p
x CC:
45.
Z
p
xe
p
x
dx
SOLUTION Let w D
p
x. Then dw D
1
2
p
x
dx and
Z
p
xe
p
x
dx D 2
Z
w
2
e
w
dw:
Now, use Integration by Parts with u D w
2
and v
0
D e
w
. This gives
Z
p
xe
p
x
dx D 2
Z
w
2
e
w
dw D 2w
2
e
w
4
Z
we
w
dw:
We need to use Integration by Parts again, this time with u D w and v
0
D e
w
. We nd
Z
we
w
dw D we
w
Z
e
w
dw D we
w
e
w
CCI
nally,
Z
p
xe
p
x
dx D 2w
2
e
w
4we
w
C4e
w
CC D 2xe
p
x
4
p
xe
p
x
C4e
p
x
CC:
46.
Z
tan
p
x dx
p
x
SOLUTION Let u D
p
x and du D
1
2
x
1=2
. Then
Z
tan
p
x dx
p
x
D 2
Z
tan udu D 2 ln j cos uj CC D 2 ln j cos
p
xj CC
47.
Z
ln.ln x/ ln x dx
x
SOLUTION Let w D ln x. Then dw D dx=x, and
Z
ln.ln x/ ln x dx
x
D
Z
wln wdw:
Now use Integration by Parts, with u D ln w and v
0
D w. Then,
u D ln w v D
1
2
w
2
u
0
D w
1
v
0
D w
and
Z
ln.ln x/ ln x dx
x
D
1
2
w
2
ln w
1
2
Z
wdw D
1
2
w
2
ln w
1
2
w
2
2
!
CC
D
1
2
.ln x/
2
ln.ln x/
1
4
.ln x/
2
CC D
1
4
.ln x/
2
2 ln.ln x/ 1| CC:
48.
Z
sin.ln x/ dx
SOLUTION Let u D sin.ln x/ and v
0
D 1. Then we have
u D sin.ln x/ v D x
u
0
D
cos.ln x/
x
v
0
D 1
Z
sin.ln x/ dx D x sin.ln x/
Z
.x/
cos.ln x/
x
dx D x sin.ln x/
Z
cos.ln x/ dx:
We must use Integration by Parts again to evaluate
R
cos.ln x/ dx. Let u D cos.ln x/ and v
0
D 1. Then
Z
sin.ln x/ dx D x sin.ln x/
_
x cos.ln x/
Z
.sin.ln x// dx
_
D x sin.ln x/ x cos.ln x/
Z
sin.ln x/ dx:
R
sin.ln x/ dx, we get
Z
sin.ln x/ dx D
x
2
sin.ln x/ cos.ln x/| CC:
In Exercises 4954, compute the denite integral.
49.
Z
3
0
xe
4x
dx
SOLUTION Let u D x, v
0
D e
4x
. Then u
0
D 1 and v D
1
4
e
4x
. Using Integration by Parts,
Z
3
0
xe
4x
dx D
_
1
4
xe
4x
_
3
0
1
4
Z
3
0
e
4x
dx D
3
4
e
12
1
16
e
12
C
1
16
D
11
16
e
12
C
1
16
50.
Z
=4
0
x sin 2x dx
0
D sin 2x. Then u
0
D 1 and v D
1
2
cos 2x. Using Integration by Parts,
Z
=4
0
x sin.2x/ dx D
1
2
x cos 2x
=4
0
Z
=4
0
_
1
2
cos 2x
_
dx D
_
1
2
x cos 2x C
_
1
2
_
sin 2x
2
_
=4
0
D
_
1
2
_
4
_
cos
_
2
_
C
1
4
sin
_
2
_
_
.0 C0/ D
1
4
:
51.
Z
2
1
x ln x dx
0
D x. Then u
0
D
1
x
and v D
1
2
x
2
. Using Integration by Parts gives
Z
2
1
x ln x dx D
_
1
2
x
2
ln x
_
2
1
1
2
Z
2
1
x dx D 2 ln 2
1
4
x
2
2
1
D 2 ln 2
3
4
52.
Z
e
1
ln x dx
x
2
0
D x
2
. Then u
0
D x
1
and v D x
1
. Using Integration by Parts gives
Z
e
1
ln x dx
x
2
D
ln x
x
e
1
C
Z
e
1
x
2
dx D e
1
x
1
e
1
D 1
2
e
53.
Z

0
e
x
sin x dx
SOLUTION Let u D sin x and v
0
D e
x
; then u
0
D cos x and v D e
x
. Integration by Parts gives
Z

0
e
x
sin x dx D e
x
sin x
Z

0
e
x
cos x dx D
Z

0
e
x
cos x dx
Apply integration by parts again to this integral, with u D cos x and v
0
D e
x
; then u
0
D sin x and v D e
x
, so we get
Z

0
e
x
sin x dx D
_
_
e
x
cos x
_
0
C
Z

0
e
x
sin x dx
_
D e
C1
Z

0
e
x
sin x dx
Solving for
Z

0
e
x
sin x dx gives
Z

0
e
x
sin x dx D
e
C1
2
54.
Z
1
0
tan
1
x dx
SOLUTION Let u D tan
1
x and v
0
D 1. Then we have
u D tan
1
x v D x
u
0
D
1
x
2
C1
v
0
D 1
Z
tan
1
x dx D x tan
1
x
Z _
1
x
2
C1
_
x dx:
For the integral on the right well use the substitution w D x
2
C1, dw D 2x dx. Then we have
Z
tan
1
x dx D x tan
1
x
1
2
Z
dw
w
D x tan
1
x
1
2
ln jwj CC D x tan
1
x
1
2
ln jx
2
C1j CC:
Now we can compute the denite integral:
Z
1
0
tan
1
x dx D
_
x tan
1
x
1
2
ln jx
2
C1j
_
1
0
D
_
.1/ tan
1
.1/
1
2
ln 2
_
.0/ D

4
1
2
ln 2:
55. Use Eq. (5) to evaluate
Z
x
4
e
x
dx.
SOLUTION
Z
x
4
e
x
dx D x
4
e
x
4
Z
x
3
e
x
dx D x
4
e
x
4
_
x
3
e
x
3
Z
x
2
e
x
dx
_
D x
4
e
x
4x
3
e
x
C12
Z
x
2
e
x
dx D x
4
e
x
4x
3
e
x
C12
_
x
2
e
x
2
Z
xe
x
dx
_
D x
4
e
x
4x
3
e
x
C12x
2
e
x
24
Z
xe
x
dx D x
4
e
x
4x
3
e
x
C12x
2
e
x
24
_
xe
x
Z
e
x
dx
_
D x
4
e
x
4x
3
e
x
C12x
2
e
x
24
_
xe
x
e
x
_
CC:
Thus,
Z
x
4
e
x
dx D e
x
.x
4
4x
3
C12x
2
24x C24/ CC:
56. Use substitution and then Eq. (5) to evaluate
Z
x
4
e
7x
dx.
SOLUTION Let u D 7x. Then du D 7dx, and
Z
x
4
e
7x
dx D
1
7
5
Z
.7x/
4
e
7x
.7dx/ D
1
7
5
Z
u
4
e
u
du:
Now use the result from Exercise 55:
Z
x
4
e
7x
dx D
1
7
5
e
u
u
4
4u
3
C12u
2
24u C24| CC
D
1
7
5
e
7x
.7x/
4
4.7x/
3
C12.7x/
2
24.7x/ C24| CC
D
1
7
5
e
7x
2401x
4
1372x
3
C588x
2
168x C24| CC:
57. Find a reduction formula for
Z
x
n
e
x
dx similar to Eq. (5).
SOLUTION Let u D x
n
and v
0
D e
x
. Then
u D x
n
v D e
x
u
0
D nx
n1
v
0
D e
x
Z
x
n
e
x
dx D x
n
e
x
Z
nx
n1
.e
x
/ dx D x
n
e
x
Cn
Z
x
n1
e
x
dx:
58. Evaluate
R
x
n
ln x dx for n 1. Which method should be used to evaluate
R
x
1
ln x dx?
0
D x
n
. Then we have
u D ln x v D
x
nC1
n C1
u
0
D
1
x
v
0
D x
n
and
Z
x
n
ln x dx D
x
nC1
n C1
ln x
Z
1
x
x
nC1
n C1
dx D
x
nC1
n C1
ln x
1
n C1
Z
x
n
dx
D
x
nC1
n C1
ln x
1
n C1
x
nC1
n C1
D
x
nC1
n C1
_
ln x
1
n C1
_
CC:
For n D 1,
R
x
1
ln x dx, use the substitution u D ln x, du D dx=x. Then
Z
x
1
ln x dx D
Z
udu D
u
2
2
CC D
1
2
.ln x/
2
CC:
In Exercises 5966, indicate a good method for evaluating the integral (but do not evaluate). Your choices are algebraic manipula-
tion, substitution (specify u and du), and Integration by Parts (specify u and v
0
). If it appears that the techniques you have learned
thus far are not sufcient, state this.
59.
Z
p
x ln x dx
SOLUTION Use Integration by Parts, with u D ln x and v
0
D
p
x.
60.
Z
x
2
p
x
2x
dx
SOLUTION Use algebraic manipulation:
x
2
p
x
2x
D
x
2
1
2
p
x
:
61.
Z
x
3
dx
p
4 x
2
SOLUTION Use substitution, followed by algebraic manipulation: Let u D 4 x
2
. Then du D 2x dx, x
2
D 4 u, and
Z
x
3
p
4 x
2
dx D
1
2
Z
.x
2
/.2x dx/
p
u
D
1
2
Z
.4 u/.du/
p
u
D
1
2
Z _
4
p
u
u
p
u
_
du:
62.
Z
dx
p
4 x
2
SOLUTION The techniques learned so far are insufcient. This problem requires the technique of trigonometric substitution.
63.
Z
x C2
x
2
C4x C3
dx
SOLUTION Use substitution. Let u D x
2
C4x C3; then du D 2x C4 dx D 2.x C2/ dx, and
Z
x C2
x
2
C4x C3
dx D
1
2
Z
1
u
du
64.
Z
dx
.x C2/.x
2
C4x C3/
SOLUTION The techniques learned so far are insufcient. This problem requires the technique of trigonometric substitution.
65.
Z
x sin.3x C4/ dx
SOLUTION Use Integration by Parts, with u D x and v
0
D sin.3x C4/.
66.
Z
x cos.9x
2
/ dx
SOLUTION Use substitution, with u D 9x
2
and du D 18x dx.
67. Evaluate
Z
.sin
1
x/
2
dx. Hint: Use Integration by Parts rst and then substitution.
SOLUTION First use integration by parts with v
0
D 1 to get
Z
.sin
1
x/
2
dx D x.sin
1
x/
2
2
Z
x sin
1
x dx
p
1 x
2
:
Now use substitution on the integral on the right, with u D sin
1
x. Then du D dx=
p
1 x
2
and x D sin u, and we get (using
Integration by Parts again)
Z
x sin
1
x dx
p
1 x
2
D
Z
usin udu D ucos u Csin u CC D
p
1 x
2
sin
1
x Cx CC:
where cos u D
p
1 sin
2
u D
p
1 x
2
. So the nal answer is
Z
.sin
1
x/
2
dx D x.sin
1
x/
2
C2
p
1 x
2
sin
1
x 2x CC:
68. Evaluate
Z
.ln x/
2
dx
x
2
. Hint: Use substitution rst and then Integration by Parts.
SOLUTION Let w D ln x. Then dw D dx=x, e
w
D x, and
Z
.ln x/
2
dx
x
2
D
Z
w
2
dw
e
w
:
Now use Integration by Parts, with u D w
2
and v
0
D e
w
:
Z
w
2
dw
e
w
D w
2
e
w
Z
2w.e
w
/ dw D w
2
e
w
C2.we
w
e
w
/ CC
D e
w
.w
2
C2w C2/ CC D e
ln x
..ln x/
2
C2 ln x C2/ CC:
The nal answer is
Z
.ln x/
2
dx
x
2
D
.ln x/
2
C2 ln x C2|
x
CC:
69. Evaluate
Z
x
7
cos.x
4
/ dx.
SOLUTION First, let w D x
4
. Then dw D 4x
3
dx and
Z
x
7
cos.x
4
/ dx D
1
4
Z
wcos x dw:
Now, use Integration by Parts with u D w and v
0
D cos w. Then
Z
x
7
cos.x
4
/ dx D
1
4
_
wsin w
Z
sin wdw
_
D
1
4
wsin w C
1
4
cos w CC D
1
4
x
4
sin.x
4
/ C
1
4
cos.x
4
/ CC:
70. Find f .x/, assuming that
Z
f .x/e
x
dx D f .x/e
x
Z
x
1
e
x
dx
SOLUTION We see that Integration by Parts was applied to
Z
f .x/ e
x
dx with u D f .x/ and v
0
D e
x
, and that therefore
f
0
.x/ D u
0
D x
1
. Thus f .x/ D ln x CC for any constant C.
71. Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the region under y D e
x
for 0 x 2 about the y-axis.
SOLUTION By the Method of Cylindrical Shells, the volume V of the solid is
V D
Z
b
a
.2r/h dx D 2
Z
2
0
xe
x
dx:
Using Integration by Parts with u D x and v
0
D e
x
, we nd
V D 2 .xe
x
e
x
/
2
0
D 2
_
.2e
2
e
2
/ .0 1/
_
D 2.e
2
C1/:
72. Find the area enclosed by y D ln x and y D .ln x/
2
.
SOLUTION The two graphs intersect at x D 1 and at x D e, and ln x is above .ln x/
2
, so the area is
Z
e
1
ln x .ln x/
2
dx D
Z
e
1
ln x dx
Z
e
1
.ln x/
2
dx
Using integration by parts for the second integral, let u D .ln x/
2
, v
0
D 1; then u
0
D
2ln x
x
and v D x, so that
Z
e
1
.ln x/
2
dx D
_
x.ln x/
2
_
e
1
2
Z
e
1
ln x D e 2
Z
e
1
ln x
Substituting this back into the original equation gives
Z
e
1
ln x .ln x/
2
dx D 3
Z
e
1
ln x dx e
We use integration by parts to evaluate the remaining integral, with u D ln x and v
0
D 1; then u
0
D
1
x
and v D x, so that
Z
e
1
ln x dx D x ln x
e
1
Z
e
1
1 dx D e .e 1/ D 1
and thus, substituting back in, the value of the original integral is
Z
e
1
ln x .ln x/
2
dx D 3
Z
e
1
ln x dx e D 3 e
73. Recall that the present value (PV) of an investment that pays out income continuously at a rate R.t / for T years is
Z
T
0
R.t /e
rt
dt , where r is the interest rate. Find the PV if R.t / D 5000 C100t $/year, r D 0:05 and T D 10 years.
SOLUTION The present value is given by
PV D
Z
T
0
R.t /e
rt
dt D
Z
10
0
.5000 C100t /e
rt
dt D 5000
Z
10
0
e
rt
dt C100
Z
10
0
t e
rt
dt:
Using Integration by Parts for the integral on the right, with u D t and v
0
D e
rt
, we nd
PV D 5000
_
1
r
e
rt
_
10
0
C100
"
_
t
r
e
rt
_
10
0
Z
10
0
1
r
e
rt
dt
#
D
5000
r
e
rt
10
0
100
r
_
t e
rt
C
1
r
e
rt
_
10
0
D
5000
r
.e
10r
1/
100
r
__
10e
10r
C
1
r
e
10r
_
_
0 C
1
r
__
D e
10r
_
5000
r
1000
r
100
r
2
_
C
5000
r
C
100
r
2
D
5000r C100 e
10r
.6000r C100/
r
2
:
74. Derive the reduction formula
Z
.ln x/
k
dx D x.ln x/
k
k
Z
.ln x/
k1
dx 6
SOLUTION Use Integration by Parts with u D .ln x/
k
and v
0
D 1. Then u
0
D k.ln x/
k1
=x, v D x, and we get
Z
.ln x/
k
dx D x.ln x/
k
k
Z
.ln x/
k1
x dx
x
D x.ln x/
k
k
Z
.ln x/
k1
dx:
75. Use Eq. (6) to calculate
Z
.ln x/
k
dx for k D 2; 3.
SOLUTION
Z
.ln x/
2
dx D x.ln x/
2
2
Z
ln x dx D x.ln x/
2
2.x ln x x/ CC D x.ln x/
2
2x ln x C2x CCI
Z
.ln x/
3
dx D x.ln x/
3
3
Z
.ln x/
2
dx D x.ln x/
3
3
h
x.ln x/
2
2x ln x C2x
i
CC
D x.ln x/
3
3x.ln x/
2
C6x ln x 6x CC:
76. Derive the reduction formulas
Z
x
n
cos x dx D x
n
sin x n
Z
x
n1
sin x dx
Z
x
n
sin x dx D x
n
cos x Cn
Z
x
n1
cos x dx
SOLUTION For
R
x
n
cos x dx, let u D x
n
and v
0
D cos x. Then we have
u D x
n
v D sin x
u
0
D nx
n1
v
0
D cos x
Z
x
n
cos x dx D x
n
sin x n
Z
x
n1
sin x dx:
For
Z
x
n
sin x dx, let u D x
n
and v
0
u D x
n
v D cos x
u
0
D nx
n1
v
0
D sin x
Z
x
n
sin x dx D x
n
cos x Cn
Z
x
n1
cos x dx:
77. Prove that
Z
xb
x
dx D b
x
_
x
ln b
1
ln
2
b
_
CC.
0
D b
x
. Then u
0
D 1 and v D b
x
= ln b. Using Integration by Parts, we get
Z
x b
x
dx D
xb
x
ln b
1
ln b
Z
b
x
dx D
xb
x
ln b
1
ln b
b
x
ln b
CC D b
x
_
x
ln b
1
.ln b/
2
_
CC:
78. Dene P
n
.x/ by
Z
x
n
e
x
dx D P
n
.x/ e
x
CC
Use Eq. (5) to prove that P
n
.x/ D x
n
nP
n1
.x/. Use this recursion relation to nd P
n
.x/ for n D 1; 2; 3; 4. Note that P
0
.x/ D 1.
SOLUTION Use induction on n. Clearly for n D 0, we have
Z
x
0
e
x
dx D
Z
e
x
dx D e
x
CC D .1/e
x
CC
so we may take P
0
.x/ D 1 D x
0
0. Now assume that
Z
x
n
e
x
dx D P
n
.x/e
x
CC
where P
n
.x/ D x
n
nP
n1
.x/. Then using Eq. (5) with n C1 in place of n gives
Z
x
nC1
e
x
dx D x
nC1
e
x
.n C1/
Z
x
n
e
x
dx D x
nC1
e
x
.n C1/.P
n
.x/e
x
CC
1
/
D .x
nC1
.n C1/P
n
.x//e
x
CC
Thus we may dene P
nC1
.x/ D x
nC1
.n C1/P
n
.x/ and we get
Z
x
nC1
e
x
dx D P
nC1
.x/e
x
CC
as required.
Further Insights and Challenges
79. The Integration by Parts formula can be written
Z
u.x/v.x/ dx D u.x/V.x/
Z
u
0
.x/V.x/ dx 7
where V.x/ satises V
0
.x/ D v.x/.
(a) Show directly that the right-hand side of Eq. (7) does not change if V.x/ is replaced by V.x/ CC, where C is a constant.
(b) Use u D tan
1
x and v D x in Eq. (7) to calculate
Z
x tan
1
x dx, but carry out the calculation twice: rst with V.x/ D
1
2
x
2
and then with V.x/ D
1
2
x
2
C
1
2
. Which choice of V.x/ results in a simpler calculation?
SOLUTION
(a) Replacing V.x/ with V.x/ CC in the expression u.x/V.x/
R
V.x/u
0
.x/ dx, we get
u.x/.V.x/ CC/
Z
.V.x/ CC/u
0
.x/ dx D u.x/V.x/ Cu.x/C
Z
V.x/u
0
.x/ dx C
Z
u
0
.x/ dx
D u.x/V.x/
Z
V.x/u
0
.x/ dx CC
_
u.x/
Z
u
0
.x/ dx
_
D u.x/V.x/
Z
V.x/u
0
.x/ dx CC u.x/ u.x/|
D u.x/V.x/
Z
V.x/u
0
.x/ dx:
(b) If we evaluate
Z
x tan
1
x dx with u D tan
1
x and v
0
D x, and if we dont add a constant to v, Integration by Parts gives us
Z
x tan
1
x dx D
x
2
2
tan
1
x
1
2
Z
x
2
dx
x
2
C1
:
The integral on the right requires algebraic manipulation in order to evaluate. But if we take V.x/ D
1
2
x
2
C
1
2
instead of V.x/ D
1
2
x
2
, then
Z
x tan
1
x dx D
_
1
2
x
2
C
1
2
_
tan
1
x
1
2
Z
x
2
C1
x
2
C1
dx D
1
2
.x
2
C1/ tan
1
x
1
2
x CC
D
1
2
.x
2
tan
1
x x Ctan
1
x/ CC:
80. Prove in two ways that
Z
a
0
f .x/ dx D af .a/
Z
a
0
xf
0
.x/ dx 8
First use Integration by Parts. Then assume f.x/ is increasing. Use the substitution u D f .x/ to prove that
Z
a
0
xf
0
.x/ dx is equal
to the area of the shaded region in Figure 1 and derive Eq. (8) a second time.
0 a
x
y y = f (x)
f (a)
f (0)
FIGURE 1
SOLUTION Let u D f .x/ and v
0
D 1. Then Integration by Parts gives
Z
a
0
f .x/ dx D xf .x/
a
0
Z
a
0
xf
0
.x/ dx D af .a/
Z
a
0
xf
0
.x/ dx:
Alternately, let u D f .x/. Then du D f
0
.x/ dx, and if f .x/ is either increasing or decreasing, it has an inverse function, and
x D f
1
.u/. Thus,
Z
xDa
xD0
xf
0
.x/ dx D
Z
f.a/
f.0/
f
1
.u/ du
which is precisely the area of the shaded region in Figure 1 (integrating along the vertical axis). Since the area of the entire rectangle
is af .a/, the difference between the areas of the two regions is
R
a
0
f .x/ dx.
81. Assume that f .0/ D f .1/ D 0 and that f
00
exists. Prove
Z
1
0
f
00
.x/f .x/ dx D
Z
1
0
f
0
.x/
2
dx 9
Use this to prove that if f.0/ D f .1/ D 0 and f
00
.x/ D zf .x/ for some constant z, then z < 0. Can you think of a function
satisfying these conditions for some z?
SOLUTION Let u D f .x/ and v
0
D f
00
.x/. Using Integration by Parts, we get
Z
1
0
f
00
.x/f .x/ dx D f .x/f
0
.x/
1
0
Z
1
0
f
0
.x/
2
dx D f .1/f
0
.1/ f .0/f
0
.0/
Z
1
0
f
0
.x/
2
dx D
Z
1
0
f
0
.x/
2
dx:
Now assume that f
00
.x/ D zf .x/ for some constant z. Then
Z
1
0
f
00
.x/f .x/ dx D z
Z
1
0
f .x/|
2
dx D
Z
1
0
f
0
.x/
2
dx < 0:
Since
Z
1
0
f .x/|
2
dx > 0, we must have z < 0. An example of a function satisfying these properties for some z is f .x/ D sin x.
82. Set I.a; b/ D
Z
1
0
x
a
.1 x/
b
dx, where a; b are whole numbers.
(a) Use substitution to show that I.a; b/ D I.b; a/.
(b) Show that I.a; 0/ D I.0; a/ D
1
a C1
.
(c) Prove that for a 1 and b 0,
I.a; b/ D
a
b C1
I.a 1; b C1/
(d) Use (b) and (c) to calculate I.1; 1/ and I.3; 2/.
(e) Show that I.a; b/ D
a b
.a Cb C1/
.
SOLUTION
(a) Let u D 1 x. Then du D dx and
I.a; b/ D
Z
uD0
uD1
.1 u/
a
u
b
.du/ D
Z
1
0
u
b
.1 u/
a
du D I.b; a/:
(b) I.a; 0/ D I.0; a/ by part (a). Further,
I.a; 0/ D
Z
1
0
x
a
.1 x/
0
dx D
Z
1
0
x
a
dx D
1
a C1
:
(c) Using Integration by Parts with u D x
a
and v
0
D .1 x/
b
gives
I.a; b/ D x
a
.1 x/
bC1
b C1
!
1
0
C
a
b C1
Z
1
0
x
a1
.1 x/
bC1
D
a
b C1
I.a 1; b C1/
.
(d)
I.1; 1/ D
1
1 C1
I.1 1; 1 C1/ D
1
2
I.0; 2/ D
1
2
1
3
D
1
6
I.3; 2/ D
1
2
I.4; 2/ D
1
2
1
5
I.5; 0/ D
1
10
1
6
D
1
60
:
(e) We proceed as follows:
I.a; b/ D
a
b C1
I.a 1; b C1/ D
a
b C1
a 1
b C2
I.a 2; b C2/
:
:
:
D
a
b C1
a 1
b C2

1
b Ca
I.0; b Ca/
D
a.a 1/ .1/
.b C1/.b C2/ .b Ca/
1
b Ca C1
D
b a
b .b C1/.b C2/ .b Ca/.b Ca C1/
D
a b
.a Cb C1/
:
83. Let I
n
D
Z
x
n
cos.x
2
/ dx and J
n
D
Z
x
n
sin.x
2
/ dx.
(a) Find a reduction formula that expresses I
n
in terms of J
n2
. Hint: Write x
n
cos.x
2
/ as x
n1
.x cos.x
2
//.
(b) Use the result of (a) to show that I
n
can be evaluated explicitly if n is odd.
(c) Evaluate I
3
.
SOLUTION
(a) Integration by Parts with u D x
n1
and v
0
D x cos.x
2
/ dx yields
I
n
D
1
2
x
n1
sin.x
2
/
n 1
2
Z
x
n2
sin.x
2
/ dx D
1
2
x
n1
sin.x
2
/
n 1
2
J
n2
:
(b) If n is odd, the reduction process will eventually lead to either
Z
x cos.x
2
/ dx or
Z
x sin.x
2
/ dx;
both of which can be evaluated using the substitution u D x
2
.
(c) Starting with the reduction formula from part (a), we nd
I
3
D
1
2
x
2
sin.x
2
/
2
2
Z
x sin.x
2
/ dx D
1
2
x
2
sin.x
2
/ C
1
2
cos.x
2
/ CC:
7.2 Trigonometric Integrals
1. Describe the technique used to evaluate
Z
sin
5
x dx.
SOLUTION Because the sine function is raised to an odd power, rewrite sin
5
x D sin x sin
4
x D sin x.1 cos
2
x/
2
and then
substitute u D cos x.
2. Describe a way of evaluating
Z
sin
6
x dx.
SOLUTION Repeatedly use the reduction formula for powers of sin x.
3. Are reduction formulas needed to evaluate
Z
sin
7
x cos
2
x dx? Why or why not?
SOLUTION No, a reduction formula is not needed because the sine function is raised to an odd power.
4. Describe a way of evaluating
Z
sin
6
x cos
2
x dx.
SOLUTION Because both trigonometric functions are raised to even powers, write cos
2
x D 1 sin
2
x and then apply the
reduction formula for powers of the sine function.
5. Which integral requires more work to evaluate?
Z
sin
798
x cos x dx or
Z
sin
4
x cos
4
x dx
Explain your answer.
SOLUTION The rst integral can be evaluated using the substitution u D sin x, whereas the second integral requires the use of
reduction formulas. The second integral therefore requires more work to evaluate.
Exercises
In Exercises 16, use the method for odd powers to evaluate the integral.
1.
Z
cos
3
x dx
SOLUTION Use the identity cos
2
x D 1 sin
2
x to rewrite the integrand:
Z
cos
3
x dx D
Z
_
1 sin
2
x
_
cos x dx:
Now use the substitution u D sin x, du D cos x dx:
Z
cos
3
x dx D
Z
_
1 u
2
_
du D u
1
3
u
3
CC D sin x
1
3
sin
3
x CC:
2.
Z
sin
5
x dx
SOLUTION Use the identity sin
2
x D 1 cos
2
x to rewrite the integrand:
Z
sin
5
x dx D
Z
_
sin
2
x
_
2
sin x dx D
Z
_
1 cos
2
x
_
2
sin x dx:
Now use the substitution u D cos x, du D sin x dx:
Z
sin
5
x dx D
Z
_
1 u
2
_
2
du D
Z
_
1 2u
2
Cu
4
_
du D u C
2
3
u
3
1
5
u
5
CC
D cos x C
2
3
cos
3
x
1
5
cos
5
x CC:
SECT I ON 7.2 Trigonometric Integrals 803
3.
Z
sin
3
0 cos
2
0 d0
SOLUTION Write sin
3
0 D sin
2
0 sin 0 D .1 cos
2
0/ sin 0. Then
Z
sin
3
0 cos
2
0 d0 D
Z
_
1 cos
2
0
_
cos
2
0 sin 0 d0:
Now use the substitution u D cos 0, du D sin 0 d0:
Z
sin
3
0 cos
2
0 d0 D
Z
_
1 u
2
_
u
2
du D
Z
_
u
2
u
4
_
du
D
1
3
u
3
C
1
5
u
5
CC D
1
3
cos
3
0 C
1
5
cos
5
0 CC:
4.
Z
sin
5
x cos x dx
SOLUTION Write sin
5
x D sin
4
x sin x D .1 cos
2
x/
2
sin x. Then
Z
cos x sin
5
x dx D
Z
cos x
_
1 cos
2
x
_
2
sin x dx:
Now use the substitution u D cos x, du D sin x dx:
Z
cos x sin
5
x dx D
Z
u
_
1 u
2
_
2
du D
Z
u
_
1 2u
2
Cu
4
_
du D
Z
_
u C2u
3
u
5
_
du
D
1
2
u
2
C
1
2
u
4
1
6
u
6
CC D
1
2
cos
2
x C
1
2
cos
4
x
1
6
cos
6
x CC:
5.
Z
sin
3
t cos
3
t dt
SOLUTION Write sin
3
t D .1 cos
2
t / sin t dt . Then
Z
sin
3
t cos
3
t dt D
Z
.1 cos
2
t / cos
3
t sin t dt D
Z
_
cos
3
t cos
5
t
_
sin t dt:
Now use the substitution u D cos t , du D sin t dt :
Z
sin
3
t cos
3
t dt D
Z
_
u
3
u
5
_
du D
1
4
u
4
C
1
6
u
6
CC D
1
4
cos
4
t C
1
6
cos
6
t CC:
6.
Z
sin
2
x cos
5
x dx
SOLUTION Write cos
5
x D cos
4
x cos x D .1 sin
2
x/
2
cos x. Then
Z
sin
2
x cos
5
x dx D
Z
sin
2
x
_
1 sin
2
x
_
2
cos x dx:
Z
sin
2
x cos
5
x dx D
Z
u
2
_
1 u
2
_
2
du D
Z
_
u
2
2u
4
Cu
6
_
du
D
1
3
u
3
2
5
u
5
C
1
7
u
7
CC D
1
3
sin
3
x
2
5
sin
5
x C
1
7
sin
7
x CC:
7. Find the area of the shaded region in Figure 1.
x
y
y = cos
3
x
1
!1
3
2 2
FIGURE 1 Graph of y D cos
3
x.
SOLUTION First evaluate the indenite integral by writing cos
3
x D .1 sin
2
x/ cos x, and using the substitution u D sin x,
du D cos x dx:
Z
cos
3
x dx D
Z
_
1 sin
2
x
_
cos x dx D
Z
_
1 u
2
_
du D u
1
3
u
3
CC D sin x
1
3
sin
3
x CC:
The area is given by
A D
Z
=2
0
cos
3
x dx
Z
3=2
=2
cos
3
x dx D
_
sin x
1
3
sin
3
x
_
=2
0
_
sin x
1
3
sin
3
x
_
3=2
=2
D
__
sin

2
1
3
sin
3

2
_
0
_
__
sin
3
2
1
3
sin
3
3
2
_
_
sin

2
1
3
sin
3

2
__
D 1
1
3
.1/
3
.1/ C
1
3
.1/
3
C1
1
3
.1/
3
D 2:
8. Use the identity sin
2
x D 1 cos
2
x to write
R
sin
2
x cos
2
x dx as a sum of two integrals, and then evaluate using the reduction
formula.
SOLUTION Using the identity sin
2
x D 1 cos
2
x, we get
Z
sin
2
x cos
2
x d D
Z
_
1 cos
2
x
_
cos
2
x dx D
Z
cos
2
x dx
Z
cos
4
x dx:
Using the reduction formula for cos
m
x, we get
Z
cos
4
x dx D
cos
3
x sin x
4
C
3
4
Z
cos
2
x dx:
Thus,
Z
sin
2
x cos
2
x dx D
Z
cos
2
x
1
4
cos
3
x sin x
3
4
Z
cos
2
x dx D
1
4
cos
3
x sin x C
1
4
Z
cos
2
x dx:
Using the reduction formula again, we have
Z
sin
2
x cos
2
x dx D
1
4
cos
3
x sin x C
1
4
_
cos x sin x
2
C
1
2
Z
dx
_
D
1
4
cos
3
x sin x C
1
8
cos x sin x C
1
8
x CC:
In Exercises 912, evaluate the integral using methods employed in Examples 3 and 4.
9.
Z
cos
4
y dy
SOLUTION Using the reduction formula for cos
m
y, we get
Z
cos
4
y dy D
1
4
cos
3
y sin y C
3
4
Z
cos
2
y dy D
1
4
cos
3
y sin y C
3
4
_
1
2
cos y sin y C
1
2
Z
dy
_
D
1
4
cos
3
y sin y C
3
8
cos y sin y C
3
8
y CC:
10.
Z
cos
2
0 sin
2
0 d0
SOLUTION First use the identity cos
2
0 D 1 sin
2
0 to write:
Z
cos
2
0 sin
2
0 d0 D
Z
_
1 sin
2
0
_
sin
2
0 d0 D
Z
sin
2
0 d0
Z
sin
4
0 d0:
Using the reduction formula for sin
m
0, we get
Z
cos
2
0 sin
2
0 d0 D
Z
sin
2
0 d0
_
1
4
sin
3
0 cos 0 C
3
4
Z
sin
2
0 d0
_
D
1
4
sin
3
0 cos 0 C
1
4
Z
sin
2
0 d0
D
1
4
sin
3
0 cos 0 C
1
4
_
1
2
sin 0 cos 0 C
1
2
Z
d0
_
D
1
4
sin
3
0 cos 0
1
8
sin 0 cos 0 C
1
8
0 CC:
11.
Z
sin
4
x cos
2
x dx
2
x D 1 sin
2
x to write:
Z
sin
4
x cos
2
x dx D
Z
sin
4
x
_
1 sin
2
x
_
dx D
Z
sin
4
x dx
Z
sin
6
x dx:
Using the reduction formula for sin
m
x:
Z
sin
4
x cos
2
x dx D
Z
sin
4
x dx
_
1
6
sin
5
x cos x C
5
6
Z
sin
4
x dx
_
D
1
6
sin
5
x cos x C
1
6
Z
sin
4
x dx D
1
6
sin
5
x cos x C
1
6
_
1
4
sin
3
x cos x C
3
4
Z
sin
2
x dx
_
D
1
6
sin
5
x cos x
1
24
sin
3
x cos x C
1
8
Z
sin
2
x dx
D
1
6
sin
5
x cos x
1
24
sin
3
x cos x C
1
8
_
1
2
sin x cos x C
1
2
Z
dx
_
D
1
6
sin
5
x cos x
1
24
sin
3
x cos x
1
16
sin x cos x C
1
16
x CC:
12.
Z
sin
2
x cos
6
x dx
2
x D 1 cos
2
x to write
Z
sin
2
x cos
6
x dx D
Z
.1 cos
2
x/ cos
6
x dx D
Z
cos
6
x dx
Z
cos
8
x dx
Now use the reduction formula for cos
n
x:
Z
cos
6
x dx D
cos
5
x sin x
6
C
5
6
Z
cos
4
x dx
D
cos
5
x sin x
6
C
5
6
cos
3
x sin x
4
C
3
4
Z
cos
2
x dx
!
D
1
6
cos
5
x sin x C
5
24
cos
3
x sin x C
15
24
_
x
2
C
sin 2x
4
_
CC
D
1
6
cos
5
x sin x C
5
24
cos
3
x sin x C
15
48
x C
15
96
sin 2x CC
and
Z
cos
8
x dx D
1
8
cos
7
x sin x C
7
8
Z
cos
6
x dx
D
1
8
cos
7
x sin x C
7
8
_
1
6
cos
5
x sin x C
5
24
cos
3
x sin x C
15
48
x C
15
96
sin 2x
_
CC
D
1
8
cos
7
x sin x C
7
48
cos
5
x sin x C
35
192
cos
3
x sin x C
105
384
x C
105
768
sin 2x CC
so that
Z
sin
2
x cos
6
x dx D
1
8
cos
7
x sin x C
1
48
cos
5
x sin x C
5
192
cos
3
x sin x C
5
128
x C
5
256
sin 2x CC
In Exercises 13 and 14, evaluate using Eq. (13).
13.
Z
sin
3
x cos
2
x dx
SOLUTION First rewrite sin
3
x D sin x sin
2
x D sin x.1 cos
2
x/, so that
Z
sin
3
x cos
2
x dx D
Z
sin x.1 cos
2
x/ cos
2
x dx D
Z
sin x.cos
2
x cos
4
x/ dx
Now make the substitution u D cos x, du D sin x dx:
Z
sin x.cos
2
x cos
4
x/ dx D
Z
u
2
u
4
du D
1
5
u
5
1
3
u
3
CC D
1
5
cos
5
x
1
3
cos
3
x CC
14.
Z
sin
2
x cos
4
x dx
SOLUTION Using the formula for
R
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx, we get
I D
Z
sin
2
x cos
4
x dx D
1
6
sin
3
x cos
3
x C
3
6
Z
sin
2
x cos
2
x dx D
1
6
sin
3
x cos
3
x C
1
2
Z
sin
2
x cos
2
x dx:
Applying the formula again on the remaining integral, we get
Z
sin
2
x cos
2
x dx D
1
4
sin
3
x cos x C
1
4
Z
sin
2
x cos
0
x dx D
1
4
sin
3
x cos x C
1
4
Z
sin
2
x dx:
The nal result is
I D
1
6
sin
3
x cos
3
x C
1
2
_
1
4
sin
3
x cos x C
1
4
Z
sin
2
x dx
_
D
1
6
sin
3
x cos
3
x C
1
8
sin
3
x cos x C
1
8
_
1
2
x
1
2
sin x cos x
_
CC
D
1
6
sin
3
x cos
3
x C
1
8
sin
3
x cos x C
1
16
x
1
16
sin x cos x CC:
In Exercises 1518, evaluate the integral using the method described on page 409 and the reduction formulas on page 410 as
necessary.
15.
Z
tan
3
x sec x dx
SOLUTION Use the identity tan
2
x D sec
2
x 1 to rewrite tan
3
x sec x D .sec
2
x 1/ sec x tan x. Then use the substitution
u D sec x, du D sec x tan x dx:
Z
tan
3
x sec x dx D
Z
.sec
2
x 1/ sec x tan x dx D
Z
u
2
1 du D
1
3
u
3
u CC D
1
3
sec
3
x sec x CC
16.
Z
tan
2
x sec x dx
SOLUTION First use the identity tan
2
x D sec
2
x 1:
Z
tan
2
x sec x dx D
Z
.sec
2
x 1/ sec x dx D
Z
sec
3
x sec x dx D
Z
sec
3
x dx ln j sec x Ctan xj
To evaluate the remaining integral, we use the reduction formula:
Z
sec
3
x dx D
1
2
sec x tan x C
1
2
Z
sec x dx D
1
2
sec x tan x C
1
2
ln j sec x Ctan xj
so that nally, putting these together,
Z
tan
2
x sec x dx D
Z
sec
3
x dx ln j sec x Ctan xj D
1
2
.sec x tan x ln j sec x Ctan xj/ CC
17.
Z
tan
2
x sec
4
x dx
SOLUTION First use the identity tan
2
x D sec
2
x 1:
Z
tan
2
x sec
4
x dx D
Z
.sec
2
x 1/ sec
4
x dx D
Z
sec
6
x sec
4
x dx D
Z
sec
6
x dx
Z
sec
4
x; dx
We evaluate the second integral using the reduction formula:
Z
sec
4
x dx D
1
3
tan x sec
2
x C
2
3
Z
sec
2
x dx
D
1
3
tan x sec
2
x C
2
3
tan x
Then
Z
sec
6
x dx D
1
5
tan x sec
4
x C
4
5
Z
sec
4
x dx
D
1
5
tan x sec
4
x C
4
5
_
1
3
tan x sec
2
x C
2
3
tan x
_
D
1
5
tan x sec
4
x C
4
15
tan x sec
2
x C
8
15
tan x
so that
Z
tan
2
x sec
4
x dx D
Z
sec
6
x dx
Z
sec
4
x dx
D
1
5
tan x sec
4
x
1
15
tan x sec
2
x
2
15
tan x CC
18.
Z
tan
8
x sec
2
x dx
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D tan x, du D sec
2
x dx; then
Z
tan
8
x sec
2
x dx D
Z
u
8
du D
1
9
u
9
D
1
9
tan
9
x CC
In Exercises 1922, evaluate using methods similar to those that apply to integral tan
m
x sec
n
.
19.
Z
cot
3
x dx
SOLUTION Using the reduction formula for cot
m
x, we get
Z
cot
3
x dx D
1
2
cot
2
x
Z
cot x dx D
1
2
cot
2
x Cln j csc xj CC:
20.
Z
sec
3
x dx
SOLUTION Using the reduction formula for sec
m
x, we get
Z
sec
3
x dx D
1
2
tan x sec x C
1
2
Z
sec x dx D
1
2
tan x sec x C
1
2
ln j sec x Ctan xj CC:
21.
Z
cot
5
x csc
2
x dx
SOLUTION Make the substitution u D cot x, du D csc
2
x dx; then
Z
cot
5
x csc
2
x dx D
Z
u
5
du D
1
6
u
6
D
1
6
cot
6
x CC
22.
Z
cot
4
x csc x dx
SOLUTION Use the identity cot
2
x D csc
2
x 1 to write
Z
cot
4
x csc x dx D
Z
.csc
2
x 1/
2
csc x dx D
Z
csc
5
x 2 csc
3
x Ccsc x dx
Now apply the reduction formula:
Z
csc
3
x dx D
1
2
cot x csc x C
1
2
Z
csc x dx D
1
2
cot x csc x
1
2
ln j csc x Ccot xj CC
so that
Z
csc
5
x dx D
1
4
cot x csc
3
x C
3
4
Z
csc
3
x dx
D
1
4
cot x csc
3
x
3
4
_
1
2
cot x csc x C
1
2
ln j csc x Ccot xj
_
CC
D
1
4
cot x csc
3
x
3
8
cot x csc x
3
8
Putting all this together, we get
Z
cot
4
x csc x dx D
Z
csc
5
x dx 2
Z
csc
3
x dx C
Z
csc x dx
D
1
4
cot x csc
3
x
3
8
cot x csc x
3
8
ln j csc x Ccot xj Ccot x csc x
Cln j csc x Ccot xj ln j csc x Ccot xj CC
D
1
4
cot x csc
3
x C
5
8
cot x csc x
3
8
In Exercises 2346, evaluate the integral.
23.
Z
cos
5
x sin x dx
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D cos x, du D sin x dx. Then
Z
cos
5
x sin x dx D
Z
u
5
du D
1
6
u
6
CC D
1
6
cos
6
x CC:
24.
Z
cos
3
.2 x/ sin.2 x/ dx
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D cos.2 x/, du D sin.2 x/ dx. Then
Z
cos
3
.2 x/ sin.2 x/ dx D
Z
u
3
du D
1
4
u
4
CC D
1
4
cos
4
.2 x/ CC
25.
Z
cos
4
.3x C2/ dx
SOLUTION First use the substitution u D 3x C2, du D 3 dx and then apply the reduction formula for cos
n
x:
Z
cos
4
.3x C2/ dx D
1
3
cos
4
udu D
1
3
_
1
4
cos
3
usin u C
3
4
Z
cos
2
udu
_
D
1
12
cos
3
usin u C
1
4
_
u
2
C
sin 2u
4
_
CC
D
1
12
cos
3
.3x C2/ sin.3x C2/ C
1
8
.3x C2/ C
1
16
sin.6x C4/ CC
26.
Z
cos
7
3x dx
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D 3x, du D 3 dx, and the reduction formula for cos
m
x:
Z
cos
7
3x dx D
1
3
Z
cos
7
udu D
1
21
cos
6
usin u C
6
21
Z
cos
5
udu
D
1
21
cos
6
usin u C
2
7
_
1
5
cos
4
usin u C
4
5
Z
cos
3
udu
_
D
1
21
cos
6
usin u C
2
35
cos
4
usin u C
8
35
_
1
3
cos
2
usin u C
2
3
Z
cos udu
_
D
1
21
cos
6
usin u C
2
35
cos
4
usin u C
8
105
cos
2
usin u C
16
105
sin u CC
D
1
21
cos
6
3x sin 3x C
2
35
cos
4
3x sin 3x C
8
105
cos
2
3x sin 3x C
16
105
sin 3x CC:
27.
Z
cos
3
.0/ sin
4
.0/ d0
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D 0, du D d0, and the identity cos
2
u D 1 sin
2
u to write
Z
cos
3
.0/ sin
4
.0/ d0 D
1
Z
cos
3
usin
4
udu D
1
Z
_
1 sin
2
u
_
sin
4
ucos udu:
Now use the substitution w D sin u, dw D cos u du:
Z
cos
3
.0/ sin
4
.0/ d0 D
1
Z
_
1 w
2
_
w
4
dw D
1
Z
_
w
4
w
6
_
dw D
1
5
w
5
1
7
w
7
CC
D
1
5
sin
5
.0/
1
7
sin
7
.0/ CC:
28.
Z
cos
498
y sin
3
y dy
2
y D 1 cos
2
y to write
Z
cos
498
y sin
3
y dy D
Z
cos
498
y
_
1 cos
2
y
_
sin y dy:
Now use the substitution u D cos y, du D sin y dy:
Z
cos
498
y sin
3
y dy D
Z
u
498
_
1 u
2
_
du D
Z
_
u
498
u
500
_
du
D
1
499
u
499
C
1
501
u
501
CC D
1
499
cos
499
y C
1
501
cos
501
y CC:
29.
Z
sin
4
.3x/ dx
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D 3x, du D 3 dx and the reduction formula for sin
m
x:
Z
sin
4
.3x/ dx D
1
3
Z
sin
4
udu D
1
12
sin
3
ucos u C
1
4
Z
sin
2
udu
D
1
12
sin
3
ucos u C
1
4
_
1
2
sin ucos u C
1
2
Z
du
_
D
1
12
sin
3
ucos u
1
8
sin ucos u C
1
8
u CC
D
1
12
sin
3
.3x/ cos.3x/
1
8
sin.3x/ cos.3x/ C
3
8
x CC:
30.
Z
sin
2
x cos
6
x dx
2
x D 1 cos
2
x and the reduction formula for cos
m
x:
Z
sin
2
x cos
6
x dx D
Z
cos
6
x
_
1 cos
2
x
_
dx D
Z
cos
6
x dx
Z
cos
8
x dx
D
Z
cos
6
x dx
_
1
8
cos
7
x sin x C
7
8
Z
cos
6
x dx
_
D
1
8
cos
7
x sin x C
1
8
Z
cos
6
x dx
D
1
8
cos
7
x sin x C
1
8
_
1
6
cos
5
x sin x C
5
6
Z
cos
4
x dx
_
D
1
8
cos
7
x sin x C
1
48
cos
5
x sin x C
5
48
Z
cos
4
x dx
D
1
8
cos
7
x sin x C
1
48
cos
5
x sin x C
5
48
_
1
4
cos
3
x sin x C
3
4
Z
cos
2
x dx
_
D
1
8
cos
7
x sin x C
1
48
cos
5
x sin x C
5
192
cos
3
x sin x C
15
192
Z
cos
2
x dx
D
1
8
cos
7
x sin x C
1
48
cos
5
x sin x C
5
192
cos
3
x sin x C
15
192
_
1
2
cos x sin x C
1
2
x
_
D
1
8
cos
7
x sin x C
1
48
cos
5
x sin x C
5
192
cos
3
x sin x C
5
128
cos x sin x C
5
128
x CC:
31.
Z
csc
2
.3 2x/ dx
SOLUTION First make the substitution u D 3 2x, du D 2 dx, so that
Z
csc
2
.3 2x/ dx D
1
2
Z
.csc
2
u/ du D
1
2
cot u CC D
1
2
cot.3 2x/ CC
32.
Z
csc
3
x dx
SOLUTION Use the reduction formula for csc
m
x:
Z
csc
3
x dx D
1
2
cot x csc x C
1
2
Z
csc x dx D
1
2
cot x csc x C
1
2
ln j csc x cot xj CC:
33.
Z
tan x sec
2
x dx
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D tan x, du D sec
2
x dx. Then
Z
tan x sec
2
x dx D
Z
udu D
1
2
u
2
CC D
1
2
tan
2
x CC:
34.
Z
tan
3
0 sec
3
0 d0
2
0 D sec
2
0 1 to write
Z
tan
3
0 sec
3
0 d0 D
Z
_
sec
2
0 1
_
sec
2
0.sec 0 tan 0 d0/:
Now use the substitution u D sec 0, du D sec 0 tan 0 d0:
Z
tan
3
0 sec
3
0 d0 D
Z
_
u
2
1
_
u
2
du D
Z
_
u
4
u
2
_
du D
1
5
u
5
1
3
u
3
CC D
1
5
sec
5
0
1
3
sec
3
0 CC:
35.
Z
tan
5
x sec
4
x dx
2
x D sec
2
x 1 to write
Z
tan
5
x sec
4
x dx D
Z
_
sec
2
x 1
_
2
sec
3
x.sec x tan x dx/:
Now use the substitution u D sec x, du D sec x tan x dx:
Z
tan
5
x sec
4
x dx D
Z
_
u
2
1
_
2
u
3
du D
Z
_
u
7
2u
5
Cu
3
_
du
D
1
8
u
8
1
3
u
6
C
1
4
u
4
CC D
1
8
sec
8
x
1
3
sec
6
x C
1
4
sec
4
x CC:
36.
Z
tan
4
x sec x dx
2
x D sec
2
x 1 to write
Z
tan
4
x sec x dx D
Z
_
sec
2
x 1
_
2
sec x dx D
Z
sec
5
x dx 2
Z
sec
3
x dx C
Z
sec x dx:
Now use the reduction formula for sec
m
x:
Z
tan
4
x sec x dx D
_
1
4
tan x sec
3
x C
3
4
Z
sec
3
x dx
_
2
Z
sec
3
x dx C
Z
sec x dx
D
1
4
tan x sec
3
x
5
4
Z
sec
3
x dx C
Z
sec x dx
D
1
4
tan x sec
3
x
5
4
_
1
2
tan x sec x C
1
2
Z
sec x dx
_
C
Z
sec x dx
D
1
4
tan x sec
3
x
5
8
tan x sec x C
3
8
Z
sec x dx
D
1
4
tan x sec
3
x
5
8
tan x sec x C
3
8
37.
Z
tan
6
x sec
4
x dx
SOLUTION Use the identity sec
2
x D tan
2
x C1 to write
Z
tan
6
x sec
4
x dx D
Z
tan
6
x
_
tan
2
x C1
_
sec
2
x dx:
Now use the substitution u D tan x, du D sec
2
x dx:
Z
tan
6
x sec
4
x dx D
Z
u
6
_
u
2
C1
_
du D
Z
_
u
8
Cu
6
_
du D
1
9
u
9
C
1
7
u
7
CC D
1
9
tan
9
x C
1
7
tan
7
x CC:
38.
Z
tan
2
x sec
3
x dx
2
x D sec
2
x 1 to write
Z
tan
2
x sec
3
x dx D
Z
_
sec
2
x 1
_
sec
3
x dx D
Z
sec
5
x dx
Z
sec
3
x dx:
Now use the reduction formula for sec
m
x:
Z
tan
2
x sec
3
x dx D
1
4
tan x sec
3
x C
3
4
Z
sec
3
x dx
Z
sec
3
x dx
D
1
4
tan x sec
3
x
1
4
Z
sec
3
x dx
D
1
4
tan x sec
3
x
1
4
_
1
2
tan x sec x C
1
2
Z
sec x dx
_
D
1
4
tan x sec
3
x
1
8
tan x sec x
1
8
39.
Z
cot
5
x csc
5
x dx
SOLUTION First use the identity cot
2
x D csc
2
x 1 to rewrite the integral:
Z
cot
5
x csc
5
x dx D
Z
.csc
2
x 1/
2
csc
4
x.cot x csc x/ dx D
Z
.csc
8
x 2 csc
6
x Ccsc
4
x/.cot x csc x/ dx
Now use the substitution u D csc x and du D cot x csc x dx to get
Z
cot
5
x csc
5
x dx D
Z
u
8
2u
6
Cu
4
du D
1
9
u
9
C
2
7
u
7
1
5
u
5
CC
D
1
9
csc
9
x C
2
7
csc
7
x
1
5
csc
5
x CC
40.
Z
cot
2
x csc
4
x dx
SOLUTION First rewrite using cot
2
x D csc
2
x 1 and then use the reduction formula:
Z
cot
2
x csc
4
x dx D
Z
.csc
2
x 1/ csc
4
x dx D
Z
csc
6
x dx
Z
csc
4
x dx
D
1
5
cot x csc
4
x C
4
5
Z
csc
4
x dx
Z
csc
4
x dx
D
1
5
cot x csc
4
x
1
5
Z
csc
4
x dx
D
1
5
cot x csc
4
x
1
5
_
1
3
cot x csc
2
x C
2
3
Z
csc
2
x dx
_
D
1
5
cot x csc
4
x C
1
15
cot x csc
2
x C
2
15
cot x CC
41.
Z
sin 2x cos 2x dx
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D sin 2x, du D 2 cos 2x dx:
Z
sin 2x cos 2x dx D
1
2
Z
sin 2x.2 cos 2x dx/ D
1
2
Z
udu D
1
4
u
2
CC D
1
4
sin
2
2x CC:
42.
Z
cos 4x cos 6x dx
SOLUTION Use the formula for
Z
cos mx cos nx dx:
Z
cos 4x cos 6x dx D
sin.4 6/x
2.4 6/
C
sin.4 C6/x
2.4 C6/
CC D
sin.2x/
4
C
sin.10x/
20
CC
D
1
4
sin 2x C
1
20
sin 10x CC:
Here weve used the fact that sin x is an odd function: sin.x/ D sin x.
43.
Z
t cos
3
.t
2
/ dt
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D t
2
, du D 2t dt , followed by the reduction formula for cos
m
x:
Z
t cos
3
.t
2
/ dt D
1
2
Z
cos
3
udu D
1
6
cos
2
usin u C
1
3
Z
cos udu
D
1
6
cos
2
usin u C
1
3
sin u CC D
1
6
cos
2
.t
2
/ sin.t
2
/ C
1
3
sin.t
2
/ CC:
44.
Z
tan
3
.ln t /
t
dt
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D ln t , du D
1
t
dt , followed by the reduction formula for tan
n
x:
Z
tan
3
.ln t /
t
dt D
Z
tan
3
udu D
1
2
tan
2
u
Z
tan udu
D
1
2
tan
2
u ln j sec uj CC D
1
2
tan
2
.ln t / ln j sec.ln t /j CC:
45.
Z
cos
2
.sin t / cos t dt
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D sin t , du D cos t dt , followed by the reduction formula for cos
m
x:
Z
cos
2
.sin t / cos t dt D
Z
cos
2
udu D
1
2
cos usin u C
1
2
Z
du
D
1
2
cos usin u C
1
2
u CC D
1
2
cos.sin t / sin.sin t / C
1
2
sin t CC:
46.
Z
e
x
tan
2
.e
x
/ dx
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D e
x
, du D e
x
dx followed by the reduction formula for tan
m
x:
Z
e
x
tan
2
.e
x
/ dx D
Z
tan
2
udu D tan u
Z
1 du D tan u u CC D tan.e
x
/ e
x
CC
In Exercises 4760, evaluate the denite integral.
47.
Z
2
0
sin
2
x dx
R
sin
2
x dx:
Z
2
0
sin
2
x dx D
_
x
2
sin 2x
4
_
2
0
D
_
2
2
sin 4
4
_
_
0
2
sin 0
4
_
D :
48.
Z
=2
0
cos
3
x dx
SOLUTION Use the reduction formula for cos
m
x:
Z
=2
0
cos
3
x dx D
1
3
cos
2
x sin x
=2
0
C
2
3
Z
=2
0
cos x dx D
_
1
3
.0/.1/
1
3
.1/.0/
_
C
2
3
sin x
=2
0
D 0 C
2
3
.1 0/ D
2
3
:
49.
Z
=2
0
sin
5
x dx
2
x D 1 cos
2
x followed by the substitution u D cos x, du D sin x dx to get
Z
=2
0
sin
5
x dx D
Z
=2
0
.1 cos
2
x/
2
sin x dx D
Z
=2
0
.1 2 cos
2
x Ccos
4
x/ sin x dx
D
Z
0
1
.1 2u
2
Cu
4
/ du D
_
u
2
3
u
3
C
1
5
u
5
_
0
1
D 1
2
3
C
1
5
D
8
15
50.
Z
=2
0
sin
2
x cos
3
x dx
2
x D 1 cos
2
x followed by the substitution u D sin x, du D cos x dx to get
Z
=2
0
sin
2
x cos
3
x dx D
Z
=2
0
sin
2
x.1 sin
2
x/ cos x dx D
Z
=2
0
.sin
2
x sin
4
x/ cos x dx
D
Z
1
0
u
2
u
4
du D
_
1
3
u
3
1
5
u
5
_
1
0
D
2
15
51.
Z
=4
0
dx
cos x
SOLUTION Use the denition of sec x to simplify the integral:
Z
=4
0
dx
cos x
D
Z
=4
0
sec x dx D ln j sec x Ctan xj
=4
0
D ln
p
2 C1
ln j1 C0j D ln
_
p
2 C1
_
:
52.
Z
=2
=4
dx
sin x
SOLUTION Use the denition of csc x to simplify the integral:
Z
=2
=4
dx
sin x
D
Z
=2
=4
csc x dx D ln j csc x cot xj
=2
=4
D ln j1 0j ln
p
2 1
D ln
p
2 1
D ln
_
1
p
2 1
_
D ln
.
p
2 C1/
.
p
2 1/.
p
2 C1/
!
D ln.
p
2 C1/:
53.
Z
=3
0
tan x dx
R
tan x dx:
Z
=3
0
tan x dx D ln j sec xj
=3
0
D ln 2 ln 1 D ln 2:
54.
Z
=4
0
tan
5
x dx
SOLUTION First use the reduction formula for tan
m
x to evaluate the indenite integral:
Z
tan
5
x dx D
1
4
tan
4
x
Z
tan
3
x dx D
1
4
tan
4
x
_
1
2
tan
2
x
Z
tan x dx
_
D
1
4
tan
4
x
1
2
tan
2
x Cln j sec xj CC:
Now compute the denite integral:
Z
=4
0
tan
5
x dx D
_
1
4
tan
4
x
1
2
tan
2
x Cln j sec xj
_
=4
0
D
_
1
4
_
1
4
_
1
2
_
1
2
_
Cln
p
2
_
.0 0 Cln 1/
D
1
4
1
2
Cln
p
2 0 D
1
2
ln 2
1
4
:
55.
Z
=4
=4
sec
4
x dx
SOLUTION First use the reduction formula for sec
m
x to evaluate the indenite integral:
Z
sec
4
x dx D
1
3
tan x sec
2
x C
2
3
Z
sec
2
x dx D
1
3
tan x sec
2
x C
2
3
tan x CC:
Now compute the denite integral:
Z
=4
=4
sec
4
x dx D
_
1
3
tan x sec
2
x C
2
3
tan x
_
=4
=4
D
_
1
3
.1/
_
p
2
_
2
C
2
3
.1/
_
_
1
3
.1/
_
p
2
_
2
C
2
3
.1/
_
D
4
3
4
3
_
D
8
3
:
56.
Z
3=4
=4
cot
4
x csc
2
x dx
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D cot x, du D csc
2
x dx. x D =4 corresponds to u D 1, and x D 3=4 corresponds to
u D 1. We get
Z
3=4
=4
cot
4
x csc
2
x dx D
Z
1
1
u
4
du D
1
5
u
5
1
1
D
2
5
57.
Z

0
sin 3x cos 4x dx
R
sin mx cos nx dx:
Z

0
sin 3x cos 4x dx D
_
cos.3 4/x
2.3 4/
cos.3 C4/x
2.3 C4/
_
0
D
_
cos.x/
2
cos 7x
14
_
0
D
_
1
2
cos x
1
14
cos 7x
_
0
D
_
1
2
.1/
1
14
.1/
_
_
1
2
.1/
1
14
.1/
_
D
6
7
:
58.
Z

0
sin x sin 3x dx
R
sin mx sin nx dx:
Z

0
sin x sin 3x dx D
_
sin.1 3/x
2.1 3/
sin.1 C3/x
2.1 C3/
_
0
D
_
sin.2x/
4
sin 4x
8
_
0
D
_
1
4
sin 2x
1
8
sin 4x
_
0
D 0 0 D 0:
59.
Z
=6
0
sin 2x cos 4x dx
Z
sin mx cos nx dx, we have
Z
=6
0
sin 2x cos 4x dx D
_
1
4
cos.2x/
1
2 6
cos.6x/
_
=6
0
D
_
1
4
cos 2x
1
12
cos 6x
_
=6
0
D
_
1
4
1
2
1
12
.1/
_
_
1
4
1
12
_
D
1
24
Here weve used the fact that cos x is an even function: cos.x/ D cos x.
60.
Z
=4
0
sin 7x cos 2x dx
Z
sin mx cos nx dx, we have
Z
=4
0
sin 7x cos 2x dx D
_
1
10
cos 5x
1
18
cos 9x
_
=4
0
D
1
10
p
2
2
!
1
18
p
2
2
!
1
10
1
18
_
D
1
45
.7 C
p
2/
61. Use the identities for sin 2x and cos 2x on page 407 to verify that the following formulas are equivalent.
Z
sin
4
x dx D
1
32
.12x 8 sin 2x Csin 4x/ CC
Z
sin
4
x dx D
1
4
sin
3
x cos x
3
8
sin x cos x C
3
8
x CC
SOLUTION First, observe
sin 4x D 2 sin 2x cos 2x D 2 sin 2x.1 2 sin
2
x/
D 2 sin 2x 4 sin 2x sin
2
x D 2 sin 2x 8 sin
3
x cos x:
Then
1
32
.12x 8 sin 2x Csin 4x/ CC D
3
8
x
3
16
sin 2x
1
4
sin
3
x cos x CC
D
3
8
x
3
8
sin x cos x
1
4
sin
3
x cos x CC:
62. Evaluate
R
sin
2
x cos
3
x dx using the method described in the text and verify that your result is equivalent to the following
result produced by a computer algebra system.
Z
sin
2
x cos
3
x dx D
1
30
.7 C3 cos 2x/ sin
3
x CC
2
x D 1 sin
2
x to write
Z
sin
2
x cos
3
x dx D
Z
sin
2
x.1 sin
2
x/ cos x dx:
Z
sin
2
x cos
3
x dx D
Z
u
2
.1 u
2
/ du D
1
3
u
3
1
5
u
5
CC D
1
3
sin
3
x
1
5
sin
5
x CC:
To show that this result matches that produced by the computer algebra system, we will make use of the identity sin
2
x D
1
2

1
2
cos 2x. We nd
1
3
sin
3
x
1
5
sin
5
x CC D sin
3
x
_
1
3
1
5
sin
2
x
_
CC D sin
3
x
_
7
30
C
1
10
cos 2x
_
CC
D
1
30
sin
3
x.7 C3 cos 2x/ CC:
63. Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving y D sin x for 0 x about the x-axis.
SOLUTION Using the disk method, the volume is given by
V D
Z

0
.sin x/
2
dx D
Z

0
sin
2
x dx D
_
x
2
sin 2x
4
_
0
D
h_
2
0
_
.0/
i
D

2
2
:
64. Use Integration by Parts to prove Eqs. (1) and (2).
SOLUTION To prove the reduction formula for sin
n
x, use Integration by Parts with u D sin
n1
x and v
0
D sin x. Then u
0
D
.n 1/ sin
n2
x cos x, v D cos x, and
Z
sin
n
x dx D sin
n1
x cos x C.n 1/
Z
sin
n2
x cos
2
x dx
D sin
n1
x cos x C.n 1/
Z
sin
n2
x
_
1 sin
2
x
_
dx
D sin
n1
x cos x C.n 1/
Z
sin
n2
x dx .n 1/
Z
sin
n
x dx:
R
sin
n
x dx, we get
n
Z
sin
n
x dx D sin
n1
x cos x C.n 1/
Z
sin
n2
x dx
Z
sin
n
x dx D
1
n
sin
n1
x cos x C
n 1
n
Z
sin
n2
x dx
To prove the reduction formula for cos
n
x, use Integration by Parts with u D cos
n1
x and v
0
D cos x. Then u
0
D .n
1/ cos
n2
x sin x, v D sin x, and
Z
cos
n
x dx D cos
n1
x sin x C.n 1/
Z
cos
n2
x sin
2
x dx
D cos
n1
x sin x C.n 1/
Z
cos
n2
x
_
1 cos
2
x
_
dx
D cos
n1
x sin x C.n 1/
Z
cos
n2
x dx .n 1/
Z
cos
n
x dx:
R
cos
n
x dx, we get
n
Z
cos
n
x dx D cos
n1
x sin x C.n 1/
Z
cos
n2
x dx
Z
cos
n
x dx D
1
n
cos
n1
x sin x C
n 1
n
Z
cos
n2
x dx
In Exercises 6568, use the following alternative method for evaluating the integral J D
R
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx when m and n are
both even. Use the identities
sin
2
x D
1
2
.1 cos 2x/; cos
2
x D
1
2
.1 Ccos 2x/
to write J D
1
4
R
.1 cos 2x/
m=2
.1 Ccos 2x/
n=2
dx, and expand the right-hand side as a sum of integrals involving smaller
powers of sine and cosine in the variable 2x.
65.
Z
sin
2
x cos
2
x dx
SOLUTION Using the identities sin
2
x D
1
2
.1 cos 2x/ and cos
2
x D
1
2
.1 Ccos 2x/, we have
J D
Z
sin
2
x cos
2
x dx D
1
4
Z
.1 cos 2x/.1 Ccos 2x/ dx
D
1
4
Z
_
1 cos
2
2x
_
dx D
1
4
Z
dx
1
4
Z
cos
2
2x dx:
Now use the substitution u D 2x, du D 2 dx, and the formula for
Z
cos
2
udu:
J D
1
4
x
1
8
Z
cos
2
udu D
1
4
x
1
8
_
u
2
C
1
2
sin ucos u
_
CC
D
1
4
x
1
16
.2x/
1
16
sin 2x cos 2x CC D
1
8
x
1
16
sin 2x cos 2x CC:
66.
Z
cos
4
x dx
SOLUTION Using the identity cos
2
x D
1
2
J D
Z
cos
4
x dx D
1
4
Z
.1 Ccos 2x/
2
dx D
1
4
Z
_
1 C2 cos 2x Ccos
2
2x
_
dx
D
1
4
Z
dx C
1
4
Z
cos 2x.2 dx/ C
1
8
Z
cos
2
2x.2 dx/
Using the substitution u D 2x, du D 2 dx, we get
J D
1
4
x C
1
4
sin 2x C
1
8
Z
cos
2
udu D
1
4
x C
1
4
sin 2x C
1
8
_
u
2
C
1
2
sin ucos u
_
CC
D
1
4
x C
1
4
sin 2x C
1
16
.2x/ C
1
16
sin 2x cos 2x CC D
3
8
x C
1
4
sin 2x C
1
16
sin 2x cos 2x CC:
67.
Z
sin
4
x cos
2
x dx
SOLUTION Using the identities sin
2
x D
1
2
.1 cos 2x/ and cos
2
x D
1
2
J D
Z
sin
4
x cos
2
x dx D
1
8
Z
.1 cos 2x/
2
.1 Ccos 2x/ dx
D
1
8
Z
_
1 2 cos 2x Ccos
2
2x
_
.1 Ccos 2x/ dx
D
1
8
Z
_
1 cos 2x cos
2
2x Ccos
3
2x
_
dx:
Now use the substitution u D 2x, du D 2 dx, together with the reduction formula for cos
m
x:
J D
1
8
x
1
16
Z
cos udu
1
16
Z
cos
2
udu C
1
16
Z
cos
3
udu
D
1
8
x
1
16
sin u
1
16
_
u
2
C
1
2
sin u cos u
_
C
1
16
_
1
3
cos
2
usin u C
2
3
Z
cos udu
_
D
1
8
x
1
16
sin 2x
1
32
.2x/
1
32
sin 2x cos 2x C
1
48
cos
2
2x sin 2x C
1
24
sin 2x CC
D
1
16
x
1
48
sin 2x
1
32
sin 2x cos 2x C
1
48
cos
2
2x sin 2x CC:
68.
Z
sin
6
x dx
SOLUTION Using the identity sin
2
x D
1
2
.1 cos 2x/, we have
J D
Z
sin
6
x dx D
Z _
1
2
.1 cos 2x/
_
3
dx D
1
8
Z
.1 cos 2x/
3
dx
D
1
8
Z
1 3 cos 2x C3 cos
2
2x cos
3
2x dx
Now use the substitution u D 2x, du D 2 dx together with the reduction formula for cos
m
x:
J D
1
8
x
3
16
Z
cos udu C
3
16
Z
cos
2
udu
1
16
Z
cos
3
udu
D
1
8
x
3
16
sin u C
3
16
_
u
2
C
1
2
sin ucos u
_
1
16
_
1
3
cos
2
usin u C
2
3
Z
cos udu
_
D
1
8
x
3
16
sin u C
3
32
u C
3
32
sin ucos u
1
48
cos
2
usin u
1
24
sin u CC
D
1
8
x
11
48
sin u C
3
32
u C
3
32
sin ucos u
1
48
cos
2
usin u CC
D
1
8
x
11
48
sin 2x C
3
32
2x C
3
32
sin 2x cos 2x
1
48
cos
2
2x sin 2x CC
D
5
16
x
11
48
sin 2x C
3
32
sin 2x cos 2x
1
48
cos
2
2x sin 2x CC
69. Prove the reduction formula
Z
tan
k
x dx D
tan
k1
x
k 1
Z
tan
k2
x dx
Hint: tan
k
x D .sec
2
x 1/ tan
k2
x.
2
x D sec
2
x 1 to write
Z
tan
k
x dx D
Z
tan
k2
x
_
sec
2
x 1
_
dx D
Z
tan
k2
x sec
2
x dx
Z
tan
k2
x dx:
Now use the substitution u D tan x, du D sec
2
x dx:
Z
tan
k
x dx D
Z
u
k2
du
Z
tan
k2
x dx D
1
k 1
u
k1
Z
tan
k2
x dx D
tan
k1
x
k 1
Z
tan
k2
x dx:
70. Use the substitution u D csc x cot x to evaluate
Z
csc x dx (see Example 5).
SOLUTION Using the substitution u D csc x cot x,
du D
_
csc x cot x Ccsc
2
x
_
dx D csc x.csc x cot x/ dx;
we have
Z
csc x dx D
Z
csc x.csc x cot x/ dx
csc x cot x
D
Z
du
u
D ln juj CC D ln j csc x cot xj CC:
71. Let I
m
D
Z
=2
0
sin
m
x dx.
(a) Show that I
0
D

2
and I
1
D 1.
(b) Prove that, for m 2,
I
m
D
m 1
m
I
m2
(c) Use (a) and (b) to compute I
m
for m D 2; 3; 4; 5.
SOLUTION
(a) We have
I
0
D
Z
=2
0
sin
0
x dx D
Z
=2
0
1 dx D

2
I
1
D
Z
=2
0
sin x dx D cos x
=2
0
D 1
(b) Using the reduction formula for sin
m
x, we get for m 2
I
m
D
Z
=2
0
sin
m
x dx D
1
m
sin
m1
x cos x
=2
0
C
m1
m
Z
=2
0
sin
m2
x dx
D
1
m
sin
m1
_
2
_
cos
_
2
_
C
1
m
sin
m1
.0/ cos.0/ C
m 1
m
I
m2
D
1
m
.1 0 C0 1/ C
m 1
m
I
m2
D
m 1
m
I
m2
(c)
I
2
D
1
2
I
0
D
1
2

2
D

4
I
3
D
2
3
I
1
D
2
3
I
4
D
3
4
I
2
D
3
4

4
D
3
16
I
5
D
4
5
I
3
D
8
15
72. Evaluate
Z

0
sin
2
mx dx for m an arbitrary integer.
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D mx, du D mdx. Then
Z

0
sin
2
mx dx D
1
m
Z
xD
xD0
sin
2
u du D
1
m
_
u
2
sin 2u
4
_
xD
xD0
D
1
m
_
mx
2
sin 2mx
4
_
0
D
_
x
2
sin 2mx
4m
_
0
D
_
sin 2m
4
_
.0/:
If m is an arbitrary integer, then sin 2m D 0. Thus
Z

0
sin
2
mx dx D

2
:
73. Evaluate
Z
sin x ln.sin x/ dx. Hint: Use Integration by Parts as a rst step.
SOLUTION Start by using integration by parts with u D ln.sin x/ and v
0
D sin x, so that u
0
D cot x and v D cos x. Then
I D
Z
sin x ln.sin x/ dx D cos x ln.sin x/ C
Z
cot x cos x dx D cos x ln.sin x/ C
Z
cos
2
x
sin x
dx
D cos x ln.sin x/ C
Z
1 sin
2
x
sin x
dx D cos x ln.sin x/
Z
sin x dx C
Z
csc x dx
D cos x ln.sin x/ Ccos x C
Z
csc x dx
Using the table,
R
csc x dx D ln j csc x cot xj CC, so nally
I D cos x ln.sin x/ Ccos x Cln j csc x cot xj CC
74. Total Energy A 100-W light bulb has resistance R D 144 C (ohms) when attached to household current, where the voltage
varies as V D V
0
sin.2f t / (V
0
D 110 V, f D 60 Hz). The energy (in joules) expended by the bulb over a period of T seconds is
U D
Z
T
0
P.t / dt
where P D V
2
=R (J/s) is the power. Compute U if the bulb remains on for 5 hours.
SOLUTION After converting to seconds (5 hours D18,000 seconds), the total energy expended is given by
U D
Z
18;000
0
P.t / dt D
Z
18;000
0
V
2
R
dt D
V
2
0
R
Z
18;000
0
sin
2
.2f t / dt D
110
2
144
Z
18;000
0
sin
2
.120t / dt:
Now use the substitution u D 120t , du D 120 dt :
U D
110
2
144
_
1
120
_Z
t D18;000
t D0
sin
2
udu D
110
2
144 120
_
u
2
1
2
sin ucos u
_
t D18;000
t D0
D
110
2
144 120
_
60t
1
2
sin.120t / cos.120t /
_
18;000
0
D
110
2
144 120
__
60.18;000/ 0
_
0
_
D
.110
2
/.60/.18;000/
.144/.120/
D 756;260 joules:
75. Let m; n be integers with m n. Use Eqs. (23)(25) to prove the so-called orthogonality relations that play a basic role in
the theory of Fourier Series (Figure 2):
Z

0
sin mx sin nx dx D 0
Z

0
cos mx cos nx dx D 0
Z
2
0
sin mx cos nx dx D 0
y = sin 2x sin 4x
y
x

y = sin 3x cos 4x
y

x
2
FIGURE 2 The integrals are zero by the orthogonality relations.
SOLUTION If m; n are integers, then m n and m C n are integers, and therefore sin.m n/ D sin.m C n/ D 0, since
sin k D 0 if k is an integer. Thus we have
Z

0
sin mx sin nx dx D
_
sin.mn/x
2.m n/
sin.mCn/x
2.m Cn/
_
0
D
_
sin.mn/
2.mn/
sin.mCn/
2.m Cn/
_
0 D 0I
Z

0
cos mx cos nx dx D
_
sin.mn/x
2.m n/
C
sin.mCn/x
2.mCn/
_
0
D
_
sin.m n/
2.m n/
C
sin.mCn/
2.mCn/
_
0 D 0:
If k is an integer, then cos 2k D 1. Using this fact, we have
Z
2
0
sin mx cos nx dx D
_
cos.m n/x
2.m n/
cos.mCn/x
2.m Cn/
_
2
0
D
_
cos.m n/2
2.m n/
cos.mCn/2
2.mCn/
_
1
2.m n/
1
2.mCn/
_
D
_
1
2.m n/
1
2.m Cn/
_
1
2.m n/
1
2.m Cn/
_
D 0:
76. Use the trigonometric identity
sin mx cos nx D
1
2
_
sin.m n/x Csin.mCn/x
_
to prove Eq. (24) in the table of integrals on page 410.
SOLUTION Using the identity sin mx cos nx D
1
2
.sin.mn/x Csin.mCn/x/, we get
Z
sin mx cos nx dx D
1
2
Z
sin.mn/x dx C
1
2
Z
sin.mCn/x dx D
cos.m n/x
2.m n/
cos.mCn/x
2.mCn/
CC:
77. Use Integration by Parts to prove that (for m 1)
Z
sec
m
x dx D
tan x sec
m2
x
m 1
C
m 2
m 1
Z
sec
m2
x dx
SOLUTION Using Integration by Parts with u D sec
m2
x and v
0
D sec
2
x, we have v D tan x and
u
0
D .m 2/ sec
m3
x.sec x tan x/ D .m 2/ tan x sec
m2
x:
Then,
Z
sec
m
x dx D tan x sec
m2
x .m 2/
Z
tan
2
x sec
m2
x dx
D tan x sec
m2
x .m 2/
Z
_
sec
2
x 1
_
sec
m2
x dx
D tan x sec
m2
x .m 2/
Z
sec
m
x dx C.m 2/
Z
sec
m2
x dx:
R
sec
m
x dx, we get
.m1/
Z
sec
m
x dx D tan x sec
m2
x C.m 2/
Z
sec
m2
x dx
Z
sec
m
x dx D
tan x sec
m2
x
m 1
C
m 2
m 1
Z
sec
m2
x dx:
78. Set I
m
D
Z
=2
0
sin
m
x dx. Use Exercise 71 to prove that
I
2m
D
2m 1
2m
2m3
2m2

1
2

2
I
2mC1
D
2m
2mC1
2m 2
2m 1

2
3
Conclude that
2
D
2 2
1 3
4 4
3 5

2m 2m
.2m 1/.2mC1/
I
2m
I
2mC1
SOLUTION Well use induction to show these results. Recall from Exercise 71 that
I
m
D
m 1
m
I
m2
when m 2. Now, for I
2m
, the result is true for m D 1 and m D 2 (again see Exercise 71). Now assume the result is true for
m D k 1:
I
2.k1/
D I
2k2
D
2k 3
2k 2
2k 5
2k 4

1
2

2
Using the relation I
m
D ..m 1/=m/I
m2
, we have
I
2k
D
2k 1
2k
I
2k2
D
2k 1
2k
_
2k 3
2k 2
2k 5
2k 4

1
2
2
_
:
For I
2mC1
, the result is true for m D 1. Now assume the result is true for m D k 1:
I
2.k1/C1
D I
2k1
D
2k 2
2k 1
2k 4
2k 3

2
3
Again using the relation I
m
D ..m 1/=m/I
m2
, we have
I
2kC1
D
_
2k C1 1
2k C1
_
I
2k1
D
2k
2k C1
_
2k 2
2k 1
2k 4
2k 3

2
3
_
:
This establishes the explicit formulas for I
2m
and I
2mC1
. Now, divide these two results to obtain
I
2m
I
2mC1
D
.2m1/.2mC1/
2m 2m
.2m 3/.2m1/
.2m 2/.2m2/

1 3
2 2

2
:
Solving for =2, we get the desired result:
2
D
2 2
1 3
4 4
3 5

2m 2m
.2m1/.2mC1/
I
2m
I
2mC1
:
79. This is a continuation of Exercise 78.
(a) Prove that I
2mC1
I
2m
I
2m1
. Hint: sin
2mC1
x sin
2m
x sin
2m1
x for 0 x

2
.
(b) Show that
I
2m1
I
2mC1
D 1 C
1
2m
.
(c) Show that 1
I
2m
I
2mC1
1 C
1
2m
.
(d) Prove that lim
m!1
I
2m
I
2mC1
D 1.
(e) Finally, deduce the innite product for

2
discovered by English mathematician John Wallis (16161703):
2
D lim
m!1
2
1
2
3
4
3
4
5

2m 2m
.2m1/.2mC1/
SOLUTION
(a) For 0 x

2
, 0 sin x 1. Multiplying this last inequality by sin x, we obtain
0 sin
2
x sin x:
Continuing to multiply this inequality by sin x, we obtain, more generally,
sin
2mC1
x sin
2m
x sin
2m1
x:
Integrating these functions over 0;

2
|, we get
Z
=2
0
sin
2mC1
x dx
Z
=2
0
sin
2m
x dx
Z
=2
0
sin
2m1
x dx;
which is the same as
I
2mC1
I
2m
I
2m1
:
(b) Using the relation I
m
D ..m1/=m/I
m2
, we have
I
2m1
I
2mC1
D
I
2m1
_
2m
2mC1
_
I
2m1
D
2mC1
2m
D
2m
2m
C
1
2m
D 1 C
1
2m
:
(c) First start with the inequality of part (a):
I
2mC1
I
2m
I
2m1
:
Divide through by I
2mC1
:
1
I
2m
I
2mC1
I
2m1
I
2mC1
:
Use the result from part (b):
1
I
2m
I
2mC1
1 C
1
2m
:
(d) Taking the limit of this inequality, and applying the Squeeze Theorem, we have
lim
m!1
1 lim
m!1
I
2m
I
2mC1
lim
m!1
_
1 C
1
2m
_
:
Because
lim
m!1
1 D 1 and lim
m!1
_
1 C
1
2m
_
D 1;
we obtain
1 lim
m!1
I
2m
I
2mC1
1:
Therefore
lim
m!1
I
2m
I
2mC1
D 1:
(e) Take the limit of both sides of the equation obtained at the conclusion of Exercise 78:
lim
m!1
2
D lim
m!1
2 2
1 3
4 4
3 5

2m 2m
.2m 1/.2mC1/
I
2m
I
2mC1
2
D
_
lim
m!1
2 2
1 3
4 4
3 5

2m 2m
.2m 1/.2mC1/
__
lim
m!1
I
2m
I
2mC1
_
:
Finally, using the result from (d), we have
2
D lim
m!1
2 2
1 3
4 4
3 5

2m 2m
.2m1/.2mC1/
:
7.3 Trigonometric Substitution
1. State the trigonometric substitution appropriate to the given integral:
(a)
Z
p
9 x
2
dx (b)
Z
x
2
.x
2
16/
3=2
dx
(c)
Z
x
2
.x
2
C16/
3=2
dx (d)
Z
.x
2
5/
2
dx
SOLUTION
(a) x D 3 sin 0 (b) x D 4 sec 0 (c) x D 4 tan 0 (d) x D
p
5 sec 0
2. Is trigonometric substitution needed to evaluate
Z
x
p
9 x
2
dx?
SOLUTION No. There is a factor of x in the integrand outside the radical and the derivative of 9 x
2
is 2x, so we may use the
substitution u D 9 x
2
, du D 2x dx to evaluate this integral.
3. Express sin 20 in terms of x D sin 0.
SOLUTION First note that if sin 0 D x, then cos 0 D
p
1 sin
2
0 D
p
1 x
2
. Thus,
sin 20 D 2 sin 0 cos 0 D 2x
p
1 x
2
:
4. Draw a triangle that would be used together with the substitution x D 3 sec 0.
SOLUTION
x
2
9
3
x
Exercises
In Exercises 14, evaluate the integral by following the steps given.
1. I D
Z
dx
p
9 x
2
(a) Show that the substitution x D 3 sin 0 transforms I into
Z
d0, and evaluate I in terms of 0.
(b) Evaluate I in terms of x.
SOLUTION
(a) Let x D 3 sin 0. Then dx D 3 cos 0 d0, and
p
9 x
2
D
p
9 9 sin
2
0 D 3
p
1 sin
2
0 D 3
p
cos
2
0 D 3 cos 0:
Thus,
I D
Z
dx
p
9 x
2
D
Z
3 cos 0 d0
3 cos 0
D
Z
d0 D 0 CC:
(b) If x D 3 sin 0, then 0 D sin
1
.
x
3
/. Thus,
I D 0 CC D sin
1
_
x
3
_
CC:
SECT I ON 7.3 Trigonometric Substitution 823
2. I D
Z
dx
x
2
p
x
2
2
(a) Show that the substitution x D
p
2 sec 0 transforms the integral I into
1
2
Z
cos 0d0, and evaluate I in terms of 0.
(b) Use a right triangle to show that with the above substitution, sin 0 D
p
x
2
2=x.
(c) Evaluate I in terms of x.
SOLUTION
(a) Let x D
p
2 sec 0. Then dx D
p
2 sec 0 tan 0 d0, and
p
x
2
2 D
p
2 sec
2
0 2 D
q
2.sec
2
0 1/ D
p
2 tan
2
0 D
p
2 tan 0:
Thus,
I D
Z
dx
x
2
p
x
2
2
D
Z
p
2 sec 0 tan 0 d0
.2 sec
2
0/.
p
2 tan 0/
D
1
2
Z
d0
sec 0
D
1
2
Z
cos 0 d0 D
1
2
sin 0 CC:
(b) Since x D
p
2 sec 0, sec 0 D
x
p
2
, and we construct the following right triangle:

x
x
2
! 2
2
From this triangle we see that sin 0 D
p
x
2
2=x.
(c) Combining the results from parts (a) and (b),
I D
1
2
sin 0 CC D
p
x
2
2
2x
CC:
3. I D
Z
dx
p
4x
2
C9
(a) Show that the substitution x D
3
2
tan 0 transforms I into
1
2
Z
sec 0 d0.
(b) Evaluate I in terms of 0 (refer to the table of integrals on page 410 in Section 7.2 if necessary).
(c) Express I in terms of x.
SOLUTION
(a) If x D
3
2
tan 0, then dx D
3
2
sec
2
0 d0, and
p
4x
2
C9 D
s
4
_
3
2
tan 0
_
2
C9 D
p
9 tan
2
0 C9 D 3
p
sec
2
0 D 3 sec 0
Thus,
I D
Z
dx
p
4x
2
C9
D
Z
3
2
sec
2
0 d0
3 sec 0
D
1
2
Z
sec 0 d0
(b)
I D
1
2
Z
sec 0 d0 D
1
2
ln j sec 0 Ctan 0j CC
(c) Since x D
3
2
tan 0, we construct a right triangle with tan 0 D
2x
3
:
4x
2
+ 9
2x
3
From this triangle, we see that sec 0 D
1
3
p
4x
2
C9, and therefore
I D
1
2
ln j sec 0 Ctan 0j CC D
1
2
ln
1
3
p
4x
2
C9 C
2x
3
CC
D
1
2
ln
p
4x
2
C9 C2x
3
CC D
1
2
ln j
p
4x
2
C9 C2xj
1
2
ln 3 CC D
1
2
ln j
p
4x
2
C9 C2xj CC
4. I D
Z
dx
.x
2
C4/
2
(a) Show that the substitution x D 2 tan 0 transforms the integral I into
1
8
Z
cos
2
0 d0.
(b) Use the formula
Z
cos
2
0 d0 D
1
2
0 C
1
2
sin 0 cos 0 to evaluate I in terms of 0.
(c) Show that sin 0 D
x
p
x
2
C4
and cos 0 D
2
p
x
2
C4
.
(d) Express I in terms of x.
SOLUTION
(a) If x D 2 tan 0, then dx D 2 sec
2
0 d0, and
I D
Z
dx
.x
2
C4/
2
D
Z
2 sec
2
0 d0
.4 tan
2
0 C4/
2
D
2
16
Z
sec
2
0 d0
.tan
2
0 C1/
2
D
1
8
Z
sec
2
0 d0
.sec
2
0/
2
D
1
8
Z
d0
sec
2
0
D
1
8
Z
cos
2
0 d0:
(b) Using the formula
R
cos
2
d0 D
1
2
0 C
1
2
sin 0 cos 0, we get
I D
1
8
Z
cos
2
0 d0 D
1
16
0 C
1
16
sin 0 cos 0 CC:
(c) Since x D 2 tan 0, we construct a right triangle with tan 0 D
x
2
:

x
2
+ 4
x
2
From this triangle we see that
sin 0 D
x
p
x
2
C4
and cos 0 D
2
p
x
2
C4
:
(d) Since x D 2 tan 0, then 0 D tan
1
.
x
2
/, and
I D
1
16
tan
1
_
x
2
_
C
1
16
_
x
p
x
2
C4
__
2
p
x
2
C4
_
CC D
1
16
tan
1
_
x
2
_
C
x
8.x
2
C4/
CC:
In Exercises 510, use the indicated substitution to evaluate the integral.
5.
Z
p
16 5x
2
dx, x D
4
p
5
sin 0
SOLUTION Let x D
4
p
5
sin 0. Then dx D
4
p
5
cos 0 d0, and
I D
Z
p
16 5x
2
dx D
Z
s
16 5
_
4
p
5
sin 0
_
2
4
p
5
cos 0 d0 D
4
p
5
Z
p
16 16 sin
2
0 cos 0 d0
D
4
p
5
4
Z
cos 0 cos 0 d0 D
16
p
5
Z
cos
2
0 d0
D
16
p
5
_
1
2
0 C
1
2
sin 0 cos 0
_
CC D
8
p
5
.0 Csin 0 cos 0/ CC
Since x D
4
p
5
sin 0, we construct a right triangle with sin 0 D
x
p
5
4
:
16 5x
2
x5
4
From this triangle we see that cos 0 D
1
4
p
16 5x
2
, so we have
I D
8
p
5
.0 Csin 0 cos 0/ CC
D
8
p
5
sin
1
x
p
5
4
!
C
x
p
5
4
1
4
p
16 5x
2
!
CC
D
8
p
5
sin
1
x
p
5
4
!
C
1
2
x
p
16 5x
2
CC
6.
Z
1=2
0
x
2
p
1 x
2
dx, x D sin 0
SOLUTION Let x D sin 0. Then dx D cos 0 d0, and
p
1 x
2
D
p
1 sin
2
0 D
p
cos
2
0 D cos 0:
Converting the limits of integration to 0, we nd
x D
1
2
)0 D sin
1
_
1
2
_
D

6
x D 0 )0 D sin
1
.0/ D 0
Therefore
I D
Z
1=2
0
x
2
p
1 x
2
dx D
Z
=6
0
sin
2
0
cos 0
.cos 0 d0/ D
Z
=6
0
sin
2
0 d0 D
_
1
2
0
1
2
sin 0 cos 0
_
=6
0
D
"
12
1
2
_
1
2
_
p
3
2
!#
0 0| D
12
p
3
8
D
2 3
p
3
24
:
7.
Z
dx
x
p
x
2
9
, x D 3 sec 0
SOLUTION Let x D 3 sec 0. Then dx D 3 sec 0 tan 0 d0, and
p
x
2
9 D
p
9 sec
2
0 9 D 3
p
sec
2
0 1 D 3
p
tan
2
0 D 3 tan 0:
Thus,
Z
dx
x
p
x
2
9
D
Z
.3 sec 0 tan 0 d0/
.3 sec 0/.3 tan 0/
D
1
3
Z
d0 D
1
3
0 CC:
Since x D 3 sec 0, 0 D sec
1
.
x
3
/, and
Z
dx
x
p
x
2
9
D
1
3
sec
1
_
x
3
_
CC:
8.
Z
1
1=2
dx
x
2
p
x
2
C4
, x D 2 tan 0
SOLUTION Let x D 2 tan 0. Then dx D 2 sec
2
0 d0, and
p
x
2
C4 D
p
4 tan
2
0 C4 D 2
p
tan
2
0 C1 D 2
p
sec
2
0 D 2 sec 0:
This gives us
Z
dx
x
2
p
x
2
C4
D
Z
2 sec
2
0 d0
4 tan
2
0.2 sec 0/
D
1
4
Z
sec 0 d0
tan
2
0
D
1
4
Z
cos 0
sin
2
0
d0:
Now use substitution, with u D sin 0 and du D cos 0 d0. Then
1
4
Z
cos 0
sin
2
0
d0 D
1
4
Z
u
2
du D
1
4
_
u
1
_
CC D
1
4 sin 0
CC:
Since x D 2 tan 0, we construct a right triangle with tan 0 D
x
2
:

x
2
+ 4
x
2
x
p
x
2
C4
. Thus
Z
1
1=2
dx
x
2
p
x
2
C4
D
p
x
2
C4
4x
1
1=2
D
1
4
2
6
4
p
5
q
1
4
C4
1
2
3
7
5 D
1
4
h
p
17
p
5
i
:
9.
Z
dx
.x
2
4/
3=2
, x D 2 sec 0
SOLUTION Let x D 2 sec 0. Then dx D 2 sec 0 tan 0 d0, and
x
2
4 D 4 sec
2
0 4 D 4.sec
2
0 1/ D 4 tan
2
0:
This gives
I D
Z
dx
.x
2
4/
3=2
D
Z
2 sec 0 tan 0 d0
.4 tan
2
0/
3=2
D
Z
2 sec 0 tan 0 d0
8 tan
3
0
D
1
4
Z
sec 0 d0
tan
2
0
D
1
4
Z
cos 0
sin
2
0
d0:
Now use substitution with u D sin 0 and du D cos 0 d0. Then
I D
1
4
Z
u
2
du D
1
4
u
1
CC D
1
4 sin 0
CC:
Since x D 2 sec 0, we construct a right triangle with sec 0 D
x
2
:

2
x
x
2
! 4
p
x
2
4=x, so therefore
I D
1
4.
p
x
2
4=x/
CC D
x
4
p
x
2
4
CC:
10.
Z
1
0
dx
.4 C9x
2
/
2
, x D
2
3
tan 0
SOLUTION Let x D
2
3
tan 0. Then dx D
2
3
sec
2
0 d0, and
4 C9x
2
D 4 C9
_
2
3
tan 0
_
2
D 4 C4 tan
2
0 D 4.1 Ctan
2
0/ D 4 sec
2
0
This gives
Z
dx
.4 C9x
2
/
2
D
Z
2
3
sec
2
0 d0
16 sec
4
0
D
1
24
Z
d0
sec
2
0
D
1
24
Z
cos
2
0 d0 D
1
24
_
1
2
0 C
1
2
sin 0 cos 0
_
CC
D
1
48
.0 Csin 0 cos 0/ CC
The limits of integration are from x D 0 to x D 1. x D 0 corresponds to 0 D 0, while x D 1 corresponds to the angle 0 with
tan 0 D
3
2
. So we construct a right triangle with tan 0 D
3
2
:
13
3
2
3
p
13
and cos 0 D
2
p
13
, so that
Z
1
0
dx
.4 C9x
2
/
2
D
1
48
.0 Csin 0 cos 0/
tan
1
.3=2/
0
D
1
48
_
tan
1
_
3
2
_
C
3
p
13
2
p
13
0 0
_
D
1
48
tan
1
_
3
2
_
C
1
104
11. Evaluate
Z
x dx
p
x
2
4
in two ways: using the direct substitution u D x
2
4 and by trigonometric substitution.
SOLUTION Let u D x
2
4. Then du D 2x dx, and
I
1
D
Z
x dx
p
x
2
4
D
1
2
Z
du
p
u
D
1
2
_
2u
1=2
_
CC D
p
u CC D
p
x
2
4 CC:
To use trigonometric substitution, let x D 2 sec 0. Then dx D 2 sec 0 tan 0 d0, x
2
4 D 4 sec
2
0 4 D 4 tan
2
0, and
I
1
D
Z
x dx
p
x
2
4
D
Z
2 sec 0.2 sec 0 tan 0 d0/
2 tan 0
D 2
Z
sec
2
0 d0 D 2 tan 0 CC:
x
2
:

2
x
x
2
! 4
From this triangle we see that
I
1
D 2
p
x
2
4
2
!
CC D
p
x
2
4 CC:
12. Is the substitution u D x
2
4 effective for evaluating the integral
Z
x
2
dx
p
x
2
4
? If not, evaluate using trigonometric substitu-
tion.
SOLUTION If u D x
2
4, then du D 2x dx, x
2
D u C4, dx D du=2x D du=2
p
u C4, and
I D
Z
x
2
dx
p
x
2
4
D
Z
.u C4/
p
u
_
du
2
p
u C4
_
D
1
2
Z
u C4
p
u
2
C4u
du
This substitution is clearly not effective for evaluating this integral.
Instead, use the trigonometric substitution x D 2 sec 0. Then dx D 2 sec 0 tan 0,
p
x
2
4 D
p
4 sec
2
0 4 D 2 tan 0;
and we have
I D
Z
x
2
dx
p
x
2
4
D
Z
4 sec
2
0.2 sec 0 tan 0 d0/
2 tan 0
D 4
Z
sec
3
0 d0:
Now use the reduction formula for
R
sec
m
x dx from Section 8.7.2:
4
Z
sec
3
0 d0 D 4
_
tan 0 sec 0
2
C
1
2
Z
sec 0 d0
_
D 2 tan 0 sec 0 C2
_
ln j sec 0 Ctan 0j
_
CC:
x
2
:

2
x
x
2
! 4
From this triangle we see that tan 0 D
1
2
p
x
2
4. Therefore
I D 2
_
1
2
p
x
2
4
_
_
x
2
_
C2 ln
x
2
C
1
2
p
x
2
4
CC D
1
2
x
p
x
2
4 C2 ln
1
2
_
x C
p
x
2
4
_
CC:
Finally, since
ln
1
2
.x C
p
x
2
4/
D ln
_
1
2
_
Cln jx C
p
x
2
4j;
and ln.
1
2
/ is a constant, we can absorb this constant into the constant of integration, so that
I D
1
2
x
p
x
2
4 C2 ln jx C
p
x
2
4j CC:
13. Evaluate using the substitution u D 1 x
2
or trigonometric substitution.
(a)
Z
x
p
1 x
2
dx (b)
Z
x
2
p
1 x
2
dx
(c)
Z
x
3
p
1 x
2
dx (d)
Z
x
4
p
1 x
2
dx
SOLUTION
(a) Let u D 1 x
2
. Then du D 2x dx, and we have
Z
x
p
1 x
2
dx D
1
2
Z
2x dx
p
1 x
2
D
1
2
Z
du
u
1=2
:
(b) Let x D sin 0. Then dx D cos 0 d0, 1 x
2
D cos
2
0, and so
Z
x
2
p
1 x
2
dx D
Z
sin
2
0.cos 0/ cos 0 d0 D
Z
sin
2
0 cos
2
0 d0:
(c) Use the substitution u D 1 x
2
. Then du D 2x dx, x
2
D 1 u, and so
Z
x
3
p
1 x
2
dx D
1
2
Z
x
2
p
1 x
2
.2x dx/ D
1
2
Z
.1 u/u
1=2
du:
(d) Let x D sin 0. Then dx D cos 0 d0, 1 x
2
D cos
2
0, and so
Z
x
4
p
1 x
2
dx D
Z
sin
4
0
cos 0
cos 0 d0 D
Z
sin
4
0 d0:
14. Evaluate:
(a)
Z
dt
.t
2
C1/
3=2
(b)
Z
t dt
.t
2
C1/
3=2
SOLUTION
(a) Use the substitution t D tan 0, so that dt D sec
2
0 d0. Then
Z
dt
.t
2
C1/
3=2
D
Z
sec
2
0
.tan
2
0 C1/
3=2
d0 D
Z
sec
2
0
.sec
2
0/
3=2
d0 D
Z
cos 0 d0 D sin 0 CC
Since t D tan 0, we construct a right triangle with tan 0 D t :
t
2
+ 1
t
1
From this we see that sin 0 D
t
p
t
2
C1
, so that the integral is
Z
dt
.t
2
C1/
3=2
D sin 0 CC D
t
p
t
2
C1
CC
(b) Use the substitution u D t
2
C1, du D 2t dt ; then
Z
t dt
.t
2
C1/
3=2
D
1
2
Z
u
3=2
du D u
1=2
CC D
1
p
t
2
C1
CC
In Exercises 1532, evaluate using trigonometric substitution. Refer to the table of trigonometric integrals as necessary.
15.
Z
x
2
dx
p
9 x
2
SOLUTION Let x D 3 sin 0. Then dx D 3 cos 0 d0,
9 x
2
D 9 9 sin
2
0 D 9.1 sin
2
0/ D 9 cos
2
0;
and
I D
Z
x
2
dx
p
9 x
2
D
Z
9 sin
2
0.3 cos 0 d0/
3 cos 0
D 9
Z
sin
2
0 d0 D 9
_
1
2
0
1
2
sin 0 cos 0
_
CC:
Since x D 3 sin 0, we construct a right triangle with sin 0 D
x
3
:

x
3
9 ! x
2
From this we see that cos 0 D
p
9 x
2
=3, and so
I D
9
2
sin
1
_
x
3
_
9
2
_
x
3
_
p
9 x
2
3
!
CC D
9
2
sin
1
_
x
3
_
1
2
x
p
9 x
2
CC:
16.
Z
dt
.16 t
2
/
3=2
SOLUTION Let t D 4 sin 0. Then dt D 4 cos 0 d0, and
.16 t
2
/
3=2
D .16 16 sin
2
0/
3=2
D .16 cos
2
0/
3=2
D .4 cos 0/
3
D 64 cos
3
0
so that
I D
Z
dt
.16 t
2
/
3=2
D
Z
4 cos 0
64 cos
3
0
d0 D
1
16
Z
sec
2
0 d0 CC D
1
16
tan 0 CC
Since t D 4 sin 0, we construct a right triangle with sin 0 D
t
4
:
16 t
2
4
t
From this, we see that tan 0 D
t
p
16t
2
, so that
I D
1
16
tan 0 CC D
t
16
p
16 t
2
CC
17.
Z
dx
x
p
x
2
C16
SOLUTION Use the substitution x D 4 tan 0, so that dx D 4 sec
2
0 d0. Then
x
p
x
2
C16 D 4 tan 0
q
.4 tan 0/
2
C16 D 4 tan 0
q
16.tan
2
0 C1/ D 16 tan 0 sec 0
so that
I D
Z
dx
x
p
x
2
C16
D
Z
4 sec
2
0
16 tan 0 sec 0
d0 D
1
4
Z
sec 0
tan 0
d0 D
1
4
Z
csc 0 d0 D
1
4
Since x D 4 tan 0, we construct a right triangle with tan 0 D
x
4
:
16 + x
2
4
x
From this, we see that csc x D
p
x
2
C16
x
and cot x D
4
x
, so that
I D
1
4
ln j csc x Ccot xj CC D
1
4
ln
p
x
2
C16
x
C
4
x
CC D
1
4
ln
4 C
p
x
2
C16
x
CC
18.
Z
p
12 C4t
2
dt
SOLUTION First simplify the integral:
I D
Z
p
12 C4t
2
dt D 2
Z
p
3 Ct
2
dt
Now let t D
p
3 tan 0. Then dt D
p
3 sec
2
0 d0,
3 Ct
2
D 3 C3 tan
2
0 D 3.1 Ctan
2
0/ D 3 sec
2
0;
and
I D 2
Z
p
3 sec
2
0
_
p
3 sec
2
0 d0
_
D 6
Z
sec
3
0 d0 D 6
_
tan 0 sec 0
2
C
1
2
Z
sec 0 d0
_
D 3 tan 0 sec 0 C3 ln j sec 0 Ctan 0j CC:
Since t D
p
3 tan 0, we construct a right triangle with tan 0 D
t
p
3
:
t
2
+ 3
3
t
From this we see that sec 0 D
p
t
2
C3=
p
3. Therefore,
I D 3
_
t
p
3
_
p
t
2
C3
p
3
!
C3 ln
p
t
2
C3
p
3
C
t
p
3
CC
1
D t
p
t
2
C3 C3 ln
p
t
2
C3 Ct
C3 ln
_
1
p
3
_
CC
1
D t
p
t
2
C3 C3 ln
p
t
2
C3 Ct
CC;
where C D 3 ln.
1
p
3
/ CC
1
.
19.
Z
dx
p
x
2
9
SOLUTION Let x D 3 sec 0. Then dx D 3 sec 0 tan 0 d0,
x
2
9 D 9 sec
2
0 9 D 9.sec
2
0 1/ D 9 tan
2
0;
and
I D
Z
dx
p
x
2
9
D
Z
3 sec 0 tan 0 d0
3 tan 0
D
Z
sec 0 d0 D ln j sec 0 Ctan 0j CC:
x
3
:

3
x
x
2
! 9
From this we see that tan 0 D
p
x
2
9=3, and so
I D ln
x
3
C
p
x
2
9
3
CC
1
D ln
x C
p
x
2
9
Cln
_
1
3
_
CC
1
D ln
x C
p
x
2
9
CC;
where C D ln
_
1
3
_
CC
1
.
20.
Z
dt
t
2
p
t
2
25
SOLUTION Let t D 5 sec 0. Then dt D 5 sec 0 tan 0 d0,
t
2
25 D 25 sec
2
0 25 D 25.sec
2
0 1/ D 25 tan
2
0;
and
I D
Z
dt
t
2
p
t
2
25
D
Z
5 sec 0 tan 0 d0
.25 sec
2
0/.5 tan 0/
D
1
25
Z
d0
sec 0
D
1
25
Z
cos 0 d0 D
1
25
sin 0 CC:
Since t D 5 sec 0, we construct a right triangle with sec 0 D
t
5
:
t
2
25
t
5
p
t
2
25=t , and so
I D
1
25
p
t
2
25
t
!
CC D
p
t
2
25
25t
CC:
21.
Z
dy
y
2
p
5 y
2
SOLUTION Let y D
p
5 sin 0. Then dy D
p
5 cos 0 d0,
5 y
2
D 5 5 sin
2
0 D 5.1 sin
2
0/ D 5 cos
2
0;
and
I D
Z
dy
y
2
p
5 y
2
D
Z
p
5 cos 0 d0
.5 sin
2
0/.
p
5 cos 0/
D
1
5
Z
d0
sin
2
0
D
1
5
Z
csc
2
0 d0 D
1
5
.cot 0/ CC:
Since y D
p
5 sin 0, we construct a right triangle with sin 0 D
y
p
5
:

y
5 ! y
2
5
From this we see that cot 0 D
p
5 y
2
=y, which gives us
I D
1
5
p
5 y
2
y
!
CC D
p
5 y
2
5y
CC:
22.
Z
x
3
p
9 x
2
dx
SOLUTION Let x D 3 sin 0. Then dx D 3 cos 0 d0,
9 x
2
D 9 9 sin
2
0 D 9.1 sin
2
0/ D 9 cos
2
0;
and
I D
Z
x
3
p
9 x
2
dx D
Z
.27 sin
3
0/.3 cos 0/.3 cos 0 d0/
D 243
Z
sin
3
0 cos
2
0 d0 D 243
Z
.1 cos
2
0/ cos
2
0 sin 0 d0
D 243
_Z
cos
2
0 sin 0 d0
Z
cos
4
0 sin 0 d0
_
:
Now use substitution, with u D cos 0 and du D sin 0 d0 for both integrals:
I D 243
_
1
3
cos
3
0 C
1
5
cos
5
0
_
CC:
Since x D 3 sin 0, we construct a right triangle with sin 0 D
x
3
:
x
3
9 x
2
p
9 x
2
=3. Thus
I D 243
2
4
1
3
p
9 x
2
3
!
3
C
1
5
p
9 x
2
3
!
5
3
5
CC D 3.9 x
2
/
3=2
C
1
5
.9 x
2
/
5=2
CC:
Alternately, let u D 9 x
2
. Then
I D
Z
x
3
p
9 x
2
dx D
1
2
Z
.9 u/
p
udu D
1
2
_
6u
3=2
2
5
u
5=2
_
CC
D
1
5
u
5=2
3u
3=2
CC D
1
5
.9 x
2
/
5=2
3.9 x
2
/
3=2
CC:
23.
Z
dx
p
25x
2
C2
SOLUTION Let x D
p
2
5
tan 0. Then dx D
p
2
5
sec
2
0 d0, 25x
2
C2 D 2 tan
2
0 C2 D 2 sec
2
0, and
I D
Z
dx
p
25x
2
C2
D
Z
p
2
5
sec
2
0 d0
p
2 sec 0
D
1
5
Z
sec 0 d0 D
1
5
ln j sec 0 Ctan 0j CC:
Since x D
p
2
5
5x
p
2
:
25x
2
+ 2
5x
2
1
p
2
p
25x
2
C2, so that
I D
1
5
1
5
ln
p
25x
2
C2
p
2
C
5x
p
2
CC
D
1
5
ln
5x C
p
25x
2
C2
p
2
CC D
1
5
ln
5x C
p
25x
2
C2

1
5
ln
p
2 CC
D
1
5
ln
5x C
p
25x
2
C2
CC
24.
Z
dt
.9t
2
C4/
2
SOLUTION First factor out the t
2
-coefcient:
I D
Z
dt
.9t
2
C4/
2
D
Z
dt
_
9
_
t
2
C
4
9
__
2
D
1
81
Z
dt
_
t
2
C
4
9
_
2
:
Now let t D
2
3
tan 0. Then dt D
2
3
sec
2
0 d0,
t
2
C
4
9
D
4
9
tan
2
0 C
4
9
D
4
9
.tan
2
0 C1/ D
4
9
sec
2
0;
and
I D
1
81
Z
2
3
sec
2
d0
16
81
sec
4
0 d0
D
1
24
Z
cos
2
0 d0 D
1
24
_
1
2
0 C
1
2
sin 0 cos 0
_
CC:
Since t D
2
3
3t
2
:
9t
2
+ 4
2
3t
From this we see that sin 0 D 3t =
p
9t
2
C4 and cos 0 D 2=
p
9t
2
C4. Thus
I D
1
48
tan
1
_
3t
2
_
C
1
48
_
3t
p
9t
2
C4
__
2
p
9t
2
C4
_
CC D
1
48
tan
1
_
3t
2
_
C
t
8.9t
2
C4/
CC:
25.
Z
dz
z
3
p
z
2
4
SOLUTION Let z D 2 sec 0. Then dz D 2 sec 0 tan 0 d0,
z
2
4 D 4 sec
2
0 4 D 4.sec
2
0 1/ D 4 tan
2
0;
and
I D
Z
dz
z
3
p
z
2
4
D
Z
2 sec 0 tan 0 d0
.8 sec
3
0/.2 tan 0/
D
1
8
Z
d0
sec
2
0
D
1
8
Z
cos
2
0 d0
D
1
8
_
1
2
0 C
1
2
sin 0 cos 0
_
CC D
1
16
0 C
1
16
sin 0 cos 0 CC:
As explained in the text, this computation is valid if we choose 0 in 0; =2/ if z 2 and in ; 3=2/ if z 2. If z 2, we may
construct a right triangle with sec 0 D
z
2
:

2
z
z
2
! 4
p
z
2
4=z and cos 0 D 2=z. Then
I D
1
16
sec
1
_
z
2
_
C
1
16
p
z
2
4
z
!
_
2
z
_
CC D
1
16
sec
1
_
z
2
_
C
p
z
2
4
8z
2
CC:
However, if z 2 then sec
1
_
z
2
_
lies in
_
2
;
_
according to the denition of sec
1
x used in the text. But since 0 is the angle
in
h
;
3
2
_
satisfying sec 0 D z=2, we nd that 0 D 2 sec
1
_
z
2
_
. Similarly, sin 0 D
p
z
2
4=z and cos 0 D 2=z: So, for
z 2, I D
1
16
sec
1
_
z
2
_
C
p
z
2
4
8z
2
CC. Note that although 0 D 2 sec
1
_
z
2
_
; the 2 is not needed in the expression for
I because it may be absorbed in the constant C.
26.
Z
dy
p
y
2
9
SOLUTION Let y D 3 sec 0, so that dy D 3 sec 0 tan 0 d0 and
y
2
9 D .3 sec 0/
2
9 D 9.sec
2
0 1/ D 9 tan
2
0
so that
I D
Z
dy
p
y
2
9
D
Z
3 sec 0 tan 0
3 tan 0
d0 D
Z
sec 0 d0 D ln j sec 0 Ctan 0j CC
Since y D 3 sec 0, we construct a right triangle with sec 0 D
y
3
:
y
2
9
y
3
From this, we see that tan 0 D
1
3
p
y
2
9, so that
I D ln j sec 0 Ctan 0j CC D ln
y
3
C
p
y
2
9
3
CC
D ln
y C
p
y
2
9
3
CC D ln
y C
q
y
2
9
ln 3 CC D ln
y C
q
y
2
9
CC
27.
Z
x
2
dx
.6x
2
49/
1=2
SOLUTION Let x D
7
p
6
sec 0; then dx D
7
p
6
sec 0 tan 0 d0, and
6x
2
49 D 6
_
7
p
6
sec 0
_
2
49 D 49.sec
2
0 1/ D 49 tan
2
0
so that
I D
Z
x
2
dx
.6x
2
49/
1=2
D
Z
49
6
sec
2
0.
7
p
6
sec 0 tan 0/
7 tan 0
d0
D
49
6
p
6
Z
sec
3
0 d0 D
49
6
p
6
_
1
2
tan 0 sec 0 C
1
2
Z
sec 0 d0
_
D
49
12
p
6
.tan 0 sec 0 Cln j sec 0 Ctan 0j/ CC
Since x D
7
p
6
sec 0, we construct a right triangle with sec 0 D
x
p
6
7
:
6x
2
49
x6
7
1
7
p
6x
2
49, so that
I D
49
12
p
6
x
p
6
p
6x
2
49
49
Cln
x
p
6 C
p
6x
2
49
7
!
CC
D
49
12
p
6
x
p
6
p
6x
2
49
49
Cln
x
p
6 C
p
6x
2
49
ln 7
!
CC
D
1
12
p
6
_
x
p
6
p
6x
2
49 C49 ln
x
p
6 C
p
6x
2
49
_
CC
28.
Z
dx
.x
2
4/
2
SOLUTION Let x D 2 sec 0. Then dx D 2 sec 0 tan 0 d0,
x
2
4 D 4 sec
2
0 4 D 4.sec
2
0 1/ D 4 tan
2
0;
and
I D
Z
dx
.x
2
4/
2
D
Z
2 sec 0 tan 0 d0
16 tan
4
0
D
1
8
Z
sec 0 d0
tan
3
0
D
1
8
Z
cos
2
0
sin
3
0
d0 D
1
8
Z
1 sin
2
0
sin
3
0
d0 D
1
8
Z
csc
3
0 d0
1
8
Z
csc 0 d0:
Z
csc
3
0 d0:
I D
1
8
_
cot 0 csc 0
2
C
1
2
Z
csc 0 d0
_
1
8
Z
csc 0 d0 D
1
16
cot 0 csc 0
1
16
Z
csc 0 d0
D
1
16
cot 0 csc 0
1
16
ln j csc 0 cot 0j CC:
x
2
:

2
x
x
2
! 4
From this we see that cot 0 D 2=
p
x
2
4 and csc 0 D x=
p
x
2
4. Thus
I D
1
16
_
2
p
x
2
4
__
x
p
x
2
4
_
1
16
ln
x
p
x
2
4
2
p
x
2
4
CC
D
x
8.x
2
4/
1
16
ln
x 2
p
x
2
4
CC:
29.
Z
dt
.t
2
C9/
2
SOLUTION Let t D 3 tan 0. Then dt D 3 sec
2
0 d0,
t
2
C9 D 9 tan
2
0 C9 D 9.tan
2
0 C1/ D 9 sec
2
0;
and
I D
Z
dt
.t
2
C9/
2
D
Z
3 sec
2
0 d0
81 sec
4
0
D
1
27
Z
cos
2
0 d0 D
1
27
_
1
2
0 C
1
2
sin 0 cos 0
_
CC:
Since t D 3 tan 0, we construct a right triangle with tan 0 D
t
3
:
t
2
+ 9
t
3
From this we see that sin 0 D t =
p
t
2
C9 and cos 0 D 3=
p
t
2
C9. Thus
I D
1
54
tan
1
_
t
3
_
C
1
54
_
t
p
t
2
C9
__
3
p
t
2
C9
_
CC D
1
54
tan
1
_
t
3
_
C
t
18.t
2
C9/
CC:
30.
Z
dx
.x
2
C1/
3
SOLUTION Let x D tan 0. Then dx D sec
2
0 d0, x
2
C1 D tan
2
0 C1 D sec
2
0, and
I D
Z
dx
.x
2
C1/
3
D
Z
sec
2
0 d0
sec
6
0
D
Z
cos
4
0 d0:
Using the reduction formula for
Z
cos
4
0 d0, we get
I D
cos
3
0 sin 0
4
C
3
4
Z
cos
2
0 d0 D
1
4
cos
3
0 sin 0 C
3
4
_
1
2
0 C
1
2
sin 0 cos 0
_
CC:
Since x D tan 0, we construct the following right triangle:

x
2
+ 1
x
1
From this we see that sin 0 D x=
p
x
2
C1 and cos 0 D 1=
p
x
2
C1. Thus
I D
1
4
_
1
p
x
2
C1
_
3
_
x
p
x
2
C1
_
C
3
8
tan
1
x C
3
8
_
x
p
x
2
C1
__
1
p
x
2
C1
_
CC
D
x
4.x
2
C1/
2
C
3x
8.x
2
C1/
C
3
8
tan
1
x CC:
31.
Z
x
2
dx
.x
2
1/
3=2
SOLUTION Let x D sec 0. Then dx D sec 0 tan 0 d0, and x
2
1 D sec
2
0 1 D tan
2
0. Thus
I D
Z
x
2
.x
2
1/
3=2
dx D
Z
sec
2
0
.tan
2
0/
3=2
sec 0 tan 0 d0
D
Z
sec
2
0 sec 0 tan 0
tan
3
0
d0 D
Z
sec
3
0
tan
2
0
d0
D
Z
sec
2
0
tan
2
0
sec 0 d0 D
Z
csc
2
0 sec 0 d0 D
Z
.1 Ccot
2
0/ sec 0 d0
D
Z
sec 0 Ccot 0 csc 0 d0 D ln j sec 0 Ctan 0j csc 0 CC
Since x D sec 0, we construct the following right triangle:
x
2
1
x
1
p
x
2
1 and that csc 0 D
x
p
x
2
1
, so that
I D ln
x C
p
x
2
1

x
p
x
2
1
CC
32.
Z
x
2
dx
.x
2
C1/
3=2
2
0 d0, x
2
C1 D tan
2
0 C1 D sec
2
0, and
I D
Z
x
2
dx
.x
2
C1/
3=2
D
Z
tan
2
0.sec
2
0 d0/
.sec
2
0/
3=2
D
Z
tan
2
0
sec 0
d0 D
Z
sin
2
0
cos 0
d0 D
Z
1 cos
2
0
cos 0
d0
D
Z
1
cos 0
d0
Z
cos
2
0
cos 0
d0 D
Z
sec 0 d0
Z
cos 0 d0 D ln j sec 0 Ctan 0j sin 0 CC:

x
2
+ 1
x
1
p
x
2
C1 and sin 0 D x=
p
x
2
C1. Thus
I D ln
p
x
2
C1 Cx

x
p
x
2
C1
CC:
33. Prove for a > 0:
Z
dx
x
2
Ca
D
1
p
a
tan
1
x
p
a
CC
SOLUTION Let x D
p
a u. Then, x
2
D au
2
, dx D
p
a du, and
Z
dx
x
2
Ca
D
1
p
a
Z
du
u
2
C1
D
1
p
a
tan
1
u CC D
1
p
a
tan
1
_
x
p
a
_
CC:
34. Prove for a > 0:
Z
dx
.x
2
Ca/
2
D
1
2a
_
x
x
2
Ca
C
1
p
a
tan
1
x
p
a
_
CC
SOLUTION Let x D
p
a u. Then, x
2
D au
2
, dx D
p
a du, and
Z
dx
.x
2
Ca/
2
D
1
a
3=2
Z
du
.u
2
C1/
2
:
Now, let u D tan 0. Then du D sec
2
0 d0, and
Z
dx
.x
2
Ca/
2
D
1
a
3=2
Z
sec
2
0
.sec
2
0/
2
d0 D
1
a
3=2
Z
cos
2
0 d0 D
1
a
3=2
_
1
2
sin 0 cos 0 C
1
2
0
_
CC
D
1
2a
3=2
_
u
1 Cu
2
Ctan
1
u
_
CC D
1
2a
3=2
_
x=
p
a
1 C.x=
p
a/
2
Ctan
1
_
x
p
a
__
CC
D
1
2a
_
x
x
2
Ca
C
1
p
a
tan
1
_
x
p
a
__
CC:
35. Let I D
Z
dx
p
x
2
4x C8
.
(a) Complete the square to show that x
2
4x C8 D .x 2/
2
C4.
(b) Use the substitution u D x 2 to show that I D
Z
du
p
u
2
C2
2
. Evaluate the u-integral.
(c) Show that I D ln
q
.x 2/
2
C4 Cx 2
CC.
SOLUTION
(a) Completing the square, we get
x
2
4x C8 D x
2
4x C4 C4 D .x 2/
2
C4:
(b) Let u D x 2. Then du D dx, and
I D
Z
dx
p
x
2
4x C8
D
Z
dx
p
.x 2/
2
C4
D
Z
du
p
u
2
C4
:
Now let u D 2 tan 0. Then du D 2 sec
2
0 d0,
u
2
C4 D 4 tan
2
0 C4 D 4.tan
2
0 C1/ D 4 sec
2
0;
and
I D
Z
2 sec
2
0 d0
2 sec 0
D
Z
Since u D 2 tan 0, we construct a right triangle with tan 0 D
u
2
:

u
2
+ 4
u
2
p
u
2
C4=2. Thus
I D ln
p
u
2
C4
2
C
u
2
CC
1
D ln
p
u
2
C4 Cu
C
_
ln
1
2
CC
1
_
D ln
p
u
2
C4 Cu
CC:
(c) Substitute back for x in the result of part (b):
I D ln
q
.x 2/
2
C4 Cx 2
CC:
36. Evaluate
Z
dx
p
12x x
2
. First complete the square to write 12x x
2
D 36 .x 6/
2
.
SOLUTION First complete the square:
12x x
2
D
_
x
2
12x C36 36
_
D
_
x
2
12x C36
_
C36 D 36 .x 6/
2
:
Now let u D x 6, and du D dx. This gives us
I D
Z
dx
p
12x x
2
D
Z
dx
p
36 .x 6/
2
D
Z
du
p
36 u
2
:
Next, let u D 6 sin 0. Then du D 6 cos 0 d0,
36 u
2
D 36 36 sin
2
0 D 36.1 sin
2
0/ D 36 cos
2
0;
and
I D
Z
6 cos 0 d0
6 cos 0
D
Z
d0 D 0 CC:
Substituting back, we nd
I D sin
1
_
u
6
_
CC D sin
1
_
x 6
6
_
CC:
In Exercises 3742, evaluate the integral by completing the square and using trigonometric substitution.
37.
Z
dx
p
x
2
C4x C13
x
2
C4x C13 D x
2
C4x C4 C9 D .x C2/
2
C9:
Let u D x C2. Then du D dx, and
I D
Z
dx
p
x
2
C4x C13
D
Z
dx
p
.x C2/
2
C9
D
Z
du
p
u
2
C9
:
Now let u D 3 tan 0. Then du D 3 sec
2
0 d0,
u
2
C9 D 9 tan
2
0 C9 D 9.tan
2
0 C1/ D 9 sec
2
0;
and
I D
Z
3 sec
2
0 d0
3 sec 0
D
Z
Since u D 3 tan 0, we construct the following right triangle:

u
2
+ 9
u
3
p
u
2
C9=3. Thus
I D ln
p
u
2
C9
3
C
u
3
CC
1
D ln
p
u
2
C9 Cu
C
_
ln
1
3
CC
1
_
D ln
q
.x C2/
2
C9 Cx C2
CC D ln
p
x
2
C4x C13 Cx C2
CC:
38.
Z
dx
p
2 Cx x
2
2 Cx x
2
D
_
x
2
x
_
C2 D
_
x
2
x C
1
4
_
C2 C
1
4
D
9
4
_
x
1
2
_
2
:
Let u D x
1
2
and du D dx. This gives us
I D
Z
dx
p
2 Cx x
2
D
Z
dx
q
9
4
.x
1
2
/
2
D
Z
du
q
9
4
u
2
:
Now let u D
3
2
sin 0. Then du D
3
2
cos 0 d0,
9
4
u
2
D
9
4
9
4
sin
2
0 D
9
4
.1 sin
2
0/ D
9
4
cos
2
0;
and
I D
Z
3
2
cos 0 d0
3
2
cos 0
D
Z
d0 D 0 CC D sin
1
_
2u
3
_
CC D sin
1
2.x
1
2
/
3
!
CC D sin
1
_
2x 1
3
_
CC:
39.
Z
dx
p
x C6x
2
6x
2
Cx D
_
6x
2
Cx C
1
24
_
1
24
D
_
p
6x C
1
2
p
6
_
2
1
24
Let u D
p
6x C
1
2
p
6
so that du D
p
6 dx. Then
I D
Z
1
p
x C6x
2
dx D
Z
1
r
_
p
6x C
1
2
p
6
_
2
1
24
dx D
1
p
6
Z
1
q
u
2
1
24
du
Now let u D
1
2
p
6
sec 0. Then du D
1
2
p
6
sec 0 tan 0, and
u
2
1
24
D
1
24
.sec
2
0 1/ D
1
24
tan
2
0
so that
I D
1
p
6
Z
1
1
2
p
6
tan 0
1
2
p
6
sec 0 tan 0 d0 D
1
p
6
Z
sec 0 d0 D
1
p
6
ln j sec 0 Ctan 0j CC
Since u D
1
2
p
6
sec 0, we construct the following right triangle:
24u
2
1
2u6
1
from which we see that tan 0 D
p
24u
2
1 and sec 0 D 2u
p
6. Thus
I D
1
p
6
ln
2u
p
6 C
p
24u
2
1
CC D
1
p
6
ln
2
p
6
_
p
6x C
1
2
p
6
_
C
s
24
_
6x
2
Cx C
1
24
_
1
CC
D
1
p
6
ln
12x C1 C
p
144x
2
C24x
CC
40.
Z
p
x
2
4x C7 dx
x
2
4x C7 D x
2
4x C4 C3 D .x 2/
2
C3:
Let u D x 2. Then du D dx, and
I D
Z
p
x
2
4x C7 dx D
Z q
.x 2/
2
C3 dx D
Z
p
u
2
C3 du:
Now let u D
p
3 tan 0. Then du D
p
3 sec
2
0 d0,
u
2
C3 D 3 tan
2
0 C3 D 3.tan
2
0 C1/ D 3 sec
2
0;
and
I D
Z
p
3 sec
2
0
p
3 sec
2
0 d0 D 3
Z
sec
3
0 d0 D 3
_
tan 0 sec 0
2
C
1
2
Z
sec 0 d0
_
D
3
2
tan 0 sec 0 C
3
2
Since u D
p
3 tan 0, we construct a right triangle with tan 0 D
u
p
3
:

u
2
+ 3
u
3
p
u
2
C3=3. Thus
I D
3
2
_
u
p
3
_
p
u
2
C3
p
3
!
C
3
2
ln
p
u
2
C3
p
3
C
u
p
3
CC
1
D
1
2
u
p
u
2
C3 C
3
2
ln
p
u
2
C3 Cu
C
_
3
2
ln
1
p
3
CC
1
_
D
1
2
.x 2/
q
.x 2/
2
C3 C
3
2
ln
q
.x 2/
2
C3 Cx 2
CC
D
1
2
.x 2/
p
x
2
4x C7 C
3
2
ln
p
x
2
4x C7 Cx 2
CC:
41.
Z
p
x
2
4x C3 dx
x
2
4x C3 D x
2
4x C4 1 D .x 2/
2
1:
Let u D x 2. Then du D dx, and
I D
Z
p
x
2
4x C3 dx D
Z q
.x 2/
2
1 dx D
Z
p
u
2
1 du:
Now let u D sec 0. Then du D sec 0 tan 0 d0, u
2
1 D sec
2
0 1 D tan
2
0, and
I D
Z
p
tan
2
0.sec 0 tan 0 d0/ D
Z
tan
2
0 sec 0 d0 D
Z
_
sec
2
0 1
_
sec 0 d0
D
Z
sec
3
0 d0
Z
sec 0 d0 D
_
tan 0 sec 0
2
C
1
2
Z
sec 0 d0
_
Z
sec 0 d0
D
1
2
tan 0 sec 0
1
2
Z
sec 0 d0 D
1
2
tan 0 sec 0
1
2
Since u D sec 0, we construct the following right triangle:

1
u
u
2
! 1
p
u
2
1. Thus
I D
1
2
u
p
u
2
1
1
2
ln
u C
p
u
2
1
CC D
1
2
.x 2/
q
.x 2/
2
1
1
2
ln
x 2 C
q
.x 2/
2
1
CC
D
1
2
.x 2/
p
x
2
4x C3
1
2
ln
x 2 C
p
x
2
4x C3
CC:
42.
Z
dx
.x
2
C6x C6/
2
x
2
C6x C6 D x
2
C6x C9 3 D .x C3/
2
3:
Let u D x C3. Then du D dx, and
I D
Z
dx
.x
2
C6x C6/
2
D
Z
dx
..x C3/
2
3/
2
D
Z
du
.u
2
3/
2
:
Now let u D
p
3 sec 0. Then du D
p
3 sec 0 tan 0,
u
2
3 D 3 sec
2
0 3 D 3.sec
2
0 1/ D 3 tan
2
0;
and
I D
Z
p
3 sec 0 tan 0 d0
9 tan
4
0
D
p
3
9
Z
sec 0 d0
tan
3
0
D
p
3
9
Z
cos
2
0
sin
3
0
d0 D
p
3
9
Z
.1 sin
2
0/ d0
sin
3
0
D
p
3
9
_Z
csc
3
0 d0
Z
csc 0 d0
_
D
p
3
9
__
cot 0 csc 0
2
C
1
2
Z
csc 0 d0
_
Z
csc 0 d0
_
D
p
3
9
_
1
2
cot 0 csc 0
1
2
Z
csc 0 d0
_
D
p
3
18
cot 0 csc 0
p
3
18
ln j csc 0 cot 0j CC:
Since u D
p
3 sec 0, we construct a right triangle with sec 0 D
u
p
3
:

u
u
2
! 3
3
p
3=
p
u
2
3 and csc 0 D u=
p
u
2
3. Thus
I D
p
3
18
p
3
p
u
2
3
!
_
u
p
u
2
3
_
p
3
18
ln
u
p
u
2
3
p
3
p
u
2
3
CC
D
u
6.u
2
3/
p
3
18
ln
u
p
3
p
u
2
3
CC D
.x C3/
6..x C3/
2
3/
p
3
18
ln
x C3
p
3
p
.x C3/
2
3
CC
D
.x C3/
6.x
2
C6x C6/
p
3
18
ln
x C3
p
3
p
x
2
C6x C6
CC:
In Exercises 4352, indicate a good method for evaluating the integral (but do not evaluate). Your choices are: substitution (specify
u and du), Integration by Parts (specify u and v
0
), a trigonometric method, or trigonometric substitution (specify). If it appears
that these techniques are not sufcient, state this.
43.
Z
x dx
p
12 6x x
2
SOLUTION Complete the square so the the denominator is
p
15 .x C3/
2
and then use trigonometric substitution with x C3 D
sin 0.
44.
Z
p
4x
2
1 dx
SOLUTION Use trigonometric substitution, with x D
1
2
sec 0.
45.
Z
sin
3
x cos
3
x dx
SOLUTION Use one of the following trigonometric methods: rewrite sin
3
x D .1 cos
2
x/ sin x and let u D cos x, or rewrite
cos
3
x D .1 sin
2
x/ cos x and let u D sin x.
46.
Z
x sec
2
x dx
SOLUTION Use Integration by Parts, with u D x and v
0
D sec
2
x.
47.
Z
dx
p
9 x
2
SOLUTION Either use the substitution x D 3u and then recognize the formula for the inverse sine:
Z
du
p
1 u
2
D sin
1
u CC;
or use trigonometric substitution, with x D 3 sin 0.
48.
Z
p
1 x
3
dx
SOLUTION Not solvable by any method yet considered. (In fact, this has no antiderivative using elementary functions).
49.
Z
sin
3=2
x dx
SOLUTION Not solvable by any method yet considered.
50.
Z
x
2
p
x C1 dx
SOLUTION Use integration by parts twice, rst with u D x
2
and then with u D x.
51.
Z
dx
.x C1/.x C2/
3
SOLUTION The techniques we have covered thus far are not sufcient to treat this integral. This integral requires a technique
known as partial fractions.
52.
Z
dx
.x C12/
4
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D x C12, and then recognize the formula
Z
u
4
du D
1
3u
3
CC:
In Exercises 5356, evaluate using Integration by Parts as a rst step.
53.
Z
sec
1
x dx
SOLUTION Let u D sec
1
x and v
0
D 1. Then v D x, u
0
D 1=x
p
x
2
1, and
I D
Z
sec
1
x dx D x sec
1
x
Z
x
x
p
x
2
1
dx D x sec
1
x
Z
dx
p
x
2
1
:
To evaluate the integral on the right, let x D sec 0. Then dx D sec 0 tan 0 d0, x
2
1 D sec
2
0 1 D tan
2
0, and
Z
dx
p
x
2
1
D
Z
sec 0 tan 0 d0
tan 0
D
Z
sec 0 d0 D ln j sec 0 Ctan 0j CC D ln
x C
p
x
2
1
CC:
Thus, the nal answer is
I D x sec
1
x ln
x C
p
x
2
1
CC:
54.
Z
sin
1
x
x
2
dx
SOLUTION Let u D sin
1
x and v
0
D x
2
. Then u
0
D 1=
p
1 x
2
, v D x
1
, and
I D
Z
sin
1
x
x
2
dx D
sin
1
x
x
C
Z
dx
x
p
1 x
2
:
To evaluate the integral on the right, let x D sin 0. Then dx D cos 0 d0, 1 x
2
D 1 sin
2
0 D cos
2
0, and
Z
dx
x
p
1 x
2
D
Z
cos 0 d0
.sin 0/.cos 0/
D
Z
csc 0 d0 D ln j csc 0 cot 0j CC:
Since x D sin 0, we construct the following right triangle:

1
1 ! x
2
x
From this we see that csc 0 D 1=x and cot 0 D
p
1 x
2
=x. Thus
Z
dx
x
p
1 x
2
D ln
1
x
p
1 x
2
x
CC D ln
1
p
1 x
2
x
CC:
The nal answer is
I D
sin
1
x
x
Cln
1
p
1 x
2
x
CC:
55.
Z
ln.x
2
C1/ dx
SOLUTION Start by using integration by parts, with u D ln.x
2
C1/ and v
0
D 1; then u
0
D
2x
x
2
C1
and v D x, so that
I D
Z
ln.x
2
C1/ dx D x ln.x
2
C1/ 2
Z
x
2
x
2
C1
dx D x ln.x
2
C1/ 2
Z _
1
1
x
2
C1
_
dx
D x ln.x
2
C1/ 2x C2
Z
1
x
2
C1
dx
To deal with the remaining integral, use the substitution x D tan 0, so that dx D sec
2
0 d0 and
Z
1
x
2
C1
dx D
Z
sec
2
0
tan
2
0 C1
d0 D
Z
sec
2
0
sec
2
0
d0 D
Z
1 d0 D 0 D tan
1
x CC
so that nally
I D x ln.x
2
C1/ 2x C2 tan
1
x CC
56.
Z
x
2
ln.x
2
C1/ dx
SOLUTION Start by using integration by parts with u D ln.x
2
C1/, v
0
D x
2
; then u
0
D
2x
x
2
C1
and v D
1
3
x
3
, so that
I D
Z
x
2
ln.x
2
C1/ dx D
1
3
x
3
ln.x
2
C1/
2
3
Z
x
4
x
2
C1
dx
To deal with the remaining integral, use the substitution x D tan 0; then dx D sec
2
0 d0 and
Z
x
4
x
2
C1
dx D
Z
tan
4
0
tan
2
0 C1
sec
2
0 d0 D
Z
tan
4
0
sec
2
0
sec
2
0 d0 D
Z
tan
4
0 d0
Using the reduction formula for tan
n
gives
Z
tan
4
0 d0 D
1
3
tan
3
0
Z
tan
2
0 d0 D
1
3
tan
3
0 tan 0 C0 CC
so that, substituting back for x D tan 0, we get
I D
1
3
x
3
ln.x
2
C1/
2
3
_
1
3
x
3
x Ctan
1
x
_
CC D
1
3
x
3
ln.x
2
C1/
2
9
x
3
C
2
3
x
2
3
tan
1
x CC
57. Find the average height of a point on the semicircle y D
p
1 x
2
for 1 x 1.
SOLUTION The average height is given by the formula
y
ave
D
1
1 .1/
Z
1
1
p
1 x
2
dx D
1
2
Z
1
1
p
1 x
2
dx
Let x D sin 0. Then dx D cos 0 d0, 1 x
2
D cos
2
0, and
Z
p
1 x
2
dx D
Z
.cos 0/.cos 0 d0/ D
Z
cos
2
0 d0 D
1
2
0 C
1
2
sin 0 cos 0 CC:
Since x D sin 0, we construct the following right triangle:

1
1 ! x
2
x
p
1 x
2
. Therefore,
y
ave
D
1
2
_
1
2
sin
1
x C
1
2
x
p
1 x
2
_
1
1
D
1
2
__
1
2
C0
_
1
2
C0
__
D

4
:
58. Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the graph of y D x
p
1 x
2
over 0; 1| about the y-axis.
SOLUTION Using the method of cylindrical shells, the volume is given by
V D 2
Z
1
0
x
_
x
p
1 x
2
_
dx D 2
Z
1
0
x
2
p
1 x
2
dx:
To evaluate this integral, let x D sin 0. Then dx D cos 0 d0,
1 x
2
D 1 sin
2
0 D cos
2
0;
and
I D
Z
x
2
p
1 x
2
dx D
Z
sin
2
0 cos
2
0 d0 D
Z
_
1 cos
2
0
_
cos
2
0 d0 D
Z
cos
2
0 d0
Z
cos
4
0 d0:
R
cos
4
0 d0:
I D
Z
cos
2
0 d0
"
cos
3
0 sin 0
4
C
3
4
Z
cos
2
0 d0
#
D
1
4
cos
3
0 sin 0 C
1
4
Z
cos
2
0 d0
D
1
4
cos
3
0 sin 0 C
1
4
_
1
2
0 C
1
2
sin 0 cos 0
_
CC D
1
4
cos
3
0 sin 0 C
1
8
0 C
1
8
sin 0 cos 0 CC:
Since sin 0 D x, we know that cos 0 D
p
1 x
2
. Then we have
I D
1
4
_
1 x
2
_
3=2
x C
1
8
sin
1
x C
1
8
x
p
1 x
2
CC:
Now we can complete the volume:
V D 2
_
1
4
x
_
1 x
2
_
3=2
C
1
8
sin
1
x C
1
8
x
p
1 x
2
_
1
0
D 2
h_
0 C
16
C0
_
.0/
i
D
2
8
:
59. Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the region between the graph of y
2
x
2
D 1 and the line y D 2 about the
line y D 2.
SOLUTION First solve the equation y
2
x
2
D 1 for y:
y D
p
x
2
C1:
The region in question is bounded in part by the top half of this hyperbola, which is the equation
y D
p
x
2
C1:
The limits of integration are obtained by nding the points of intersection of this equation with y D 2:
2 D
p
x
2
C1 )x D
p
3:
The radius of each disk is given by 2
p
x
2
C1; the volume is therefore given by
V D
Z
p
3
p
3
r
2
dx D 2
Z
p
3
0
_
2
p
x
2
C1
_
2
dx D 2
Z
p
3
0
h
4 4
p
x
2
C1 C.x
2
C1/
i
dx
D 8
Z
p
3
0
dx 8
Z
p
3
0
p
x
2
C1 dx C2
Z
p
3
0
.x
2
C1/ dx:
To evaluate the integral
Z
p
x
2
C1 dx, let x D tan 0. Then dx D sec
2
0 d0, x
2
C1 D sec
2
0, and
Z
p
x
2
C1 dx D
Z
sec
3
0 d0 D
1
2
tan 0 sec 0 C
1
2
Z
sec 0 d0
D
1
2
tan 0 sec 0 C
1
2
1
2
x
p
x
2
C1 C
1
2
ln
p
x
2
C1 Cx
CC:
Now we can compute the volume:
V D
_
8x 8
_
1
2
x
p
x
2
C1 C
1
2
ln
p
x
2
C1 Cx
_
C
2
3
x
3
C2x
_
p
3
0
D
_
10x C
2
3
x
3
4x
p
x
2
C1 4 ln
p
x
2
C1 Cx
p
3
0
D
_
10
p
3 C2
p
3 8
p
3 4 ln
2 C
p
3
_
.0/ D 4
h
p
3 ln
2 C
p
3
i
:
60. Find the volume of revolution for the region in Exercise 59, but revolve around y D 3.
SOLUTION Using the washer method, the volume is given by
V D
Z
p
3
p
3
_
R
2
r
2
_
dx D 2
Z
p
3
0
_
_
3
p
x
2
C1
_
2
1
2
_
dx
D 2
Z
p
3
0
_
9 6
p
x
2
C1 C
_
x
2
C1
_
1
_
dx D 2
Z
p
3
0
_
9 6
p
x
2
C1 Cx
2
_
dx
D 2
_
9x 6
_
1
2
x
p
x
2
C1 C
1
2
ln
p
x
2
C1 Cx
_
C
1
3
x
3
_
p
3
0
D 2
h_
9
p
3 3
p
3.2/ 3 ln
2 C
p
3
C
p
3
_
.0/
i
D 8
p
3 6 ln
2 C
p
3
:
61. Compute
Z
dx
x
2
1
in two ways and verify that the answers agree: rst via trigonometric substitution and then using the
identity
1
x
2
1
D
1
2
_
1
x 1
1
x C1
_
SOLUTION Using trigonometric substitution, let x D sec 0. Then dx D sec 0 tan 0d0, x
2
1 D sec
2
0 1 D tan
2
0, and
I D
Z
dx
x
2
1
D
Z
sec 0 tan 0 d0
tan
2
0
D
Z
sec 0
tan 0
d0 D
Z
d0
sin 0
D
Z
Since x D sec 0, we construct the following right triangle:

1
x
x
2
! 1
From this we see that csc 0 D x=
p
x
2
1 and cot 0 D 1=
p
x
2
1. This gives us
I D ln
x
p
x
2
1
1
p
x
2
1
CC D ln
x 1
p
x
2
1
CC:
Using the given identity, we get
I D
Z
dx
x
2
1
D
1
2
Z _
1
x 1
1
x C1
_
dx D
1
2
Z
dx
x 1
1
2
Z
dx
x C1
D
1
2
ln jx 1j
1
2
ln jx C1j CC:
To conrm that these answers agree, note that
1
2
ln jx 1j
1
2
ln jx C1j D
1
2
ln
x 1
x C1
D ln
s
x 1
x C1
D ln
p
x 1
p
x C1
p
x 1
p
x 1
D ln
x 1
p
x
2
1
:
62. You want to divide an 18-inch pizza equally among three friends using vertical slices at x as in Figure 1. Find an
equation satised by x and nd the approximate value of x using a computer algebra system.
x
y
9 !9 !!!!!!!!!!!!!xxxxxxxxxxxxxx !! xxxxxxxxxxxxx
FIGURE 1 Dividing a pizza into three equal parts.
SOLUTION First nd the value of x which divides evenly a pizza with a 1-inch radius. By proportionality, we can then take this
answer and multiply by 9 to get the answer for the 18-inch pizza. The total area of a 1-inch radius pizza is 1
2
D (in square
inches). The three equal pieces will have an area of =3. The center piece is further divided into 4 equal pieces, each of area =12.
From Example 1, we know that
Z
x
0
p
1 x
2
dx D
1
2
sin
1
x C
1
2
x
p
1 x
2
:
Setting this expression equal to =12 and solving for x using a computer algebra system, we nd x D 0:265. For the 18-inch pizza,
the value of x should be
x D 9.0:265/ D 2:385 inches:
63. A charged wire creates an electric eld at a point P located at a distance D from the wire (Figure 2). The component E
?
of
the eld perpendicular to the wire (in N/C) is
E
?
D
Z
x
2
x
1
kzD
.x
2
CD
2
/
3=2
dx
where z is the charge density (coulombs per meter), k D 8:99 10
9
Nm
2
/C
2
(Coulomb constant), and x
1
, x
2
are as in the gure.
Suppose that z D 6 10
4
C/m, and D D 3 m. Find E
?
if (a) x
1
D 0 and x
2
D 30 m, and (b) x
1
D 15 m and x
2
D 15 m.
x
1
x
2
P
D
y
x
FIGURE 2
SOLUTION Let x D Dtan 0. Then dx D Dsec
2
0 d0,
x
2
CD
2
D D
2
tan
2
0 CD
2
D D
2
.tan
2
0 C1/ D D
2
sec
2
0;
and
E
?
D
Z
x
2
x
1
kzD
.x
2
CD
2
/
3=2
dx D kzD
Z
x
2
x
1
Dsec
2
0 d0
.D
2
sec
2
0/
3=2
D
kzD
2
D
3
Z
x
2
x
1
sec
2
0 d0
sec
3
0
D
kz
D
Z
x
2
x
1
cos 0 d0 D
kz
D
sin 0
x
2
x
1
Since x D Dtan 0, we construct a right triangle with tan 0 D x=D:

x
2
+ D
2
x
D
p
x
2
CD
2
. Then
E
?
D
kz
D
_
x
p
x
2
CD
2
_
x
2
x
1
(a) Plugging in the values for the constants k, z, D, and evaluating the antiderivative for x
1
D 0 and x
2
D 30, we get
E
?
D
.8:99 10
9
/.6 10
4
/
3
_
30
p
30
2
C3
2
0
_
1:789 10
6
V
m
(b) If x
1
D 15 m and x
2
D 15 m, we get
E
?
D
.8:99 10
9
/.6 10
4
/
3
"
15
p
15
2
C3
2

15
p
.15/
2
C3
2
#
3:526 10
6
V
m
64. Let J
n
D
Z
dx
.x
2
C1/
n
. Use Integration by Parts to prove
J
nC1
D
_
1
1
2n
_
J
n
C
_
1
2n
_
x
.x
2
C1/
n
Then use this recursion relation to calculate J
2
and J
3
.
2
0 d0, x
2
C1 D tan
2
0 C1 D sec
2
0, and
J
nC1
D
Z
dx
.x
2
C1/
nC1
D
Z
sec
2
0 d0
sec
2nC2
0
D
Z
sec
2n
0 d0 D
Z
cos
2n
0 d0:
Using the reduction formula for
R
cos
m
0 d0, we get
J
nC1
D
cos
2n1
0 sin 0
2n
C
2n 1
2n
Z
cos
2n2
0 d0:

x
2
+ 1
x
1
From this we see that cos 0 D 1=
p
x
2
C1, and sin 0 D x=
p
x
2
C1. This gives us
J
nC1
D
1
2n
_
1
p
x
2
C1
_
2n1
_
x
p
x
2
C1
_
C
2n 1
2n
Z _
1
p
x
2
C1
_
2n2
_
1
p
x
2
C1
_
2
dx:
Here weve used the fact that
d0 D
dx
sec
2
0
D cos
2
0 dx D
_
1
p
x
2
C1
_
2
dx:
Simplifying, we get
J
nC1
D
_
1
2n
_
x
.
p
x
2
C1/
2n
C
2n 1
2n
Z
dx
.
p
x
2
C1/
2n
D
1
2n
x
.x
2
C1/
n
C
2n 1
2n
Z
dx
.x
2
C1/
n
D
1
2n
x
.x
2
C1/
n
C
_
1
1
2n
_
J
n
:
To use this formula, we rst compute J
1
:
J
1
D
Z
dx
x
2
C1
D tan
1
x CC:
Now use the formula to compute J
2
and J
3
:
J
2
D
1
2
x
x
2
C1
C
_
1
1
2
_
J
1
D
x
2.x
2
C1/
C
1
2
tan
1
x CCI
J
3
D
1
4
x
.x
2
C1/
2
C
_
1
1
4
_
J
2
D
1
4
_
x
.x
2
C1/
2
C
3x
8.x
2
C1/
C
3
8
tan
1
x
_
CC:
65. Prove the formula
Z
p
1 x
2
dx D
1
2
sin
1
x C
1
2
x
p
1 x
2
CC
using geometry by interpreting the integral as the area of part of the unit circle.
SOLUTION The integral
Z
a
0
p
1 x
2
dx is the area bounded by the unit circle, the x-axis, the y-axis, and the line x D a. This
area can be divided into two regions as follows:
1
I
II
a 0
x
y
1

Region I is a triangle with base a and height
p
1 a
2
. Region II is a sector of the unit circle with central angle 0 D

2
cos
1
a D
sin
1
a. Thus,
Z
a
0
p
1 x
2
dx D
1
2
a
p
1 a
2
C
1
2
sin
1
a D
_
1
2
x
p
1 x
2
C
1
2
sin
1
x
_
a
0
:
7.4 Integrals Involving Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
1. Which hyperbolic substitution can be used to evaluate the following integrals?
(a)
Z
dx
p
x
2
C1
(b)
Z
dx
p
x
2
C9
(c)
Z
dx
p
9x
2
C1
SOLUTION The appropriate hyperbolic substitutions are
(a) x D sinh t
(b) x D 3 sinh t
(c) 3x D sinh t
2. Which two of the hyperbolic integration formulas differ from their trigonometric counterparts by a minus sign?
SOLUTION The integration formulas for sinh x and tanh x differ from their trigonometric counterparts by a minus sign.
3. Which antiderivative of y D .1 x
2
/
1
should we use to evaluate the integral
Z
5
3
.1 x
2
/
1
dx?
SOLUTION Because the integration interval lies outside 1 < x < 1, the appropriate antiderivative of y D .1 x
2
/
1
is
1
2
ln
1Cx
1x
.
Exercises
In Exercises 116, calculate the integral.
1.
Z
cosh.3x/ dx
SOLUTION
Z
cosh.3x/ dx D
1
3
sinh 3x CC.
2.
Z
sinh.x C1/ dx
SOLUTION
Z
sinh.x C1/ dx D cosh.x C1/ CC.
3.
Z
x sinh.x
2
C1/ dx
SOLUTION
Z
x sinh.x
2
C1/ dx D
1
2
cosh.x
2
C1/ CC.
4.
Z
sinh
2
x cosh x dx
SOLUTION Let u D sinh x. Then du D cosh x dx and
Z
sinh
2
x cosh x dx D
Z
u
2
du D
1
3
u
3
CC D
1
3
.sinh x/
3
CC:
5.
Z
sech
2
.1 2x/ dx
SOLUTION
Z
sech
2
.1 2x/ dx D
1
2
tanh.1 2x/ CC.
6.
Z
tanh.3x/ sech.3x/ dx
SOLUTION
Z
tanh.3x/ sech.3x/ dx D
1
3
sech 3x CC.
SECT I ON 7.4 Integrals Involving Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 849
7.
Z
tanh x sech
2
x dx
SOLUTION Let u D tanh x. Then du D sech
2
x dx nd
Z
tanh x sech
2
x dx D
Z
udu D
1
2
u
2
CC D
tanh
2
x
2
CC:
8.
Z
cosh x
3 sinh x C4
dx
SOLUTION Let u D 3 sinh x C4. Then du D 3 cosh x dx and
Z
cosh x
3 sinh x C4
dx D
Z
du
3u
D
1
3
ln juj CC D
1
3
ln j3 sinh x C4j CC:
9.
Z
tanh x dx
SOLUTION
Z
tanh x dx D ln cosh x CC.
10.
Z
x csch.x
2
/ coth.x
2
/ dx
SOLUTION Let u D x
2
. Then du D 2x dx and
Z
x csch.x
2
/ coth.x
2
/ dx D
1
2
Z
csch ucoth udu D
1
2
csch u CC D
1
2
csch.x
2
/ CC:
11.
Z
cosh x
sinh x
dx
SOLUTION
Z
cosh x
sinh x
dx D ln j sinh xj CC.
12.
Z
cosh x
sinh
2
x
dx
SOLUTION
Z
cosh x
sinh
2
x
dx D
Z
csch x coth x dx D csch x CC.
13.
Z
sinh
2
.4x 9/ dx
SOLUTION
Z
sinh
2
.4x 9/ dx D
1
2
Z
.cosh.8x 18/ 1/ dx D
1
16
sinh.8x 18/
1
2
x CC.
14.
Z
sinh
3
x cosh
6
x dx
SOLUTION Let u D cosh x. Then du D sinh x dx and
Z
sinh
3
x cosh
6
x dx D
Z
.cosh
2
x 1/ cosh
6
x sinh x dx D
Z
.u
2
1/u
6
du D
Z
.u
8
u
6
/ du
D
1
9
u
9
1
7
u
7
CC D
1
9
cosh
9
x
1
7
cosh
7
x CC:
15.
Z
sinh
2
x cosh
2
x dx
SOLUTION
Z
sinh
2
x cosh
2
x dx D
1
4
Z
sinh
2
2x dx D
1
8
Z
.cosh 4x 1/ dx D
1
32
sinh 4x
1
8
x CC:
16.
Z
tanh
3
x dx
SOLUTION
Z
tanh
3
x dx D
Z
.1 sech
2
x/ tanh x dx D ln cosh x
Z
tanh x sech
2
x dx:
To evaluate the remaining integral, let u D tanh x. Then du D sech
2
x dx and
Z
tanh x sech
2
x dx D
Z
udu D
1
2
u
2
CC D
1
2
tanh
2
x CC:
Therefore,
Z
tanh
3
x dx D ln cosh x
1
2
tanh
2
x CC:
In Exercises 1730, calculate the integral in terms of the inverse hyperbolic functions.
17.
Z
dx
p
x
2
1
SOLUTION
Z
dx
p
x
2
1
D cosh
1
x CC.
18.
Z
dx
p
9x
2
4
SOLUTION
Z
dx
p
9x
2
4
D
1
3
cosh
1
_
3x
2
_
CC.
19.
Z
dx
p
16 C25x
2
SOLUTION
Z
dx
p
16 C25x
2
D
1
5
sinh
1
_
5x
4
_
CC.
20.
Z
dx
p
1 C3x
2
SOLUTION
Z
dx
p
1 C3x
2
D
1
p
3
sinh
1
.
p
3x/ CC.
21.
Z
p
x
2
1 dx
SOLUTION Let x D cosh t . Then dx D sinh t dt and
Z
p
x
2
1 dx D
Z
sinh
2
t dt D
1
2
Z
.cosh 2t 1/ dt D
1
4
sinh 2t
1
2
t CC
D
1
2
sinh t cosh t
1
2
t CC D
1
2
x
p
x
2
1
1
2
cosh
1
x CC:
22.
Z
x
2
dx
p
x
2
C1
SOLUTION Let x D sinh t . Then dx D cosh t dt and
Z
x
2
p
x
2
C1
dx D
Z
sinh
2
t dt D
1
2
Z
.cosh 2t 1/ dt D
1
4
sinh 2t
1
2
t CC D
1
2
sinh t cosh t
1
2
t CC
D
1
2
x
p
x
2
C1
1
2
sinh
1
x CC:
23.
Z
1=2
1=2
dx
1 x
2
SOLUTION
Z
1=2
1=2
dx
1 x
2
D tanh
1
x
1=2
1=2
D tanh
1
_
1
2
_
tanh
1
_
1
2
_
D 2 tanh
1
_
1
2
_
:
24.
Z
5
4
dx
1 x
2
SOLUTION
Z
5
4
dx
1 x
2
D
1
2
ln
1 Cx
1 x
5
4
D
1
2
_
ln
3
2
ln
5
3
_
D
1
2
ln
9
10
:
25.
Z
1
0
dx
p
1 Cx
2
SOLUTION
Z
1
0
dx
p
1 Cx
2
D sinh
1
1
0
D sinh
1
.1/ sinh
1
.0/ D sinh
1
1.
26.
Z
10
2
dx
4x
2
1
SOLUTION
Z
10
2
dx
4x
2
1
D
1
2
coth
1
.2x/
10
2
D
1
2
.coth
1
4 coth
1
20/.
27.
Z
1
3
dx
x
p
x
2
C16
SOLUTION
Z
1
3
dx
x
p
x
2
C16
D
1
4
csch
1
_
x
4
_
1
3
D
1
4
_
csch
1
_
1
4
_
csch
1
_
3
4
__
.
28.
Z
0:8
0:2
dx
x
p
1 x
2
SOLUTION
Z
0:8
0:2
dx
x
p
1 x
2
D sech
1
x
0:8
0:2
D sech
1
.0:2/ sech
1
.0:8/
29.
Z
p
x
2
1 dx
x
2
SOLUTION Let x D cosh t . Then dx D sinh t dt and
Z
p
x
2
1 dx
x
2
D
Z
sinh
2
t
cosh
2
t
dt D
Z
tanh
2
t dt D
Z
.1 sech
2
t / dt
D t tanh t CC D cosh
1
x
p
x
2
1
x
CC:
30.
Z
9
1
dx
x
p
x
4
C1
SOLUTION Let u D x
2
. Then du D 2x dx or
dx
x
D
1
2
du
x
2
D
1
2
du
u
. Hence,
Z
9
1
dx
x
p
x
4
C1
D
1
2
Z
81
1
du
u
p
u
2
C1
D csch
1
u
81
1
D csch
1
1 csch
1
81:
31. Verify the formulas
sinh
1
x D ln jx C
p
x
2
C1j
cosh
1
x D ln jx C
p
x
2
1j (for x 1)
SOLUTION Let x D sinh t . Then
cosh t D
p
1 Csinh
2
t D
p
1 Cx
2
:
Moreover, because
sinh t Ccosh t D
e
t
e
t
2
C
e
t
Ce
t
2
D e
t
;
it follows that
sinh
1
x D t D ln.sinh t Ccosh t / D ln.x C
p
x
2
C1/:
Now, Let x D cosh t . Then
sinh t D
p
cosh
2
t 1 D
p
x
2
1:
and
cosh
1
x D t D ln.sinh t Ccosh t / D ln.x C
p
x
2
1/:
Because cosh t 1 for all t , this last expression is only valid for x D cosh t 1.
32. Verify that tanh
1
x D
1
2
ln
1 Cx
1 x
for jxj < 1.

SOLUTION Let A D tanh
1
x. Then
x D tanh A D
sinh A
cosh A
D
e
A
e
A
e
A
Ce
A
:
Solving for A yields
A D
1
2
ln
x C1
1 x
I
hence,
tanh
1
x D
1
2
ln
x C1
1 x
D
1
2
ln
1 Cx
1 x
:
for jxj < 1 (so that both 1 Cx and 1 x are positive).
33. Evaluate
Z
p
x
2
C16 dx using trigonometric substitution. Then use Exercise 31 to verify that your answer agrees with the
answer in Example 3.
SOLUTION Let x D 4 tan 0. Then dx D 4 sec
2
0 d0 and
Z
p
x
2
C16 dx D 16
Z
sec
3
0 d0 D 8 tan 0 sec 0 C8
Z
sec 0 d0 D 8 tan 0 sec 0 C8 ln jsec 0 Ctan 0j CC
D 8
x
4
p
x
2
C16
4
C8 ln
p
x
2
C16
4
C
x
4
CC
D
1
2
x
p
x
2
C16 C8 ln
x
4
C
r
_
x
4
_
2
C1
CC:
Using Exercise 31,
ln
x
4
C
r
_
x
4
_
2
C1
D sinh
1
_
x
4
_
;
so we can write the antiderivative as
1
2
x
p
x
2
C16 C8 sinh
1
_
x
4
_
CC;
which agrees with the answer in Example 3.
34. Evaluate
Z
p
x
2
9 dx in two ways: using trigonometric substitution and using hyperbolic substitution. Then use Exercise
31 to verify that the two answers agree.
SOLUTION First, let x D 3 sec 0. Then dx D 3 sec 0 tan 0 d0 and
Z
p
x
2
9 dx D 9
Z
tan
2
0 sec 0 d0 D 9
Z
sec
3
0 d0 9
Z
sec 0 d0
D
9
2
sec 0 tan 0 C
9
2
Z
sec 0 d0 9
Z
sec 0 d0
D
9
2
sec 0 tan 0
9
2
ln jsec 0 Ctan 0j CC
D
9
2
x
3
p
x
2
9
3
9
2
ln
x
3
C
p
x
2
9
3
CC
D
1
2
x
p
x
2
9
9
2
ln
x
3
C
r
_
x
3
_
2
1
CC:
Alternately, let x D 3 cosh t . Then dx D 3 sinh t dt and
Z
p
x
2
9 dx D 9
Z
sinh
2
t dt D
9
2
Z
.cosh 2t 1/ dt D
9
2
sinh t cosh t
9
2
t CC
D
1
2
x
p
x
2
9
9
2
cosh
1
_
x
3
_
CC:
Using Exercise 31,
cosh
1
_
x
3
_
D ln
x
3
C
r
_
x
3
_
2
1
;
so our two answers agree.
35. Prove the reduction formula for n 2:
Z
cosh
n
x dx D
1
n
cosh
n1
x sinh x C
n 1
n
Z
cosh
n2
x dx 5
SOLUTION Using Integration by Parts with u D cosh
n1
x and v
0
D cosh x, we have
Z
cosh
n
x dx D cosh
n1
x sinh x .n 1/
Z
cosh
n2
x sinh
2
x dx
D cosh
n1
x sinh x .n 1/
Z
cosh
n
x dx C.n 1/
Z
cosh
n2
x dx:
Adding .n 1/
R
cosh
n
x dx to both sides then yields
n
Z
cosh
n
x dx D cosh
n1
x sinh x C.n 1/
Z
cosh
n2
x dx:
Finally,
Z
cosh
n
x dx D
1
n
cosh
n1
x sinh x C
n 1
n
Z
cosh
n2
x dx:
36. Use Eq. (5) to evaluate
Z
cosh
4
x dx.
SOLUTION Using Eq. (5) twice,
Z
cosh
4
x dx D
1
4
cosh
3
x sinh x C
3
4
Z
cosh
2
x dx
D
1
4
cosh
3
x sinh x C
3
4
_
1
2
cosh x sinh x C
1
2
Z
dx
_
D
1
4
cosh
3
x sinh x C
3
8
cosh x sinh x C
3
8
x CC:
37.
Z
tanh
1
x dx
x
2
1
SOLUTION Let u D tanh
1
x. Then du D
1
1 x
2
dx D
1
x
2
1
dx and
Z
tanh
1
x
x
2
1
dx D
Z
udu D
1
2
u
2
CC D
1
2
_
tanh
1
x
_
2
CC:
38.
Z
sinh
1
x dx
SOLUTION Using Integration by Parts with u D sinh
1
x and v
0
D 1,
Z
sinh
1
x dx D x sinh
1
x
Z
x
p
x
2
C1
dx D x sinh
1
x
p
x
2
C1 CC:
39.
Z
tanh
1
x dx
SOLUTION Using Integration by Parts with u D tanh
1
x and v
0
D 1,
Z
tanh
1
x dx D x tanh
1
x
Z
x
1 x
2
dx D x tanh
1
x C
1
2
ln j1 x
2
j CC:
40.
Z
x tanh
1
x dx
SOLUTION Using Integration by Parts with u D tanh
1
x and v
0
D x,
Z
x tanh
1
x dx D
1
2
x
2
tanh
1
x
1
2
Z
x
2
1 x
2
dx D
1
2
x
2
tanh
1
x
1
2
Z _
1
1 x
2
1
_
dx
D
1
2
x
2
tanh
1
x
1
2
tanh
1
x C
1
2
x CC:
41. Show that if u D tanh.x=2/, then
cosh x D
1 Cu
2
1 u
2
; sinh x D
2u
1 u
2
; dx D
2du
1 u
2
Hint: For the rst relation, use the identities
sinh
2
_
x
2
_
D
1
2
.cosh x 1/; cosh
2
_
x
2
_
D
1
2
.cosh x C1/
SOLUTION Let u D tanh.x=2/. Then
u D
sinh.x=2/
cosh.x=2/
D
r
cosh x 1
cosh x C1
:
Solving for cosh x yields
cosh x D
1 Cu
2
1 u
2
:
Next,
sinh x D
p
cosh
2
x 1 D
s
.1 Cu
2
/
2
.1 u
2
/
2
.1 u
2
/
2
D
2u
1 u
2
:
Finally, if u D tanh.x=2/, then x D 2 tanh
1
u and
dx D
2 du
1 u
2
:
Exercises 42 and 43: evaluate using the substitution of Exercise 41.
42.
Z
sech x dx
SOLUTION Let u D tanh.x=2/. Then, by Exercise 41,
sech x D
1
cosh x
D
1 u
2
1 Cu
2
and dx D
2 du
1 u
2
;
so
Z
sech x dx D 2
Z
du
1 Cu
2
D 2 tan
1
u CC D 2 tan
1
_
tanh
x
2
_
CC:
43.
Z
dx
1 Ccosh x
SOLUTION Let u D tanh.x=2/. Then, by Exercise 41,
1 Ccosh x D 1 C
1 Cu
2
1 u
2
D
2
1 u
2
and dx D
2 du
1 u
2
;
so
Z
dx
1 Ccosh x
D
Z
du D u CC D tanh
x
2
CC:
44. Suppose that y D f .x/ satises y
00
D y. Prove:
(a) f .x/
2
.f
0
.x//
2
is constant.
(b) If f .0/ D f
0
.0/ D 0, then f .x/ is the zero function.
(c) f .x/ D f .0/ cosh x Cf
0
.0/ sinh x.
SOLUTION
(a)
d
dx
h
f.x/
2
.f
0
.x//
2
i
D 2f .x/f
0
.x/ 2f
0
.x/f
00
.x/ D 2f .x/f
0
.x/ 2f
0
.x/f .x/ D 0
so that f .x/
2
.f
0
.x//
2
must be constant, since it has zero derivative everywhere.
(b) If f .0/ D f
0
.0/ D 0, then part (a) implies that f .x/
2
.f
0
.x//
2
is the zero function, since it is constant and vanishes at 0.
Thus f .x/ D f
0
.x/. But Theorem 1 in Section 5.8 states that the only function y D f .x/ with y
0
D ky is y D Ce
kx
; thus
either f .x/ D Ce
x
or f .x/ D Ce
x
. But in either case, f .0/ D C D 0, so we must have C D 0 and f .x/ is the zero function.
(c) Let g.x/ D f .x/ f .0/ cosh x f
0
.0/ sinh x. Then
g
0
.x/ D f
0
.x/ f .0/.cosh x/
0
f
0
.0/.sinh x/
0
D f
0
.x/ f .0/ sinh x f
0
.0/ cosh x
g
00
.x/ D f
00
.x/ f .0/.sinh x/
0
f
0
.0/.cosh x/
0
D f
00
.x/ f .0/ cosh x f
0
.0/ sinh x
D f .x/ f .0/ cosh x f
0
.0/ sinh x D g.x/
since f
00
.x/ D f .x/. But also
g.0/ D f .0/ f .0/ cosh 0 f
0
.0/ sinh 0 D f .0/ f .0/ D 0
g
0
.0/ D f
0
.0/ f .0/ sinh 0 f
0
.0/ cosh 0 D f
0
.0/ f
0
.0/ D 0
Thus g.x/ satises the conditions the problem, and in particular of part (b) [replace f by g], so that g.x/ must be the zero function.
But this means that f .x/ f .0/ cosh x f
0
.0/ sinh x D 0 so that
f .x/ D f .0/ cosh x Cf
0
.0/ sinh x
Exercises 4548 refer to the function gd.y/ D tan
1
.sinh y/, called the gudermannian. In a map of the earth constructed by
Mercator projection, points located y radial units from the equator correspond to points on the globe of latitude gd.y/.
45. Prove that
d
dy
gd.y/ D sech y.
SOLUTION Let gd.y/ D tan
1
.sinh y/. Then
d
dy
gd.y/ D
1
1 Csinh
2
y
cosh y D
1
cosh y
D sech y;
where we have used the identity 1 Csinh
2
y D cosh
2
y.
46. Let f .y/ D 2 tan
1
.e
y
/ =2. Prove that gd.y/ D f .y/. Hint: Show that gd
0
.y/ D f
0
.y/ and f .0/ D g.0/.
SOLUTION Let f .y/ D 2tan
1
.e
y
/

2
. Then
f
0
.y/ D
2e
y
1 Ce
2y
D
2
e
y
Ce
y
D
1
e
y
Ce
y
2
D
1
cosh y
D sech y:
In the previous exercise we found that
d
dy
gd.y/ D sech y; therefore, gd
0
.y/ D f
0
.y/. Now, since the two functions have equal
derivatives, they differ by a constant; that is,
gd.y/ D f .y/ CC:
To nd C we substitute y D 0:
tan
1
.sinh 0/ D 2tan
1
.e
0
/

2
CC
tan
1
0 D 2tan
1
.1/
2
CC
0 D 2

4

2
CC
C D 0:
Therefore,
gd.y/ D f .y/:
47. Let t .y/ D sinh
1
.tan y/. Show that t .y/ is the inverse of gd.y/ for 0 y < =2.
SOLUTION Let x D gd.y/ D tan
1
.sinh y/. Solving for y yields y D sinh
1
.tan x/. Therefore,
gd
1
.y/ D sinh
1
.tan y/:
48. Verify that t .y/ in Exercise 47 satises t
0
.y/ D sec y, and nd a value of a such that
t .y/ D
Z
y
a
dt
cos t
SOLUTION Let t .y/ D sinh
1
.tan y/. Then
t
0
.y/ D
1
cos
2
y
p
tan
2
y C1
D
1
cos
2
y
q
1
cos
2
y
D
1
cos
2
y
1
j cos yj
D
1
j cos yj
D j sec yj:
For 0 y <

2
, sec y > 0; therefore t
0
.y/ D sec y. Integrating this last relation yields
t .y/ t .a/ D
Z
y
a
1
cos t
dt:
For this to be of the desired form, we must have t .a/ D sinh
1
.tan a/ D 0. The only value for a that satises this equation is
a D 0.
49. The relations cosh.i t / D cos t and sinh.i t / D i sin t were discussed in the Excursion. Use these relations to show that the
identity cos
2
t Csin
2
t D 1 results from setting x D i t in the identity cosh
2
x sinh
2
x D 1.
SOLUTION Let x D i t . Then
cosh
2
x D .cosh.i t //
2
D cos
2
t
and
sinh
2
x D .sinh.i t //
2
D i
2
sin
2
t D sin
2
t:
Thus,
1 D cosh
2
.i t / sinh
2
.i t / D cos
2
t .sin
2
t / D cos
2
t Csin
2
t;
as desired.
7.5 The Method of Partial Fractions
1. Suppose that
R
f .x/ dx D ln x C
p
x C1 CC. Can f .x/ be a rational function? Explain.
SOLUTION No, f .x/ cannot be a rational function because the integral of a rational function cannot contain a term with a non-
integer exponent such as
p
x C1.
2. Which of the following are proper rational functions?
(a)
x
x 3
(b)
4
9 x
(c)
x
2
C12
.x C2/.x C1/.x 3/
(d)
4x
3
7x
.x 3/.2x C5/.9 x/
SOLUTION
(a) No, this is not a proper rational function because the degree of the numerator is not less than the degree of the denominator.
(b) Yes, this is a proper rational function.
(c) Yes, this is a proper rational function.
(d) No, this is not a proper rational function because the degree of the numerator is not less than the degree of the denominator.
3. Which of the following quadratic polynomials are irreducible? To check, complete the square if necessary.
(a) x
2
C5 (b) x
2
5
(c) x
2
C4x C6 (d) x
2
C4x C2
SOLUTION
(a) Square is already completed; irreducible.
(b) Square is already completed; factors as .x
p
5/.x C
p
5/.
(c) x
2
C4x C6 D .x C2/
2
C2; irreducible.
(d) x
2
C4x C2 D .x C2/
2
2; factors as .x C2
p
2/.x C2 C
p
2/.
4. Let P.x/=Q.x/ be a proper rational function where Q.x/ factors as a product of distinct linear factors .x a
i
/. Then
Z
P.x/ dx
Q.x/
(choose the correct answer):
(a) is a sum of logarithmic terms A
i
ln.x a
i
/ for some constants A
i
.
(b) may contain a term involving the arctangent.
SECT I ON 7.5 The Method of Partial Fractions 857
SOLUTION The correct answer is (a): the integral is a sum of logarithmic terms A
i
ln.x a
i
/ for some constants A
i
.
Exercises
1. Match the rational functions (a)(d) with the corresponding partial fraction decompositions (i)(iv).
(a)
x
2
C4x C12
.x C2/.x
2
C4/
(b)
2x
2
C8x C24
.x C2/
2
.x
2
C4/
(c)
x
2
4x C8
.x 1/
2
.x 2/
2
(d)
x
4
4x C8
.x C2/.x
2
C4/
(i) x 2 C
4
x C2
4x 4
x
2
C4
(ii)
8
x 2
C
4
.x 2/
2
C
8
x 1
C
5
.x 1/
2
(iii)
1
x C2
C
2
.x C2/
2
C
x C2
x
2
C4
(iv)
1
x C2
C
4
x
2
C4
SOLUTION
(a)
x
2
C4x C12
.x C2/.x
2
C4/
D
1
x C2
C
4
x
2
C4
.
(b)
2x
2
C8x C24
.x C2/
2
.x
2
C4/
D
1
x C2
C
2
.x C2/
2
C
x C2
x
2
C4
.
(c)
x
2
4x C8
.x 1/
2
.x 2/
2
D
8
x 2
C
4
.x 2/
2
C
8
x 1
C
5
.x 1/
2
.
(d)
x
4
4x C8
.x C2/.x
2
C4/
D x 2 C
4
x C2
4x 4
x
2
C4
.
2. Determine the constants A; B:
2x 3
.x 3/.x 4/
D
A
x 3
C
B
x 4
SOLUTION Clearing denominators gives
2x 3 D A.x 4/ CB.x 3/:
Setting x D 4 then yields
8 3 D A.0/ CB.1/ or B D 5;
while setting x D 3 yields
6 3 D A.1/ C0 or A D 3:
3. Clear denominators in the following partial fraction decomposition and determine the constant B (substitute a value of x or use
the method of undetermined coefcients).
3x
2
C11x C12
.x C1/.x C3/
2
D
1
x C1
B
x C3
3
.x C3/
2
3x
2
C11x C12 D .x C3/
2
B.x C1/.x C3/ 3.x C1/:
12 D 9 B.1/.3/ 3.1/ or B D 2:
To use the method of undetermined coefcients, expand the right-hand side and gather like terms:
3x
2
C11x C12 D .1 B/x
2
C.3 4B/x C.6 3B/:
Equating x
2
-coefcients on both sides, we nd
3 D 1 B or B D 2:
4. Find the constants in the partial fraction decomposition
2x C4
.x 2/.x
2
C4/
D
A
x 2
C
Bx CC
x
2
C4
2x C4 D A.x
2
C4/ C.Bx CC/.x 2/:
4 C4 D A.4 C4/ C0 or A D 1:
To nd B and C, expand the right side, gather like terms, and use the method of undetermined coefcients:
2x C4 D .B C1/x
2
C.2B CC/x C.4 2C/:
Equating x
2
-coefcients, we nd
0 D B C1 or B D 1;
while equating constants yields
4 D 4 2C or C D 0:
Thus, A D 1, B D 1, C D 0.
In Exercises 58, evaluate using long division rst to write f .x/ as the sum of a polynomial and a proper rational function.
5.
Z
x dx
3x 4
SOLUTION Long division gives us
x
3x 4
D
1
3
C
4=3
3x 4
Therefore the integral is
Z
x
3x 4
dx D
Z
1
3
4
9x 12
dx D
1
3
x
4
9
ln j9x 12j CC
6.
Z
.x
2
C2/ dx
x C3
x
2
C2
x C3
D x 3 C
11
x C3
:
Z
x
2
C2
x C3
dx D
Z
.x 3/ dx C11
Z
dx
x C3
D
x
2
2
3x C11 ln jx C3j CC:
7.
Z
.x
3
C2x
2
C1/ dx
x C2
x
3
C2x
2
C1
x C2
D x
2
C
1
x C2
Z
x
3
C2x
2
C1
x C2
dx D
Z
x
2
C
1
x C2
dx D
1
3
x
3
Cln jx C2j CC
8.
Z
.x
3
C1/ dx
x
2
C1
SOLUTION Long division gives
x
3
C1
x
2
C1
D x
x 1
x
2
C1
Z
x
3
C1
x
2
C1
dx D
Z
x
x 1
x
2
C1
dx D
1
2
x
2
Z
x
x
2
C1
dx C
1
x
2
C1
dx
D
1
2
x
2
1
2
Z
2x dx
x
2
C1
C
1
x
2
C1
dx D
1
2
x
2
1
2
ln.x
2
C1/ Ctan
1
x CC
9.
Z
dx
.x 2/.x 4/
SOLUTION The partial fraction decomposition has the form:
1
.x 2/.x 4/
D
A
x 2
C
B
x 4
:
Clearing denominators gives us
1 D A.x 4/ CB.x 2/:
1 D A.2 4/ C0 or A D
1
2
;
1 D 0 CB.4 2/ or B D
1
2
:
The result is:
1
.x 2/.x 4/
D
1
2
x 2
C
1
2
x 4
:
Thus,
Z
dx
.x 2/.x 4/
D
1
2
Z
dx
x 2
C
1
2
Z
dx
x 4
D
1
2
ln jx 2j C
1
2
ln jx 4j CC:
10.
Z
.x C3/ dx
x C4
SOLUTION Start with long division:
x C3
x C4
D 1
1
x C4
so that
Z
x C3
x C4
dx D
Z
1
1
x C4
dx D x ln jx C4j CC
11.
Z
dx
x.2x C1/
1
x.2x C1/
D
A
x
C
B
2x C1
:
1 D A.2x C1/ CBx:
1 D A.1/ C0 or A D 1;
while setting x D
1
2
yields
1 D 0 CB
_
1
2
_
or B D 2:
The result is:
1
x.2x C1/
D
1
x
C
2
2x C1
:
Thus,
Z
dx
x.2x C1/
D
Z
dx
x
Z
2 dx
2x C1
D ln jxj ln j2x C1j CC:
For the integral on the right, we have used the substitution u D 2x C1, du D 2 dx.
12.
Z
.2x 1/ dx
x
2
5x C6
2x 1
x
2
5x C6
D
2x 1
.x 2/.x 3/
D
A
x 2
C
B
x 3
:
2x 1 D A.x 3/ CB.x 2/:
3 D A.1/ C0 or A D 3;
5 D 0 CB.1/ or B D 5:
The result is:
2x 1
x
2
5x C6
D
3
x 2
C
5
x 3
:
Thus,
Z
.2x 1/ dx
x
2
5x C6
D 3
Z
dx
x 2
C5
Z
dx
x 3
D 3 ln jx 2j C5 ln jx 3j CC:
13.
Z
x
2
dx
x
2
C9
SOLUTION
Z
x
2
x
2
C9
dx D
Z
1
9
x
2
C9
dx D x 3 tan
1
_
x
3
_
CC
14.
Z
dx
.x 2/.x 3/.x C2/
1
.x 2/.x 3/.x C2/
D
A
x 2
C
B
x 3
C
C
x C2
:
1 D A.x 3/.x C2/ CB.x 2/.x C2/ CC.x 2/.x 3/:
1 D A.1/.4/ C0 C0 or A D
1
4
;
1 D 0 CB.1/.5/ C0 or B D
1
5
;
and setting x D 2 yields
1 D 0 C0 CC.4/.5/ or C D
1
20
:
The result is:
1
.x 2/.x 3/.x C2/
D
1
4
x 2
C
1
5
x 3
C
1
20
x C2
:
Thus,
Z
dx
.x 2/.x 3/.x C2/
D
1
4
Z
dx
x 2
C
1
5
Z
dx
x 3
C
1
20
Z
dx
x C2
D
1
4
ln jx 2j C
1
5
ln jx 3j C
1
20
ln jx C2j CC:
15.
Z
.x
2
C3x 44/ dx
.x C3/.x C5/.3x 2/
x
2
C3x 44
.x C3/.x C5/.3x 2/
D
A
x C3
C
B
x C5
C
C
3x 2
:
x
2
C3x 44 D A.x C5/.3x 2/ CB.x C3/.3x 2/ CC.x C3/.x C5/:
9 9 44 D A.2/.11/ C0 C0 or A D 2;
25 15 44 D 0 CB.2/.17/ C0 or B D 1;
and setting x D
2
3
yields
4
9
C2 44 D 0 C0 CC
_
11
3
__
17
3
_
or C D 2:
The result is:
x
2
C3x 44
.x C3/.x C5/.3x 2/
D
2
x C3
C
1
x C5
C
2
3x 2
:
Thus,
Z
.x
2
C3x 44/ dx
.x C3/.x C5/.3x 2/
D 2
Z
dx
x C3
Z
dx
x C5
2
Z
dx
3x 2
D 2 ln jx C3j ln jx C5j
2
3
ln j3x 2j CC:
To evaluate the last integral, we have made the substitution u D 3x 2, du D 3 dx.
16.
Z
3 dx
.x C1/.x
2
Cx/
3
.x C1/.x
2
Cx/
D
3
.x C1/.x/.x C1/
D
3
x.x C1/
2
D
A
x
C
B
x C1
C
C
.x C1/
2
:
3 D A.x C1/
2
CBx.x C1/ CCx:
3 D A.1/ C0 C0 or A D 3;
3 D 0 C0 CC.1/ or C D 3:
Now plug in A D 3 and C D 3:
3 D 3.x C1/
2
CBx.x C1/ 3x:
The constant B can be determined by plugging in for x any value other than 0 or 1. Plugging in x D 1 gives us
3 D 3.4/ CB.1/.2/ 3 or B D 3:
The result is
3
.x C1/.x
2
Cx/
D
3
x
C
3
x C1
C
3
.x C1/
2
:
Thus,
Z
3 dx
.x C1/.x
2
Cx/
D 3
Z
dx
x
3
Z
dx
x C1
3
Z
dx
.x C1/
2
D 3 ln jxj 3 ln jx C1j C
3
x C1
CC:
17.
Z
.x
2
C11x/ dx
.x 1/.x C1/
2
x
2
C11x
.x 1/.x C1/
2
D
A
x 1
C
B
x C1
C
C
.x C1/
2
:
x
2
C11x D A.x C1/
2
CB.x 1/.x C1/ CC.x 1/:
12 D A.4/ C0 C0 or A D 3;
10 D 0 C0 CC.2/ or C D 5:
Plugging in these values results in
x
2
C11x D 3.x C1/
2
CB.x 1/.x C1/ C5.x 1/:
The constant B can be determined by plugging in for x any value other than 1 or 1. If we plug in x D 0, we get
0 D 3 CB.1/.1/ C5.1/ or B D 2:
The result is
x
2
C11x
.x 1/.x C1/
2
D
3
x 1
C
2
x C1
C
5
.x C1/
2
:
Thus,
Z
.x
2
C11x/ dx
.x 1/.x C1/
2
D 3
Z
dx
x 1
2
Z
dx
x C1
C5
Z
dx
.x C1/
2
D 3 ln jx 1j 2 ln jx C1j
5
x C1
CC:
18.
Z
.4x
2
21x/ dx
.x 3/
2
.2x C3/
4x
2
21x
.x 3/
2
.2x C3/
D
A
x 3
C
B
.x 3/
2
C
C
2x C3
:
4x
2
21x D A.x 3/.2x C3/ CB.2x C3/ CC.x 3/
2
:
27 D 0 CB.9/ C0 or B D 3;
while setting x D
3
2
yields
9 C
63
2
D 0 C0 CC
_
81
4
_
or C D 2:
Plugging in these values results in
4x
2
21x D A.x 3/.2x C3/ 3.2x C3/ C2.x 3/
2
:
Setting x D 0 gives us
0 D A.3/.3/ 9 C18 or A D 1:
The result is
4x
2
21x
.x 3/
2
.2x C3/
D
1
x 3
C
3
.x 3/
2
C
2
2x C3
:
Thus,
Z
.4x
2
21x/ dx
.x 3/
2
.2x C3/
D
Z
dx
x 3
3
Z
dx
.x 3/
2
C
Z
2 dx
2x C3
D ln jx 3j C
3
x 3
Cln j2x C3j CC:
19.
Z
dx
.x 1/
2
.x 2/
2
1
.x 1/
2
.x 2/
2
D
A
x 1
C
B
.x 1/
2
C
C
x 2
C
D
.x 2/
2
:
1 D A.x 1/.x 2/
2
CB.x 2/
2
CC.x 2/.x 1/
2
CD.x 1/
2
:
1 D B.1/ or B D 1;
1 D D.1/ or D D 1:
Plugging in these values gives us
1 D A.x 1/.x 2/
2
C.x 2/
2
CC.x 2/.x 1/
2
C.x 1/
2
:
Setting x D 0 now yields
1 D A.1/.4/ C4 CC.2/.1/ C1 or 4 D 4A 2C;
1 D A.2/.1/ C1 CC.1/.4/ C4 or 4 D 2A C4C:
Solving this system of two equations in two unknowns gives A D 2 and C D 2. The result is
1
.x 1/
2
.x 2/
2
D
2
x 1
C
1
.x 1/
2
C
2
x 2
C
1
.x 2/
2
:
Thus,
Z
dx
.x 1/
2
.x 2/
2
D 2
Z
dx
x 1
C
Z
dx
.x 1/
2
2
Z
dx
x 2
C
Z
dx
.x 2/
2
D 2 ln jx 1j
1
x 1
2 ln jx 2j
1
x 2
CC:
20.
Z
.x
2
8x/ dx
.x C1/.x C4/
3
SOLUTION The partial fraction decomposition is
x
2
8x
.x C1/.x C4/
3
D
A
x C1
C
B
x C4
C
C
.x C4/
2
C
D
.x C4/
3
Clearing fractions gives
x
2
8x D A.x C4/
3
CB.x C4/
2
.x C1/ CC.x C4/.x C1/ CD.x C1/
Setting x D 4 gives 48 D 3D so that D D 16. Setting x D 1 gives 9 D 27A so that A D
1
3
. Thus
x
2
8x D
1
3
.x C4/
3
CB.x C4/
2
.x C1/ CC.x C4/.x C1/ 16.x C1/
The coefcient of x
3
on the right hand side must be zero; it is
1
3
CB, so that B D
1
3
. Finally, the constant term on the right must
be zero as well; substituting the known values of A, B, and D gives for the constant term
1
3
64
1
3
16 C4C 16 D 4C
so that C D 0, and the partial fraction decomposition is
x
2
8x
.x C1/.x C4/
3
D
1
3.x C1/
1
3.x C4/
16
.x C4/
3
Thus
Z
x
2
8x
.x C1/.x C4/
3
dx D
1
3
Z
1
x C1
dx
1
3
Z
1
x C4
dx 16
Z
1
.x C4/
3
dx
D
1
3
ln jx C1j
1
3
ln jx C4j C8.x C4/
2
CC D
1
3
ln
x C1
x C4
C8.x C4/
2
CC
21.
Z
8 dx
x.x C2/
3
8
x.x C2/
3
D
A
x
C
B
x C2
C
C
.x C2/
2
C
D
.x C2/
3
8 D A.x C2/
3
CBx.x C2/
2
CCx.x C2/ CDx
Setting x D 0 gives 8 D 8A so A D 1; setting x D 2 gives 8 D 2D so that D D 4; the result is
8 D .x C2/
3
CBx.x C2/
2
CCx.x C2/ 4x
The coefcient of x
3
on the right-hand side must be zero, since it is zero on the left. We compute it to be 1 CB, so that B D 1.
Finally, we look at the coefcient of x
2
on the right-hand side; it must be zero as well. We compute it to be
3 2 4 CC D C C2
so that C D 2 and the partial fraction decomposition is
8
x.x C2/
3
D
1
x
1
x C2
2
.x C2/
2

4
.x C2/
3
and
Z
8
x.x C2/
3
dx D
Z
1
x
dx
1
x C2
dx 2
Z
.x C2/
2
dx 4
Z
.x C2/
3
dx
D ln jxj ln jx C2j C2.x C2/
1
C2.x C2/
2
CC D ln
x
x C2
C
2
x C2
C
2
.x C2/
2
CC
22.
Z
x
2
dx
x
2
C3
SOLUTION
Z
x
2
x
2
C3
dx D
Z
1
3
x
2
C3
dx D
Z
1 dx 3
Z
1
x
2
C3
dx D x
p
3 tan
1
_
x
p
3
_
CC
23.
Z
dx
2x
2
3
SOLUTION The partial fraction decomposition has the form
1
2x
2
3
D
1
.
p
2x
p
3/.
p
2x C
p
3/
D
A
p
2x
p
3
C
B
p
2x C
p
3
:
Clearing denominators, we get
1 D A
_
p
2x C
p
3
_
CB
_
p
2x
p
3
_
:
Setting x D
p
3=
p
2 then yields
1 D A
_
p
3 C
p
3
_
C0 or A D
1
2
p
3
;
while setting x D
p
3=
p
2 yields
1 D 0 CB
_
p
3
p
3
_
or B D
1
2
p
3
:
The result is
1
2x
2
3
D
1=2
p
3
p
2x
p
3
1=2
p
3
p
2x C
p
3
:
Thus,
Z
dx
2x
2
3
D
1
2
p
3
Z
dx
p
2x
p
3
1
2
p
3
Z
dx
p
2x C
p
3
:
For the rst integral, let u D
p
2x
p
3, du D
p
2 dx, and for the second, let w D
p
2x C
p
3, dw D
p
2 dx. Then we have
Z
dx
2x
2
3
D
1
2
p
3.
p
2/
Z
du
u
1
2
p
3.
p
2/
Z
dw
w
D
1
2
p
6
ln
p
2x
p
3

1
2
p
6
ln
p
2x C
p
3
CC:
24.
Z
dx
.x 4/
2
.x 1/
1
.x 4/
2
.x 1/
D
A
x 4
C
B
.x 4/
2
C
C
.x 1/
:
1 D A.x 4/.x 1/ CB.x 1/ CC.x 4/
2
:
1 D 0 C0 CC.9/ or C D
1
9
;
1 D 0 CB.3/ C0 or B D
1
3
:
Plugging in B D
1
3
and C D
1
9
, and setting x D 5, we nd
1 D A.1/.4/ C
1
3
.4/ C
1
9
.1/ or A D
1
9
:
The result is
1
.x 4/
2
.x 1/
D
1
9
x 4
C
1
3
.x 4/
2
C
1
9
x 1
:
Thus,
Z
dx
.x 4/
2
.x 1/
D
1
9
Z
dx
x 4
C
1
3
Z
dx
.x 4/
2
C
1
9
Z
dx
x 1
D
1
9
ln jx 4j
1
3.x 4/
C
1
9
ln jx 1j CC:
25.
Z
4x
2
20
.2x C5/
3
dx
4x
2
20
.2x C5/
3
D
A
2x C5
C
B
.2x C5/
2
C
C
.2x C5/
3
4x
2
20 D A.2x C5/
2
CB.2x C5/ CC
Setting x D 5=2 gives 5 D C so that C D 5. The coefcient of x
2
on the left-hand side is 4, and on the right-hand side is 4A, so
that A D 1 and we have
4x
2
20 D .2x C5/
2
CB.2x C5/ C5
Considering the constant terms now gives 20 D 25 C5B C5 so that B D 10. Thus
Z
4x
2
20
.2x C5/
3
D
Z
1
2x C5
dx 10
Z
1
.2x C5/
2
dx C5
Z
1
.2x C5/
3
dx
D
1
2
ln j2x C5j C
5
2x C5
5
4.2x C5/
2
CC
26.
Z
3x C6
x
2
.x 1/.x 3/
dx
3x C6
x
2
.x 1/.x 3/
D
A
x
C
B
x
2
C
C
x 1
C
D
x 3
:
3x C6 D Ax.x 1/.x 3/ CB.x 1/.x 3/ CCx
2
.x 3/ CDx
2
.x 1/:
Setting x D 0, then yields
6 D 0 CB.1/.3/ C0 C0 or B D 2;
9 D 0 C0 CC.1/.2/ C0 or C D
9
2
;
15 D 0 C0 C0 CD.9/.2/ or D D
5
6
:
In order to nd A, lets look at the x
3
-coefcient on the right-hand side (which must equal 0, since theres no x
3
term on the left):
0 D A CC CD D A
9
2
C
5
6
; so A D
11
3
:
The result is
3x C6
x
2
.x 1/.x 3/
D
11
3
x
C
2
x
2
C
9
2
x 1
C
5
6
x 3
:
Thus,
Z
.3x C6/ dx
x
2
.x 1/.x 3/
D
11
3
Z
dx
x
C2
Z
dx
x
2

9
2
Z
dx
x 1
C
5
6
Z
dx
x 3
D
11
3
ln jxj
2
x
9
2
ln jx 1j C
5
6
ln jx 3j CC:
27.
Z
dx
x.x 1/
3
1
x.x 1/
3
D
A
x
C
B
x 1
C
C
.x 1/
2
C
D
.x 1/
3
:
1 D A.x 1/
3
CBx.x 1/
2
CCx.x 1/ CDx:
1 D A.1/ C0 C0 C0 or A D 1;
1 D 0 C0 C0 CD.1/ or D D 1:
Plugging in A D 1 and D D 1 gives us
1 D .x 1/
3
CBx.x 1/
2
CCx.x 1/ Cx:
Now, setting x D 2 yields
1 D 1 C2B C2C C2 or 2B C2C D 0;
1 D 8 C12B C6C C3 or 2B CC D 1:
Solving these two equations in two unknowns, we nd B D 1 and C D 1. The result is
1
x.x 1/
3
D
1
x
C
1
x 1
C
1
.x 1/
2
C
1
.x 1/
3
:
Thus,
Z
dx
x.x 1/
3
D
Z
dx
x
C
Z
dx
x 1
Z
dx
.x 1/
2
C
Z
dx
.x 1/
3
D ln jxj Cln jx 1j C
1
x 1
1
2.x 1/
2
CC:
28.
Z
.3x
2
2/ dx
x 4
SOLUTION First we use long division to write
3x
2
2
x 4
D 3x C12 C
46
x 4
:
Then the integral becomes
Z
.3x
2
2/ dx
x 4
D
Z
.3x C12/ dx C46
Z
dx
x 4
D
3
2
x
2
C12x C46 ln jx 4j CC:
29.
Z
.x
2
x C1/ dx
x
2
Cx
SOLUTION First use long division to write
x
2
x C1
x
2
Cx
D 1 C
2x C1
x
2
Cx
D 1 C
2x C1
x.x C1/
:
The partial fraction decomposition of the term on the right has the form:
2x C1
x.x C1/
D
A
x
C
B
x C1
:
2x C1 D A.x C1/ CBx:
1 D A.1/ C0 or A D 1;
3 D 0 CB.1/ or B D 3:
The result is
2x C1
x.x C1/
D
1
x
C
3
x C1
:
Thus,
Z
.x
2
x C1/ dx
x
2
Cx
D
Z
dx C
Z
dx
x
3
Z
dx
x C1
D x Cln jxj 3 ln jx C1j CC:
30.
Z
dx
x.x
2
C1/
1
x.x
2
C1/
D
A
x
C
Bx CC
x
2
C1
:
1 D A.x
2
C1/ C.Bx CC/x:
1 D A.1/ C0 or A D 1:
This gives us
1 D x
2
C1 CBx
2
CCx D .B C1/x
2
CCx C1:
Equating x
2
-coefcients, we nd
B C1 D 0 or B D 1I
while equating x-coefcients yields C D 0. The result is
1
x.x
2
C1/
D
1
x
C
x
x
2
C1
:
Thus,
Z
dx
x.x
2
C1/
D
Z
dx
x
Z
x dx
x
2
C1
:
For the integral on the right, use the substitution u D x
2
C1, du D 2x dx. Then we have
Z
dx
x.x
2
C1/
D
Z
dx
x
1
2
Z
du
u
D ln jxj
1
2
ln jx
2
C1j CC:
31.
Z
.3x
2
4x C5/ dx
.x 1/.x
2
C1/
3x
2
4x C5
.x 1/.x
2
C1/
D
A
x 1
C
Bx CC
x
2
C1
:
3x
2
4x C5 D A.x
2
C1/ C.Bx CC/.x 1/:
3 4 C5 D A.2/ C0 or A D 2:
This gives us
3x
2
4x C5 D 2.x
2
C1/ C.Bx CC/.x 1/ D .B C2/x
2
C.C B/x C.2 C/:
Equating x
2
-coefcients, we nd
3 D B C2 or B D 1I
while equating constant coefcients yields
5 D 2 C or C D 3:
The result is
3x
2
4x C5
.x 1/.x
2
C1/
D
2
x 1
C
x 3
x
2
C1
:
Thus,
Z
.3x
2
4x C5/ dx
.x 1/.x
2
C1/
D 2
Z
dx
x 1
C
Z
.x 3/ dx
x
2
C1
D 2
Z
dx
x 1
C
Z
x dx
x
2
C1
3
Z
dx
x
2
C1
:
For the second integral, use the substitution u D x
2
C1, du D 2x dx. The nal answer is
Z
.3x
2
4x C5/ dx
.x 1/.x
2
C1/
D 2 ln jx 1j C
1
2
ln jx
2
C1j 3 tan
1
x CC:
32.
Z
x
2
.x C1/.x
2
C1/
dx
x
2
.x C1/.x
2
C1/
D
A
x C1
C
Bx CC
x
2
C1
:
x
2
D A.x
2
C1/ C.Bx CC/.x C1/:
1 D A.2/ C0 or A D
1
2
:
This gives us
x
2
D
1
2
x
2
C
1
2
CBx
2
CBx CCx CC D
_
B C
1
2
_
x
2
C.B CC/x C
_
C C
1
2
_
:
Equating x
2
-coefcients, we nd
1 D B C
1
2
or B D
1
2
;
0 D C C
1
2
or C D
1
2
:
The result is
x
2
.x C1/.x
2
C1/
D
1
2
x C1
C
1
2
x
1
2
x
2
C1
:
Thus,
Z
x
2
dx
.x C1/.x
2
C1/
D
1
2
Z
dx
x C1
C
1
2
Z
.x 1/ dx
x
2
C1
D
1
2
Z
dx
x C1
C
1
2
Z
x dx
x
2
C1
1
2
Z
dx
x
2
C1
D
1
2
ln jx C1j C
1
4
ln jx
2
C1j
1
2
tan
1
x CC:
Here we used u D x
2
C1, du D 2x dx for the second integral.
33.
Z
dx
x.x
2
C25/
1
x.x
2
C25/
D
A
x
C
Bx CC
x
2
C25
:
1 D A.x
2
C25/ C.Bx CC/x:
1 D A.25/ C0 or A D
1
25
:
This gives us
1 D
1
25
x
2
C1 CBx
2
CCx D
_
B C
1
25
_
x
2
CCx C1:
Equating x
2
-coefcients, we nd
0 D B C
1
25
or B D
1
25
;
while equating x-coefcients yields C D 0. The result is
1
x.x
2
C25/
D
1
25
x
C
1
25
x
x
2
C25
:
Thus,
Z
dx
x.x
2
C25/
D
1
25
Z
dx
x
1
25
Z
x dx
x
2
C25
:
For the integral on the right, use u D x
2
Z
dx
x.x
2
C25/
D
1
25
ln jxj
1
50
ln jx
2
C25j CC:
34.
Z
dx
x
2
.x
2
C25/
1
x
2
.x
2
C25/
D
A
x
C
B
x
2
C
Cx CD
x
2
C25
:
1 D Ax.x
2
C25/ CB.x
2
C25/ C.Cx CD/x
2
:
1 D 0 CB.25/ C0 or B D
1
25
:
This gives us
1 D Ax
3
C25Ax C
1
25
x
2
C1 CCx
3
CDx
2
D .ACC/x
3
C
_
D C
1
25
_
x
2
C25Ax C1:
Equating x-coefcients yields
0 D 25A or A D 0;
while equating x
3
-coefcients yields
0 D A CC D 0 CC or C D 0;
and equating x
2
-coefcients yields
0 D D C
1
25
or D D
1
25
:
The result is
1
x
2
.x
2
C25/
D
1
25
x
2
C
1
25
x
2
C25
:
Thus,
Z
dx
x
2
.x
2
C25/
D
1
25
Z
dx
x
2

1
25
Z
dx
x
2
C25
D
1
25x
1
125
tan
1
_
x
5
_
CC:
35.
Z
.6x
2
C2/ dx
x
2
C2x 3
SOLUTION Long division gives
6x
2
C2
x
2
C2x 3
D 6
12x 20
x
2
C2x 3
D 6
12x 20
.x C3/.x 1/
The partial fraction decomposition of the second term is
12x 20
.x C3/.x 1/
D
A
x C3
C
B
x 1
Clear fractions to get
12x 20 D A.x 1/ CB.x C3/
Set x D 1 to get 8 D 4B so that B D 2. Set x D 3 to get 56 D 4A so that A D 14, and we have
Z
6x
2
C2
x
2
C2x 3
D
Z
6
14
x C3
C
2
x 1
dx D
Z
6 dx 14
Z
1
x C3
dx C2
Z
1
x 1
dx
D 6x 14 ln jx C3j C2 ln jx 1j CC
36.
Z
6x
2
C7x 6
.x
2
4/.x C2/
dx
6x
2
C7x 6
.x
2
4/.x C2/
D
6x
2
C7x 6
.x 2/.x C2/.x C2/
D
A
x 2
C
B
x C2
C
C
.x C2/
2
:
6x
2
C7x 6 D A.x C2/
2
CB.x 2/.x C2/ CC.x 2/:
24 C14 6 D A.16/ C0 C0 or A D 2;
24 14 6 D 0 C0 CC.4/ or C D 1:
This gives us
6x
2
C7x 6 D 2.x C2/
2
CB.x 2/.x C2/ .x 2/:
Now, setting x D 1 yields
6 C7 6 D 2.9/ CB.1/.3/ .1/ or B D 4:
The result is
6x
2
C7x 6
.x
2
4/.x C2/
D
2
x 2
C
4
x C2
C
1
.x C2/
2
:
Thus,
Z
.6x
2
C7x 6/ dx
.x
2
4/.x C2/
D 2
Z
dx
x 2
C4
Z
dx
x C2
Z
dx
.x C2/
2
D 2 ln jx 2j C4 ln jx C2j C
1
x C2
CC:
37.
Z
10 dx
.x 1/
2
.x
2
C9/
10
.x 1/
2
.x
2
C9/
D
A
x 1
C
B
.x 1/
2
C
Cx CD
x
2
C9
:
10 D A.x 1/.x
2
C9/ CB.x
2
C9/ C.Cx CD/.x 1/
2
:
10 D 0 CB.10/ C0 or B D 1:
Expanding the right-hand side, we have
10 D .ACC/x
3
C.1 A 2C CD/x
2
C.9A CC 2D/x C.9 9ACD/:
Equating coefcients of like powers of x then yields
A CC D 0
1 A 2C CD D 0
9ACC 2D D 0
9 9A CD D 10
From the rst equation, we have C D A, and from the fourth equation we have D D 1 C9A. Substituting these into the second
equation, we get
1 A 2.A/ C.1 C9A/ D 0 or A D
1
5
:
Finally, C D
1
5
and D D
4
5
. The result is
10
.x 1/
2
.x
2
C9/
D
1
5
x 1
C
1
.x 1/
2
C
1
5
x
4
5
x
2
C9
:
Thus,
Z
10 dx
.x 1/
2
.x
2
C9/
D
1
5
Z
dx
x 1
C
Z
dx
.x 1/
2
C
1
5
Z
x dx
x
2
C9
4
5
Z
dx
x
2
C9
D
1
5
ln jx 1j
1
x 1
C
1
10
ln jx
2
C9j
4
15
tan
1
_
x
3
_
CC:
38.
Z
10 dx
.x C1/.x
2
C9/
2
10
.x C1/.x
2
C9/
2
D
A
x C1
C
Bx CC
x
2
C9
C
Dx CE
.x
2
C9/
2
:
10 D A.x
2
C9/
2
C.Bx CC/.x C1/.x
2
C9/ C.Dx CE/.x C1/:
10 D A.100/ C0 C0 or A D
1
10
:
Expanding the right-hand side, we nd
10 D
_
B C
1
10
_
x
4
C.B CC/x
3
C
_
9B CC CD C
18
10
_
x
2
.9B C9C CD CE/x C
_
9C CE C
81
10
_
:
Equating x
4
-coefcients yields
B C
1
10
D 0 or B D
1
10
;
while equating x
3
-coefcients yields
1
10
CC D 0 or C D
1
10
;
and equating x
2
-coefcients yields
9
10
C
1
10
CD C
18
10
D 0 or D D 1:
Finally, equating constant coefcients, we nd
10 D
9
10
CE C
81
10
or E D 1:
The result is
10
.x C1/.x
2
C9/
2
D
1
10
x C1
C
1
10
x C
1
10
x
2
C9
C
x C1
.x
2
C9/
2
:
Thus,
Z
10 dx
.x C1/.x
2
C9/
2
D
1
10
Z
dx
x C1
1
10
Z
x dx
x
2
C9
C
1
10
Z
dx
x
2
C9
Z
x dx
.x
2
C9/
2
C
Z
dx
.x
2
C9/
2
:
For the second and fourth integrals, use the substitution u D x
2
Z
10 dx
.x C1/.x
2
C9/
2
D
1
10
ln jx C1j
1
20
ln jx
2
C9j C
1
30
tan
1
_
x
3
_
C
1
2.x
2
C9/
C
Z
dx
.x
2
C9/
2
:
For the last integral, use the trigonometric substitution
x D 3 tan 0; dx D 3 sec
2
0 d0; x
2
C9 D 9 tan
2
0 C9 D 9 sec
2
0:
Then,
Z
dx
.x
2
C9/
2
D
Z
3 sec
2
0 d0
.9 sec
2
0/
2
D
1
27
Z
d0
sec
2
0
D
1
27
Z
cos
2
0 d0 D
1
27
_
1
2
0 C
1
2
sin 0 cos 0
_
CC:
Now we construct a right triangle with tan 0 D
x
3
:

x
2
+ 9
x
3
p
x
2
C9 and cos 0 D 3=
p
x
2
C9. Thus
Z
dx
.x
2
C9/
2
D
1
54
tan
1
_
x
3
_
C
1
54
_
x
p
x
2
C9
__
3
p
x
2
C9
_
CC D
1
54
tan
1
_
x
3
_
C
x
18.x
2
C9/
CC:
Collecting all the terms, we obtain
Z
10 dx
.x C1/.x
2
C9/
2
D
1
10
ln jx C1j
1
20
ln jx
2
C9j C
1
30
tan
1
_
x
3
_
C
1
2.x
2
C9/
C
1
54
tan
1
_
x
3
_
C
x
18.x
2
C9/
CC
D
1
10
ln jx C1j
1
20
ln jx
2
C9j C
7
135
tan
1
_
x
3
_
C
x C9
18.x
2
C9/
CC:
39.
Z
dx
x.x
2
C8/
2
1
x.x
2
C8/
2
D
A
x
C
Bx CC
x
2
C8
C
Dx CE
.x
2
C8/
2
:
1 D A.x
2
C8/
2
C.Bx CC/x.x
2
C8/ C.Dx CE/x:
Expanding the right-hand side gives us
1 D .ACB/x
4
CCx
3
C.16A C8B CD/x
2
C.8C CE/x C64A:
Equating coefcients of like powers of x yields
A CB D 0
C D 0
16A C8B CD D 0
8C CE D 0
64A D 1
The solution to this system of equations is
A D
1
64
; B D
1
64
; C D 0; D D
1
8
; E D 0:
Therefore
1
x.x
2
C8/
2
D
1
64
x
C
1
64
x
x
2
C8
C
1
8
x
.x
2
C8/
2
;
and
Z
dx
x.x
2
C8/
2
D
1
64
Z
dx
x
1
64
Z
x dx
x
2
C8
1
8
Z
x dx
.x
2
C8/
2
:
For the second and third integrals, use the substitution u D x
2
Z
dx
x.x
2
C8/
2
D
1
64
ln jxj
1
128
ln jx
2
C8j C
1
16.x
2
C8/
CC:
40.
Z
100x dx
.x 3/.x
2
C1/
2
100x
.x 3/.x
2
C1/
2
D
A
x 3
C
Bx CC
x
2
C1
C
Dx CE
.x
2
C1/
2
:
100x D A.x
2
C1/
2
C.Bx CC/.x 3/.x
2
C1/ C.Dx CE/.x 3/:
300 D A.100/ C0 C0 or A D 3:
Expanding the right-hand side, we nd
100x D .B C3/x
4
C.C 3B/x
3
C.B 3C CD C6/x
2
C.C 3B 3D CE/x C.3 3C 3E/:
B C3 D 0
C 3B D 0
B 3C CD C6 D 0
C 3B 3D CE D 100
3 3C 3E D 0
B D 3; C D 9; D D 30; E D 10:
Therefore
100x
.x 3/.x
2
C1/
2
D
3
x 3
C
3x 9
x
2
C1
C
30x C10
.x
2
C1/
2
;
and
Z
100x dx
.x 3/.x
2
C1/
2
D 3
Z
dx
x 3
C
Z
.3x 9/ dx
x
2
C1
C
Z
.30x C10/ dx
.x
2
C1/
2
D 3
Z
dx
x 3
3
Z
x dx
x
2
C1
9
Z
dx
x
2
C1
30
Z
x dx
.x
2
C1/
2
C10
Z
dx
.x
2
C1/
2
:
For the second and fourth integrals, use the substitution u D x
2
Z
100x dx
.x 3/.x
2
C1/
2
D 3 ln jx 3j
3
2
ln jx
2
C1j 9 tan
1
x C
15
x
2
C1
C10
Z
dx
.x
2
C1/
2
:
For the last integral, use the trigonometric substitution x D tan 0, dx D sec
2
0 d0. Then x
2
C1 D tan
2
0 C1 D sec
2
0, and
Z
dx
.x
2
C1/
2
D
Z
sec
2
0 d0
sec
4
0
D
Z
cos
2
0 D
1
2
0 C
1
2
sin 0 cos 0 CC:
We construct the following right triangle with tan 0 D x:
1 + x
2
x
1
p
1 Cx
2
and cos 0 D 1=
p
1 Cx
2
. Thus
Z
dx
.x
2
C1/
2
D
1
2
tan
1
x C
1
2
_
x
p
1 Cx
2
__
1
p
1 Cx
2
_
CC D
1
2
tan
1
x C
x
2.x
2
C1/
CC:
Collecting all the terms, we obtain
Z
100x dx
.x 3/.x
2
C1/
2
D 3 ln jx 3j
3
2
ln jx
2
C1j 9 tan
1
x C
15
x
2
C1
C10
_
1
2
tan
1
x C
x
2.x
2
C1/
_
CC
D 3 ln jx 3j
3
2
ln jx
2
C1j 4 tan
1
x C
5x C15
x
2
C1
CC:
41.
Z
dx
.x C2/.x
2
C4x C10/
1
.x C2/.x
2
C4x C10/
D
A
x C2
C
Bx CC
x
2
C4x C10
:
1 D A.x
2
C4x C10/ C.Bx CC/.x C2/:
1 D A.6/ C0 or A D
1
6
:
1 D
_
1
6
CB
_
x
2
C
_
2
3
C2B CC
_
x C
_
5
3
C2C
_
:
Equating x
2
-coefcients yields
0 D
1
6
CB or B D
1
6
;
1 D
5
3
C2C or C D
1
3
:
The result is
1
.x C2/.x
2
C4x C10/
D
1
6
x C2
C
1
6
x
1
3
x
2
C4x C10
:
Thus,
Z
dx
.x C2/.x
2
C4x C10/
D
1
6
Z
dx
x C2
1
6
Z
.x C2/ dx
x
2
C4x C10
:
For the second integral, let u D x
2
C4x C10. Then du D .2x C4/ dx, and
Z
dx
.x C2/.x
2
C4x C10/
D
1
6
ln jx C2j
1
12
Z
.2x C4/ dx
x
2
C4x C10
D
1
6
ln jx C2j
1
12
ln jx
2
C4x C10j CC:
42.
Z
9 dx
.x C1/.x
2
2x C6/
9
.x C1/.x
2
2x C6/
D
A
x C1
C
Bx CC
x
2
2x C6
:
9 D A.x
2
2x C6/ C.Bx CC/.x C1/:
9 D A.9/ C0 or A D 1:
9 D .1 CB/x
2
C.2 CB CC/x C.6 CC/:
Equating x
2
-coefcients yields
0 D 1 CB or B D 1;
9 D 6 CC or C D 3:
The result is
9
.x C1/.x
2
2x C6/
D
1
x C1
C
x C3
x
2
2x C6
:
Thus,
Z
9 dx
.x C1/.x
2
2x C6/
D
Z
dx
x C1
C
Z
.x C3/ dx
x
2
2x C6
:
To evaluate the integral on the right, we rst write
Z
.x C3/ dx
x
2
2x C6
D
Z
.x 1 2/ dx
x
2
2x C6
D
Z
.x 1/ dx
x
2
2x C6
C2
Z
dx
x
2
2x C6
:
For the rst integral, use the substitution u D x
2
2x C6, du D .2x 2/ dx. Then
Z
.x 1/ dx
x
2
2x C6
D
1
2
Z
.2x 2/ dx
x
2
2x C6
D
1
2
ln jx
2
2x C6j CC:
For the second integral, we rst complete the square:
2
Z
dx
x
2
2x C6
D 2
Z
dx
.x
2
2x C1/ C5
D 2
Z
dx
.x 1/
2
C5
:
Now let u D x 1, du D dx. Then
2
Z
dx
.x 1/
2
C5
D 2
Z
du
u
2
C5
D 2
_
1
p
5
_
tan
1
_
u
p
5
_
CC D
2
p
5
tan
1
_
x 1
p
5
_
CC:
Collecting all the terms, we have
Z
9 dx
.x C1/.x
2
2x C6/
D ln jx C1j
1
2
ln jx
2
2x C6j C
2
p
5
tan
1
_
x 1
p
5
_
CC:
43.
Z
25 dx
x.x
2
C2x C5/
2
25
x.x
2
C2x C5/
2
D
A
x
C
Bx CC
x
2
C2x C5
C
Dx CE
.x
2
C2x C5/
2
:
Clearing denominators yields:
25 D A.x
2
C2x C5/
2
Cx.Bx CC/.x
2
C2x C5/ Cx.Dx CE/
D .Ax
4
C4Ax
3
C14Ax
2
C20Ax C25A/ C.Bx
4
CCx
3
C2Bx
3
C2Cx
2
C5Bx
2
C5Cx/ CDx
2
CEx:
Equating constant terms yields
25A D 25 or A D 1;
while equating x
4
-coefcients yields
A CB D 0 or B D A D 1:
Equating x
3
-coefcients yields
4A CC C2B D 0 or C D 2;
and equating x
2
-coefcients yields
14A C2C C5B CD D 0 or D D 5:
Finally, equating x-coefcients yields
20A C5C CE D 0 or E D 10:
Thus,
Z
25 dx
x.x
2
C2x C5/
2
D
Z _
1
x
x C2
x
2
C2x C5
5
x C2
.x
2
C2x C5/
2
_
dx
D ln jxj
Z
x C2
x
2
C2x C5
dx 5
Z
x C2
.x
2
C2x C5/
2
dx:
The two integrals on the right both require the substitution u D x C 1, so that x
2
C 2x C 5 D .x C 1/
2
C 4 D u
2
C 4 and
du D dx. This means:
Z
25 dx
x.x
2
C2x C5/
2
D ln jxj
Z
u C1
u
2
C4
du 5
Z
u C1
.u
2
C4/
2
du
D ln jxj
Z
u
u
2
C4
du
Z
1
u
2
C4
du 5
Z
u
.u
2
C4/
2
du 5
Z
1
.u
2
C4/
2
du:
For the rst and third integrals, we make the substitution w D u
2
C4, dw D 2u du. Then we have
Z
25 dx
x.x
2
C2x C5/
2
D ln jxj
1
2
ln ju
2
C4j
1
2
tan
1
_
u
2
_
C
5
2.u
2
C4/
5
Z
du
.u
2
C4/
2
D ln jxj
1
2
ln jx
2
C2x C5j
1
2
tan
1
_
x C1
2
_
C
5
2.x
2
C2x C5/
5
Z
du
.u
2
C4/
2
:
For the remaining integral, we use the trigonometric substitution 2 tan w D u, so that u
2
C 4 D 4 tan
2
w C 4 D 4 sec
2
w and
du D 2 sec
2
wdw. This means
Z
1
.u
2
C4/
2
du D
1
8
Z
1
sec
4
w
sec
2
wdw D
1
8
Z
cos
2
wdw
D
1
8
_
1
4
sin 2w C
w
2
_
CC D
_
1
16
sin wcos w C
w
16
_
CC
D
1
16
u
p
u
2
C4
2
p
u
2
C4
C
1
16
tan
1
_
u
2
_
CC D
1
8
u
u
2
C4
C
1
16
tan
1
_
u
2
_
CC
D
1
8
x C1
x
2
C2x C5
C
1
16
tan
1
_
x C1
2
_
:
Hence, the integral is
Z
25 dx
x.x
2
C2x C5/
2
D ln jxj
1
2
ln jx
2
C2x C5j
1
2
tan
1
_
x C1
2
_
C
5
2.x
2
C2x C5/
5
8
x C1
x
2
C2x C5
5
16
tan
1
_
x C1
2
_
D ln jxj C
15 5x
8.x
2
C2x C5/
13
16
tan
1
_
x C1
2
_
1
2
ln jx
2
C2x C5j CC:
44.
Z
.x
2
C3/ dx
.x
2
C2x C3/
2
x
2
C3
.x
2
C2x C3/
2
D
Ax CB
x
2
C2x C3
C
Cx CD
.x
2
C2x C3/
2
:
x
2
C3 D .Ax CB/.x
2
C2x C3/ CCx CD:
Expanding the right-hand side, we get
x
2
C3 D Ax
3
C.2A CB/x
2
C.3A C2B CC/x C.3B CD/:
A D 0
2A CB D 1
3A C2B CC D 0
3B CD D 3
A D 0; B D 1; C D 2; D D 0:
Therefore
x
2
C3
.x
2
C2x C3/
2
D
1
x
2
C2x C3
C
2x
.x
2
C2x C3/
2
;
and
Z
.x
2
C3/ dx
.x
2
C2x C3/
2
D
Z
dx
x
2
C2x C3
Z
2x dx
.x
2
C2x C3/
2
:
The rst integral can be evaluated by completing the square:
Z
dx
x
2
C2x C3
D
Z
dx
x
2
C2x C1 C2
D
Z
dx
.x C1/
2
C2
:
Now use the substitution u D x C1, du D dx. Then
Z
dx
x
2
C2x C3
D
Z
du
u
2
C2
D
1
p
2
tan
1
_
x C1
p
2
_
CC:
For the second integral, let u D x
2
C2x C3. We want du D .2x C2/ dx to appear in the numerator, so we write
Z
2x dx
.x
2
C2x C3/
2
D
Z
.2x C2 2/ dx
.x
2
C2x C3/
2
D
Z
.2x C2/ dx
.x
2
C2x C3/
2
2
Z
dx
.x
2
C2x C3/
2
D
Z
du
u
2
2
Z
dx
.x
2
C2x C3/
2
D
1
u
2
Z
dx
.x
2
C2x C3/
2
D
1
x
2
C2x C3
2
Z
dx
.x
2
C3x C3/
2
:
Finally, for this last integral, complete the square, then substitute u D x C1, du D dx:
Z
dx
.x
2
C2x C3/
2
D
Z
dx
..x C1/
2
C2/
2
D
Z
du
.u
2
C2/
2
:
Now use the trigonometric substitution u D
p
2 tan 0. Then du D
p
2 sec
2
0 d0, and u
2
C2 D 2 tan
2
0 C2 D 2 sec
2
0. Thus
Z
du
.u
2
C2/
2
D
Z
p
2 sec
2
0 d0
4 sec
4
0
D
p
2
4
Z
cos
2
0 d0 D
p
2
4
_
1
2
0 C
1
2
sin 0 cos 0
_
D
p
2
8
0 C
p
2
8
sin 0 cos 0 CC:
We construct a right triangle with tan 0 D u=
p
2:

u
u
2
+ 2
2
From this we see that sin 0 D u=
p
u
2
C2 and cos 0 D
p
2=
p
u
2
C2. Therefore
Z
du
.u
2
C2/
2
D
p
2
8
tan
1
_
u
p
2
_
C
p
2
8
_
u
p
u
2
C2
_
p
2
p
u
2
C2
!
CC
D
p
2
8
tan
1
_
u
p
2
_
C
u
4.u
2
C2/
CC D
p
2
8
tan
1
_
x C1
p
2
_
C
x C1
4.x
2
C2x C3/
CC:
Z
.x
2
C3/ dx
.x
2
C2x C3/
2
D
1
p
2
tan
1
_
x C1
p
2
_
"
1
x
2
C2x C3
2
p
2
8
tan
1
_
x C1
p
2
_
C
x C1
4.x
2
C2x C3/
!#
CC
D
1
p
2
C
p
2
4
!
tan
1
_
x C1
p
2
_
C
2 C.x C1/
2.x
2
C2x C3/
CC
D
3
p
2
4
tan
1
_
x C1
p
2
_
C
x C3
2.x
2
C2x C3/
CC:
In Exercises 4548, evaluate by using rst substitution and then partial fractions if necessary.
45.
Z
x dx
x
4
C1
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D x
2
so that du D 2x dx, and
Z
x
x
4
C1
dx D
1
2
Z
1
u
2
C1
du D
1
2
tan
1
u D
1
2
tan
1
.x
2
/
46.
Z
x dx
.x C2/
4
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D x C2 and du D dx; then
Z
x
.x C2/
4
dx D
Z
u 2
u
4
du D
Z
1
u
3
du 2
Z
1
u
4
du
D
1
2u
2
C
2
3u
3
CC D
2
3.x C2/
3

1
2.x C2/
2
CC
47.
Z
e
x
dx
e
2x
e
x
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D e
x
. Then du D e
x
dx D u dx so that dx D
1
u
du. Then
Z
e
x
dx
e
2x
e
x
D
Z
u
1
u
du
u
2
u
D
Z
1
u.u 1/
du
Using partial fractions, we have
1
u.u 1/
D
A
u
C
B
u 1
D
.A CB/u A
u.u 1/
Upon equating coefcients in the numerators, we have A CB D 0, A D 1 so that B D 1. Then
Z
e
x
dx
e
2x
e
x
D
Z
1
u
du C
Z
1
u 1
du D ln ju 1j ln juj CC D ln je
x
1j ln e
x
CC
48.
Z
sec
2
0 d0
tan
2
0 1
SOLUTION Let u D tan 0; then du D sec
2
0 d0 and
Z
sec
2
0 d0
tan
2
0 1
D
Z
1
u
2
1
du D
Z
1
1 u
2
du D tanh
1
.u/ CC D tanh
1
.tan 0/ CC
49. Evaluate
Z p
x dx
x 1
. Hint: Use the substitution u D
p
x (sometimes called a rationalizing substitution).
SOLUTION Let u D
p
x. Then du D .1=2
p
x/ dx D .1=2u/ dx. Thus
Z p
x dx
x 1
D
Z
u.2udu/
u
2
1
D 2
Z
u
2
du
u
2
1
D 2
Z
.u
2
1 C1/ du
u
2
1
D 2
Z

u
2
1
u
2
1
C
1
u
2
1
!
du D 2
Z
du C
Z
2 du
u
2
1
D 2u C
Z
2 du
u
2
1
:
The partial fraction decomposition of the remaining integral has the form:
2
u
2
1
D
2
.u 1/.u C1/
D
A
u 1
C
B
u C1
:
2 D A.u C1/ CB.u 1/:
Setting u D 1 yields 2 D A.2/ C0 or A D 1, while setting u D 1 yields 2 D 0 CB.2/ or B D 1. The result is
2
u
2
1
D
1
u 1
C
1
u C1
:
Thus,
Z
2 du
u
2
1
D
Z
du
u 1
Z
du
u C1
D ln ju 1j ln ju C1j CC:
The nal answer is
Z p
x dx
x 1
D 2u Cln ju 1j ln ju C1j CC D 2
p
x Cln j
p
x 1j ln j
p
x C1j CC:
50. Evaluate
Z
dx
x
1=2
x
1=3
.
SOLUTION First use the substitution u D x
1=6
. Then
du D
1
6
x
5=6
dx ) 6x
5=6
du D dx ) 6u
5
du D dx
and we have (using long division)
Z
dx
x
1=2
x
1=3
D
Z
6u
5
u
3
u
2
du D 6
Z
u
3
u 1
du D 6
Z
u
2
Cu C1 C
1
u 1
du
D 6
_
1
3
u
3
C
1
2
u
2
Cu Cln ju 1j
_
CC D 2u
3
C3u
2
C6u C6 ln ju 1j CC
D 2x
1=2
C3x
1=3
C6x
1=6
C6 ln
x
1=6
1
CC
51. Evaluate
Z
dx
x
2
1
in two ways: using partial fractions and using trigonometric substitution. Verify that the two answers agree.
1
x
2
1
D
1
.x 1/.x C1/
D
A
x 1
C
B
x C1
:
1 D A.x C1/ CB.x 1/:
Setting x D 1, we get 1 D A.2/ or A D
1
2
; while setting x D 1, we get 1 D B.2/ or B D
1
2
. The result is
1
x
2
1
D
1
2
x 1
C
1
2
x C1
:
Thus,
Z
dx
x
2
1
D
1
2
Z
dx
x 1
1
2
Z
dx
x C1
D
1
2
ln jx 1j
1
2
ln jx C1j CC:
Using trigonometric substitution, let x D sec 0. Then dx D tan 0 sec 0 d0, and x
2
1 D sec
2
0 1 D tan
2
0. Thus
Z
dx
x
2
1
D
Z
tan 0 sec 0 d0
tan
2
0
D
Z
sec 0 d0
tan 0
D
Z
cos 0 d0
sin 0 cos 0
D
Z
Now we construct a right triangle with sec 0 D x:

1
x
x
2
! 1
From this we see that csc 0 D x=
p
x
2
1 and cot 0 D 1=
p
x
2
1. Thus
Z
dx
x
2
1
D ln
x
p
x
2
1
1
p
x
2
1
CC D ln
x 1
p
x
2
1
CC:
To check that these two answers agree, we write
1
2
ln jx 1j
1
2
ln jx C1j D
1
2
x 1
x C1
D ln
r
x 1
x C1
D ln
p
x 1
p
x C1
p
x 1
p
x 1
D ln
x 1
p
x
2
1
:
52. Graph the equation .x 40/y
2
D 10x.x 30/ and nd the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the region
between the graph and the x-axis for 0 x 30 around the x-axis.
SOLUTION The graph of .x 40/y
2
D 10x.x 30/ is shown below
x
40 30 20 10
!20
20
y
Using the disk method, the volume is given by
V D
Z
30
0
r
2
dx D
Z
30
0
r
10x.x 30/
x 40
!
2
dx D
Z
30
0
10x.x 30/ dx
x 40
:
To nd the anti-derivative, expand the numerator and then use long division:
10x.x 30/
x 40
D
10x
2
300x
x 40
D 10x C100 C
4000
x 40
:
Thus,
Z
30
0
10x.x 30/ dx
x 40
D
"
10
Z
30
0
x dx C100
Z
30
0
dx C4000
Z
30
0
dx
x 40
#
D
_
5x
2
C100x C4000 ln jx 40j
_
30
0
D
__
4500 C3000 C4000 ln.10/
_
_
0 C4000 ln.40/
__
D .7500 4000 ln 4/:
In Exercises 5366, evaluate the integral using the appropriate method or combination of methods covered thus far in the text.
53.
Z
dx
x
2
p
4 x
2
SOLUTION Use the trigonometric substitution x D 2 sin 0. Then dx D 2 cos 0 d0,
4 x
2
D 4 4 sin
2
0 D 4.1 sin
2
0/ D 4 cos
2
0;
and
Z
dx
x
2
p
4 x
2
D
Z
2 cos 0 d0
.4 sin
2
0/.2 cos 0/
D
1
4
Z
csc
2
0 d0 D
1
4
cot 0 CC:
Now construct a right triangle with sin 0 D x=2:

x
2
4 ! x
2
p
4 x
2
=x. Thus
Z
dx
x
2
p
4 x
2
D
1
4
p
4 x
2
x
!
CC D
p
4 x
2
4x
CC:
54.
Z
dx
x.x 1/
2
SOLUTION Using partial fractions, we rst write
1
x.x 1/
2
D
A
x
C
B
x 1
C
C
.x 1/
2
:
1 D A.x 1/
2
CBx.x 1/ CCx:
Setting x D 0 yields
1 D A.1/ C0 C0 or A D 1;
1 D 0 C0 CC or C D 1;
1 D 1 C2B C2 or B D 1:
The result is
1
x.x 1/
2
D
1
x
C
1
x 1
C
1
.x 1/
2
:
Thus,
Z
dx
x.x 1/
2
D
Z
dx
x
Z
dx
x 1
C
Z
dx
.x 1/
2
D ln jxj ln jx 1j
1
x 1
CC:
55.
Z
cos
2
4x dx
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D 4x, du D 4 dx. Then we have
Z
cos
2
.4x/ dx D
1
4
Z
cos
2
.4x/4 dx D
1
4
Z
cos
2
udu D
1
4
_
1
2
u C
1
2
sin ucos u
_
CC
D
1
8
u C
1
8
sin ucos u CC D
1
2
x C
1
8
sin 4x cos 4x CC:
56.
Z
x sec
2
x dx
SOLUTION Use integration by parts, with u D x and v
0
D sec
2
x. Then u
0
D 1, v D tan x, and
Z
x sec
2
x dx D x tan x
Z
tan x dx D x tan x
_
ln j cos xj
_
CC D x tan x Cln j cos xj CC:
57.
Z
dx
.x
2
C9/
2
SOLUTION Use the trigonometric substitution x D 3 tan 0. Then dx D 3 sec
2
0 d0,
x
2
C9 D 9 tan
2
0 C9 D 9.tan
2
0 C1/ D 9 sec
2
0;
and
Z
dx
.x
2
C9/
2
D
Z
3 sec
2
0 d0
.9 sec
2
0/
2
D
3
81
Z
sec
2
0 d0
sec
4
0
D
1
27
Z
cos
2
0 d0 D
1
27
_
1
2
0 C
1
2
sin 0 cos 0
_
CC:
Now construct a right triangle with tan 0 D x=3:

x
2
+ 9
x
3
p
x
2
C9 and cos 0 D 3=
p
x
2
C9. Thus
Z
dx
p
x
2
C9
2
D
1
54
tan
1
_
x
3
_
C
1
54
_
x
p
x
2
C9
__
3
p
x
2
C9
_
CC D
1
54
tan
1
_
x
3
_
C
x
18.x
2
C9/
CC:
58.
Z
0 sec
1
0 d0
SOLUTION Use Integration by Parts, with u D sec
1
0 and v
0
D 0. Then u
0
D 1=0
p
0
2
1, v D 0
2
=2, and
Z
0 sec
1
0 d0 D
0
2
2
sec
1
0
Z
0
2
d0
20
p
0
2
1
D
0
2
2
sec
1
0
1
2
Z
0 d0
p
0
2
1
:
To evaluate the remaining integral, use the substitution w D 0
2
1, dw D 20 d0. Then
Z
0 d0
p
0
2
1
D
1
2
Z
20 d0
p
0
2
1
D
1
2
Z
dw
p
w
D
1
2
_
2
p
w
_
CC D
p
0
2
1 CC:
The nal answer is
Z
0 sec
1
0 d0 D
0
2
2
sec
1
0
1
2
p
0
2
1 CC:
59.
Z
tan
5
x sec x dx
SOLUTION Use the trigonometric identity tan
2
x D sec
2
x 1 to write
Z
tan
5
x sec x dx D
Z
_
sec
2
x 1
_
2
tan x sec x dx:
Now use the substitution u D sec x, du D sec x tan x dx:
Z
tan
5
x sec x dx D
Z
.u
2
1/
2
du D
Z
_
u
4
2u
2
C1
_
du
D
1
5
u
5
2
3
u
3
Cu CC D
1
5
sec
5
x
2
3
sec
3
x Csec x CC:
60.
Z
.3x
2
1/ dx
x.x
2
1/
SOLUTION The denominator expands to x
3
x, so if we let u D x
3
x, then du D .3x
2
1/ dx, which is the numerator. Thus
Z
.3x
2
1/ dx
x.x
2
1/
D
Z
du
u
D ln juj CC D ln.x.x
2
1// CC
61.
Z
ln.x
4
1/ dx
SOLUTION Apply integration by parts with u D ln.x
4
1/, v
0
D 1; then u
0
D
4x
3
x
4
1
and v D x, so after simplication,
Z
ln.x
4
1/ dx D x ln.x
4
1/ 4
Z
x
4
x
4
1
dx D x ln.x
4
1/ 4
Z
1 C
1
x
4
1
dx
D x ln.x
4
1/ 4
Z
1 dx 4
Z
1
x
4
1
dx
D x ln.x
4
1/ 4x 4
Z
1
2
_
1
x
2
1
1
x
2
C1
_
dx
D x ln.x
4
1/ 4x 2
Z
1
x
2
1
dx C2
Z
1
x
2
C1
dx
D x ln.x
4
1/ 4x C2 tanh
1
x C2 tan
1
x CC
62.
Z
x dx
.x
2
1/
3=2
2
1, du D 2x dx. Then we have
Z
x dx
.x
2
1/
3=2
D
1
2
Z
2x dx
.x
2
1/
3=2
D
1
2
Z
du
u
3=2
D
1
2
.2/u
1=2
CC D
1
p
u
CC D
1
p
x
2
1
CC:
63.
Z
x
2
dx
.x
2
1/
3=2
SOLUTION Use the trigonometric substitution x D sec 0. Then dx D sec 0 tan 0 d0,
x
2
1 D sec
2
0 1 D tan
2
0;
and
Z
x
2
dx
.x
2
1/
3=2
D
Z
.sec
2
0/ sec 0 tan 0 d0
.tan
2
0/
3=2
D
Z
sec
3
0 d0
tan
2
0
D
Z
.tan
2
0 C1/ sec 0 d0
tan
2
0
D
Z
tan
2
0 sec 0 d0
tan
2
0
C
Z
sec 0 d0
tan
2
0
D
Z
sec 0 d0 C
Z
csc 0 cot 0 d0
D ln j sec 0 Ctan 0j csc 0 CC:
Now construct a right triangle with sec 0 D x:

1
x
x
2
! 1
p
x
2
1 and csc 0 D x=
p
x
2
1. So the nal answer is
Z
x
2
dx
.x
2
1/
3=2
D ln
x C
p
x
2
1

x
p
x
2
1
CC:
64.
Z
.x C1/ dx
.x
2
C4x C8/
2
SOLUTION At rst it might appear that one would use partial fractions to simplify this problem, but in fact its already in simplied
form. Instead, use the substitution u D x
2
C4x C8, du D .2x C4/ dx. Then we have
Z
.x C1/ dx
.x
2
C4x C8/
2
D
1
2
Z
.2x C2/ dx
.x
2
C4x C8/
2
D
1
2
Z
.2x C2 C2 2/ dx
.x
2
C4x C8/
2
D
1
2
Z
.2x C4/ dx
.x
2
C4x C8/
2

Z
dx
.x
2
C4x C8/
2
D
1
2
Z
du
u
2

Z
dx
.x
2
C4x C8/
2
D
1
2u
Z
dx
.x
2
C4x C8/
2
:
To evaluate the remaining integral, complete the square, then let w D x C2, dw D dx:
Z
dx
.x
2
C4x C8/
2
D
Z
dx
.x
2
C4x C4 C4/
2
D
Z
dx
..x C2/
2
C4/
2
D
Z
dw
.w
2
C4/
2
:
Next, let w D 2 tan 0, dw D 2 sec
2
0 d0. Then
w
2
C4 D 4 tan
2
0 C4 D 4.tan
2
0 C1/ D 4 sec
2
0;
and we have
Z
dw
.w
2
C4/
2
D
Z
2 sec
2
0 d0
16 sec
4
0
D
1
8
cos
2
0 d0 D
1
8
_
1
2
0 C
1
2
sin 0 cos 0
_
CC D
1
16
0 C
1
16
sin 0 cos 0 CC:
Now construct a right triangle with tan 0 D w=2:

w
2
+ 4
w
2
From this we see that sin 0 D w=
p
w
2
C4 and cos 0 D 2=
p
w
2
C4. Thus
Z
dw
.w
2
C4/
2
D
1
16
tan
1
_
w
2
_
C
1
16
_
w
p
w
2
C4
__
2
p
w
2
C4
_
CC D
1
16
tan
1
_
w
2
_
C
w
8.w
2
C4/
CC:
In terms of x, we have
Z
dx
.x
2
C4x C8/
2
D
Z
dw
.w
2
C4/
2
D
1
16
tan
1
_
x C2
2
_
C
x C2
8..x C2/
2
C4/
CC:
Z
.x C1/ dx
.x
2
C4x C8/
2
D
1
2.x
2
C4x C8/
1
16
tan
1
_
x C2
2
_
x C2
8.x
2
C4x C8/
CC
D
1
16
tan
1
_
x C2
2
_
x C6
8.x
2
C4x C8/
CC:
65.
Z p
x dx
x
3
C1
3=2
, du D
3
2
x
1=2
dx. Then x
3
D .x
3=2
/
2
D u
2
, so we have
Z p
x dx
x
3
C1
D
2
3
Z
du
u
2
C1
D
2
3
tan
1
u CC D
2
3
tan
1
.x
3=2
/ CC:
66.
Z
x
1=2
dx
x
1=3
C1
1=6
, du D
1
6
x
5=6
dx. Then dx D 6x
5=6
du D 6u
5
du, and we get
Z
x
1=2
dx
x
1=3
C1
D
Z
u
3
.6u
5
du/
u
2
C1
D 6
Z
u
8
du
u
2
C1
:
By long division
u
8
u
2
C1
D u
6
u
4
Cu
2
1 C
1
u
2
C1
;
thus
Z
u
8
u
2
C1
du D
Z _
u
6
u
4
Cu
2
1 C
1
u
2
C1
_
du D
1
7
u
7
1
5
u
5
C
1
3
u
3
u Ctan
1
u CC:
The nal answer is
Z
x
1=2
x
1=3
C1
D
6
7
x
7=6
6
5
x
5=6
C2x
1=2
6x
1=6
C6 tan
1
.x
1=6
/ CC:
67. Show that the substitution 0 D 2 tan
1
t (Figure 1) yields the formulas
cos 0 D
1 t
2
1 Ct
2
; sin 0 D
2t
1 Ct
2
; d0 D
2 dt
1 Ct
2
10
This substitution transforms the integral of any rational function of cos 0 and sin 0 into an integral of a rational function of t (which
can then be evaluated using partial fractions). Use it to evaluate
Z
d0
cos 0 C
3
4
sin 0
.
1
/2
t
1 + t
2
FIGURE 1
SOLUTION If 0 D 2 tan
1
t , then d0 D 2 dt =.1 Ct
2
/. We also have that cos.
2
/ D 1=
p
1 Ct
2
and sin.
2
/ D t =
p
1 Ct
2
. To
nd cos 0, we use the double angle identity cos 0 D 1 2 sin
2
.
2
/. This gives us
cos 0 D 1 2
_
t
p
1 Ct
2
_
2
D 1
2t
2
1 Ct
2
D
1 Ct
2
2t
2
1 Ct
2
D
1 t
2
1 Ct
2
:
To nd sin 0, we use the double angle identity sin 0 D 2 sin.
2
/ cos.
2
/. This gives us
sin 0 D 2
_
t
p
1 Ct
2
__
1
p
1 Ct
2
_
D
2t
1 Ct
2
:
With these formulas, we have
Z
d0
cos 0 C.3=4/ sin 0
D
Z 2dt
1Ct
2
_
1t
2
1Ct
2
_
C
3
4
_
2t
1Ct
2
_ D
Z
8 dt
4.1 t
2
/ C3.2t /
D
Z
8 dt
4 C6t 4t
2
D
Z
4 dt
2 C3t 2t
2
:
The partial fraction decomposition has the form
4
2 C3t 2t
2
D
A
2 t
C
B
1 C2t
:
4 D A.1 C2t / CB.2 t /:
Setting t D 2 then yields
4 D A.5/ C0 or A D
4
5
;
while setting t D
1
2
yields
4 D 0 CB
_
5
2
_
or B D
8
5
:
The result is
4
2 C3t 2t
2
D
4
5
2 t
C
8
5
1 C2t
:
Thus,
Z
4
2 C3t 2t
2
dt D
4
5
Z
dt
2 t
C
8
5
Z
dt
1 C2t
D
4
5
ln j2 t j C
4
5
ln j1 C2t j CC:
The original substitution was 0 D 2 tan
1
t , which means that t D tan.
2
/. The nal answer is then
Z
d0
cos 0 C
3
4
sin 0
D
4
5
ln
2 tan
_
0
2
_
C
4
5
ln
1 C2 tan
_
0
2
_
CC:
68. Use the substitution of Exercise 67 to evaluate
Z
d0
cos 0 Csin 0
.
SOLUTION Using the substitution 0 D 2 tan
1
t , we get
Z
d0
cos 0 Csin 0
D
Z
2 dt =.1 Ct
2
/
.1 t
2
/=.1 Ct
2
/ C2t =.1 Ct
2
/
D
Z
2 dt
1 t
2
C2t
D 2
Z
dt
t
2
2t 1
:
The partial fraction decomposition has the form
2
t
2
2t 1
D
A
t 1
p
2
C
B
t 1 C
p
2
:
2 D A.t 1 C
p
2/ CB.t 1
p
2/:
Setting t D 1 C
p
2 then yields A D
1
p
2
, while setting t D 1
p
2 yields B D
1
p
2
. Thus,
Z
d0
cos 0 Csin 0
D
1
p
2
Z
dt
t 1 C
p
2
1
p
2
Z
dt
t 1
p
2
D
1
p
2
ln jt 1 C
p
2j
1
p
2
ln jt 1
p
2j CC
D
1
p
2
ln
tan
_
2
_
1 C
p
2
tan
_
2
_
1
p
2
CC:
69. Prove the general formula
Z
dx
.x a/.x b/
D
1
a b
ln
x a
x b
CC
where a; b are constants such that a b.
1
.x a/.x b/
D
A
x a
C
B
x b
:
1 D A.x b/ CB.x a/:
Setting x D a then yields
1 D A.a b/ C0 or A D
1
a b
;
while setting x D b yields
1 D 0 CB.b a/ or B D
1
b a
:
The result is
1
.x a/.x b/
D
1
ab
x a
C
1
ba
x b
:
Thus,
Z
dx
.x a/.x b/
D
1
a b
Z
dx
x a
C
1
b a
Z
dx
x b
D
1
a b
ln jx aj C
1
b a
ln jx bj CC
D
1
a b
ln jx aj
1
a b
ln jx bj CC D
1
a b
ln
x a
x b
CC:
70. The method of partial fractions shows that
Z
dx
x
2
1
D
1
2
ln
x 1
1
2
ln
x C1
CC
The computer algebra system Mathematica evaluates this integral as tanh
1
x, where tanh
1
x is the inverse hyperbolic tangent
function. Can you reconcile the two answers?
SOLUTION Let
y D tanh x D
e
x
e
x
e
x
Ce
x
:
Solving for x in terms of y, we nd
.e
x
Ce
x
/y D e
x
e
x
e
x
.1 Cy/ D e
x
.1 y/
e
2x
D
1 Cy
1 y
x D
1
2
ln
1 Cy
1 y
Thus,
tanh
1
x D
1
2
ln
1 Cx
1 x
;
so
tanh
1
x D
1
2
ln
1 x
1 Cx
D
1
2
ln j1 xj
1
2
ln j1 Cxj;
as desired.
71. Suppose that Q.x/ D .x a/.x b/, where a b, and let P.x/=Q.x/ be a proper rational function so that
P.x/
Q.x/
D
A
.x a/
C
B
.x b/
(a) Show that A D
P.a/
Q
0
.a/
and B D
P.b/
Q
0
.b/
.
(b) Use this result to nd the partial fraction decomposition for P.x/ D 3x 2 and Q.x/ D x
2
4x 12.
SOLUTION
(a) Clearing denominators gives us
P.x/ D A.x b/ CB.x a/:
Setting x D a then yields
P.a/ D A.a b/ C0 or A D
P.a/
a b
;
while setting x D b yields
P.b/ D 0 CB.b a/ or B D
P.b/
b a
:
Now use the product rule to differentiate Q.x/:
Q
0
.x/ D .x a/.1/ C.1/.x b/ D x a Cx b D 2x a bI
therefore,
Q
0
.a/ D 2a a b D a b
Q
0
.b/ D 2b a b D b a
Substituting these into the above results, we nd
A D
P.a/
Q
0
.a/
and B D
P.b/
Q
0
.b/
:
(b) The partial fraction decomposition has the form:
P.x/
Q.x/
D
3x 2
x
2
4x 12
D
3x 2
.x 6/.x C2/
D
A
x 6
C
B
x C2
I
A D
P.6/
Q
0
.6/
D
3.6/ 2
2.6/ 4
D
16
8
D 2I
B D
P.2/
Q
0
.2/
D
3.2/ 2
2.2/ 4
D
8
8
D 1:
The result is
3x 2
x
2
4x 12
D
2
x 6
C
1
x C2
:
72. Suppose that Q.x/ D .x a
1
/.x a
2
/ .x a
n
/, where the roots a
j
are all distinct. Let P.x/=Q.x/ be a proper rational
function so that
P.x/
Q.x/
D
A
1
.x a
1
/
C
A
2
.x a
2
/
C C
A
n
.x a
n
/
(a) Show that A
j
D
P.a
j
/
Q
0
.a
j
/
for j D 1; : : : ; n.
(b) Use this result to nd the partial fraction decomposition for P.x/ D 2x
2
1, Q.x/ D x
3
4x
2
Cx C6 D .x C 1/.x
2/.x 3/.
SOLUTION
(a) To differentiate Q.x/, rst take the logarithm of both sides, and then differentiate:
ln
_
Q.x/
_
D ln
_
.x a
1
/.x a
2
/ .x a
n
/
_
D ln.x a
1
/ Cln.x a
2
/ C Cln.x a
n
/
d
dx
ln
_
Q.x/
_
D
Q
0
.x/
Q.x/
D
1
x a
1
C
1
x a
2
C C
1
x a
n
Multiplying both sides by Q.x/ gives us
Q
0
.x/ D Q.x/
_
1
x a
1
C C
1
x a
n
_
D .x a
2
/.x a
3
/ .x a
n
/ C.x a
1
/.x a
3
/ .x a
n
/ C C.x a
1
/.x a
2
/ .x a
n1
/:
In other words, the i th product in the formula for Q
0
.x/ has the .x a
i
/ factor removed. This means that
Q
0
.a
j
/ D .a
j
a
1
/ .a
j
a
j1
/.a
j
a
jC1
/ .a
j
a
n
/:
Now clear denominators in the expression for P.x/=Q.x/:
P.x/ D
A
1
Q.x/
x a
1
C
A
2
Q.x/
x a
2
C C
A
n
Q.x/
x a
n
D A
1
.x a
2
/ .x a
n
/ C.x a
1
/A
2
.x a
3
/ .x a
n
/ C C.x a
1
/.x a
2
/ .x a
n1
/A
n
:
Setting x D a
j
, we get
P.a
j
/ D .a
j
a
1
/.a
j
a
2
/ .a
j
a
j1
/A
j
.a
j
a
jC1
/ .a
j
a
n
/;
so that
A
j
D
P.a
j
/
.a
j
a
1
/ .a
j
a
j1
/.a
j
a
jC1
/ .a
j
a
n
/
D
P.a
j
/
Q
0
.a
j
/
:
(b) Let P.x/ D 2x
2
1 and Q.x/ D .x C 1/.x 2/.x 3/, so that Q
0
.x/ D 3x
2
8x C 1. Then a
1
D 1, a
2
D 2, and
a
3
D 3, so that
A
1
D P.1/=Q
0
.1/ D
1
12
I
A
2
D P.2/=Q
0
.2/ D
7
3
I
A
3
D P.3/=Q
0
.3/ D
17
4
:
Thus
P.x/
Q.x/
D
1
12.x C1/
7
1 D 3.x 2/
C
17
4.x 3/
:
7.6 Improper Integrals
1. State whether the integral converges or diverges:
(a)
Z
1
1
x
3
dx (b)
Z
1
0
x
3
dx
(c)
Z
1
1
x
2=3
dx (d)
Z
1
0
x
2=3
dx
SOLUTION
(a) The integral is improper because one of the limits of integration is innite. Because the power of x in the integrand is less than
1, this integral converges.
(b) The integral is improper because the integrand is undened at x D 0. Because the power of x in the integrand is less than 1,
this integral diverges.
(c) The integral is improper because one of the limits of integration is innite. Because the power of x in the integrand is greater
than 1, this integral diverges.
(d) The integral is improper because the integrand is undened at x D 0. Because the power of x in the integrand is greater than
1, this integral converges.
2. Is
Z
=2
0
cot x dx an improper integral? Explain.
SOLUTION Because the integrand cot x is undened at x D 0, this is an improper integral.
3. Find a value of b > 0 that makes
Z
b
0
1
x
2
4
dx an improper integral.
SOLUTION Any value of b satisfying jbj 2 will make this an improper integral.
4. Which comparison would show that
Z
1
0
dx
x Ce
x
converges?
SOLUTION Note that, for x > 0,
1
x Ce
x
<
1
e
x
D e
x
:
Moreover
Z
1
0
e
x
dx
converges. Therefore,
Z
1
0
1
x Ce
x
dx
converges by the comparison test.
5. Explain why it is not possible to draw any conclusions about the convergence of
Z
1
1
e
x
x
dx by comparing with the integral
Z
1
1
dx
x
.
SOLUTION For 1 x < 1,
e
x
x
<
1
x
;
but
Z
1
1
dx
x
diverges. Knowing that an integral is smaller than a divergent integral does not allow us to draw any conclusions using the compar-
ison test.
SECT I ON 7.6 Improper Integrals 891
Exercises
1. Which of the following integrals is improper? Explain your answer, but do not evaluate the integral.
(a)
Z
2
0
dx
x
1=3
(b)
Z
1
1
dx
x
0:2
(c)
Z
1
1
e
x
dx
(d)
Z
1
0
e
x
dx (e)
Z
=2
0
sec x dx (f)
Z
1
0
sin x dx
(g)
Z
1
0
sin x dx (h)
Z
1
0
dx
p
3 x
2
(i)
Z
1
1
ln x dx
(j)
Z
3
0
ln x dx
SOLUTION
(a) Improper. The function x
1=3
is innite at 0.
(b) Improper. Innite interval of integration.
(c) Improper. Innite interval of integration.
(d) Proper. The function e
x
is continuous on the nite interval 0; 1|.
(e) Improper. The function sec x is innite at

2
.
(f) Improper. Innite interval of integration.
(g) Proper. The function sin x is continuous on the nite interval 0; 1|.
(h) Proper. The function 1=
p
3 x
2
is continuous on the nite interval 0; 1|.
(i) Improper. Innite interval of integration.
(j) Improper. The function ln x is innite at 0.
2. Let f .x/ D x
4=3
.
(a) Evaluate
Z
R
1
f .x/ dx.
(b) Evaluate
Z
1
1
f .x/ dx by computing the limit
lim
R!1
Z
R
1
f .x/ dx
SOLUTION
(a)
Z
R
1
x
4=3
dx D 3x
1=3
R
1
D 3R
1=3
_
3.1/
_
D 3
_
1
1
R
1=3
_
:
(b)
Z
1
1
x
4=3
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
1
x
4=3
dx D lim
R!1
3
_
1
1
R
1=3
_
D 3.1 0/ D 3:
3. Prove that
Z
1
1
x
2=3
dx diverges by showing that
lim
R!1
Z
R
1
x
2=3
dx D 1
SOLUTION First compute the proper integral:
Z
R
1
x
2=3
dx D 3x
1=3
R
1
D 3R
1=3
3 D 3
_
R
1=3
1
_
:
Then show divergence:
Z
1
1
x
2=3
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
1
x
2=3
dx D lim
R!1
3
_
R
1=3
1
_
D 1:
4. Determine whether
Z
3
0
dx
.3 x/
3=2
converges by computing
lim
R!3
Z
R
0
dx
.3 x/
3=2
SOLUTION First evaluate the integral on the interval 0; R| for 0 < R < 3:
Z
R
0
dx
.3 x/
3=2
D 2.3 x/
1=2
R
0
D
2
p
3 R
2
p
3
:
Now compute the limit as R !3
:
Z
3
0
dx
.3 x/
3=2
D lim
R!3
Z
R
0
dx
.3 x/
3=2
D lim
R!3
_
2
p
3 R
2
p
3
_
D 1I
thus, the integral diverges.
In Exercises 540, determine whether the improper integral converges and, if so, evaluate it.
5.
Z
1
1
dx
x
19=20
SOLUTION First evaluate the integral over the nite interval 1; R| for R > 1:
Z
R
1
dx
x
19=20
D 20x
1=20
R
1
D 20R
1=20
20:
Now compute the limit as R !1:
Z
1
1
dx
x
19=20
D lim
R!1
Z
R
1
dx
x
19=20
D lim
R!1
_
20R
1=20
20
_
D 1:
The integral does not converge.
6.
Z
1
1
dx
x
20=19
SOLUTION First evaluate the integral over the nite interval 1; R| for R > 1:
Z
R
1
dx
x
20=19
D 19x
1=19
R
1
D
19
R
1=19
.19/ D 19
19
R
1=19
:
Z
1
1
dx
x
20=19
D lim
R!1
Z
R
1
dx
x
20=19
D lim
R!1
_
19
19
R
1=19
_
D 19 0 D 19:
7.
Z
4
1
e
0:0001t
dt
SOLUTION First evaluate the integral over the nite interval R; 4| for R < 4:
Z
4
R
e
.0:0001/t
dt D
e
.0:0001/t
0:0001
4
R
D 10;000
_
e
0:0004
e
.0:0001/R
_
:
Z
4
1
e
.0:0001/t
dt D lim
R!1
Z
4
R
e
.0:0001/t
dt D lim
R!1
10;000
_
e
0:0004
e
.0:0001/R
_
D 10;000
_
e
0:0004
0
_
D 10;000e
0:0004
:
8.
Z
1
20
dt
t
SOLUTION First evaluate the integral over the nite interval 20; R| for 20 < R:
Z
R
20
dt
t
D ln jt j
R
20
D ln R ln 20:
Z
1
20
dt
t
D lim
R!1
Z
R
20
dt
t
D lim
R!1
.ln R ln 20/ D 1I
thus, the integral does not converge.
9.
Z
5
0
dx
x
20=19
SOLUTION The function x
20=19
is innite at the endpoint 0, so well rst evaluate the integral on the nite interval R; 5| for
0 < R < 5:
Z
5
R
dx
x
20=19
D 19x
1=19
5
R
D 19
_
5
1=19
R
1=19
_
D 19
_
1
R
1=19

1
5
1=19
_
:
C
:
Z
5
0
dx
x
20=19
D lim
R!0
C
Z
5
R
dx
x
20=19
D lim
R!0
C
19
_
1
R
1=19

1
5
1=19
_
D 1I
10.
Z
5
0
dx
x
19=20
19=20
is innite at the endpoint 0, so well rst evaluate the integral on the nite interval R; 5| for
0 < R < 5:
Z
5
R
dx
x
19=20
D 20x
1=20
5
R
D 20
_
5
1=20
R
1=20
_
:
C
:
Z
5
0
dx
x
19=20
D lim
R!0
C
Z
5
R
dx
x
19=20
D lim
R!0
C
20
_
5
1=20
R
1=20
_
D 20
_
5
1=20
0
_
D 20 5
1=20
:
11.
Z
4
0
dx
p
4 x
SOLUTION The function 1=
p
4 x is innite at x D 4, so well rst evaluate the integral on the interval 0; R| for 0 < R < 4:
Z
R
0
dx
p
4 x
D 2
p
4 x
R
0
D 2
p
4 R .2/
p
4 D 4 2
p
4 R:
:
Z
4
0
dx
p
4 x
D lim
R!4
Z
R
0
dx
p
4 x
D lim
R!4
_
4 2
p
4 R
_
D 4 0 D 4:
12.
Z
6
5
dx
.x 5/
3=2
SOLUTION The function .x 5/
3=2
is innite at x D 5, so well rst evaluate the integral on the interval R; 6| for 5 < R < 6:
Z
6
R
dx
.x 5/
3=2
D 2.x 5/
1=2
6
R
D
2
p
1
2
p
R 5
D
2
p
R 5
2:
C
:
Z
6
5
dx
.x 5/
3=2
D lim
R!5
C
Z
6
R
dx
.x 5/
3=2
D lim
R!5
C
_
2
p
R 5
2
_
D 1I
13.
Z
1
2
x
3
dx
SOLUTION First evaluate the integral on the nite interval 2; R| for 2 < R:
Z
R
2
x
3
dx D
x
2
2
R
2
D
1
2R
2

1
2.2
2
/
D
1
8
1
2R
2
:
Z
1
2
x
3
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
2
x
3
dx D lim
R!1
_
1
8
1
2R
2
_
D
1
8
:
14.
Z
1
0
dx
.x C1/
3
SOLUTION First evaluate the integral on the nite interval 0; R| for R > 0:
Z
R
0
dx
.x C1/
3
D
.x C1/
2
2
R
0
D
1
2.R C1/
2

1
2.1/
2
D
1
2
1
2.R C1/
2
:
Z
1
0
dx
.x C1/
3
D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
dx
.x C1/
3
D lim
R!1
_
1
2
1
2.R C1/
2
_
D
1
2
:
15.
Z
1
3
dx
.x C4/
3=2
Z
R
3
dx
.x C4/
3=2
D 2.x C4/
1=2
R
3
D
2
p
R C4
2
p
1
D 2
2
p
R C4
:
Z
1
3
dx
.x C4/
3=2
D lim
R!1
Z
R
3
dx
.x C4/
3=2
D lim
R!1
_
2
2
p
R C4
_
D 2 0 D 2:
16.
Z
1
2
e
2x
dx
Z
R
2
e
2x
dx D
e
2x
2
R
2
D
1
2
_
e
2R
e
4
_
D
1
2
_
e
4
e
2R
_
:
Z
1
2
e
2x
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
2
e
2x
dx D lim
R!1
_
e
4
e
2R
_
D
1
2
_
e
4
0
_
D
1
2e
4
:
17.
Z
1
0
dx
x
0:2
0:2
is innite at x D 0, so well rst evaluate the integral on the interval R; 1| for 0 < R < 1:
Z
1
R
dx
x
0:2
D
x
0:8
0:8
1
R
D 1:25
_
1 R
0:8
_
:
C
:
Z
1
0
dx
x
0:2
D lim
R!0
C
Z
1
R
dx
x
0:2
D lim
R!0
C
1:25
_
1 R
0:8
_
D 1:25.1 0/ D 1:25:
18.
Z
1
2
x
1=3
dx
Z
R
2
x
1=3
dx D
3
2
x
2=3
R
2
D
3
2
_
R
2=3
2
2=3
_
:
Z
1
2
x
1=3
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
2
x
1=3
dx D lim
R!1
3
2
_
R
2=3
2
2=3
_
D 1I
19.
Z
1
4
e
3x
dx
Z
R
4
e
3x
dx D
e
3x
3
R
4
D
1
3
_
e
3R
e
12
_
D
1
3
_
e
12
e
3R
_
:
Z
1
4
e
3x
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
4
e
3x
dx D lim
R!1
1
3
_
e
12
e
3R
_
D
1
3
_
e
12
0
_
D
1
3e
12
:
20.
Z
1
4
e
3x
dx
Z
R
4
e
3x
dx D
e
3x
3
R
4
D
1
3
_
e
3R
e
12
_
:
Z
1
4
e
3x
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
4
e
3x
dx D lim
R!1
1
3
_
e
3R
e
12
_
D 1I
21.
Z
0
1
e
3x
dx
SOLUTION First evaluate the integral on the nite interval R; 0| for R < 0:
Z
0
R
e
3x
dx D
e
3x
3
0
R
D
1
3
e
3R
3
:
Z
0
1
e
3x
dx D lim
R!1
Z
0
R
e
3x
dx D lim
R!1
1
3
e
3R
3
!
D
1
3
0 D
1
3
:
22.
Z
2
1
dx
.x 1/
2
SOLUTION The function .x 1/
2
is innite at x D 1, so we rst evaluate the integral on the interval R; 2| for 1 < R < 2:
Z
2
R
dx
.x 1/
2
D
.x 1/
1
1
2
R
D
1
1
1
R 1
D
1
R 1
1:
C
:
Z
2
1
dx
.x 1/
2
D lim
R!1
C
Z
2
R
dx
.x 1/
2
D lim
R!1
C
_
1
R 1
1
_
D 1I
23.
Z
3
1
dx
p
3 x
SOLUTION The function f .x/ D 1=
p
3 x is innite at x D 3, so we rst evaluate the integral on the interval 1; R| for
1 < R < 3:
Z
R
1
dx
p
3 x
D 2
p
3 x
R
1
D 2
p
3 R C2
p
2:
:
Z
3
1
dx
p
3 x
D lim
R!3
Z
R
1
dx
p
3 x
D 0 C2
p
2 D 2
p
2:
24.
Z
4
2
dx
.x C2/
1=3
SOLUTION The function .x C 2/
1=3
is innite at x D 2, so well rst evaluate the integral on the interval R; 4| for 2 <
R < 4:
Z
4
R
dx
.x C2/
1=3
D
3
2
.x C2/
2=3
4
R
D
3
2
_
6
2=3
.R C2/
2=3
_
:
C
:
Z
4
2
dx
.x C2/
1=3
D lim
R!2
C
Z
4
R
dx
.x C2/
1=3
D lim
R!2
C
3
2
_
6
2=3
.R C2/
2=3
_
D
3
2
_
6
2=3
0
_
D
3 6
2=3
2
:
25.
Z
1
0
dx
1 Cx
Z
R
0
dx
1 Cx
D ln j1 Cxj
R
0
D ln j1 CRj ln 1 D ln j1 CRj:
Z
1
0
dx
1 Cx
D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
dx
1 Cx
D lim
R!1
ln j1 CRj D 1I
26.
Z
0
1
xe
x
2
dx
SOLUTION First evaluate the indenite integral using substitution, with u D x
2
, du D 2x dx. This gives us
Z
xe
x
2
dx D
1
2
Z
e
x
2
.2x dx/ D
1
2
Z
e
u
du D
1
2
e
u
CC D
1
2
e
x
2
CC:
Next, evaluate the integral on the nite interval R; 0| for R < 0:
Z
0
R
xe
x
2
dx D
1
2
e
x
2
0
R
D
1
2
_
1 e
R
2
_
:
Finally, compute the limit as R !1:
Z
0
1
xe
x
2
dx D lim
R!1
Z
0
R
xe
x
2
dx D lim
R!1
1
2
_
e
R
2
1
_
D
1
2
.0 1/ D
1
2
:
27.
Z
1
0
x dx
.1 Cx
2
/
2
SOLUTION First evaluate the indenite integral, using the substitution u D x
2
, du D 2x dx; then
Z
x dx
.1 Cx
2
/
2
D
1
2
Z
1
.1 Cu/
2
du D
1
2.u C1/
CC D
1
2.x
2
C1/
CC
Thus, for R > 0,
Z
R
0
x dx
.x
2
C1/
2
D
_
1
2.x
2
C1/
_
R
0
D
1
2.R
2
C1/
C
1
2
and thus in the limit
Z
1
0
x dx
.x
2
C1/
2
D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
x dx
.x
2
C1/
2
D
1
2
lim
R!1
1
2.R
2
C1/
D
1
2
28.
Z
6
3
x dx
p
x 3
SOLUTION First, evaluate the indenite integral using the substitution u D x 3, du D dx:
Z
x
p
x 3
dx D
Z
u C3
p
u
du D
2
3
u
3=2
C6u
1=2
CC D
2
3
.x 3/
3=2
C6.x 3/
1=2
CC:
Next, evaluate the denite integral over the interval R; 6| for R > 3:
Z
6
R
x
p
x 3
dx D
_
2
3
.x 3/
3=2
C6.x 3/
1=2
_
6
R
D
2
3
3
3=2
C6
p
3
2
3
.R 3/
3=2
6.R 3/
1=2
D 8
p
3
2
3
.R 3/
3=2
6.R 3/
1=2
:
Finally, we compute the limit as R !3
C
:
Z
6
3
x
p
x 3
dx D lim
R!3
C
Z
6
R
x
p
x 3
dx D lim
R!3
C
_
8
p
3
2
3
.R 3/
3=2
6.R 3/
1=2
_
D 8
p
3:
29.
Z
1
0
e
x
cos x dx
SOLUTION First evaluate the indenite integral using Integration by Parts, with u D e
x
, v
0
D cos x. Then u
0
D e
x
,
v D sin x, and
Z
e
x
cos x dx D e
x
sin x
Z
sin x.e
x
/ dx D e
x
sin x C
Z
e
x
sin x dx:
Now use Integration by Parts again, with u D e
x
, v
0
D sin x. Then u
0
D e
x
, v D cos x, and
Z
e
x
cos x dx D e
x
sin x C
_
e
x
cos x
Z
e
x
cos x dx
_
:
R
e
x
cos x dx, we nd
Z
e
x
cos x dx D
1
2
e
x
.sin x cos x/ CC:
Thus,
Z
R
0
e
x
cos x dx D
1
2
e
x
.sin x cos x/
R
0
D
sin R cos R
2e
R

sin 0 cos 0
2
D
sin R cos R
2e
R
C
1
2
;
and
Z
1
0
e
x
cos x dx D lim
R!1
_
sin R cos R
2e
R
C
1
2
_
D 0 C
1
2
D
1
2
:
30.
Z
1
1
xe
2x
dx
SOLUTION First evaluate the indenite integral using Integration by Parts, with u D x and v
0
D e
2x
. Then u
0
D 1, v D
1
2
e
2x
, and
Z
xe
2x
dx D
1
2
xe
2x
Z _
1
2
_
e
2x
dx D
1
2
e
2x
C
1
2
Z
e
2x
dx
D
1
2
xe
2x
1
4
e
2x
CC D
1
4
e
2x
.2x C1/ CC D
.2x C1/
4e
2x
CC:
Therefore,
Z
1
1
xe
2x
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
1
xe
2x
dx D lim
R!1
.2x C1/
4e
2x
R
1
!
D lim
R!1
_
.2R C1/
4e
2R
C
3
4e
2
_
:
Use LH opitals Rule to evaluate the limit:
Z
1
1
xe
2x
dx D
3
4e
2
lim
R!1
2
8e
2R
D
3
4e
2
0 D
3
4e
2
:
31.
Z
3
0
dx
p
9 x
2
SOLUTION The function .9 x
2
/
1=2
is innite at x D 3, so well rst evaluate the integral on the interval 0; R| for 0 < R < 3:
Z
R
0
dx
p
9 x
2
D sin
1
x
3
R
0
D sin
1
R
3
sin
1
0 D sin
1
R
3
:
Thus,
Z
3
0
dx
p
9 x
2
D lim
R!3
sin
1
R
3
D sin
1
1 D

2
:
32.
Z
1
0
e
p
x
dx
p
x
SOLUTION Let u D
p
x, du D
1
2
x
1=2
dx. Then
Z
e
p
x
dx
p
x
D 2
Z
e
p
x
_
dx
2
p
x
_
D 2
Z
e
u
du D 2e
u
CC D 2e
p
x
CC:
The function e
p
x
=
p
x is innite, so we rst evaluate the integral on R; 1| for 0 < R < 1:
Z
1
R
e
p
x
dx
p
x
D 2e
p
x
1
R
D 2e 2e
p
R
:
Now we compute the limit as R !0C:
Z
1
0
e
p
x
dx
p
x
D lim
R!0
C
_
2e 2e
p
x
_
D 2e 2.1/ D 2.e 1/:
33.
Z
1
1
e
p
x
dx
p
x
SOLUTION Let u D
p
x, du D
1
2
x
1=2
dx. Then
Z
e
p
x
dx
p
x
D 2
Z
e
p
x
_
dx
2
p
x
_
D 2
Z
e
u
du D 2e
u
CC D 2e
p
x
CC;
and
Z
1
1
e
p
x
dx
p
x
D lim
R!1
Z
R
1
e
p
x
dx
p
x
D lim
R!1
2e
p
x
R
1
D lim
R!1
_
2e
p
R
2e
_
D 1:
34.
Z
=2
0
sec 0 d0
SOLUTION First, evaluate the integral on the interval 0; R| for 0 < R <

2
:
Z
R
0
sec 0 d0 D ln j sec 0 Ctan 0j
R
0
D ln j sec R Ctan Rj:
Now we compute the limit as R !

2
:
Z
=2
0
sec 0 d0 D lim
R!=2
Z
R
0
sec 0 d0 D lim
R!=2
ln j sec R Ctan Rj D 1:
35.
Z
1
0
sin x dx
Z
R
0
sin x dx D cos x
R
0
D cos R Ccos 0 D 1 cos R:
Thus,
Z
R
0
sin x dx D lim
R!1
.1 cos R/ D 1 lim
R!1
cos R:
This limit does not exist, since the value of cos R oscillates between 1 and 1 as R approaches innity. Hence the integral does not
converge.
36.
Z
=2
0
tan x dx
SOLUTION The function tan x is innite at x D

2
, so well rst evaluate the integral on 0; R| for 0 < R <

2
:
Z
R
0
tan x dx D ln j sec xj
R
0
D ln j sec Rj:
Thus,
Z
=2
0
tan x dx D lim
R!
Z
R
0
tan x dx D lim
R!
_
ln j sec Rj
_
D 1:
37.
Z
1
0
ln x dx
SOLUTION The function ln x is innite at x D 0, so well rst evaluate the integral on R; 1| for 0 < R < 1. Use Integration by
Parts with u D ln x and v
0
D 1. Then u
0
D 1=x, v D x, and we have
Z
1
R
ln x dx D x ln x
1
R
Z
1
R
dx D .x ln x x/
1
R
D .ln 1 1/ .Rln R R/ D R 1 Rln R:
Thus,
Z
1
0
ln x dx D lim
R!0
C
.R 1 Rln R/ D 1 lim
R!0
C
Rln R:
To compute the limit, rewrite the function as a quotient and apply LH opitals Rule:
Z
1
0
ln x dx D 1 lim
R!0
C
ln R
1
R
D 1 lim
R!0
C
1
R
1
R
2
D 1 lim
R!0
C
.R/ D 1 0 D 1:
38.
Z
2
1
dx
x ln x
SOLUTION Evaluate the indenite integral using substitution, with u D ln x, du D .1=x/ dx. Then
Z
dx
x ln x
D
Z
du
u
D ln juj CC D ln j ln xj CC:
Thus,
Z
2
R
dx
x ln x
D ln j ln xj
2
R
D ln.ln 2/ ln.ln R/;
and
Z
2
1
dx
x ln x
D lim
R!1
C
_
ln.ln 2/ ln.ln R/
_
D ln.ln 2/ lim
R!1
C
ln.ln R/ D 1:
39.
Z
1
0
ln x
x
2
dx
0
D x
2
. Then u
0
D 1=x, v D x
1
, and
Z
ln x
x
2
dx D
1
x
ln x C
Z
dx
x
2
D
1
x
ln x
1
x
CC:
The function is innite at x D 0, so well rst evaluate the integral on R; 1| for 0 < R < 1:
Z
1
a
ln x
x
2
dx D
_
1
x
ln x
1
x
_
1
R
D
_
1
1
ln 1
1
1
_
1
R
ln R
1
R
_
D
1
R
ln R C
1
R
1:
Thus,
Z
1
0
ln x
x
2
dx D lim
R!0
C
1
R
ln R C
1
R
1 D 1 C lim
R!0
C
ln R C1
R
D 1:
40.
Z
1
1
ln x
x
2
dx
0
D x
2
. Then u
0
D x
1
, v D x
1
, and
Z
ln x
x
2
dx D
1
x
ln x C
Z
x
2
dx D
1
x
ln x
1
x
CC:
Thus,
Z
R
1
ln x
x
2
dx D
_
1
x
ln x
1
x
_
R
1
D
_
1
R
ln R
1
R
_
1
1
ln 1
1
1
_
D 1
1
R
ln R
1
R
:
Use LH opitals Rule to compute the limit:
Z
1
1
ln x
x
2
dx D lim
R!1
_
1
1
R
ln R
1
R
_
D 1 lim
R!1
_
ln R
R
_
0 D 1 lim
R!1
1
R
1
D 1
0
1
D 1:
41. Let I D
Z
1
4
dx
.x 2/.x 3/
.
(a) Show that for R > 4,
Z
R
4
dx
.x 2/.x 3/
D ln
R 3
R 2
ln
1
2
(b) Then show that I D ln 2.
SOLUTION
(a) The partial fraction decomposition takes the form
1
.x 2/.x 3/
D
A
x 2
C
B
x 3
:
1 D A.x 3/ CB.x 2/:
Setting x D 2 then yields A D 1, while setting x D 3 yields B D 1. Thus,
Z
dx
.x 2/.x 3/
D
Z
dx
x 3
Z
dx
x 2
D ln jx 3j ln jx 2j CC D ln
x 3
x 2
CC;
and, for R > 4,
Z
R
4
dx
.x 2/.x 3/
D ln
x 3
x 2
R
4
D ln
R 3
R 2
ln
1
2
:
(b) Using the result from part (a),
I D lim
R!1
_
ln
R 3
R 2
ln
1
2
_
D ln 1 ln
1
2
D ln 2:
42. Evaluate the integral I D
Z
1
1
dx
x.2x C5/
.
SOLUTION The partial fraction decomposition takes the form
1
x.2x C5/
D
A
x
C
B
2x C5
:
1 D A.2x C5/ CBx:
Setting x D 0 then yields A D
1
5
, while setting x D
5
2
yields B D
2
5
. Thus,
Z
dx
x.2x C5/
D
1
5
Z
dx
x
2
5
Z
dx
2x C5
D
1
5
ln jxj
1
5
ln j2x C5j CC D
1
5
ln
x
2x C5
CC;
and, for R > 1,
Z
R
1
dx
x.2x C5/
D
1
5
ln
x
2x C5
R
1
D
1
5
ln
R
2R C5
1
5
ln
1
7
:
Thus,
I D lim
R!1
_
1
5
ln
R
2R C5
1
5
ln
1
7
_
D
1
5
ln
1
2
1
5
ln
1
7
D
1
5
ln
7
2
:
43. Evaluate I D
Z
1
0
dx
x.2x C5/
or state that it diverges.
1
x.2x C5/
D
A
x
C
B
2x C5
:
1 D A.2x C5/ CBx:
1
5
, while setting x D
5
2
yields B D
2
5
. Thus,
Z
dx
x.2x C5/
D
1
5
Z
dx
x
2
5
Z
dx
2x C5
D
1
5
ln jxj
1
5
ln j2x C5j CC D
1
5
ln
x
2x C5
CC;
and, for 0 < R < 1,
Z
1
R
dx
x.2x C5/
D
1
5
ln
x
2x C5
1
R
D
1
5
ln
1
7
1
5
ln
R
2R C5
:
Thus,
I D lim
R!0C
_
1
5
ln
1
7
1
5
ln
R
2R C5
_
D 1:
44. Evaluate I D
Z
1
2
dx
.x C3/.x C1/
2
or state that it diverges.
1
.x C3/.x C1/
2
D
A
x C3
C
B
x C1
C
C
.x C1/
2
:
1 D A.x C1/
2
CB.x C1/.x C3/ CC.x C3/:
1
4
, while setting x D 1 yields C D
1
2
. Setting x D 0 gives 1 D
1
4
C3B C
3
2
or B D
1
4
. Thus,
Z
dx
.x C3/.x C1/
2
D
1
4
Z
dx
x C3
1
4
Z
dx
x C1
C
1
2
Z
dx
.x C1/
2
D
1
4
ln jx C3j
1
4
ln jx C1j
1
2.x C1/
CC D
1
4
ln
x C3
x C1
1
2.x C1/
CC;
and, for R > 2,
Z
R
2
dx
.x C3/.x C1/
2
D
_
1
4
ln
x C3
x C1
1
2.x C1/
_
R
2
D
1
4
ln
R C3
R C1
1
2.R C1/
1
4
ln
5
3
C
1
6
:
Thus
I D lim
R!1
_
1
4
ln
R C3
R C1
1
2.R C1/
1
4
ln
5
3
C
1
6
_
D
1
6
1
4
ln
5
3
:
In Exercises 4548, determine whether the doubly innite improper integral converges and, if so, evaluate it. Use denition (2).
45.
Z
1
1
x dx
1 Cx
2
SOLUTION Using the substitution u D x
2
C1, du D 2x dx, we obtain
Z
x dx
1 Cx
2
D
1
2
ln.x
2
C1/ CC:
Thus,
Z
1
0
x dx
1 Cx
2
D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
x dx
1 Cx
2
D lim
R!1
1
2
ln.R
2
C1/ D 1I
Z
0
1
x dx
1 Cx
2
D lim
R!1
Z
0
R
x dx
1 Cx
2
D lim
R!1
1
2
ln.R
2
C1/ D 1I
It follows that
Z
1
1
x dx
1 Cx
2
diverges.
46.
Z
1
1
e
jxj
dx
SOLUTION First, we nd
Z
1
0
e
jxj
dx D
Z
1
0
e
x
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
e
x
dx D lim
R!1
_
1 e
R
_
D 1I
Z
0
1
e
jxj
dx D
Z
0
1
e
x
dx D lim
R!1
Z
0
R
e
x
dx D lim
R!1
_
1 e
R
_
D 1I
and
Z
1
1
e
jxj
dx D 1 C1 D 2:
47.
Z
1
1
xe
x
2
dx
SOLUTION First note that
Z
xe
x
2
dx D
1
2
e
x
2
CC:
Thus,
Z
1
0
xe
x
2
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
xe
x
2
dx D lim
R!1
_
1
2
1
2
e
R
2
_
D
1
2
I
Z
0
1
xe
x
2
dx D lim
R!1
Z
0
R
xe
x
2
dx D lim
R!1
_
1
2
C
1
2
e
R
2
_
D
1
2
I
and
Z
1
1
xe
x
2
dx D
1
2
1
2
D 0:
48.
Z
1
1
dx
.x
2
C1/
3=2
SOLUTION First, we evaluate the indenite integral using the trigonometric substitution x D tan 0, dx D sec
2
0 d0. Then
Z
dx
.1 Cx
2
/
3=2
D
Z
sec
2
0
sec
3
0
d0 D
Z
cos 0 d0 D sin 0 CC D
x
p
1 Cx
2
CC:
Thus,
Z
1
0
dx
.1 Cx
2
/
3=2
D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
dx
.1 Cx
2
/
3=2
D lim
R!1
R
p
1 CR
2
D 1I
Z
0
1
dx
.1 Cx
2
/
3=2
D lim
R!1
Z
0
R
dx
.1 Cx
2
/
3=2
D lim
R!1
R
p
1 CR
2
D 1I
and
Z
1
1
dx
.1 Cx
2
/
.3=2/
D 1 C1 D 2:
49. Dene J D
Z
1
1
dx
x
1=3
as the sum of the two improper integrals
Z
0
1
dx
x
1=3
C
Z
1
0
dx
x
1=3
. Show that J converges and that
J D 0.
SOLUTION Note that since x
1=3
is an odd function, one might expect this integral over a symmetric interval to be zero. To prove
this, we start by evaluating the indenite integral:
Z
dx
x
1=3
D
3
2
x
2=3
CC
Then
Z
0
1
dx
x
1=3
D lim
R!0
Z
R
1
dx
x
1=3
D lim
R!0
3
2
x
2=3
R
1
D lim
R!0
3
2
R
2=3
3
2
D
3
2
Z
1
0
dx
x
1=3
D lim
R!0
C
Z
1
R
dx
x
1=3
D lim
R!0
C
3
2
x
2=3
1
R
D
3
2
lim
R!0
C
3
2
R
2=3
D
3
2
so that
J D
Z
1
1
dx
x
1=3
D
Z
0
1
dx
x
1=3
C
Z
1
0
dx
x
1=3
D
3
2
C
3
2
D 0
50. Determine whether J D
Z
1
1
dx
x
2
(dened as in Exercise 49) converges.
SOLUTION We have
Z
dx
x
2
D
1
x
CC
so that
Z
0
1
dx
x
2
D lim
R!0
Z
R
1
dx
x
2
D lim
R!0
1
x
R
1
!
D lim
R!0
1
R
C1
_
D 1 lim
R!0
1
R
D 1
Z
1
0
dx
x
2
D lim
R!0
C
Z
1
R
dx
x
2
D lim
R!0
C
1
x
1
R
!
D lim
R!0
C
_
1 C
1
R
_
D 1 C lim
R!0
C
1
R
D 1
so that the integral diverges.
51. For which values of a does
Z
1
0
e
ax
dx converge?
Z
R
0
e
ax
dx D
1
a
e
ax
R
0
D
1
a
_
e
aR
1
_
:
Thus,
Z
1
0
e
ax
dx D lim
R!1
1
a
_
e
aR
1
_
:
If a > 0, then e
aR
!1as R !1. If a < 0, then e
aR
!0 as R !1, and
Z
1
0
e
ax
dx D lim
R!1
1
a
_
e
aR
1
_
D
1
a
:
The integral converges for a < 0.
52. Show that
Z
1
0
dx
x
p
converges if p < 1 and diverges if p 1.
p
is innite at x D 0, so well rst evaluate the integral on R; 1| for 0 < R < 1:
Z
1
R
dx
x
p
D
x
pC1
p C1
1
R
D
1
p C1
_
1 R
pC1
_
:
If p < 1, then p C1 D 1 p > 0, and
Z
1
0
dx
x
p
D lim
R!0
C
1
1 p
_
1 R
1p
_
D
1
1 p
.1 0/ D
1
1 p
:
If p > 1, then p C1 < 0, and
Z
1
0
dx
x
p
D lim
R!0
C
1
1 p
_
1 R
1p
_
D lim
R!0
C
1
1 p
_
1
1
a
p1
_
D 1:
If p D 1, then
Z
1
R
dx
x
p
D
Z
1
R
dx
x
D ln x
1
R
D ln 1 ln R D ln RI and
Z
1
0
dx
x
D lim
R!0
C
.ln R/ D 1:
Thus, the integral converges for p < 1 and diverges for p 1.
53. Sketch the region under the graph of f .x/ D
1
1 Cx
2
for 1< x < 1, and show that its area is .
SOLUTION The graph is shown below.
1
0.4
0.2
0.8
0.6
y
x
!2 !4 2 4
Since .1 Cx
2
/
1
is an even function, we can rst compute the area under the graph for x > 0:
Z
R
0
dx
1 Cx
2
D tan
1
x
R
0
D tan
1
R tan
1
0 D tan
1
R:
Thus,
Z
1
0
dx
1 Cx
2
D lim
R!1
tan
1
R D

2
:
By symmetry, we have
Z
1
1
dx
1 Cx
2
D
Z
0
1
dx
1 Cx
2
C
Z
1
0
dx
1 Cx
2
D
2
C
2
D :
54. Show that
1
p
x
4
C1
1
x
2
for all x, and use this to prove that
Z
1
1
dx
p
x
4
C1
converges.
SOLUTION Since
p
x
4
C1
p
x
4
D x
2
, it follows that
1
p
x
4
C1
1
x
2
:
The integral
Z
1
1
dx
x
2
converges by Theorem 2, since 2 > 1. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
1
dx
p
x
4
C1
converges:
55. Show that
Z
1
1
dx
x
3
C4
converges by comparing with
Z
1
1
x
3
dx.
Z
1
1
x
3
dx converges because 3 > 1. Since x
3
C4 x
3
, it follows that
1
x
3
C4
1
x
3
:
Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
1
dx
x
3
C4
converges:
56. Show that
Z
1
2
dx
x
3
4
converges by comparing with
Z
1
2
2x
3
dx.
Z
1
1
x
3
dx converges because 3 > 1. If
Z
1
1
x
3
dx D M < 1, then
Z
1
1
2x
3
dx D 2
Z
1
1
x
3
dx D 2M
also converges. If x 2, then x
3
8 so 2x
3
8 x
3
and x
3
4
1
2
x
3
. Then we have, for x 2,
1
x
3
4
2
x
3
:
Therefore, by the comparison test:
Z
1
2
dx
x
3
4
converges:
57. Show that 0 e
x
2
e
x
for x 1 (Figure 1). Use the Comparison Test to show that
R
1
0
e
x
2
dx converges.
Hint: It sufces (why?) to make the comparison for x 1 because
Z
1
0
e
x
2
dx D
Z
1
0
e
x
2
dx C
Z
1
1
e
x
2
dx
y
y = e
!| x|
y = e
!x
2
x
1
1
2 4 !2 !3 !4 !1 3
FIGURE 1 Comparison of y D e
jxj
and y D e
x
2
.
SOLUTION For x 1, x
2
x, so x
2
x and e
x
2
e
x
. Now
Z
1
1
e
x
dx converges; so
Z
1
1
e
x
2
dx converges
by the comparison test. Finally, because e
x
2
is continuous on 0; 1|,
Z
1
0
e
x
2
dx converges:
We conclude that our integral converges by writing it as a sum:
Z
1
0
e
x
2
dx D
Z
1
0
e
x
2
dx C
Z
1
1
e
x
2
dx
58. Prove that
Z
1
1
e
x
2
dx converges by comparing with
Z
1
1
e
jxj
dx (Figure 1).
SOLUTION From Figure 1, we see that for jxj 1, e
x
2
e
jxj
. Now
Z
1
1
e
jxj
dx and
Z
1
1
e
jxj
dx
both converge, so
Z
1
1
e
x
2
dx and
Z
1
1
e
x
2
dx
must also converge by the comparison test. Because e
x
2
is continuous on 1; 1|, it follows that
Z
1
1
e
x
2
dx D
Z
1
1
e
x
2
dx C
Z
1
1
e
x
2
dx C
Z
1
1
e
x
2
dx
converges.
59. Show that
Z
1
1
1 sin x
x
2
dx converges.
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D
1 sin x
x
2
. Since f .x/
2
x
2
and
Z
1
1
2x
2
dx D 2, it follows that
Z
1
1
1 sin x
x
2
dx converges
by the comparison test.
60. Let a > 0. Recall that lim
x!1
x
a
ln x
D 1(by Exercise 64 in Section 4.5).
(a) Show that x
a
> 2 ln x for all x sufciently large.
(b) Show that e
x
a
< x
2
for all x sufciently large.
(c) Show that
Z
1
1
e
x
a
dx converges.
SOLUTION
(a) Since lim
x!1
x
a
= ln x D 1, there must be some number M > 0 such that, for all x > M,
x
a
ln x
> 2:
But this means that, for all x > M,
x
a
> 2 ln x:
(b) For all x > M, we have x
a
> 2 ln x. Then
x
a
< 2 ln x D ln x
2
so that
e
x
a
< e
ln x
2
D x
2
:
(c) By the above calculations, we can use the comparison test on the interval M; 1/:
Z
1
M
dx
x
2
converges )
Z
1
M
e
x
a
dx also converges:
Since e
x
a
is continuous on 1; M|, we have that
Z
1
M
e
x
a
dx converges )
Z
1
1
e
x
a
dx also converges:
In Exercises 6174, use the Comparison Test to determine whether or not the integral converges.
61.
Z
1
1
1
p
x
5
C2
dx
SOLUTION Since
p
x
5
C2
p
x
5
D x
5=2
, it follows that
1
p
x
5
C2
1
x
5=2
:
The integral
Z
1
1
dx=x
5=2
converges because
5
2
> 1. Therefore, by the comparison test:
Z
1
1
dx
p
x
5
C2
also converges:
62.
Z
1
1
dx
.x
3
C2x C4/
1=2
SOLUTION For all x 1,
p
x
3
C2x C4
p
x
3
D x
3=2
. Thus
1
p
x
3
C2x C4
1
x
3=2
:
The integral
Z
1
1
dx=x
3=2
converges because
3
2
> 1. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
1
dx
p
x
3
C2x C4
also converges:
63.
Z
1
3
dx
p
x 1
SOLUTION Since
p
x
p
x 1, we have (for x > 1)
1
p
x
1
p
x 1
:
The integral
Z
1
1
dx=
p
x D
Z
1
1
dx=x
1=2
diverges because
1
2
< 1. Since the function x
1=2
is continuous (and therefore nite)
on 1; 3|, we also know that
Z
1
3
dx=x
1=2
diverges. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
3
dx
p
x 1
also diverges:
64.
Z
5
0
dx
x
1=3
Cx
3
SOLUTION For 0 x 5, x
1=3
Cx
3
x
1=3
, so that
1
x
1=3
Cx
3

1
x
1=3
:
The integral
Z
5
0
x
1=3
dx converges; therefore, by the comparison test
Z
5
0
dx
x
1=3
Cx
3
also converges.
65.
Z
1
1
e
.xCx
1
/
dx
SOLUTION For all x 1,
1
x
> 0 so x C
1
x
x. Then
_
x Cx
1
_
x and e
.xCx
1
/
e
x
:
The integral
Z
1
1
e
x
dx converges by direct computation:
Z
1
1
e
x
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
1
e
x
dx D lim
R!1
e
x
R
1
D lim
R!1
e
R
Ce
1
D 0 Ce
1
D e
1
:
Z
1
1
e
.xCx
1
/
also converges:
66.
Z
1
0
j sin xj
p
x
dx
SOLUTION For all x, j sin xj 1. Therefore, for x 0,
j sin xj
p
x
1
p
x
:
The integral
Z
1
0
dx
p
x
D
Z
1
0
dx
x
1=2
converges, since
1
2
< 1. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
0
j sin xj
p
x
dx also converges:
67.
Z
1
0
e
x
x
2
dx
SOLUTION For 0 < x < 1, e
x
> 1, and therefore
1
x
2
<
e
x
x
2
:
The integral
Z
1
0
dx=x
2
diverges since 2 > 1. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
0
e
x
x
2
also diverges:
68.
Z
1
1
1
x
4
Ce
x
dx
SOLUTION For x > 1, x
4
Ce
x
x
4
, and
1
x
4
Ce
x

1
x
4
:
The integral
Z
1
0
dx=x
4
converges, since 4 > 1. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
1
dx
x
4
Ce
x
also converges:
69.
Z
1
0
1
x
4
C
p
x
dx
SOLUTION For 0 < x < 1, x
4
C
p
x
p
x, and
1
x
4
C
p
x
1
p
x
:
The integral
Z
1
0
.1=
p
x/ dx converges, since p D
1
2
< 1. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
0
dx
x
4
C
p
x
also converges:
70.
Z
1
1
ln x
sinh x
dx
SOLUTION For x > 1, e
x
<
1
2
e
x
, so
sinh x D
e
x
e
x
2
1
4
e
x
:
Similarly, ln x < x for all x > 1, so
ln x
sinh x
4x
e
x
for all x 1:
Because
Z
1
1
4xe
x
dx D 4xe
x
1
1
C
Z
1
1
4e
x
dx D
8
e
;
it follows by the comparison test that
Z
1
1
ln x
sinh x
dx converges:
71.
Z
1
0
dx
p
x
1=3
Cx
3
SOLUTION Note that
Z
1
0
dx
p
x
1=3
Cx
3
D
Z
1
0
dx
p
x
1=3
Cx
3
C
Z
1
1
dx
p
x
1=3
Cx
3
For the rst integral, for x 0;
p
x
1=3
Cx
3
p
x
1=3
D x
1=6
; so that
1
p
x
1=3
Cx
3
1
x
1=6
The integral
Z
1
0
x
1=6
dx
converges since p D 1=6 1. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
0
dx
p
x
1=3
Cx
3
also converges.
For the second integral, for x 0,
p
x
1=3
Cx
3
p
x
3
D x
3=2
, so that
1
p
x
1=3
Cx
3
1
x
3=2
The integral
Z
1
1
x
3=2
dx converges since p D 3=2 > 1. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
p
x
1=3
Cx
3
dx also converges.
Since both parts of the original integral converge, so does the entire integral.
72.
Z
1
0
dx
.8x
2
Cx
4
/
1=3
SOLUTION Note that
Z
1
0
dx
.8x
2
Cx
4
/
1=3
D
Z
1
0
dx
.8x
2
Cx
4
/
1=3
C
Z
1
1
dx
.8x
2
Cx
4
/
1=3
For the rst integral, clearly 8x
2
Cx
4
8x
2
; so that
1
.8x
2
Cx
4
/
1=3

1
.8x
2
/
1=3
Thus
Z
1
0
1
.8x
2
Cx
4
/
dx
Z
1
0
1
.8x
2
/
1=3
dx D
1
2
Z
1
0
1
x
2=3
dx
But
Z
1
0
x
2=3
dx converges since p D 2=3 < 1. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
0
1
.8x
2
Cx
4
/
1=3
dx also converges.
For the second integral, 8x
2
Cx
4
x
4
, so that
1
.8x
2
Cx
4
/
1=3

1
.x
4
/
1=3
. Thus
Z
1
1
1
.8x
2
Cx
4
/
1=3
dx
Z
1
1
1
.x
4
/
1=3
dx D
Z
1
1
1
x
4=3
dx
R
1
1
1
x
4=3
dx converges since p D 4=3 > 1. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
1
1
.8x
2
Cx
4
/
1=3
dx also converges.
Since both parts of the original integral converge, so does the entire integral.
73.
Z
1
0
dx
.x Cx
2
/
1=3
SOLUTION Note that
Z
1
0
dx
.x Cx
2
/
1=3
D
Z
1
0
dx
.x Cx
2
/
1=3
C
Z
1
1
dx
.x Cx
2
/
1=3
Examining the second integral, for x 1; x x
2
so that x Cx
2
2x
2
; then
Z
1
1
1
.x Cx
2
/
1=3
dx
Z
1
1
1
.2x
2
/
1=3
dx D
1
2
1=3
Z
1
1
1
x
2=3
dx
But
Z
1
1
1
x
2=3
dx diverges since p D 2=3 < 1. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
1
1
.x Cx
2
/
1=3
dx diverges as well.
Therefore, the original integral must diverge.
74.
Z
1
0
dx
xe
x
Cx
2
SOLUTION Note that
Z
1
0
dx
xe
x
Cx
2
D
Z
1
0
dx
xe
x
Cx
2
C
Z
1
1
dx
xe
x
Cx
2
xe
x
Cx
2
D x.e
x
Cx/I examining the rst integral, for 0 x 1; e
x
e
1
D e and x 1, so that x.e
x
Cx/ x.e C1/: It
follows that
Z
1
0
1
xe
x
Cx
2
dx
Z
1
0
1
x.e C1/
dx D
1
e C1
Z
1
0
1
x
dx
But
Z
1
0
1
x
dx diverges since p D 1. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
0
1
xe
x
Cx
2
dx diverges as well.
Thefore the original integral must diverge.
Hint for Exercise 73: Show that for x 1,
1
.x Cx
2
/
1=3

1
2
1=3
x
2=3
Hint for Exercise 74: Show that for 0 x 1,
1
xe
x
Cx
2

1
.e C1/x
75. Dene J D
Z
1
0
dx
x
1=2
.x C1/
as the sum of the two improper integrals
Z
1
0
dx
x
1=2
.x C1/
C
Z
1
1
dx
x
1=2
.x C1/
Use the Comparison Test to show that J converges.
SOLUTION For the rst integral, note that for 0 x 1, we have 1 1 Cx, so that x
1=2
.x C1/ x
1=2
. It follows that
Z
1
0
1
x
1=2
.x C1/
dx
Z
1
0
1
x
1=2
dx
which converges since p D 1=2 < 1. Thus the rst integral converges by the comparison test. For the second integral, for 1 x,
we have x
1=2
.x C1/ D x
3=2
Cx
1=2
x
3=2
, so that
Z
1
1
1
x
1=2
.x C1/
dx D
Z
1
1
1
x
3=2
Cx
1=2
dx
Z
1
1
1
x
3=2
dx
which converges since p D 3=2 > 1. Thus the second integral converges as well by the comparison test, and therefore J, which is
the sum of the two, converges.
76. Determine whether J D
Z
1
0
dx
x
3=2
.x C1/
(dened as in Exercise 75) converges.
SOLUTION We have x
3=2
.x C1/ D x
5=2
Cx
3=2
. For 0 x 1, x
5=2
x
3=2
, so that x
5=2
Cx
3=2
2x
3=2
. Then
Z
1
0
1
x
3=2
.x C1/
dx D
Z
1
0
1
x
5=2
Cx
3=2
dx
Z
1
0
1
2x
3=2
dx D
1
2
Z
1
0
1
x
3=2
dx
But this integral diverges since p D 3=2 > 1. By the comparison test,
Z
1
0
1
x
3=2
.x C1/
dx diverges as well, so that J diverges.
77. An investment pays a dividend of $250/year continuously forever. If the interest rate is 7%, what is the present value of the
entire income stream generated by the investment?
SOLUTION The present value of the income stream after T years is
Z
T
0
250e
0:07t
dt D
250e
0:07t
0:07
T
0
D
250
0:07
_
e
0:07T
1
_
D
250
0:07
_
1 e
0:07T
_
:
Therefore the present value of the entire income stream is
Z
1
0
250e
0:07t
D lim
T!1
Z
T
0
250e
0:07t
D lim
T!1
250
0:07
_
1 e
0:07T
_
D
250
0:07
.1 0/ D
250
0:07
D $3571:43:
78. An investment is expected to earn prots at a rate of 10;000e
0:01t
dollars per year forever. Find the present value of the income
stream if the interest rate is 4%.
Z
T
0
_
10;000e
0:01t
_
e
0:04t
dt D 10;000
Z
T
0
e
0:03t
dt D
10;000
0:03
e
0:03t
T
0
D 333;333:33
_
e
0:03t
1
_
:
Therefore the present value of the entire income stream is
Z
1
0
10;000e
0:03t
D lim
T!1
333;333:33
_
1 e
0:03t
_
D $333;333:33:
79. Compute the present value of an investment that generates income at a rate of 5000t e
0:01t
dollars per year forever, assuming
an interest rate of 6%.
Z
T
0
_
5000t e
0:01t
_
e
0:06t
dt D 5000
Z
T
0
t e
0:05t
dt
Compute the indenite integral using Integration by Parts, with u D t and v
0
D e
0:05t
. Then u
0
D 1, v D .1=0:05/e
0:05t
, and
Z
t e
0:05t
dt D
t
0:05
e
0:05t
C
1
0:05
Z
e
0:05t
dt D 20t e
0:05t
C
20
0:05
e
0:05t
CC
D e
0:05t
.20t 400/ CC:
Thus,
5000
Z
T
0
t e
0:05t
dt D 5000e
0:05t
.20t 400/
T
0
D 5000e
0:05T
.20T 400/ 5000.400/
D 2;000;000 5000e
0:05T
.20T C400/:
Use LH opitals Rule to compute the limit:
lim
T!1
_
2;000;000
5000.20T C400/
e
0:05T
_
D 2;000;000 lim
T!1
5000.20/
0:05e
0:05T
D 2;000;000 0 D $2;000;000:
80. Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region below the graph of y D e
x
about the x-axis for 0 x < 1.
V D
Z
1
0
_
e
x
_
2
dx D
Z
1
0
e
2x
dx:
First compute the volume over a nite interval:
Z
R
0
e
2x
dx D

2
e
2x
R
0
D

2
_
e
2R
1
_
D

2
_
1 e
2R
_
:
Thus,
V D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
e
2x
dx D lim
R!1
2
_
1 e
2R
_
D

2
.1 0/ D

2
:
81. The solid S obtained by rotating the region below the graph of y D x
1
about the x-axis for 1 x < 1is called Gabriels
Horn (Figure 2).
(a) Use the Disk Method (Section 6.3) to compute the volume of S. Note that the volume is nite even though S is an innite
region.
(b) It can be shown that the surface area of S is
A D 2
Z
1
1
x
1
p
1 Cx
4
dx
Show that A is innite. If S were a container, you could ll its interior with a nite amount of paint, but you could not paint its
surface with a nite amount of paint.
y = x
!1
y
x
FIGURE 2
SOLUTION
(a) The volume is given by
V D
Z
1
1
_
1
x
_
2
dx:
First compute the volume over a nite interval:
Z
R
1
_
1
x
_
2
dx D
Z
R
1
x
2
dx D
x
1
1
R
1
D
_
1
R
1
1
_
D
_
1
1
R
_
:
Thus,
V D lim
R!1
Z
1
1
x
2
dx D lim
R!1
_
1
1
R
_
D :
(b) For x > 1, we have
1
x
r
1 C
1
x
4
D
1
x
s
x
4
C1
x
4
D
p
x
4
C1
x
3

p
x
4
x
3
D
x
2
x
3
D
1
x
:
The integral
Z
1
1
1
x
dx diverges, since p D 1 1. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
1
1
x
r
1 C
1
x
4
dx also diverges:
Finally,
A D 2
Z
1
1
1
x
r
1 C
1
x
4
dx
diverges.
82. Compute the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region below the graph of y D e
jxj=2
about the x-axis for 1 <
x < 1.
SOLUTION The graph of y is symmetric around the y-axis, so it sufces to compute the volume for 0 x 1, where we have
y D e
x=2
. Using the disk method,
V D 2
Z
1
0
_
e
x=2
_
2
dx D 2
Z
1
0
e
x
dx D 2 lim
R!1
Z
R
0
e
x
dx
D lim
R!1
2e
x
R
0
D 2 lim
R!1
.e
R
1/ D 2
Therefore V D 2.
83. When a capacitor of capacitance C is charged by a source of voltage V , the power expended at time t is
P.t / D
V
2
R
.e
t =RC
e
2t =RC
/
where R is the resistance in the circuit. The total energy stored in the capacitor is
W D
Z
1
0
P.t / dt
Show that W D
1
2
CV
2
.
SOLUTION The total energy contained after the capacitor is fully charged is
W D
V
2
R
Z
1
0
_
e
t =RC
e
2t =RC
_
dt:
The energy after a nite amount of time .t D T / is
V
2
R
Z
T
0
_
e
t =RC
e
2t =RC
_
dt D
V
2
R
_
RCe
t =RC
C
RC
2
e
2t =RC
_
T
0
D V
2
C
__
e
T=RC
C
1
2
e
2T=RC
_
_
1 C
1
2
__
D CV
2
_
1
2
e
T=RC
C
1
2
e
2T=RC
_
:
Thus,
W D lim
T!1
CV
2
_
1
2
e
T=RC
C
1
2
e
2T=RC
_
D CV
2
_
1
2
0 C0
_
D
1
2
CV
2
:
84. For which integers p does
Z
1=2
0
dx
x.ln x/
p
converge?
SOLUTION If p D 1, the integral diverges. By substituting u D ln x and du D dx=x, we get
Z
dx
x.ln x/
D
Z
du
u
D ln juj CC D ln j ln xj CC;
so
Z
1=2
0
dx
x.ln x/
D lim
R!0C
.ln j ln xj/
1=2
R
D lim
R!0C
.ln j ln.1=2/j ln j ln Rj/ ;
which is innite.
Now, suppose p 1. Using the substitution u D ln x, so that du D
1
x
dx, the integral becomes
Z
1=2
R
dx
x.ln x/
p
D
Z
xD1=2
xDR
du
u
p
D
Z
xD1=2
xDR
u
p
du D
1
p 1
u
pC1
xD1=2
xDR
D
1
p 1
.ln x/
pC1
1=2
R
D
1
p 1
.ln.1=2//
pC1
1
p 1
.ln.R//
pC1
:
By denition,
Z
1=2
0
dx
x.ln x/
p
D lim
R!0C
Z
1=2
R
dx
x.ln x/
p
D lim
R!0C
_
1
p 1
.ln.1=2//
pC1
1
p 1
.ln R/
pC1
_
:
If p > 1, lim
R!0C
.ln R/
pC1
D lim
R!0
1
.ln R/
p1
D 0. If p < 1, lim
R!0C
.ln R/
1p
D 1. Therefore, the integral diverges if p < 1 or
p D 1, and converges if p > 1.
85. Conservation of Energy can be used to show that when a mass m oscillates at the end of a spring with spring constant k, the
period of oscillation is
T D 4
p
m
Z
p
2E=k
0
dx
p
2E kx
2
where E is the total energy of the mass. Show that this is an improper integral with value T D 2
p
m=k.
SOLUTION The integrand is innite at the upper limit of integration, x D
p
2E=k, so the integral is improper. Now, let
T.R/ D 4
p
m
Z
R
0
dx
p
2E kx
2
D 4
p
m
1
p
2E
Z
R
0
dx
q
1 .
k
2E
/x
2
D 4
r
m
2E
r
2E
k
sin
1
r
k
2E
R
!
D 4
p
m=k sin
1
r
k
2E
R
!
:
Therefore
T D lim
R!
p
2E=k
T.R/ D 4
r
m
k
sin
1
.1/ D 2
r
m
k
:
In Exercises 8689, the Laplace transform of a function f .x/ is the function Lf .s/ of the variable s dened by the improper
integral (if it converges):
Lf .s/ D
Z
1
0
f .x/e
sx
dx
Laplace transforms are widely used in physics and engineering.
86. Show that if f .x/ D C, where C is a constant, then Lf .s/ D C=s for s > 0.
SOLUTION If f .x/ D C, a constant, then the Laplace transform of f .x/ is
Lf .s/ D
Z
1
0
Ce
sx
dx D lim
R!1
C
s
e
sx
R
0
D lim
R!1
C
s
_
e
sR
1
_
D
C
s
.0 1/ D
C
s
:
87. Show that if f .x/ D sin x, then Lf .s/ D

s
2
C
2
.
SOLUTION If f .x/ D sin x, then the Laplace transform of f .x/ is
Lf .s/ D
Z
1
0
e
sx
sin x dx
First evaluate the indenite integral using Integration by Parts, with u D sin x and v
0
D e
sx
. Then u
0
D cos x, v D
1
s
e
sx
,
and
Z
e
sx
sin x dx D
1
s
e
sx
sin x C

s
Z
e
sx
cos x dx:
Use Integration by Parts again, with u D cos x, v
0
D e
sx
. Then u
0
D sin x, v D
1
s
e
sx
, and
Z
e
sx
cos x dx D
1
s
e
sx
cos x
s
Z
e
sx
sin x dx:
Substituting this into the rst equation and solving for
R
e
sx
sin x dx, we get
Z
e
sx
sin x dx D
1
s
e
sx
sin x
s
2
e
sx
cos x
2
s
2
Z
e
sx
sin x dx
Z
e
sx
sin x dx D
e
sx
_
1
s
sin x C

s
2
cos x
_
_
1 C

2
s
2
_ D
e
sx
.s sin x C cos x/
s
2
C
2
Thus,
Z
R
0
e
sx
sin x dx D
1
s
2
C
2
_
s sin R C cos R
e
sR

0 C
1
_
D
1
s
2
C
2
_

s sin R C cos R
e
sR
_
:
Finally we take the limit, noting the fact that, for all values of R, js sin R C cos Rj s Cjj
Lf .s/ D lim
R!1
1
s
2
C
2
_

s sin R C cos R
e
sR
_
D
1
s
2
C
2
. 0/ D

s
2
C
2
:
88. Compute Lf .s/, where f .x/ D e
x
and s > .
SOLUTION If f .x/ D e
x
, where s > , then the Laplace transform of f .x/ is
Lf .s/ D
Z
1
0
e
x
e
sx
dx D
Z
1
0
e
.s/x
dx D lim
R!1
1
s
e
.s/x
R
0
D lim
R!1
1
s
_
e
.s/R
1
_
:
Because s > , .s / < 0, which gives us
lim
R!1
1
s
_
1 e
.s/R
_
D
1
s
.1 0/ D
1
s
:
The nal answer is
Lf .s/ D
1
s
:
89. Compute Lf .s/, where f .x/ D cos x and s > 0.
SOLUTION If f .x/ D cos x, then the Laplace transform of f .x/ is
Lf .x/ D
Z
1
0
e
sx
cos x dx
First evaluate the indenite integral using Integration by Parts, with u D cos x and v
0
e
sx
. Then u
0
D sin x, v D
1
s
e
sx
, and
Z
e
sx
cos x dx D
1
s
e
sx
cos x

s
Z
e
sx
sin x dx:
Use Integration by Parts again, with u D sin x dx and v
0
D e
sx
. Then u
0
D cos x, v D
1
s
e
sx
, and
Z
e
sx
sin x dx D
1
s
e
sx
sin x C
s
Z
e
sx
cos x dx:
Substituting this into the rst equation and solving for
R
e
sx
cos x dx, we get
Z
e
sx
cos x dx D
1
s
e
sx
cos x

s
_
1
s
e
sx
sin x C

s
Z
e
sx
cos dx
_
D
1
s
e
sx
cos x C

s
2
e
sx
sin x

2
s
2
Z
e
sx
cos x dx
Z
e
sx
cos x dx D
e
sx
_

s
2
sin x
1
s
cos x
_
1 C

2
s
2
D
e
sx
. sin x s cos x/
s
2
C
2
Thus,
Z
R
0
e
sx
cos x dx D
1
s
2
C
2
_
sin R s cos R
e
sR

0 s
1
_
:
Finally we take the limit, noting the fact that, for all values of R, j sin R s cos Rj jj Cs
Lf .s/ D lim
R!1
1
s
2
C
2
_
s C
sin R s cos R
e
sR
_
D
1
s
2
C
2
.s C0/ D
s
s
2
C
2
:
90. When a radioactive substance decays, the fraction of atoms present at time t is f .t / D e
kt
, where k > 0 is the
decay constant. It can be shown that the average life of an atom (until it decays) is A D
R
1
0
tf
0
.t / dt . Use Integration by Parts
to show that A D
R
1
0
f .t / dt and compute A. What is the average decay time of radon-222, whose half-life is 3.825 days?
SOLUTION Let u D t , v
0
D f
0
.t /. Then u
0
D 1, v D f .t /, and
A D
Z
1
0
tf
0
.t / dt D tf .t /
1
0
C
Z
1
0
f .t / dt:
Since f .t / D e
kt
, we have
tf .t /
1
0
D lim
R!1
t e
kt
R
0
D lim
R!1
Re
Rt
C0 D lim
R!1
R
e
Rt
D lim
R!1
1
Re
Rt
D 0:
Here we used LH opitals Rule to compute the limit. Thus
A D
Z
1
0
f .t / dt D
Z
1
0
e
kt
dt:
Now,
Z
R
0
e
kt
dt D
1
k
e
kt
R
0
D
1
k
_
e
kR
1
_
D
1
k
_
1 e
kR
_
;
so
A D lim
R!1
1
k
_
1 e
kR
_
D
1
k
.1 0/ D
1
k
:
Because k has units of (time)
1
, A does in fact have the appropriate units of time. To nd the average decay time of Radon-222,
we need to determine the decay constant k, given the half-life of 3.825 days. Recall that
k D
ln 2
t
n
where t
n
is the half-life. Thus,
A D
1
k
D
t
n
ln 2
D
3:825
ln 2
5:518 days:
91. Let J
n
D
Z
1
0
x
n
e
x
dx, where n 1 is an integer and > 0. Prove that
J
n
D
n
J
n1
and J
0
D 1=. Use this to compute J
4
. Show that J
n
D n=
nC1
.
SOLUTION Using Integration by Parts, with u D x
n
and v
0
D e
x
, we get u
0
D nx
n1
, v D
1
e
x
, and
Z
x
n
e
x
dx D
1
x
n
e
x
C
n
Z
x
n1
e
x
dx:
Thus,
J
n
D
Z
1
0
x
n
e
x
dx D lim
R!1
_
x
n
e
x
_
R
0
C
n
Z
1
0
x
n1
e
x
dx D lim
R!1
R
n
e
R
C0 C
n
J
n1
:
Use LH opitals Rule repeatedly to compute the limit:
lim
R!1
R
n
e
R
D lim
R!1
nR
n1
2
e
R
D lim
R!1
n.n 1/R
n2
3
e
R
D D lim
R!1
n.n 1/.n 2/ .3/.2/.1/
nC1
e
R
D 0:
Finally,
J
n
D 0 C
n
J
n1
D
n
J
n1
:
J
0
can be computed directly:
J
0
D
Z
1
0
e
x
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
e
x
dx D lim
R!1
e
x
R
0
D lim
R!1
_
e
R
1
_
D
1
.0 1/ D
1
:
With this starting point, we can work up to J
4
:
J
1
D
1
J
0
D
1
_
1
_
D
1
2
I
J
2
D
2
J
1
D
2
_
1
2
_
D
2
3
D
2
2C1
I
J
3
D
3
J
2
D
3
_
2
3
_
D
6
4
D
3
3C1
I
J
4
D
4
J
3
D
4
_
6
4
_
D
24
5
D
4
4C1
:
We can use induction to prove the formula for J
n
. If
J
n1
D
.n 1/
n
;
then we have
J
n
D
n
J
n1
D
n
.n 1/
n
D
n
nC1
:
92. Let a > 0 and n > 1. Dene f .x/ D
x
n
e
ax
1
for x 0 and f .0/ D 0.
(a) Use LH opitals Rule to show that f .x/ is continuous at x D 0.
(b) Show that
R
1
0
f .x/ dx converges. Hint: Show that f .x/ 2x
n
e
ax
if x is large enough. Then use the Comparison Test and
Exercise 91.
SOLUTION
(a) Using LH opitals Rule, we nd
lim
x!0
x
n
e
x
1
D lim
x!0
nx
n1
e
x
D
0
D 0I
thus,
lim
x!0
f .x/ D f .0/;
and f .x/ is continuous at x D 0.
(b) Since a > 0, lim
x!1
e
ax
D 1. Therefore there will be some value of x, say x D M, such that, for all x M, well have
e
ax
2. With this, we have
1
e
ax

1
2
so
1
e
ax
C
1
2
1 and 1
1
e
x

1
2
:
Multiply this last inequality through by e
x
to obtain
e
x
1
e
x
2
so
1
e
x
1
2
e
x
and
x
n
e
x
1
2x
n
e
x
:
From Exercise 91, we know that
Z
1
0
x
n
e
x
dx converges, so
Z
1
M
2x
n
e
x
dx also converges:
Z
1
M
x
n
e
x
1
dx also converges:
Now, from part (a), we know that f .x/ is continuous on 0; M|, so
Z
M
0
x
n
e
x
1
dx
exists and is nite. Thus we have shown
Z
1
0
x
n
e
x
1
dx D
Z
M
0
x
n
e
x
1
dx C
Z
1
M
x
n
e
x
1
dx converges:
93. According to Plancks Radiation Law, the amount of electromagnetic energy with frequency between v and v C^v
that is radiated by a so-called black body at temperature T is proportional to F.v/ ^v, where
F.v/ D
_
8h
c
3
_
v
3
e
h=kT
1
where c; h; k are physical constants. Use Exercise 92 to show that the total radiated energy
E D
Z
1
0
F.v/ dv
is nite. To derive his law, Planck introduced the quantum hypothesis in 1900, which marked the birth of quantum mechanics.
SOLUTION The total radiated energy E is given by
E D
Z
1
0
F.v/ dv D
8h
c
3
Z
1
0
v
3
e
h=kT
1
dv:
Let D h=kT . Then
E D
8h
c
3
Z
1
0
v
3
e
1
dv:
Because > 0 and 8h=c
3
is a constant, we know E is nite by Exercise 92.
94. Let I D
Z
1
0
x
p
ln x dx.
(a) Show that I diverges for p D 1.
(b) Show that if p 1, then
Z
x
p
ln x dx D
x
pC1
p C1
_
ln x
1
p C1
_
CC
(c) Use LH opitals Rule to show that I converges if p > 1 and diverges if p < 1.
SOLUTION
(a) If p D 1, then
I D
Z
1
0
x
1
ln x dx D
Z
1
0
ln x
x
dx:
Let u D ln x, du D .1=x/ dx. Then
Z
ln x
x
dx D
Z
udu D
u
2
2
CC D
1
2
.ln x/
2
CC:
Thus,
Z
1
R
ln x
x
dx D
1
2
.ln 1/
2
1
2
.ln R/
2
D
1
2
.ln R/
2
;
and
I D lim
R!0
C
1
2
.ln R/
2
D 1:
The integral diverges for p D 1.
(b) If p 1, then use Integration by Parts, with u D ln x and v
0
D x
p
. Then u
0
D 1=x, v D x
pC1
=p C1, and
Z
x
p
ln x dx D
x
pC1
p C1
ln x
1
p C1
Z
_
x
pC1
_
_
1
x
_
dx D
x
pC1
p C1
ln x
1
p C1
Z
x
p
dx
D
x
pC1
p C1
ln x
1
p C1
x
pC1
p C1
!
CC D
x
pC1
p C1
_
ln x
1
p C1
_
CC:
(c) Let p < 1. Then
I D lim
R!0
C
Z
1
R
x
p
ln x D lim
R!0
C
"
1
p C1
_
ln 1
1
p C1
_
R
pC1
p C1
_
ln R
1
p C1
_
#
D lim
R!0
C
1
.p C1/
2

R
pC1
p C1
ln R C
R
pC1
.p C1/
2
!
:
Since p < 1, p C1 < 0, and we have
I D lim
R!0
C
_
1
.p C1/
2

ln R
.p C1/R
p1
C
1
.p C1/
2
R
p1
_
D 1:
The integral diverges for p < 1. On the other hand, if p > 1, then p C1 > 0, and
I D
1
.p C1/
2
C
1
p C1
lim
R!0C
R
pC1
ln R C
1
.p C1/
2
lim
R!0
C
R
pC1
D
1
.p C1/
2
C0 D
1
.p C1/
2
:
95. Let
F.x/ D
Z
x
2
dt
ln t
and G.x/ D
x
ln x
Verify that LH opitals Rule applies to the limit L D lim
x!1
F.x/
G.x/
and evaluate L.
SOLUTION Because ln t < t for t > 2, we have
1
ln t
>
1
t
for t > 2, and so
F.x/ D
Z
x
2
dt
ln t
>
Z
x
2
dt
t
D ln x ln 2
Thus, F.x/ !1as x !1. Moreover, by LH opitals Rule
lim
x!1
G.x/ D lim
x!1
1
1=x
D lim
x!1
x D 1:
Thus, lim
x!1
F.x/
G.x/
is of the form 1=1, and LH opitals Rule applies. Finally,
L D lim
x!1
F.x/
G.x/
D lim
x!1
1
ln x
ln x1
.ln x/
2
D lim
x!1
ln x
ln x 1
D lim
x!1
1
1 .1= ln x/
D 1:
In Exercises 9698, an improper integral I D
R
1
a
f .x/ dx is called absolutely convergent if
R
1
a
jf .x/j dx converges. It can be
shown that if I is absolutely convergent, then it is convergent.
96. Show that
Z
1
1
sin x
x
2
dx is absolutely convergent.
SOLUTION For all x, j sin xj 1. This implies
sin x
x
2
D
j sin xj
x
2

1
x
2
:
The integral
Z
1
1
x
2
dx converges because p D 2 > 1. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
1
sin x
x
2
dx also converges:
Because the integral
Z
1
1
sin x
x
2
dx
is absolutely convergent, it is also convergent.
97. Show that
Z
1
1
e
x
2
cos x dx is absolutely convergent.
SOLUTION By the result of Exercise 57, we know that
Z
1
0
e
x
2
dx is convergent. Then
Z
1
1
e
x
2
dx is also convergent.
Because j cos xj 1 for all x, we have
e
x
2
cos x
D j cos xj
e
x
2
e
x
2
D e
x
2
:
Therefore, by the comparison test, we have
Z
1
1
e
x
2
cos x
dx also converges:
Since
Z
1
1
e
x
2
cos x dx converges absolutely, it itself converges.
98. Let f .x/ D sin x=x and I D
R
1
0
f .x/ dx. We dene f .0/ D 1. Then f .x/ is continuous and I is not improper at x D 0.
(a) Show that
Z
R
1
sin x
x
dx D
cos x
x
R
1
Z
R
1
cos x
x
2
dx
(b) Show that
R
1
1
.cos x=x
2
/ dx converges. Conclude that the limit as R !1of the integral in (a) exists and is nite.
(c) Show that I converges.
It is known that I D

2
. However, I is not absolutely convergent. The convergence depends on cancellation, as shown in Figure 3.
x
1 2
3
7
1
!1
y =
sin x
x
y = !
1
x
y =
1
x
y
FIGURE 3 Convergence of
R
1
1
.sin x=x/ dx is due to the cancellation arising from the periodic change of sign.
SOLUTION
(a) Use Integration by Parts, with u D
1
x
and v
0
D sin x. Then u
0
D 1=x
2
, v D cos x, and we have
Z
R
1
sin x
x
dx D
cos x
x
R
1
Z
R
1
cos x
x
2
dx:
(b) For all x, j cos xj 1, and therefore
cos x
x
2
D
j cos xj
x
2

1
x
2
:
The integral
Z
1
1
x
2
dx converges, because p D 2 > 1. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
1
cos x
x
2
dx also converges:
Because
Z
1
1
.cos x=x
2
/ dx converges absolutely, it also converges. By this result,
lim
R!1
Z
R
1
sin x
x
dx D lim
R!1
"
cos R
R
C
cos 1
1
Z
R
1
cos x
x
2
dx
#
D 0 C
cos 1
1
Z
1
0
cos x
x
2
dx D cos 1 M;
where M D
Z
1
1
.cos x=x
2
/ dx, the existence of which was shown in the argument above. Therefore the integral
Z
1
1
.sin x=x/ dx
converges to a nite value.
(c) The integral can be split up as follows:
Z
1
0
sin x
x
dx D
Z
1
0
sin x
x
dx C
Z
1
1
sin x
x
dx:
The second integral converges by part (b). For the rst integral, if we dene f .0/ D 1, then the integrand is continuous on 0; 1|,
and therefore
Z
1
0
sin x
x
dx D N
where N is some nite value. Thus, we have shown that I converges.
99. The gamma function, which plays an important role in advanced applications, is dened for n 1 by
I.n/ D
Z
1
0
t
n1
e
t
dt
(a) Show that the integral dening I.n/ converges for n 1 (it actually converges for all n > 0). Hint: Show that t
n1
e
t
< t
2
for t sufciently large.
(b) Show that I.n C1/ D nI.n/ using Integration by Parts.
(c) Show that I.n C 1/ D n if n 1 is an integer. Hint: Use (a) repeatedly. Thus, I.n/ provides a way of dening n-factorial
when n is not an integer.
SOLUTION
(a) By repeated use of LH opitals Rule, we can compute the following limit:
lim
t !1
e
t
t
nC1
D lim
t !1
e
t
.n C1/t
n
D D lim
t !1
e
t
.n C1/
D 1:
This implies that, for t sufciently large, we have
e
t
t
nC1
I
therefore
e
t
t
n1

t
nC1
t
n1
D t
2
or t
n1
e
t
t
2
:
The integral
Z
1
1
t
2
dt converges because p D 2 > 1. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
M
t
n1
e
t
dt also converges;
where M is the value above which the above comparisons hold. Finally, because the function t
n1
e
t
is continuous for all t , we
know that
I.n/ D
Z
1
0
t
n1
e
t
dt converges for all n 1:
(b) Using Integration by Parts, with u D t
n
and v
0
e
t
, we have u
0
D nt
n1
, v D e
t
, and
I.n C1/ D
Z
1
0
t
n
e
t
dt D t
n
e
t
1
0
Cn
Z
1
0
t
n1
e
t
dt
D lim
R!1
_
R
n
e
R
0
_
CnI.n/ D 0 CnI.n/ D nI.n/:
Here, weve computed the limit as in part (a) with repeated use of LH opitals Rule.
(c) By the result of part (b), we have
I.n C1/ D nI.n/ D n.n 1/I.n 1/ D n.n 1/.n 2/I.n 2/ D D n I.1/:
If n D 1, then
I.1/ D
Z
1
0
e
t
dt D lim
R!1
e
t
R
0
D lim
R!1
_
1 e
R
_
D 1:
Thus
I.n C1/ D n .1/ D n
100. Use the results of Exercise 99 to show that the Laplace transform (see Exercises 8689 above) of x
n
is
n
s
nC1
.
SOLUTION If f .x/ D x
n
, then the Laplace transform of f .x/ is
Lf .s/ D
Z
1
0
x
n
e
sx
dx
Let t D sx. Then dt D s dx, and x
n
D t
n
=s
n
. This gives us
Lf .s/ D
Z
1
0
t
n
s
n
e
t
dt
s
D
1
s
nC1
Z
1
0
t
n
e
t
dt D
1
s
nC1
I.n C1/ D
n
s
nC1
:
7.7 Probability and Integration
1. The function p.x/ D cos x satises
Z

=2
p.x/ dx D 1. Is p.x/ a probability density function on =2; |?
SOLUTION Since p.x/ D cos x < 0 for some points in .=2; /, p.x/ is not a probability density function.
2. Estimate P.2 X 2:1/ assuming that the probability density function of X satises p.2/ D 0:2.
SOLUTION P.2 X 2:1/ p.2/ .2:1 2/ D 0:02.
3. Which exponential probability density has mean j D
1
4
?
SOLUTION
1
1=4
e
x=.1=4/
D 4e
4x
.
Exercises
In Exercises 16, nd a constant C such that p.x/ is a probability density function on the given interval, and compute the probability
indicated.
1. p.x/ D
C
.x C1/
3
on 0; 1/; P.0 X 1/
SOLUTION Compute the indenite integral using the substitution u D x C1, du D dx:
Z
p.x/ dx D
Z
C
.x C1/
3
dx D
1
2
C.x C1/
2
CK
For p.x/ to be a probability density function, we must have
1 D
Z
1
0
p.x/ dx D
1
2
C lim
R!1
.x C1/
2
R
0
D
1
2
C
1
2
C lim
R!1
.R C1/
2
D
1
2
C
so that C D 2, and p.x/ D
2
.xC1/
3
. Then using the indenite integral above,
P.0 X 1/ D
Z
1
0
2
.x C1/
3
D
1
2
2 .x C1/
2
1
0
D
1
4
C1 D
3
4
2. p.x/ D Cx.4 x/ on 0; 4|; P.3 X 4/
SOLUTION Compute the indenite integral:
Z
p.x/ dx D C
Z
x.4 x/ dx D C
Z
4x x
2
dx D C
_
2x
2
1
3
x
3
_
CK
1 D
Z
4
0
p.x/ dx D C
_
2x
2
1
3
x
3
_
4
0
D C
_
32
64
3
_
D
32
3
C
so that C D
3
32
and p.x/ D
3
32
x.4 x/. Then using the indenite integral above,
P.3 X 4/ D
Z
4
3
p.x/ dx D
3
32
_
2x
2
1
3
x
3
_
4
3
D
3
32
_
32
64
3
18 C9
_
D
5
32
3. p.x/ D
C
p
1 x
2
on .1; 1/; P
_
1
2
X
1
2
_
SOLUTION Compute the indenite integral:
Z
p.x/ dx D C
Z
1
p
1 x
2
dx D C sin
1
x CK
valid for 1 < x < 1. For p.x/ to be a probability density function, we must have
1 D
Z
1
1
p.x/ dx D
Z
0
1
p.x/ dx C
Z
1
0
p.x/ dx D C
lim
R!1
C
sin
1
x
0
R
C lim
R!1
sin
1
x
R
0
!
D C
_
sin
1
.0/ lim
R!1
C
sin
1
.R/ C lim
R!1
sin
1
R sin
1
.0/
_
SECT I ON 7.7 Probability and Integration 923
D C
_
sin
1
.1/ Csin
1
.1/
_
D C
so that C D
1
and p.x/ D
1
p
1x
2
P
_
1
2
X
1
2
_
D
Z
1=2
1=2
p.x/ dx D
1
sin
1
x
1=2
1=2
D
1
6
_
D
1
3
4. p.x/ D
Ce
x
1 Ce
2x
on .1; 1/; P.X 4/
SOLUTION Compute the indenite integral using the substitution u D e
x
; then du D e
x
dx D udx so that dx D
1
u
du:
Z
p.x/ dx D
Z
Ce
x
1 Ce
2x
dx D C
Z
u
_
1
u
_
1 Cu
2
du D C
Z
1
1 Cu
2
du
D C tan
1
u CK D C tan
1
.e
x
/ CK D C tan
1
.e
x
/ CK
1 D
Z
1
1
p.x/ dx D C lim
R!1
tan
1
.e
x
/
R
R
D C lim
R!1
_
tan
1
.e
R
/ tan
1
.e
R
/
_
D C
_
2
0
_
D

2
C
so that C D
2
and p.x/ D
2e
x
.1Ce
2x
/
P.X 4/ D
Z
4
1
p.x/ dx D lim
R!1
2
tan
1
.e
x
/
4
R
D
2
tan
1
.e
4
/
2
lim
R!1
tan
1
.e
R
/
D
2
tan
1
.e
4
/ 0:0117
5. p.x/ D C
p
1 x
2
on .1; 1/; P
_
1
2
X 1
_
SOLUTION Compute the indenite integral using the substitution x D sin u, so that dx D cos udu:
Z
p.x/ dx D C
Z
p
1 x
2
dx D C
Z
p
1 sin
2
u cos udu D C
Z
cos
2
udu
D C
_
1
2
u C
1
2
cos usin u
_
CK
Since x D sin u, we construct the following right triangle:
1 x
2
x
1
and we see that cos u D
p
1 x
2
, so that
Z
p.x/ dx D
1
2
C
_
sin
1
x Cx
p
1 x
2
_
CK
1 D
Z
1
1
p.x/ dx D
1
2
C
_
sin
1
x Cx
p
1 x
2
_
1
1
D
1
2
C.sin
1
1 sin
1
.1// D
2
C
so that C D
2
and p.x/ D
2
p
1 x
2
P
_
1
2
X 1
_
D
Z
1
1=2
2
p
1 x
2
dx D
1
_
sin
1
x Cx
p
1 x
2
_
1
1=2
D
1
sin
1
1 C0 sin
1
_
1
2
_
1
2
r
1
1
4
!
D
1

6
C
p
3
4
!
D
2
3
C
p
3
4
0:804
6. p.x/ D Ce
x
e
e
x
on .1; 1/; P.4 X 4/ This function, called the Gumbel density, is used to model extreme
events such as oods and earthquakes.
SOLUTION Find the indenite integral via the substitution u D e
x
so that du D e
x
dx; then
Z
p.x/ dx D C
Z
e
x
e
e
x
dx D C
Z
e
u
du D Ce
u
D Ce
e
x
CK
1 D
Z
1
1
p.x/ dx D C lim
R!1
e
e
x
R
R
D C lim
R!1
_
e
e
R
e
e
R
_
D C
since e
R
!0 so that the rst term approaches e
0
D 1, and e
R
!1so that the second term approaches e
1
D 0. Thus C D 1
and p.x/ D e
x
e
e
x
P.4 X 4/ D e
e
4
e
e
4
0:982
7. Verify that p.x/ D 3x
4
is a probability density function on 1; 1/ and calculate its mean value.
SOLUTION We have
Z
1
1
3x
4
dx D lim
R!1
_
x
3
_
R
1
D lim
R!1
_
1
R
3
_
C1 D 1
so that p.x/ is a probability density function on 1; 1/. Its mean value is
Z
1
1
x 3x
4
dx D
Z
1
1
3x
3
dx D
3
2
x
2
R
1
D lim
R!1
_
3
2R
2
_
C
3
2
D
3
2
8. Show that the density function p.x/ D
2
.x
2
C1/
on 0; 1/ has innite mean.
SOLUTION To verify that p.x/ is a probability density function, note that
Z
1
0
2
1
x
2
C1
dx D
2
lim
R!1
tan
1
x
R
0
D
2
2
0
_
D 1
Its average value is (using the substitution u D x
2
C1, du D 2x dx):
2
Z
1
0
x
x
2
C1
dx D
1
Z
1
0
1
u
du
The indenite integral is ln u, so the denite integral approaches 1.1/ D 1, so this integral diverges and the mean is innite.
9. Verify that p.t / D
1
50
e
t =50
satises the condition
R
1
0
p.t / dt D 1.
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D
t
50
, so that du D
1
50
dt . Then
Z
1
0
p.t / dt D
Z
1
0
1
50
e
t =50
dt D
Z
1
0
e
u
du D lim
R!1
.e
u
/
R
0
D lim
R!1
1 e
R
D 1
10. Verify that for all r > 0, the exponential density function p.t / D
1
r
e
t =r
satises the condition
R
1
0
p.t / dt D 1.
SOLUTION This is similar to the preceding problem. Use the substitution u D
t
r
, so that du D
1
r
dt . Then
Z
1
0
p.t / dt D
Z
1
0
1
r
e
t =r
dt D
Z
1
0
e
u
du D lim
R!1
.e
u
/
R
0
D lim
R!1
1 e
R
D 1
11. The life X (in hours) of a battery in constant use is a random variable with exponential density. What is the probability that
the battery will last more than 12 hours if the average life is 8 hours?
SOLUTION If the average life is 8 hours, then the mean of the exponential distribution is 8, so that the distribution is
p.x/ D
1
8
e
x=8
The probability that the battery will last more than 12 hours is given by (using the substitution u D x=8, so that du D 1=8 dx and
x D 12 corresponds to u D 3=2)
P.X 12/ D
Z
1
12
p.x/ dx D
Z
1
12
1
8
e
x=8
dx D
Z
1
3=2
e
u
du D lim
R!1
.e
u
/
R
3=2
D e
3=2
lim
R!1
e
R
D e
3=2
0:223
12. The time between incoming phone calls at a call center is a random variable with exponential density. There is a 50% proba-
bility of waiting 20 seconds or more between calls. What is the average time between calls?
SOLUTION The distribution is exponential, so p.x/ D
1
r
e
x=r
. Since there is a 50% probability of waiting 20 seconds or more
between calls, this means that
Z
1
20
1
r
e
x=r
dx D
1
2
But
Z
1
20
1
r
e
x=r
dx D e
x=r
1
20
D e
20=r
Thus
1
2
D e
20=r
, so that
20
r
D ln
1
2
D ln 2; it follows that r D
20
ln 2
, which is the mean value.
13. The distance r between the electron and the nucleus in a hydrogen atom (in its lowest energy state) is a random variable with
probability density p.r/ D 4a
3
0
r
2
e
2r=a
0
for r 0, where a
0
is the Bohr radius (Figure 1). Calculate the probability P that the
electron is within one Bohr radius of the nucleus. The value of a
0
is approximately 5:29 10
11
m, but this value is not needed to
compute P.
a
0
2a
0
3a
0
4a
0
p(r)
r
0.4
FIGURE 1 Probability density function p.r/ D 4a
3
0
r
2
e
2r=a
0
.
SOLUTION The probability P is the area of the shaded region in Figure 1. To calculate p, use the substitution u D 2r=a
0
:
P D
Z
a
0
0
p.r/ dr D
4
a
3
0
Z
a
0
0
r
2
e
2r=a
0
dr D
4
a
3
0
!
a
3
0
8
!
Z
2
0
u
2
e
u
du
The constant in front simplies to
1
2
and the formula in the margin gives us
P D
1
2
Z
2
0
u
2
e
u
du D
1
2
_
.u
2
C2u C2/e
u
_
2
0
D
1
2
_
2 10e
2
_
0:32
Thus, the electron within a distance a
0
of the nucleus with probability 0:32.
14. Show that the distance r between the electron and the nucleus in Exercise 13 has mean j D 3a
0
=2.
SOLUTION The mean of the distribution is
j D
Z
1
0
rp.r/ dr D
Z
1
0
r 4a
3
0
r
2
e
2r=a
0
dr D
4
a
3
0
Z
1
0
r
3
e
2r=a
0
dr
To calculate this integral, use as before the substitution x D 2r=a
0
to get
j D
4
a
3
0
a
3
0
8
a
0
2
Z
1
0
x
3
e
x
dx D
a
0
4
Z
1
0
x
3
e
x
dx
To calculate this integral, we use integration by parts, with u D x
3
, v
0
D e
x
, so that u
0
D 3x
2
and v D e
x
; then
j D
a
0
4
_
x
3
e
x
1
0
C3
Z
1
0
x
2
e
x
dx
_
The rst term is evaluated as follows, using LH opitals Rule multiple times:
x
3
e
x
1
0
D lim
R!1
_
x
3
e
x
_
R
0
D lim
R!1
R
3
e
R
!
D lim
R!1
3R
2
e
R
!
D lim
R!1
_
6R
e
R
_
D lim
R!1
_
6
e
R
_
D 0
The second term, by the marginal note in the previous problem, is
Z
1
0
x
2
e
x
dx D lim
R!1
_
.u
2
C2u C2/e
u
_
R
0
D lim
R!1
2
R
2
C2R C2
e
R
!
D 2
using LH opitals Rule as in the previous formulas. Thus, nally,
j D
a
0
4
.0 C3 2/ D
3
2
a
0
In Exercises 1521, F.z/ denotes the cumulative normal distribution function. Refer to a calculator, computer algebra system, or
online resource to obtain values of F.z/.
15. Express the area of region A in Figure 2 in terms of F.z/ and compute its value.
55 100 120 165
x
y
A
B
FIGURE 2 Normal density function with j D 120 and o D 30.
SOLUTION The area of region A is P.55 X 100/. By Theorem 1, we have
P.55 X 100/ D F
_
100 120
30
_
F
_
55 120
30
_
D F
_
2
3
_
F
_
13
6
_
0:237
16. Show that the area of region B in Figure 2 is equal to 1 F.1:5/ and compute its value. Verify numerically that this area is
also equal to F.1:5/ and explain why graphically.
SOLUTION The area of region B is P.X 165/, and P.X 165/ CP.X 165/ D 1. But by Theorem 1,
P.X 165/ D F
_
165 120
30
_
D F.1:5/
so that
P.X 165/ D 1 P.X 165/ D 1 F.1:5/ 0:0668
Using a computer algebra system, we also get F.1:5/ 0:0668. Graphically, since the density function p.x/ is symmetric around
x D 120, we see that the area to the right of x D 165 is equal to the area to the left of x D 120 .165 120/ D 75; this area is
F
_
75 120
30
_
D F
_
45
30
_
D F.1:5/
17. Assume X has a standard normal distribution (j D 0, o D 1). Find:
(a) P.X 1:2/ (b) P.X 0:4/
SOLUTION
(a) P.X 1:2/ D F.1:2/ 0:8849
(b) P.X 0:4/ D 1 P.X 0:4/ D 1 F.0:4/ 1 0:3446 0:6554
18. Evaluate numerically:
1
3
p
2
Z
1
14:5
e
.z10/
2
=18
dz.
SOLUTION This is the area to the right of 14:5 under the cumulative distribution function for a normal distribution with j D 10
and o D 3. In terms of the standard normal cumulative distribution function F.z/, this is
P.X 14:5/ D 1 P.X 14:5/ D 1 F
_
14:5 10
3
_
D 1 F.1:5/ 0:0668
19. Use a graph to show that F.z/ D 1 F.z/ for all z. Then show that if p.x/ is a normal density function with mean
j and standard deviation o, then for all r 0,
P.j ro X j Cro/ D 2F.r/ 1
SOLUTION Consider the graph of the standard normal density function in Figure 5. This graph is symmetric around the y-axis,
so that the area under the curve from z to 1, which is 1 F.z/, is equal to the area under the curve from 1 to z, which is
F.z/. Thus 1 F.z/ D F.z/. Now, if p.x/ is a normal density function with mean j and standard deviation o, then for r 0
(so that the range j ro X j Cro is nonempty),
P.j ro X j Cro/ D F
_
j Cro j
o
_
F
_
j ro j
o
_
D F.r/ F.r/ D F.r/ .1 F.r// D 2F.r/ 1
20. The average September rainfall in Erie, Pennsylvania, is a random variable X with mean j D 102 mm. Assume that the amount
of rainfall is normally distributed with standard deviation o D 48.
(a) Express P.128 X 150/ in terms of F.z/ and compute its value numerically.
(b) Let P be the probability that September rainfall will be at least 120 mm. Express P as an integral of an appropriate density
function and compute its value numerically.
SOLUTION
(a)
P.128 X 150/ D F
_
150 102
48
_
F
_
128 102
48
_
D F.1/ F
_
13
24
_
0:135
(b) The cumulative density function associated with X is
f .z/ D
1
48
p
2
Z
z
1
e
.x102/
2
=.248
2
/
dx
To compute the value numerically, we use the standard normal cumulative distribution F.z/. Recall that P.X 120/ D 1 P.X
120/, and that
P.X 120/ D F
_
120 102
48
_
D F
_
3
8
_
D
1
p
2
Z
3=8
1
e
x
2
=2
dx 0:646
so that P.X 120/ 1 0:646 0:354.
21. Abottling company produces bottles of fruit juice that are lled, on average, with 32 ounces of juice. Due to random uctuations
in the machinery, the actual volume of juice is normally distributed with a standard deviation of 0:4 ounce. Let P be the probability
of a bottle having less than 31 ounces. Express P as an integral of an appropriate density function and compute its value numerically.
SOLUTION The associated cumulative distribution function is
f .z/ D
1
0:4
p
2
Z
z
1
e
.x32/
2
=.20:4
2
/
dx
To compute the value numerically, we use the standard normal cumulative distribution function F.z/:
P.X 31/ D F
_
31 32
0:4
_
D F
_
5
2
_
D
1
p
2
Z
5=2
1
e
x
2
=2
dx 0:0062
22. According to Maxwells Distribution Law, in a gas of molecular mass m, the speed v of a molecule in a gas at temperature
T (kelvins) is a random variable with density
p.v/ D 4
_
m
2kT
_
3=2
v
2
e
mv
2
=.2kT/
.v 0/
where k is Boltzmanns constant. Show that the average molecular speed is equal to .8kT =m/
1=2
. The average speed of oxygen
molecules at room temperature is around 450 m/s.
SOLUTION The average speed N v is given by
N v D
Z
1
0
vp.v/ dv D 4
_
m
2kT
_
3=2
Z
1
0
v
3
e
mv
2
=2kT
dv:
Let D m=2kT . Well rst compute the indenite integral
Z
v
3
e
v
2
dv:
Using Integration by Parts, let u D v
2
, v
0
D ve
v
2
. Then u
0
D 2v and v D
1
2
e
v
2
. This gives us
Z
v
3
e
v
2
dv D
1
2
v
2
e
v
2
Z
ve
v
2
dv:
To compute the remaining integral, let w D v
2
, dw D 2v dv. The result is
Z
v
3
e
v
2
dv D
1
2
v
2
e
v
2
1
2
2
e
v
2
CC:
Thus,
Z
R
0
vp.v/ dv D 4
_
m
2kT
_
3=2
"
e
v
2
2
_
v
2
_
#
R
0
D 4
_
m
2kT
_
3=2
1
2
_
e
R
2
_
R
2
_
C
1
_
;
and
N v D lim
R!1
4
_
m
2kT
_
3=2
1
2
_
e
R
2
_
R
2
_
C
1
_
D 4
_
m
2kT
_
3=2
1
2
_
lim
R!1
e
R
2
_
R
2
_
C
1
_
:
Use LH opitals Rule to compute the limit, recalling that D m=2kT < 0:
lim
R!1
e
R
2
_
R
2
_
D lim
R!1
R
2
e
R
2
D lim
R!1
2R
2Re
R
2
D lim
R!1
1
e
R
2
D 0:
Thus
N v D 4
_
m
2kT
_
3=2
1
2
_
0 C
1
_
D
2
2
_
m
2kT
_
3=2
D 2
_
2kT
m
_
2 _
m
2kT
_
r
m
2kT
D
4kT
m
r
m
2kT
D
r
8kT
m
:
In Exercises 2326, calculate j and o, where o is the standard deviation, dened by
o
2
D
Z
1
1
.x j/
2
p.x/ dx
The smaller the value of o, the more tightly clustered are the values of the random variable X about the mean j.
23. p.x/ D
5
2x
7=2
on 1; 1/
SOLUTION The mean is
Z
1
1
xp.x/ dx D
Z
1
1
5
2
x
5=2
dx D
5
3
x
3=2
1
1
D
5
3
and
o
2
D
Z
1
1
.x j/
2
p.x/ dx D
Z
1
1
.x
2
2jx Cj
2
/
5
2
x
7=2
dx
D
5
2
Z
1
1
x
3=2
2jx
5=2
Cj
2
x
7=2
dx D
5
2
_
2x
1=2
C
4
3
jx
3=2
2
5
j
2
x
5=2
_
1
1
D
5
2
_
2
4
3
j C
2
5
j
2
_
D
5
2
_
2
4
3
5
3
C
2
5
25
9
_
D
20
9
24. p.x/ D
1
p
1 x
2
on .1; 1/
SOLUTION Use the substituion u D 1 x
2
so that du D 2x dx. The mean is
j D
Z
1
1
x
p
1 x
2
dx D
1
2
Z
1
xD1
2x dx
p
1 x
2
D
1
2
Z
1
xD1
1
p
u
du
D
1
p
u
xD1
xD1
D
1
p
1 x
2
1
1
D 0
To compute the standard deviation, use the substitution x D sin u, dx D cos udu; then x D 1 corresponds to u D =2 and
x D 1 to u D =2:
o
2
D
Z
1
1
.x j/
2
p.x/ D
1
Z
1
1
x
2
p
1 x
2
dx D
1
Z
=2
=2
sin
2
u
p
1 sin
2
u
cos udu
D
1
Z
=2
=2
sin
2
u
cos u
cos udu D
1
Z
=2
=2
sin
2
udu D
1
2
.u cos usin u/
=2
=2
D
1
2
_

2
_
D
1
2
25. p.x/ D
1
3
e
x=3
on 0; 1/
SOLUTION This is an exponential density function with mean j D 3. The standard deviation is
o
2
D
1
3
Z
1
0
.x 3/
2
e
x=3
dx D
1
3
Z
1
0
_
x
2
e
x=3
6xe
x=3
C9e
x=3
_
dx
D
1
3
Z
1
0
x
2
e
x=3
dx 2
Z
1
0
xe
x=3
dx C3
Z
1
0
e
x=3
dx
We tackle the third integral rst:
Z
1
0
e
x=3
dx D 3e
x=3
1
0
D 3
For the second integral, use integration by parts with u D x, v
0
D e
x=3
so that u
0
D 1 and v D 3e
x=3
. Then
Z
1
0
xe
x=3
dx D 3xe
x=3
1
0
C3
Z
1
0
e
x=3
dx D 0 C3 3 D 9
Finally, the rst integral is solved using integration by parts with u D x
2
, v
0
D e
x=3
so that u
0
D 2x and v D 3e
x=3
; then
Z
1
0
x
2
e
x=3
dx D 3x
2
e
x=3
1
0
C6
Z
1
0
xe
x=3
dx D 0 C6 9 D 54
and, nally,
o
2
D
1
3
Z
1
0
x
2
e
x=3
dx 2
Z
1
0
xe
x=3
dx C3
Z
1
0
e
x=3
dx
D
1
3
54 2 9 C3 3 D 9
26. p.x/ D
1
r
e
x=r
on 0; 1/, where r > 0
SOLUTION This is similar to the previous problem. We have an exponential density function with mean j D r. The standard
deviation is
o
2
D
1
r
Z
1
0
.x r/
2
e
x=r
dx D
1
r
Z
1
0
_
x
2
e
x=r
2rxe
x=r
Cr
2
e
x=r
_
dx
D
1
r
Z
1
0
x
2
e
x=r
dx 2
Z
1
0
xe
x=r
dx Cr
Z
1
0
e
x=r
dx
We tackle the third integral rst:
Z
1
0
e
x=r
dx D re
x=r
1
0
D r
For the second integral, use integration by parts with u D x, v
0
D e
x=r
so that u
0
D 1 and v D re
x=r
. Then
Z
1
0
xe
x=r
dx D rxe
x=r
1
0
Cr
Z
1
0
e
x=r
dx D 0 Cr r D r
2
Finally, the rst integral is solved using integration by parts with u D x
2
, v
0
D e
x=r
so that u
0
D 2x and v D re
x=r
; then
Z
1
0
x
2
e
x=r
dx D rx
2
e
x=r
1
0
C2r
Z
1
0
xe
x=r
dx D 0 C2r r
2
D 2r
3
and, nally,
o
2
D
1
r
Z
1
0
x
2
e
x=r
dx 2
Z
1
0
xe
x=3
dx Cr
Z
1
0
e
x=3
dx
D
1
r
2r
3
2 r
2
Cr r D r
2
27. The time to decay of an atom in a radioactive substance is a random variable X. The law of radioactive decay states
that if N atoms are present at time t D 0, then Nf .t / atoms will be present at time t , where f .t / D e
kt
(k > 0 is the decay
constant). Explain the following statements:
(a) The fraction of atoms that decay in a small time interval t; t C^t | is approximately f
0
.t /^t .
(b) The probability density function of X is f
0
.t /.
(c) The average time to decay is 1=k.
SOLUTION
(a) The number of atoms that decay in the interval t; t C ^t | is just f .t / f .t C ^t /; the statement simply says that f .t /
f .t C^t / f
0
.t /^t , which is the same as saying that
f
0
.t /
f .t / f .t C^t /
^t
D
f.t C^t / f .t /
^t
which is true by the denition of the derivative. Intuitively, since f
0
.t / is the instantaneous rate of decay, we would expect that over
a short interval, the number of atoms decaying is proportional to both f
0
.t / and the size of the interval.
(b) The probability density function is dened by the property in (a): the probability that X lies in a small interval t; t C ^t | is
approximately p.t /^t , so that p.t / D f
0
.t /.
(c) The average time to decay is the mean of the distribution, which is
j D
Z
1
0
t .f
0
.t // dt D
Z
1
0
tf
0
.t / dt
We compute this integral using integration by parts, with u D t , v
0
D f
0
.t /. Then u
0
D 1, v D f .t /, and
j D
Z
1
0
tf
0
.t / dt D tf .t /
1
0
C
Z
1
0
f .t / dt:
Since f .t / D e
kt
, we have
tf .t /
1
0
D lim
R!1
t e
kt
R
0
D lim
R!1
Re
Rt
C0 D lim
R!1
R
e
Rt
D lim
R!1
1
Re
Rt
D 0:
Here we used LH opitals Rule to compute the limit. Thus
j D
Z
1
0
f .t / dt D
Z
1
0
e
kt
dt:
Now,
Z
R
0
e
kt
dt D
1
k
e
kt
R
0
D
1
k
_
e
kR
1
_
D
1
k
_
1 e
kR
_
;
so
j D lim
R!1
1
k
_
1 e
kR
_
D
1
k
.1 0/ D
1
k
:
Because k has units of (time)
1
, j does in fact have the appropriate units of time.
28. The half-life of radon-222, is 3.825 days. Use Exercise 27 to compute:
(a) The average time to decay of a radon-222 atom.
(b) The probability that a given atom will decay in the next 24 hours.
SECT I ON 7.8 Numerical Integration 931
SOLUTION
(a) The average decay time is just the mean, j; to determine it, we must determine the decay constant k, given the half-life of
3.825 days. Recall that
k D
ln 2
t
n
where t
n
is the half-life. Thus,
j D
1
k
D
t
n
ln 2
D
3:825
ln 2
5:518 days:
(b) The probability that a particular atom will decay in the next 24 hours is the area under the probability density function between
t D 0 and t D 1 (note that t is measured in days). Since f .t / D e
kt
, the probability density function is ke
kt
; from part (a),
k 0:1812, so the required probability is
Z
1
0
.f
0
.t // dt D f .0/ f .1/ D 1 e
0:1812
0:1657
7.8 Numerical Integration
1. What are T
1
and T
2
for a function on 0; 2| such that f .0/ D 3, f .1/ D 4, and f .2/ D 3?
SOLUTION Using the given function values
T
1
D
1
2
.2/.3 C3/ D 6 and T
2
D
1
2
.1/.3 C8 C3/ D 7:
2. For which graph in Figure 1 will T
N
overestimate the integral? What about M
N
?
x
y
y = f (x)
x
y
y = g(x)
FIGURE 1
SOLUTION T
N
overestimates the value of the integral when the integrand is concave up; thus, T
N
will overestimate the integral
of y D g.x/. On the other hand, M
N
overestimates the value of the integral when the integrand is concave down; thus, M
N
will
overestimate the integral of y D f .x/.
3. How large is the error when the Trapezoidal Rule is applied to a linear function? Explain graphically.
SOLUTION The Trapezoidal Rule integrates linear functions exactly, so the error will be zero.
4. What is the maximum possible error if T
4
is used to approximate
Z
3
0
f .x/ dx
where jf
00
.x/j 2 for all x.
SOLUTION The maximum possible error in T
4
is
max jf
00
.x/j
.b a/
3
12n
2

2.3 0/
3
12.4/
2
D
9
32
:
5. What are the two graphical interpretations of the Midpoint Rule?
SOLUTION The two graphical interpretations of the Midpoint Rule are the sum of the areas of the midpoint rectangles and the
sum of the areas of the tangential trapezoids.
Exercises
In Exercises 112, calculate T
N
and M
N
for the value of N indicated.
1.
Z
2
0
x
2
dx, N D 4
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D x
2
. We divide 0; 2| into 4 subintervals of width
^x D
2 0
4
D
1
2
with endpoints 0; 0:5; 1; 1:5; 2, and midpoints 0:25; 0:75; 1:25; 1:75. With this data, we get
T
4
D
1
2
1
2
_
0
2
C2.0:5/
2
C2.1/
2
C2.1:5/
2
C2
2
_
D 2:75I and
M
4
D
1
2
_
0:25
2
C0:75
2
C1:25
2
C1:75
2
_
D 2:625:
2.
Z
4
0
p
x dx, N D 4
p
x. We divide 0; 4| into 4 subintervals of width
^x D
4 0
4
D 1
with endpoints 0; 1; 2; 3; 4, and midpoints 0:5; 1:5; 2:5; 3:5. With this data, we get
T
4
D
1
2
1
_
p
0 C2
p
1 C2
p
2 C2
p
3 C
p
4
_
5:14626I and
M
4
D 1
_
p
0:5 C
p
1:5 C
p
2:5 C
p
3:5
_
5:38382:
3.
Z
4
1
x
3
dx, N D 6
3
^x D
4 1
6
D
1
2
with endpoints 1; 1:5; 2; 2:5; 3; 3:5; 4, and midpoints 1:25; 1:75; 2:25; 2:75; 3:25; 3:75. With this data, we get
T
6
D
1
2
_
1
2
_
_
1
3
C2.1:5/
3
C2.2/
3
C2.2:5/
3
C2.3/
3
C2.3:5/
3
C4
3
_
D 64:6875I and
M
6
D
1
2
_
1:25
3
C1:75
3
C2:25
3
C2:75
3
C3:25
3
C3:75
3
_
D 63:28125:
4.
Z
2
1
p
x
4
C1 dx, N D 5
SOLUTION We divide 1; 2| into 5 subintervals of width
^x D
2 1
5
D
1
5
D 0:2
with endpoints 1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, 2, and midpoints 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, 1:9. With this data, we have
T
5
D
1
2
1
5
_p
1
4
C1 C2
p
1:2
4
C1 C2
p
1:4
4
C1 C2
p
1:6
4
C1 C2
p
1:8
4
C1 C
p
2
2
C1
_
2:57228
M
5
D
1
5
_p
1:1
4
C1 C
p
1:3
4
C1 C
p
1:5
4
C1 C
p
1:7
4
C1 C
p
1:9
4
C1
_
2:55994
5.
Z
4
1
dx
x
, N D 6
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D 1=x. We divide 1; 4| into 6 subintervals of width
^x D
4 1
6
D
1
2
with endpoints 1; 1:5; 2; 2:5; 3; 3:5; 4, and midpoints 1:25; 1:75; 2:25; 2:75; 3:25; 3:75. With this data, we get
T
6
D
1
2
_
1
2
__
1
1
C
2
1:5
C
2
2
C
2
2:5
C
2
3
C
2
3:5
C
1
4
_
1:40536I and
M
6
D
1
2
_
1
1:25
C
1
1:75
C
1
2:25
C
1
2:75
C
1
3:25
C
1
3:75
_
1:37693:
6.
Z
1
2
dx
x
, N D 5
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D 1=x. We divide 2; 1| into 5 subintervals of width
^x D
1 .2/
5
D
1
5
D 0:2
with endpoints 2; 1:8; 1:6; 1:4; 1:2; 1; and midpoints 1:9; 1:7; 1:5; 1:3; 1:1. With this data, we get
T
5
D
1
2
_
1
5
__
1
2
C
2
1:8
C
2
1:6
C
2
1:4
C
2
1:2
C
1
1
_
0:695635I and
M
5
D
1
5
_
1
1:9
C
1
1:7
C
1
1:5
C
1
1:3
C
1
1:1
_
0:691908:
7.
Z
=2
0
p
sin x dx, N D 6
p
sin x. We divide 0; =2| into 6 subintervals of width
^x D
2
0
6
D
12
with endpoints
0;

12
;
2
12
; : : : ;
6
12
D

2
;
and midpoints
24
;
3
24
; : : : ;
11
24
:
With this data, we get
T
6
D
1
2
_

12
_ _
p
sin.0/ C2
p
sin.=12/ C C
p
sin.6=12/
_
1:17029I and
M
6
D

12
_
p
sin.=24/ C
p
sin.3=24/ C C
p
sin.11=24/
_
1:20630:
8.
Z
=4
0
sec x dx, N D 6
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D sec x. We divide 0; =4| into 6 subintervals of width
^x D
4
0
6
D

24
with endpoints
0;

24
;
2
24
; : : : ;
6
24
D

4
;
and midpoints
48
;
3
48
; : : : ;
11
48
:
T
6
D
1
2
_

24
_
_
sec.0/ C2 sec.=24/ C2 sec.2=24/ C Csec.6=24/
_
0:883387I and
M
6
D

24
_
sec.=48/ Csec.3=48/ Csec.5=48/ C Csec.11=48/
_
0:880369:
9.
Z
2
1
ln x dx, N D 5
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D ln x. We divide 1; 2| into 5 subintervals of width
^x D
2 1
5
D
1
5
D 0:2
with endpoints 1; 1:2; 1:4; 1:6; 1:8; 2; and midpoints 1:1; 1:3; 1:5; 1:7; 1:9: With this data, we get
T
5
D
1
2
_
1
5
_
_
ln 1 C2 ln 1:2 C2 ln 1:4 C2 ln 1:6 C2 ln 1:8 Cln 2
_
0:384632I and
M
5
D
1
5
_
ln 1:1 Cln 1:3 Cln 1:5 Cln 1:7 Cln 1:9
_
0:387124:
10.
Z
3
2
dx
ln x
, N D 5
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D 1= ln x. We divide 2; 3| into 5 subintervals of width
^x D
3 2
5
D
1
5
D 0:2
with endpoints 2; 2:2; 2:4; 2:6; 2:8; 3; and midpoints 2:1; 2:3; 2:5; 2:7; 2:9: With this data, we get
T
5
D
1
2
_
1
5
__
1
ln 2
C
2
ln 2:2
C
2
ln 2:4
C
2
ln 2:6
C
2
ln 2:8
C
1
ln 3
_
1:12096I and
M
5
D
1
5
_
1
ln 2:1
C
1
ln 2:3
C
1
ln 2:5
C
1
ln 2:7
C
1
ln 2:9
_
1:11716:
11.
Z
1
0
e
x
2
dx, N D 5
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D e
x
2
^x D
1 0
5
D
1
5
D 0:2
with endpoints
0;
1
5
;
2
5
;
3
5
;
4
5
; 1
and midpoints
1
10
;
3
10
;
5
10
;
7
10
;
9
10
:
T
5
D
1
2
_
1
5
_
_
e
0
2
C2e
.1=5/
2
C2e
.2=5/
2
C2e
.3=5/
2
C2e
.4=5/
2
Ce
1
2
_
0:74437I and
M
5
D
1
5
_
e
.1=10/
2
Ce
.3=10/
2
Ce
.5=10/
2
Ce
.7=10/
2
Ce
.9=10/
2
_
0:74805:
12.
Z
1
2
e
x
2
dx, N D 6
x
2
^x D
1 .2/
6
D
3
6
D
1
2
D 0:5
with endpoints 2; 1:5; 1; 0:5; 0; 0:5; 1; and midpoints 1:75; 1:25; 0:75; 0:25; 0:25; 0:75: With this data, we get
T
6
D
1
2
_
1
2
_
_
e
.2/
2
C2e
.1:5/
2
C2e
.1/
2
C2e
.0:5/
2
C2e
0
2
C2e
.0:5/
2
Ce
1
2
_
22:2161I and
M
6
D
1
2
_
e
.1:75/
2
Ce
.1:25/
2
Ce
.0:75/
2
Ce
.0:25/
2
Ce
.0:25/
2
Ce
.0:75/
2
_
15:8954:
In Exercises 1322, calculate S
N
given by Simpsons Rule for the value of N indicated.
13.
Z
4
0
p
x dx, N D 4
p
x. We divide 0; 4| into 4 subintervals of width
^x D
4 0
4
D 1
with endpoints 0; 1; 2; 3; 4: With this data, we get
S
4
D
1
3
.1/
_p
0 C4
p
1 C2
p
2 C4
p
3 C
p
4
_
5:25221:
14.
Z
5
3
.9 x
2
/ dx, N D 4
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D 9 x
2
. We divide 3; 5| into 4 subintervals of length
^x D
5 3
4
D
2
4
D
1
2
D 0:5
with endpoints 3; 3:5; 4; 4:5; 5: With this data, we get
S
4
D
1
3
_
1
2
_
h
.9 3
2
/ C4.9 3:5
2
/ C2.9 4
2
/ C4.9 4:5
2
/ C.9 5
2
/
i
14:6667:
15.
Z
3
0
dx
x
4
C1
, N D 6
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D 1=.x
4
C1/. We divide 0; 3| into 6 subintervals of length
^x D
3 0
6
D
1
2
D 0:5
with endpoints 0; 0:5; 1; 1:5; 2; 2:5; 3: With this data, we get
S
6
D
1
3
_
1
2
__
1
0
4
C1
C
4
0:5
4
C1
C
2
1
4
C1
C
4
1:5
4
C1
C
2
2
4
C1
C
4
2:5
4
C1
C
1
3
4
C1
_
1:10903:
16.
Z
1
0
cos.x
2
/ dx, N D 6
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D cos.x
2
/. We divide 0; 1| into 6 subintervals of length
^x D
1 0
6
D
1
6
with endpoints 0;
1
6
;
2
6
; : : : ;
6
6
D 1: With this data, we get
S
6
D
1
3
_
1
6
_
"
cos
_
0
2
_
C4 cos
_
1
6
_
2
!
C2 cos
_
2
6
_
2
!
C C4 cos
_
5
6
_
2
!
Ccos
_
1
2
_
#
0:904523:
17.
Z
1
0
e
x
2
dx, N D 4
x
2
. We divide 0; 1| into 4 subintervals of length
^x D
1 0
4
D
1
4
with endpoints 0;
1
4
;
2
4
;
3
4
;
4
4
D 1: With this data, we get
S
4
D
1
3
_
1
4
_
h
e
0
2
C4e
.1=4/
2
C2e
.2=4/
2
C4e
.3=4/
2
Ce
.1/
2
i
0:746855:
18.
Z
2
1
e
x
dx, N D 6
x
^x D
2 1
6
D
1
6
with endpoints 1;
7
6
;
8
6
;
9
6
; : : : ;
12
6
D 2. With this data, we get
S
6
D
1
3
_
1
6
_
h
e
1
C4e
7=6
C2e
8=6
C4e
9=6
C2e
10=6
C4e
11=6
Ce
12=6
i
0:232545:
19.
Z
4
1
ln x dx, N D 8
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D ln x. We divide 1; 4| into 8 subintervals of length
^x D
4 1
8
D
3
8
D 0:375
with endpoints 1; 1:375; 1:75; 2:125; 2:5; 2:875; 3:25; 3:625; 4: With this data, we get
S
8
D
1
3
_
3
8
_
_
ln 1 C4 ln .1:375/ C2 ln .1:75/ C C4 ln .3:625/ Cln 4
_
2:54499:
20.
Z
4
2
p
x
4
C1 dx, N D 8
p
x
4
C1. We divide 2; 4| into 8 subintervals of width
^x D
4 2
8
D
2
8
D
1
4
D 0:25
with endpoints 2; 2:25; 2:5; 2:75; 3; 3:25; 3:5; 3:75; 4: With this data, we get
S
8
D
1
3
_
1
4
__
p
2
4
C1 C4
q
.2:25/
4
C1 C2
q
.2:5/
4
C1 C C4
q
.3:75/
4
C1 C
p
4
4
C1
_
18:7909:
21.
Z
=4
0
tan 0 d0, N D 10
SOLUTION Let f .0/ D tan 0. We divide 0;

4
| into 10 subintervals of width
^0 D
4
0
10
D
40
with endpoints 0;

40
;
2
40
;
3
40
; : : : ;
10
40
D

4
. With this data, we get
S
10
D
1
3
_

40
_
_
tan .0/ C4 tan
_

40
_
C2 tan
_
2
40
_
C C4 tan
_
9
40
_
Ctan
_
10
40
__
0:346576:
22.
Z
2
0
.x
2
C1/
1=3
dx, N D 10
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D .x
2
C1/
1=3
^x D
2 0
10
D
1
5
D 0:2
with endpoints 0, 0:2, 0:4, 0:6, 0:8, 1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, 2. With this data, we get
S
10
D
1
3
1
5
h
.0
2
C1/
1=3
C4.0:2
2
C1/
1=3
C2.0:4
2
C1/
1=3
C C4.1:8
2
C1/
1=3
C.2
2
C1/
1=3
i
1:598005
In Exercises 2326, calculate the approximation to the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the graph around the given axis.
23. y D cos x;
_
0;

2
_
; x-axis; M
8
V D
Z
=2
0
r
2
dx D
Z
=2
0
.cos x/
2
dx
which can be estimated as
Z
=2
0
.cos x/
2
dx M
8
|:
Let f .x/ D cos
2
x. We divide 0; =2| into 8 subintervals of length
^x D
2
0
8
D

16
with midpoints
32
;
3
32
;
5
32
; : : : ;
15
32
:
V M
8
| D
_
^x.y
1
Cy
2
C Cy
8
/
_
D

2
16
_
cos
2
_

32
_
Ccos
2
_
3
32
_
C Ccos
2
_
15
32
__
2:46740:
24. y D cos x;
_
0;

2
_
; y-axis; S
8
SOLUTION Using the cylindrical shell method, the volume is given by
V D
Z
=2
0
2rh dx D 2
Z
=2
0
x cos x dx
where the radius of the cylinder is r D x and the height is h D cos x: This can be approximated as
V D 2
Z
=2
0
x cos x dx 2
h
S
8
i
;
where f .x/ D x cos x: We divide 0; =2| into 8 subintervals of length
^x D
2
0
8
D

16
with endpoints
0;
16
;
2
16
; : : : ;
8
16
:
V 2S
8
| D 2
_
1
3
16
.y
0
C4y
1
C2y
2
C C4y
7
Cy
8
/
_
D
2
24
_
0.cos 0/ C4
16
_
cos

16
_
C C
8
16
_
cos
8
16
__
3:58666:
25. y D e
x
2
; 0; 1|; x-axis; T
8
V D
Z
1
0
r
2
dx D
Z
1
0
_
e
x
2 _
2
dx D
Z
1
0
e
2x
2
dx:
We can use the approximation
V D
Z
1
0
e
2x
2
dx T
8
|;
where f .x/ D e
2x
2
. Divide 0; 1| into 8 subintervals of length
^x D
1 0
8
D
1
8
;
with endpoints
0;
1
8
;
2
8
; : : : ; 1:
V T
8
| D
_
1
2
1
8
_
e
2.0
2
/
C2e
2.1=8/
2
C C2e
2.7=8/
2
Ce
2.1/
2
_
_
1:87691:
26. y D e
x
2
; 0; 1|; y-axis; S
8
SOLUTION Using the cylindrical shell method, the volume is given by
V D
Z
1
0
2rh dx D 2
Z
1
0
xe
x
2
dx
where r D x and h D e
x
2
: We can use the approximation
V D 2
Z
1
0
xe
x
2
dx 2S
8
|;
where f .x/ D xe
x
2
. Divide 0; 1| into 8 subintervals of length
^x D
1 0
8
D
1
8
;
with endpoints
0;
1
8
;
2
8
; : : : ; 1:
V 2S
8
| D 2
_
1
3
__
1
8
__
.0/e
.0
2
/
C4
_
1
8
_
e
.1=8/
2
C C4
_
7
8
_
e
.7=8/
2
Ce
1
2
_
1:98595:
27. An airplanes velocity is recorded at 5-min intervals during a 1-hour period with the following results, in miles per hour:
550; 575; 600; 580; 610; 640; 625;
595; 590; 620; 640; 640; 630
Use Simpsons Rule to estimate the distance traveled during the hour.
SOLUTION The distance traveled is equal to the integral
R
1
0
v.t / dt , where t is in hours. Since 5 minutes is 1=12 of an hour, we
have ^t D 1=12. Simpsons Rule gives us
S
12
D
1
3
1
12
h
550 C4 575 C2 600 C4 580 C2 610 C C4 640 C630
i
608:611:
The distance traveled during the hour is approximately 608.6 miles.
28. Use Simpsons Rule to determine the average temperature in a museum over a 3-hour period, if the temperatures (in degrees
Celsius), recorded at 15-min intervals, are
21; 21:3; 21:5; 21:8; 21:6; 21:2; 20:8;
20:6; 20:9; 21:2; 21:1; 21:3; 21:2
SOLUTION If T.t / represents the temperature at time t , then the average temperature T
ave
from t D 0 to t D 3 hours is given by
T
ave
D
1
3 0
Z
3
0
T.t / dt:
To use Simpsons Rule to approximate this, let ^t D 1=4 (15 minute intervals). Then we have
T
ave
D
1
3
S
12
| D
1
3
1
3
1
4
h
21 C4 21:3 C2 21:5 C C4 21:3 C21:2
i
21:2111:
The average temperature is approximately 21:2
C.
29. Tsunami Arrival Times Scientists estimate the arrival times of tsunamis (seismic ocean waves) based on the point
of origin P and ocean depths. The speed s of a tsunami in miles per hour is approximately s D
p
15d, where d is the ocean depth
in feet.
(a) Let f .x/ be the ocean depth x miles fromP (in the direction of the coast). Argue using Riemann sums that the time T required
for the tsunami to travel M miles toward the coast is
T D
Z
M
0
dx
p
15f .x/
(b) Use Simpsons Rule to estimate T if M D 1000 and the ocean depths (in feet), measured at 100-mile intervals starting from
P, are
13;000; 11;500; 10;500; 9000; 8500;
7000; 6000; 4400; 3800; 3200; 2000
SOLUTION
(a) At a given distance from shore, say, x
i
, the speed of the tsunami in mph is s D
p
15f .x
i
/. If we assume the speed s is constant
over a small interval ^x, then the time to cover that interval at that speed is
t
i
D
distance
speed
D
^x
p
15f .x
i
/
:
Now divide the interval 0; M| into N subintervals of length ^x. The total time T is given by
T D
N
X
i D1
t
i
D
N
X
i D1
^x
p
15f .x
i
/
:
Taking the limit as N !1, we get
T D
Z
M
0
dx
p
15f .x/
:
(b) We have ^x D 100. Simpsons Rule gives us
S
10
D
1
3
100
"
1
p
15.13;000/
C
4
p
15.11;500/
C C
1
p
15.2000/
#
3:347:
It will take the tsunami about 3 hours and 21 minutes to reach shore.
30. Use S
8
to estimate
Z
=2
0
sin x
x
dx, taking the value of
sin x
x
at x D 0 to be 1.
SOLUTION Divide 0; =2| into 8 subintervals of length
^x D
2
0
8
D

16
with endpoints
0;

16
;
2
16
; : : : ;
8
16
:
Taking the value of .sin x/=x at x D 0 to be 1, we get
S
8
D
1
3
_

16
_
_
1 C4
sin.=16/
=16
C2
sin.2=16/
2=16
C C
sin.=2/
=2
_
1:37076:
31. Calculate T
6
for the integral I D
Z
2
0
x
3
dx.
(a) Is T
6
too large or too small? Explain graphically.
(b) Show that K
2
D jf
00
.2/j may be used in the error bound and nd a bound for the error.
(c) Evaluate I and check that the actual error is less than the bound computed in (b).
3
: Divide 0; 2| into 6 subintervals of length ^x D
20
6
D
1
3
with endpoints 0;
1
3
;
2
3
; : : : ; 2: With this
data, we get
T
6
D
1
2
1
3
"
0
3
C2
_
1
3
_
3
C2
_
2
3
_
3
C2
_
3
3
_
3
C2
_
4
3
_
3
C2
_
5
3
_
3
C.1/2
3
#
4:11111:
(a) Since x
3
is concave up on 0; 2|; T
6
is too large.
(b) We have f
0
.x/ D 3x
2
and f
00
.x/ D 6x. Since jf
00
.x/j D j6xj is increasing on 0; 2|; its maximum value occurs at x D 2 and
we may take K
2
D jf
00
.2/j D 12. Then
Error.T
6
/
K
2
.b a/
3
12N
2
D
12.2 0/
3
12.6/
2
D
2
9
0:22222:
(c) The exact value is
Z
2
0
x
3
dx D
1
4
x
4
2
0
D
1
4
.16 0/ D 4:
We can use this to compute the actual error:
Error.T
6
/ D jT
6
4j j4:11111 4j 0:11111:
Since 0:11111 < 0:22222, the actual error is indeed less than the maximum possible error.
32. Calculate M
4
Z
1
0
x sin.x
2
/ dx.
(a) Use a plot of f
00
.x/ to show that K
2
D 3:2 may be used in the error bound and nd a bound for the error.
(b) Evaluate I numerically and check that the actual error is less than the bound computed in (a).
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D x sin.x
2
/. Divide 0; 1| into 4 subintervals of length ^x D
10
4
D
1
4
D 0:25, with endpoint 0,
1
4
,
1
2
,
3
4
,
and 1 and midpoints
1
8
,
3
8
,
5
8
, and
7
8
. With this data, we get
M
4
D
1
4
_
1
8
sin..1=8/
2
/ C
3
8
sin..3=8/
2
/ C
5
8
sin..5=8/
2
/ C
7
8
sin..7=8/
2
/
_
0:224714
(a) Consider the following plot of f
00
.x/ D 6x cos.x
2
/ 4x
3
sin.x
2
/:
1
2
3
3.2
4
y
x 0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
From this gure, it is clear that f
00
.x/ is bounded above (in absolute value) by 3:2, so we can choose K
2
D 3:2 in the error bound
formula. With this choice, the bound for the error in the M
4
approximation is
Error.M
4
/ K
2
.b a/
3
24N
2
D 3:2
.1 0/
3
24 4
2
D
3:2
384
0:008333 8:333 10
3
(b) Using a computer algebra system, I 0:2298488, so the actual error is
0:2298488 0:224714 D 0:005135 < 0:008333
In Exercises 3336, state whether T
N
or M
N
underestimates or overestimates the integral and nd a bound for the error (but do
not calculate T
N
or M
N
).
33.
Z
4
1
1
x
dx, T
10
1
x
. Then f
0
.x/ D
1
x
2
and f
00
.x/ D
2
x
3
> 0 on 1; 4|, so f .x/ is concave up, and T
10
overestimates the
integral. Since jf
00
.x/j D j
2
x
3
j has its maximum value on 1; 4| at x D 1, we can take K
2
D
2
1
3
D 2, and
Error.T
10
/
K
2
.4 1/
3
12N
2
D
2.3/
3
12.10/
2
D 0:045:
34.
Z
2
0
e
x=4
dx, T
20
x=4
. Then f
0
.x/ D .1=4/e
x=4
and
f
00
.x/ D
1
16
e
x=4
> 0
on 0; 2|, so f .x/ is concave up, and T
20
overestimates the integral. Since jf
00
.x/j D j.1=16/e
x=4
j has its maximum value on
0; 2| at x D 0, we can take K
2
D j.1=16/e
0
j D 1=16, and
Error.T
20
/
K
2
.2 0/
3
12N
2
D
1
16
.2/
3
12.20/
2
D 1:04167 10
4
:
35.
Z
4
1
ln x dx, M
10
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D ln x. Then f
0
.x/ D 1=x and
f
00
.x/ D
1
x
2
< 0
on 1; 4|, so f .x/ is concave down, and M
10
00
.x/j D j 1=x
2
j has its maximum value on
1; 4| at x D 1, we can take K
2
D j 1=1
2
j D 1, and
Error.M
10
/
K
2
.4 1/
3
24N
2
D
.1/.3/
3
24.10/
2
D 0:01125:
36.
Z
=4
0
cos x, M
20
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D cos x. Then f
0
.x/ D sin x and f
00
.x/ D cos x < 0 on 0; =4|, so f .x/ is concave down,
and M
20
00
.x/j D j cos xj has its maximum value on 0; =4| at x D 0, we can take
K
2
D j cos.0/j D 1, and
Error.M
20
/
K
2
.=4 0/
3
24N
2
D
.1/.=4/
3
24.20/
2
D 5:04659 10
5
:
In Exercises 3740, use the error bound to nd a value of N for which Error.T
N
/ 10
6
. If you have a computer algebra
system, calculate the corresponding approximation and conrm that the error satises the required bound.
37.
Z
1
0
x
4
dx
4
. Then f
0
.x/ D 4x
3
and jf
00
.x/j D j12x
2
j; which has its maximum value on 0; 1| at x D 1, so we
can take K
2
D j12.1/
2
j D 12. Then we have
Error.T
N
/
K
2
.1 0/
3
12N
2
D
12
12N
2
D
1
N
2
:
To ensure that the error is at most 10
6
, we must choose N such that
1
N
2

1
10
6
:
This gives N
2
10
6
or N 10
3
. Thus let N D 1000: The exact value of the integral is
Z
1
0
x
4
dx D
x
5
5
1
0
D
1
5
D 0:2:
Using a CAS, we nd that
T
1000
0:2000003333:
The actual error is approximately j0:2000003333 0:2j 3:333 10
7
; and is indeed less than 10
6
.
38.
Z
3
0
.5x
4
x
5
/ dx
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D 5x
4
x
5
. Then f
0
.x/ D 20x
3
5x
4
and f
00
.x/ D 60x
2
20x
3
. A plot reveals that f
00
.x/ 0
on 0; 3|; it achieves its maximum value where its derivative is zero, which is where 120x 60x
2
D 0, so x D 2. jf
00
.2/j D
j60 2
2
20 2
3
j D 80, so we may take K
2
D 80 in the error bound approximation. Then we have
Error.T
N
/
K
2
.3 0/
3
12N
2
D
180
N
2
6
180
N
2
10
6
; or N
2
180 10
6
D 1:8 10
8
Thus N
p
1:8 10
4
1:34164 10
4
, so let N D 13;417. Using a computer algebra system, we get
T
13417
121:5000006000
The true value of the integral is
I D
Z
3
0
_
5x
4
x
5
_
dx D
_
x
5
1
6
x
6
_
3
0
D 121:5
so that T
13417
I 0:0000006 D 6 10
7
< 10
6
.
39.
Z
5
2
1
x
dx
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D 1=x. Then f
0
.x/ D 1=x
2
and jf
00
.x/j D j2=x
3
j, which has its maximum value on 2; 5| at x D 2, so
we can take K
2
D j2=2
3
j D 1=4. Then we have
Error.T
N
/
K
2
.5 2/
3
12N
2
D
.1=4/3
3
12N
2
D
9
16N
2
:
6
9
16N
2

1
10
6
:
This gives us
N
2
9 10
6
16
)N
s
9 10
6
16
D 750:
Thus let N D 750: The exact value of the integral is
Z
5
2
1
x
dx D ln 5 ln 2 0:9162907314:
T
750
0:9162910119:
The error is approximately
j0:9162907314 0:9162910119j 2:805 10
7
and is indeed less than 10
6
.
40.
Z
3
0
e
x
dx
x
. Then f
0
.x/ D e
x
and jf
00
.x/j D je
x
j D e
x
, which has its maximum value on 0; 3| at
x D 0, so we can take K
2
D e
0
D 1. Then we have
Error.T
N
/
K
2
.3 0/
3
12N
2
D
.1/3
3
12N
2
D
9
4N
2
:
6
9
4N
2

1
10
6
:
This gives us
N
2
9 10
6
4
)N
s
9 10
6
4
D 1500:
Thus let N D 1500: The exact value of the integral is
Z
3
0
e
x
dx D
_
e
3
_
_
e
0
_
D 1 e
3
0:9502129316:
T
1500
0:9502132468:
The error is approximately
j0:9502129316 0:9502132468j 3:152 10
7
and is indeed less than 10
6
.
41. Compute the error bound for the approximations T
10
and M
10
to
R
3
0
.x
3
C1/
1=2
dx, using Figure 2 to determine a value of
K
2
. Then nd a value of N such that the error in M
N
is at most 10
6
.
1 2 3
1
1
x
y
FIGURE 2 Graph of f
00
.x/, where f .x/ D .x
3
C1/
1=2
.
SOLUTION Clearly, in the range 0 x 3, we have jf
00
.x/j 1, so we may choose K
2
D 1. Then
Error.T
10
/
K
2
.3 0/
3
12N
2
D
27
12 10
2
D
27
1200
D 0:0225
Error.M
10
/
K
2
.3 0/
3
24N
2
D
27
24 10
2
D
27
2400
D 0:01125
In order for the error in M
N
to be at most 10
6
, we must have
Error.M
N
/
K
2
.3 0/
3
24N
2
D
9
8N
2
10
6
so that 8N
2
9 10
6
and N
2
1;125;000. Thus we must choose N
p
1;125;000 1060:7, so that N D 1061.
42. (a) Compute S
6
Z
1
0
e
2x
dx.
(b) Show that K
4
D 16 may be used in the error bound and compute the error bound.
(c) Evaluate I and check that the actual error is less than the bound for the error computed in (b).
SOLUTION
(a) Let f .x/ D e
2x
. We divide 0; 1| into six subintervals of length ^x D .1 0/=6 D 1=6, with endpoints 0; 1=6; : : : ; 5=6; 1:
S
6
D
1
3
1
6
h
e
2.0/
C4e
2.1=6/
C2e
2.2=6/
C Ce
2.1/
i
0:432361:
(b) Taking derivatives, we get
f
0
.x/ D 2e
2x
; f
00
.x/ D 4e
2x
; f
.3/
.x/ D 8e
2x
; f
.4/
.x/ D 16e
2x
:
Since jf
.4/
.x/j D j16e
2x
j assumes its maximum value on 0; 1| at x D 0, we can set K
4
D j16e
0
j D 16. Then we have
Error.S
6
/
K
4
.1 0/
5
180N
4
D
16
180 6
4
6:86 10
5
:
(c) The exact value of the integral is
Z
1
0
e
2x
dx D
e
2x
2
1
0
D
1 e
2
2
0:432332:
The actual error is
Error.S
6
/ j0:432361 0:432332j 2:9 10
5
:
The error is indeed less than the maximum possible error.
43. Calculate S
8
for
R
5
1
ln x dx and calculate the error bound. Then nd a value of N such that S
N
has an error of at most 10
6
.
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D ln x. We divide 1; 5| into eight subintervals of length ^x D .5 1/=8 D 0:5, with endpoints
1; 1:5; 2; : : : ; 5: With this data, we get
S
8
D
1
3
1
2
h
ln 1 C4 ln 1:5 C2 ln 2 C C4 ln 4:5 Cln 5
i
4:046655:
To nd the maximum possible error, we rst take derivatives:
f
0
.x/ D
1
x
; f
00
.x/ D
1
x
2
; f
.3/
.x/ D
2
x
3
; f
.4/
.x/ D
6
x
4
:
Since jf
.4/
.x/j D j 6x
4
j D 6x
4
, assumes its maximum value on 1; 5| at x D 1, we can set K
4
D 6.1/
4
D 6. Then we
have
Error.S
8
/
K
4
.5 1/
5
180N
4
D
6 4
5
180 8
4
0:0083333:
To ensure that S
N
has error at most 10
6
, we must nd N such that
6 4
5
180N
4

1
10
6
:
This gives us
N
4
6 4
5
10
6
180
)N
6 4
5
10
6
180
!
1=4
76:435:
Thus let N D 78 (remember that N must be even when using Simpsons Rule).
44. Find a bound for the error in the approximation S
10
to
R
3
0
e
x
2
dx (use Figure 3 to determine a value of K
4
). Then nd a
value of N such that S
N
has an error of at most 10
6
.
1 2 3
8
12
x
y
FIGURE 3 Graph of f
.4/
.x/, where f .x/ D e
x
2
.
SOLUTION From the graph, we see that jf
.4/
.x/j 12, so we set K
4
D 12. This gives us
Error.S
10
/
K
4
.3 0/
5
180N
4
D
12 3
5
180 10
4
D 0:00162:
To ensure that S
N
6
12 3
5
180 N
4

1
10
6
:
This gives us
N
4
12 3
5
10
6
180
)N
12 3
5
10
6
180
!
1=4
63:44:
Thus let N D 64:
45. Use a computer algebra system to compute and graph f
.4/
.x/ for f .x/ D
p
1 Cx
4
and nd a bound for the error in
the approximation S
40
to
Z
5
0
f .x/ dx.
SOLUTION From the graph of f
.4/
.x/ shown below, we see that jf
.4/
.x/j 15 on 0; 5|. Therefore we set K
4
D 15: Now we
have
Error.S
40
/
15.5 0/
5
180.40/
4
D
5
49152
1:017 10
4
:
5 4 3 2 1
!15
!10
!5
15
10
5
x
y
46. Use a computer algebra system to compute and graph f
.4/
.x/ for f .x/ D tan x sec x and nd a bound for the error
in the approximation S
40
to
Z
=4
0
f .x/ dx.
SOLUTION From the graph of f
.4/
.x/ shown below, we see that jf
.x/
.x/j 5 on 0; =4|. Therefore we set K
4
D 5: Now we
have
Error.S
40
/
5.=4 0/
5
180.40/
4
3:243 10
9
:
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
!4
!3
!2
!5
!1
x
y
In Exercises 4750, use the error bound to nd a value of N for which Error.S
N
/ 10
9
.
47.
Z
6
1
x
4=3
dx
4=3
. We start by taking derivatives:
f
0
.x/ D
4
3
x
1=3
f
00
.x/ D
4
9
x
2=3
f
000
.x/ D
8
27
x
5=3
f
.4/
.x/ D
40
81
x
8=3
For x 1, f
.4/
.x/ is a decreasing function of x, so it takes its maximum value on 1; 6| at x D 1. That maximum value is
40
81
,
which is quite close to (but smaller than)
1
2
. For simplicity, we take K
4
D
1
2
. Then
Error.S
N
/
K
4
.b a/
5
180N
4
D
.6 1/
5
2 180 N
4
D
5
5
360N
4
D
625
72N
4
10
9
Thus 72N
4
625 10
9
, so that
N
625 10
9
72
!
1=4
305:24
so we can take N D 306.
48.
Z
4
0
xe
x
dx
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D xe
x
: To nd K
4
, we rst take derivatives:
f
0
.x/ D xe
x
Ce
x
f
00
.x/ D xe
x
C2e
x
f
.3/
.x/ D xe
x
C3e
x
f
.4/
.x/ D xe
x
C4e
x
:
On the interval 0; 4|,
jf
.4/
.x/j D jxe
x
C4e
x
j j4e
4
C4e
4
j D 8e
4
:
Therefore we set K
4
D 8e
4
, and we have
Error.S
N
/
K
4
.4 0/
5
180N
4
D
8e
4
4
5
180N
4
:
To ensure that S
N
9
8e
4
4
5
180N
4

1
10
9
:
This gives us
N
4
8e
4
4
5
10
9
180
)N
8e
4
4
5
10
9
180
!
1=4
1255:52:
Thus let N D 1256:
49.
Z
1
0
e
x
2
dx
x
2
: To nd K
4
f
0
.x/ D 2xe
x
2
f
00
.x/ D 4x
2
e
x
2
C2e
x
2
f
.3/
.x/ D 8x
3
e
x
2
C12xe
x
2
f
.4/
.x/ D 16x
4
e
x
2
C48x
2
e
x
2
C12e
x
2
:
On the interval 0; 1|, jf
.4/
.x/j assumes its maximum value at x D 1. Therefore we set
K
4
D jf
.4/
.1/j D 16e C48e C12e D 76e:
Now we have
Error.S
N
/
K
4
.1 0/
5
180N
4
D
76e
180N
4
:
To ensure that S
N
9
76e
180N
4

1
10
9
:
This gives us
N
4
76e 10
9
180
)N
76e 10
9
180
!
1=4
184:06:
Thus we let N D 186 (remember that N must be even when using Simpsons Rule).
50.
Z
4
1
sin.ln x/ dx
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D sin.ln x/: To nd K
4
f
0
.x/ D
cos.ln x/
x
f
00
.x/ D
sin.ln x/ cos.ln x/
x
2
f
.3/
.x/ D
cos.ln x/ C3 sin.ln x/
x
3
f
.4/
.x/ D
10 sin.ln x/
x
4
1 3 2
!1
!0.6
x
y
!0.4
!0.8
!0.2
From the graph of y D f
.4/
.x/ shown above, we can see that on the interval 1; 4|, jf
.4/
.x/j 1. Therefore we set K
4
D 1. Now
we have
Error.S
N
/
.1/.4 1/
5
180N
4
D
3
5
180N
4
:
To ensure that S
N
9
3
5
180N
4

1
10
9
:
This gives us
N
4
3
5
10
9
180
)N
3
5
10
9
180
!
1=4
191:7:
Thus we let N D 192:
51. Show that
Z
1
0
dx
1 Cx
2
D

4
[use Eq. (3) in Section 5.7].
(a) Use a computer algebra system to graph f
.4/
.x/ for f .x/ D .1 Cx
2
/
1
and nd its maximum on 0; 1|.
(b) Find a value of N such that S
N
approximates the integral with an error of at most 10
6
. Calculate the corresponding approxi-
mation and conrm that you have computed

4
to at least four places.
SOLUTION Recall from Section 3.9 that
d
dx
tan
1
.x/ D
1
1 Cx
2
:
So then
Z
1
0
dx
1 Cx
2
D tan
1
x
1
0
D tan
1
.1/ tan
1
.0/ D

4
:
(a) From the graph of f
.4/
.x/ shown below, we can see that the maximum value of jf
.4/
.x/j on the interval 0; 1| is 24.
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
!10
30
10
20
x
y
(b) From part (a), we set K
4
D 24. Then we have
Error.S
N
/
24.1 0/
5
180N
4
D
2
15N
4
:
To ensure that S
N
6
2
15N
4

1
10
6
:
This gives us
N
4
2 10
6
15
)N
2 10
6
15
!
1=4
19:1:
Thus let N D 20: To compute S
20
, let ^x D .1 0/=20 D 0:05. The endpoints of 0; 1| are 0; 0:05; : : : ; 1: With this data, we
get
S
20
D
1
3
_
1
20
__
1
1 C0
2
C
4
1 C.0:05/
2
C
2
1 C.0:1/
2
C C
1
1 C1
2
_
0:785398163242:
The actual error is
j0:785398163242 =4j D j0:785398163242 0:785398163397j D 1:55 10
10
:
52. Let J D
Z
1
0
e
x
2
dx and J
N
D
Z
N
0
e
x
2
dx. Although e
x
2
has no elementary antiderivative, it is known that J D
p
=2.
Let T
N
be the Nth trapezoidal approximation to J
N
. Calculate T
4
and show that T
4
approximates J to three decimal places.
SOLUTION T
4
is the 4
th
trapezoidal approximation to J
4
D
R
4
0
e
x
2
dx. We divide the interval 0; 4| into four subintervals, with
endpoints 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Then
T
4
D
1
2
1
h
e
0
2
C2e
1
2
C2e
2
2
C2e
3
2
Ce
4
2
i
0:8863185
We have
T
4
J 0:8863185
p
2
0:8863185 0:8862269 0:0000916
53. Let f .x/ D sin.x
2
/ and I D
Z
1
0
f .x/ dx.
(a) Check that f
00
.x/ D 2 cos.x
2
/ 4x
2
sin.x
2
/. Then show that jf
00
.x/j 6 for x 2 0; 1|. Hint: Note that j2 cos.x
2
/j 2 and
j4x
2
sin.x
2
/j 4 for x 2 0; 1|.
(b) Show that Error(M
N
/ is at most
1
4N
2
.
(c) Find an N such that jI M
N
j 10
3
.
SOLUTION
(a) Taking derivatives, we get
f
0
.x/ D 2x cos.x
2
/
f
00
.x/ D 2x.sin.x
2
/ 2x/ C2 cos.x
2
/ D 2 cos.x
2
/ 4x
2
sin.x
2
/:
On the interval 0; 1|;
jf
00
.x/j D j2 cos.x
2
/ 4x
2
sin.x
2
/j j2 cos.x
2
/j Cj4x
2
sin.x
2
/j 2 C4 D 6:
(b) Using K
2
D 6, we get
Error.M
N
/
K
2
.1 0/
3
24N
2
D
6
24N
2
D
1
4N
2
:
(c) To ensure that M
N
3
1
4N
2

1
10
3
:
This gives us
N
2
10
3
4
D 250 )N
p
250 15:81:
Thus let N D 16:
54. The error bound for M
N
is proportional to 1=N
2
, so the error bound decreases by
1
4
if N is increased to 2N.
Compute the actual error in M
N
for
R
0
sin x dx for N D 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64. Does the actual error seem to decrease by
1
4
as N is
doubled?
SOLUTION The exact value of the integral is
Z

0
sin x dx D cos x
0
D .1/ .1/ D 2:
To compute M
4
, we have ^x D . 0/=4 D =4, and midpoints =8; 3=8; 5=8; 7=8: With this data, we get
M
4
D

4
_
sin
_
8
_
Csin
_
3
8
_
Csin
_
5
8
_
Csin
_
7
8
__
2:052344:
The values for M
8
; M
16
; M
32
; and M
64
are computed similarly:
M
8
D

8
_
sin
_

16
_
Csin
_
3
16
_
C Csin
_
15
16
__
2:012909I
M
16
D

16
_
sin
_

32
_
Csin
_
3
32
_
C Csin
_
31
32
__
2:0032164I
M
32
D
32
_
sin
_

64
_
Csin
_
3
64
_
C Csin
_
63
64
__
2:00080342I
M
64
D

64
_
sin
_

128
_
Csin
_
3
128
_
C Csin
_
127
128
__
2:00020081:
Now we can compute the actual errors for each N:
Error.M
4
/ D j2 2:052344j D 0:052344
Error.M
8
/ D j2 2:012909j D 0:012909
Error.M
16
/ D j2 2:0032164j D 0:0032164
Error.M
32
/ D j2 2:00080342j D 0:00080342
Error.M
64
/ D j2 2:00020081j D 0:00020081
The actual error does in fact decrease by about 1=4 each time N is doubled.
55. Observe that the error bound for T
N
(which has 12 in the denominator) is twice as large as the error bound for
M
N
(which has 24 in the denominator). Compute the actual error in T
N
for
R
0
sin x dx for N D 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 and compare
with the calculations of Exercise 54. Does the actual error in T
N
seem to be roughly twice as large as the error in M
N
in this case?
SOLUTION The exact value of the integral is
Z

0
sin x dx D cos x
0
D .1/ .1/ D 2:
To compute T
4
, we have ^x D . 0/=4 D =4, and endpoints 0; =4; 2=4; 3=4; : With this data, we get
T
4
D
1
2
4
_
sin.0/ C2 sin
_
4
_
C2 sin
_
2
4
_
C2 sin
_
3
4
_
Csin./
_
1:896119:
The values for T
8
; T
16
; T
32
; and T
64
T
8
D
1
2
8
_
sin.0/ C2 sin
_
8
_
C2 sin
_
2
8
_
C C2 sin
_
7
8
_
Csin./
_
1:974232I
T
16
D
1
2

16
_
sin.0/ C2 sin
_

16
_
C2 sin
_
2
16
_
C C2 sin
_
15
16
_
Csin./
_
1:993570I
T
32
D
1
2

32
_
sin.0/ C2 sin
_

32
_
C2 sin
_
2
32
_
C C2 sin
_
31
32
_
Csin./
_
1:998393I
T
64
D
1
2

64
_
sin.0/ C2 sin
_

64
_
C2 sin
_
2
64
_
C C2 sin
_
63
64
_
Csin./
_
1:999598:
Error.T
4
/ D j2 1:896119j D 0:103881
Error.T
8
/ D j2 1:974232j D 0:025768
Error.T
16
/ D j2 1:993570j D 0:006430
Error.T
32
/ D j2 1:998393j D 0:001607
Error.T
64
/ D j2 1:999598j D 0:000402
Comparing these results with the calculations of Exercise 54, we see that the actual error in T
N
is in fact about twice as large as the
error in M
N
.
56. Explain why the error bound for S
N
decreases by
1
16
if N is increased to 2N. Compute the actual error in
S
N
for
R
0
sin x dx for N D 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64. Does the actual error seem to decrease by
1
16
as N is doubled?
SOLUTION If we plug in 2N for N in the formula for the error bound for S
N
, we get
K
4
.b a/
5
180.2N/
4
D
K
4
.b a/
5
180 2
4
N
4
D
1
16
K
4
.b a/
5
180N
4
!
:
Thus we see that, since N is raised to the fourth power in the denominator, the Error Bound for S
N
decreases by 1=16 if N is
increased to 2N. The exact value of the integral is
Z

0
sin x dx D cos x
0
D .1/ .1/ D 2:
To compute S
4
, we have ^x D . 0/=4 D =4, and endpoints 0; =4; 2=4; 3=4; : With this data, we get
S
4
D
1
3
4
_
sin.0/ C4 sin
_
4
_
C2 sin
_
2
4
_
C4 sin
_
3
4
_
Csin./
_
2:004560:
The values for S
8
; S
16
; S
32
; and S
64
S
8
D
1
3
8
_
sin.0/ C4 sin
_
8
_
C2 sin
_
2
8
_
C C4 sin
_
7
8
_
Csin./
_
2:0002692I
S
16
D
1
3
16
_
sin.0/ C4 sin
_

16
_
C2 sin
_
2
16
_
C C4 sin
_
15
16
_
Csin./
_
2:00001659I
S
32
D
1
3

32
_
sin.0/ C4 sin
_

32
_
C2 sin
_
2
32
_
C C4 sin
_
31
32
_
Csin./
_
2:000001033I
S
64
D
1
3

64
_
sin.0/ C4 sin
_

64
_
C2 sin
_
2
64
_
C C4 sin
_
63
64
_
Csin./
_
2:00000006453:
Error.S
4
/ D j2 2:004560j D 0:004560
Error.S
8
/ D j2 2:0002692j D 2:692 10
4
Error.S
16
/ D j2 2:00001659j D 1:659 10
5
Error.S
32
/ D j2 2:000001033j D 1:033 10
6
Error.S
64
/ D j2 2:00000006453j D 6:453 10
8
The actual error does in fact decrease by about 1=16 each time N is doubled. For example, 0:004560=16 D 2:85 10
4
, which is
roughly the same as 2:692 10
4
.
57. Verify that S
2
yields the exact value of
Z
1
0
.x x
3
/ dx.
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D x x
3
. Clearly f
.4/
.x/ D 0, so we may take K
4
D 0 in the error bound estimate for S
2
. Then
Error.S
2
/
K
4
.1 0/
5
180 2
4
D 0
1
2880
D 0
so that S
2
yields the exact value of the integral.
58. Verify that S
2
yields the exact value of
Z
b
a
.x x
3
/ dx for all a < b.
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D x x
3
. Clearly f
.4/
.x/ D 0, so we may take K
4
D 0 in the error bound estimate for S
2
. Then
Error.S
2
/
K
4
.b a/
5
180 2
4
D 0
.b a/
5
2880
D 0
so that S
2
yields the exact value of the integral.
59. Show that if f .x/ D rx Cs is a linear function (r; s constants), then T
N
D
Z
b
a
f .x/ dx for all N and all endpoints a; b.
SOLUTION First, note that
Z
b
a
.rx Cs/ dx D
r.b
2
a
2
/
2
Cs.b a/:
Now,
T
N
.rx Cs/ D
b a
2N
2
4
f.a/ C2
N1
X
i D1
f .x
i
/ Cf .b/
3
5
D
r.b a/
2N
2
4
a C2
N1
X
i D1
a C2
b a
N
N1
X
i D1
i Cb
3
5
Cs
b a
2N
.2N/
D
r.b a/
2N
_
.2N 1/a C2
b a
N
.N 1/N
2
Cb
_
Cs.b a/ D
r.b
2
a
2
/
2
Cs.b a/:
60. Show that if f .x/ D px
2
Cqx Cr is a quadratic polynomial, then S
2
D
Z
b
a
f .x/ dx. In other words, show that
Z
b
a
f .x/ dx D
b a
6
_
y
0
C4y
1
Cy
2
_
where y
0
D f .a/, y
1
D f
_
a Cb
2
_
, and y
2
D f .b/. Hint: Show this rst for f .x/ D 1, x, x
2
and use linearity.
SOLUTION For S
2
, ^x D .b a/=2; and the endpoints are a; .a Cb/=2; b: Following the hint, let f .x/ D 1. In this case,
S
2
.1/ D
1
3
_
b a
2
__
f .a/ C4f
_
a Cb
2
_
Cf.b/
_
D
b a
6
.1 C4.1/ C1/ D
b a
6
.6/
D b a D
Z
b
a
1 dx:
If f .x/ D x, then
S
2
.x/ D
1
3
_
b a
2
__
f .a/ C4f
_
a Cb
2
_
Cf.b/
_
D
b a
6
_
a C4
_
a Cb
2
_
Cb
_
D
b a
6
_
6a C6b
2
_
D
b
2
a
2
2
D
Z
b
a
x dxI
and if f .x/ D x
2
, then
S
2
.x
2
/ D
1
3
_
b a
2
__
f .a/ C4f
_
a Cb
2
_
Cf.b/
_
D
b a
6
a
2
C4
_
a Cb
2
_
2
Cb
2
!
D
b a
6
_
a
2
C.a
2
C2ab Cb
2
/ Cb
2
_
D
b a
6
.2/.a
2
Cab Cb
2
/ D
b
3
a
3
3
D
Z
b
a
x
2
dx:
Now we use linearity:
Z
b
a
.px
2
Cqx Cr/ dx D p
Z
b
a
x
2
dx Cq
Z
b
a
x dx Cr
Z
b
a
dx
D pS
2
.x
2
/ CqS
2
.x/ CrS
2
.1/ D S
2
.pa
2
Cqa Cr/:
61. For N even, divide a; b| into N subintervals of width ^x D
b a
N
. Set x
j
D a Cj ^x, y
j
D f .x
j
/, and
S
2j
2
D
b a
3N
_
y
2j
C4y
2jC1
Cy
2jC2
_
(a) Show that S
N
is the sum of the approximations on the intervals x
2j
; x
2jC2
|that is, S
N
D S
0
2
CS
2
2
C CS
N2
2
.
(b) By Exercise 60, S
2j
2
D
Z
x
2jC2
x
2j
f .x/ dx if f .x/ is a quadratic polynomial. Use (a) to show that S
N
is exact for all N if f .x/
is a quadratic polynomial.
SOLUTION
(a) This result follows because the even-numbered interior endpoints overlap:
.N2/=2
X
i D0
S
2j
2
D
b a
6
.y
0
C4y
1
Cy
2
/ C.y
2
C4y
3
Cy
4
/ C |
D
b a
6
y
0
C4y
1
C2y
2
C4y
3
C2y
4
C C4y
N1
Cy
N
| D S
N
:
(b) If f .x/ is a quadratic polynomial, then by part (a) we have
S
N
D S
0
2
CS
2
2
C CS
N2
2
D
Z
x
2
x
0
f .x/ dx C
Z
x
4
x
2
f .x/ dx C C
Z
x
N
x
N2
f .x/ dx D
Z
b
a
f .x/ dx:
62. Show that S
2
also gives the exact value for
Z
b
a
x
3
dx and conclude, as in Exercise 61, that S
N
is exact for all cubic polyno-
mials. Show by counterexample that S
2
is not exact for integrals of x
4
.
3
. Then ^x D .b a/=2 and the endpoints are a; .a Cb/=2; b. With this data, we get
S
2
.x
3
/ D
1
3
_
b a
2
_
"
a
3
C4
_
a Cb
2
_
3
Cb
3
#
D
b a
6
_
a
3
C
1
2
.a
3
C3a
2
b C3ab
2
Cb
3
/ Cb
3
_
D
b a
6
_
3
2
_
a
3
Ca
2
b Cab
2
Cb
3
| D
1
4
.b a/.a
3
Ca
2
b Cab
2
Cb
3
/ D
b
4
a
4
4
D
Z
b
a
x
3
dx:
By linearity, and using the result from Exercise 60, we have that
Z
b
a
.sx
3
Cpx
2
Cqx Cr/ dx D s
Z
b
a
x
3
dx C
Z
b
a
.px
2
Cqx Cr/ dx
D s
_
S
2
.x
3
/
_
CS
2
.px
2
Cqx Cr/
D S
2
.sx
3
Cpx
2
Cqx Cr/:
For N even, we can now follow the procedure of Exercise 61; that is, divide a; b| into N subintervals and on each subinterval
compute S
2
. Then, for any cubic polynomial f .x/, we have
Z
b
a
f .x/ dx D
Z
x
2
a
f .x/ dx C
Z
x
4
x
2
f .x/ dx C C
Z
b
x
N2
f .x/ dx D S
0
2
CS
2
2
C CS
N2
2
D S
N
:
However, S
2
is not exact for polynomials of degree 4. For example,
Z
1
0
x
4
dx D
1
5
but
S
2
D
1
3
_
1
2
_
h
0
5
C4.0:5/
5
C1
5
i
D
1
6
_
33
32
_
D
11
64
1
5
:
63. Use the error bound for S
N
to obtain another proof that Simpsons Rule is exact for all cubic polynomials.
SOLUTION Let f .x/ D ax
3
C bx
2
C cx C d, with a 0, be any cubic polynomial. Then, f
.4/
.x/ D 0, so we can take
K
4
D 0. This yields
Error.S
N
/
0
180N
4
D 0:
In other words, S
N
is exact for all cubic polynomials for all N.
64. Sometimes, Simpsons Rule Performs Poorly Calculate M
10
and S
10
for the integral
R
1
0
p
1 x
2
dx, whose value
we know to be

4
(one-quarter of the area of the unit circle).
(a) We usually expect S
N
to be more accurate than M
N
. Which of M
10
and S
10
is more accurate in this case?
(b) How do you explain the result of part (a)? Hint: The error bounds are not valid because jf
00
.x/j and jf
.4/
.x/j tend to 1as
x !1, but jf
.4/
.x/j goes to innity faster.
p
1 x
2
. Divide 0; 1| into 10 subintervals of length ^x D .1 0/=10 D 0:1 Then we have
M
10
D
1
10
h
q
1 .0:05/
2
C
q
1 .0:15/
2
C C
q
1 .0:95/
2
i
0:788103I
S
10
D
1
3
_
1
10
_
hp
1 0
2
C4
q
1 .0:1/
2
C2
q
1 .0:2/
2
C C
p
1 1
2
i
0:781752:
(a) Since =4 D 0:785389, we have
Error.M
10
/ D 0:0027I
Error.S
10
/ D 0:00365:
Thus, M
10
is more accurate.
(b) These results can be explained by looking at the derivatives:
f
0
.x/ D
x
p
1 x
2
f
00
.x/ D
1
.1 x
2
/
3=2
Chapter Review Exercises 953
f
.3/
.x/ D
3x
.1 x
2
/
5=2
f
.4/
.x/ D
3.x
2
C1/
.1 x
2
/
7=2
Both jf
00
.x/j and jf
.4/
.x/j tend to 1as x !1, but jf
.4/
.x/j tends to 1faster due to the 7=2 exponent in the denominator.
CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISES
1. Match the integrals (a)(e) with their antiderivatives (i)(v) on the basis of the general form (do not evaluate the integrals).
(a)
Z
x dx
x
2
4
(b)
Z
.2x C9/ dx
x
2
C4
(c)
Z
sin
3
x cos
2
x dx (d)
Z
dx
x
p
16x
2
1
(e)
Z
16 dx
x.x 4/
2
(i) sec
1
4x CC
(ii) log jxj log jx 4j
4
x 4
CC
(iii)
1
30
.3 cos
5
x 3 cos
3
x sin
2
x 7 cos
3
x/ CC
(iv)
9
2
tan
1
x
2
Cln.x
2
C4/ CC (v)
p
x
2
4 CC
SOLUTION
(a)
Z
x dx
p
x
2
4
Since x is a constant multiple of the derivative of x
2
4, the substitution method implies that the integral is a constant multiple of
Z
du
p
u
where u D x
2
4, that is a constant multiple of
p
u D
p
x
2
4. It corresponds to the function in (v).
(b)
Z
.2x C9/ dx
x
2
C4
The part
Z
2x
x
2
C4
dx corresponds to ln.x
2
C 4/ in (iv) and the part
Z
9
x
2
C4
dx corresponds to
9
2
tan
1 x
2
. Hence the integral
corresponds to the function in (iv).
(c)
Z
sin
3
xcos
2
x dx
The reduction formula for
Z
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx shows that this integral is equal to a sum of constant multiples of products in the
form cos
i
x sin
j
x as in (iii).
(d)
Z
dx
x
p
16x
2
1
Since
Z
dx
jxj
p
x
2
1
D sec
1
x CC, we expect the integral
Z
dx
x
p
16x
2
1
to be equal to the function in (i).
(e)
Z
16 dx
x.x 4/
2
The partial fraction decomposition of the integrand has the form:
A
x
C
B
x 4
C
C
.x 4/
2
The term
A
x
contributes the function Aln jxj to the integral, the term
B
x4
contributes B ln jx 4j and the term
C
.x4/
2
contributes
C
x4
. Therefore, we expect the integral to be equal to the function in (ii).
2. Evaluate
Z
x dx
x C2
in two ways: using substitution and using the Method of Partial Fractions.
SOLUTION Using substitution, write u D x C2; then du D dx and
Z
x
x C2
dx D
Z
u 2
u
du D
Z
1 du 2
Z
1
u
du D u 2 ln juj CC
1
D x C2 2 ln jx C2j CC
1
D x 2 ln jx C2j CC
Using partial fractions, rst do long division to get
x
x C2
D 1
2
x C2
Then
Z
x
x C2
dx D
Z _
1
2
x C2
_
dx D
Z
1 dx 2
Z
1
x C2
dx D x 2 ln jx C2j CC
In Exercises 312, evaluate using the suggested method.
3.
Z
cos
3
0 sin
8
0 d0 [write cos
3
0 as cos 0.1 sin
2
0/]
SOLUTION We use the identity cos
2
0 D 1 sin
2
0 to rewrite the integral:
Z
cos
3
0sin
8
0 d0 D
Z
cos
2
0sin
8
0 cos 0 d0 D
Z
_
1 sin
2
0
_
sin
8
0 cos 0 d0:
Now, we use the substitution u D sin 0, du D cos 0 d0:
Z
cos
3
0sin
8
0 d0 D
Z
_
1 u
2
_
u
8
du D
Z
_
u
8
u
10
_
du D
u
9
9
u
11
11
CC D
sin
9
0
9
sin
11
0
11
CC:
4.
Z
xe
12x
dx (Integration by Parts)
SOLUTION We use Integration by Parts with u D x and v
0
D e
12x
. Then u
0
D 1, v D
1
12
e
12x
, and we obtain:
Z
xe
12x
dx D
xe
12x
12
C
Z
1
12
e
12x
dx D
xe
12x
12
1
144
e
12x
CC D
e
12x
144
.12x C1/ CC:
5.
Z
sec
3
0 tan
4
0 d0 (trigonometric identity, reduction formula)
SOLUTION We use the identity 1 Ctan
2
0 D sec
2
0 to write tan
4
0 D
_
sec
2
0 1
_
2
and to rewrite the integral as
Z
sec
3
0tan
4
0 d0
Z
sec
3
0
_
1 sec
2
0
_
2
d0 D
Z
sec
3
0
_
1 2sec
2
0 Csec
4
0
_
d0
D
Z
sec
7
0 d0 2
Z
sec
5
0 d0 C
Z
sec
3
0 d0:
Now we use the reduction formula
Z
sec
m
0 d0 D
tan 0sec
m2
0
m 1
C
m 2
m 1
Z
sec
m2
0 d0:
We have
Z
sec
5
0 d0 D
tan 0sec
3
0
4
C
3
4
Z
sec
3
0 d0 CC;
and
Z
sec
7
0 d0 D
tan 0sec
5
0
6
C
5
6
Z
sec
5
0 d0 D
tan 0sec
5
0
6
C
5
6
tan 0sec
3
0
4
C
3
4
Z
sec
3
0 d0
!
CC
D
tan 0sec
5
0
6
C
5
24
tan 0sec
3
0 C
5
8
Z
sec
3
0 d0 CC:
Therefore,
Z
sec
3
0tan
4
0 d0 D
tan 0sec
5
0
6
C
5
24
tan 0sec
3
0 C
5
8
Z
sec
3
0 d0
!
2
tan 0sec
3
0
4
C
3
4
Z
sec
3
0 d0
!
C
Z
sec
3
0 d0
D
tan 0sec
5
0
6
7 tan 0sec
3
0
24
C
1
8
Z
sec
3
0 d0:
We again use the reduction formula to compute
Z
sec
3
0 d0 D
tan 0 sec 0
2
C
1
2
Z
sec 0 d0 D
tan 0 sec 0
2
C
1
2
Finally,
Z
sec
3
0tan
4
0 d0 D
tan 0sec
5
0
6
7 tan 0sec
3
0
24
C
tan 0 sec 0
16
C
1
16
6.
Z
4x C4
.x 5/.x C3/
dx (partial fractions)
SOLUTION The following partial fraction decomposition takes the form
4x C4
.x 5/.x C3/
D
A
x 5
C
B
x C3
:
4x C4 D A.x C3/ CB.x 5/:
Setting x D 5 then yields A D 3, while setting x D 3 yields B D 1. Hence,
Z
4x C4
.x 5/.x C3/
dx D
Z
3
x 5
dx C
Z
1
x C3
dx D 3 ln jx 5j Cln jx C3j CC:
7.
Z
dx
x.x
2
1/
3=2
dx (trigonometric substitution)
SOLUTION Substitute x D sec 0, dx D sec 0 tan 0 d0. Then,
_
x
2
1
_
3=2
D
_
sec
2
0 1
_
3=2
D
_
tan
2
0
_
3=2
D tan
3
0;
and
Z
dx
x
_
x
2
1
_
3=2
D
Z
sec 0 tan 0 d0
sec 0tan
3
0
D
Z
d0
tan
2
0
D
Z
cot
2
0 d0:
Using a reduction formula we nd that:
Z
cot
2
0 d0 D cot 0 0 CC
so
Z
dx
x
_
x
2
1
_
3=2
D cot 0 0 CC:
We now must return to the original variable x. We use the relation x D sec 0 and the gure to obtain:
Z
dx
x
_
x
2
1
_
3=2
D
1
p
x
2
1
sec
1
x CC:

1
x
x
2
! 1
8.
Z
.1 Cx
2
/
3=2
dx (trigonometric substitution)
SOLUTION Use the substitution x D tan 0, dx D sec
2
0 d0. Then
Z
.1 Cx
2
/
3=2
dx D
Z
.1 Ctan
2
0/
3=2
sec
2
0 d0 D
Z
.sec
2
0/
3=2
sec
2
0 d0 D
Z
1
sec 0
d0
D
Z
cos 0 d0 D sin 0 CC
Since x D tan 0, draw the following right triangle:
x
2
+ 1
1
x
From the gure, we see that sin 0 D
x
p
x
2
C1
, so that
Z
.1 Cx
2
/
3=2
dx D x.1 Cx
2
/
1=2
CC
9.
Z
dx
x
3=2
Cx
1=2
(substitution)
SOLUTION Let t D x
1=2
. Then dt D
1
2
x
1=2
dx or dx D 2x
1=2
dt D 2t dt . Therefore,
Z
dx
x
3=2
Cx
1=2
D
Z
2t dt
t
3
Ct
D
Z
2 dt
t
2
C1
D 2tan
1
t CC D 2tan
1
p
x CC:
10.
Z
dx
x Cx
1
(rewrite integrand)
SOLUTION We rewrite the integrand as follows:
Z
dx
x Cx
1
D
Z
x dx
x
2
C1
:
Now, we substitute u D x
2
C1. Then du D 2x dx and
Z
dx
x Cx
1
D
Z
1
2
du
u
D
1
2
Z
du
u
D
1
2
ln juj CC D
1
2
ln
_
1 Cx
2
_
CC:
11.
Z
x
2
tan
1
x dx (Integration by Parts)
SOLUTION We use Integration by Parts with u D tan
1
x and v
0
D x
2
. Then u
0
D
1
1Cx
2
, v D x
1
and
Z
x
2
tan
1
x dx D
tan
1
x
x
C
Z
dx
x
_
1 Cx
2
_ :
For the remaining integral, the partial fraction decomposition takes the form
1
x.1 Cx
2
/
D
A
x
C
Bx CC
1 Cx
2
:
1 D A.1 Cx
2
/ C.Bx CC/x:
Setting x D 0 then yields A D 1. Next, equating the x
2
-coefcients gives
0 D A CB so B D 1;
while equating x-coefcients gives C D 0. Hence,
1
x
_
1 Cx
2
_ D
1
x
x
1 Cx
2
;
and
Z
dx
x.1 Cx
2
/
D
Z
1
x
dx
Z
x dx
1 Cx
2
D ln jxj
1
2
ln
_
1 Cx
2
_
CC:
Therefore,
Z
x
2
tan
1
x dx D
tan
1
x
x
Cln jxj
1
2
ln
_
1 Cx
2
_
CC:
12.
Z
dx
x
2
C4x 5
(complete the square, substitution, partial fractions)
1
x
2
C4x 5
D
A
x 1
C
B
x C5
:
1 D A.x C5/ CB.x 1/:
1
6
, while setting x D 5 yields B D
1
6
. Therefore,
Z
dx
x
2
C4x 5
D
1
6
Z
dx
x 1
1
6
Z
dx
x C5
D
1
6
ln jx 1j
1
6
ln jx C5j CC D
1
6
ln
x 1
x C5
CC:
In Exercises 1364, evaluate using the appropriate method or combination of methods.
13.
Z
1
0
x
2
e
4x
dx
SOLUTION We evaluate the indenite integral using Integration by Parts with u D x
2
and v
0
D e
4x
. Then u
0
D 2x, v D
1
4
e
4x
and
Z
x
2
e
4x
dx D
x
2
4
e
4x
1
2
Z
xe
4x
dx:
We compute the resulting integral using Integration by Parts again, this time with u D x and v
0
D e
4x
. Then u
0
D 1, v D
1
4
e
4x
and
Z
xe
4x
dx D x
1
4
e
4x
Z
1
4
e
4x
dx D
x
4
e
4x
1
16
e
4x
CC:
Therefore,
Z
x
2
e
4x
dx D
x
2
4
e
4x
1
2
_
x
4
e
4x
1
16
e
4x
_
CC D
e
4x
32
_
8x
2
4x C1
_
CC:
Finally,
Z
1
0
x
2
e
4x
dx D
e
4x
32
_
8x
2
4x C1
_
!
1
0
D
e
4
32
.8 4 C1/
1
32
.1/ D
5e
4
1
32
14.
Z
x
2
p
9 x
2
dx
SOLUTION Substitute x D 3 sin 0, dx D 3 cos 0 d0. Then
p
9 x
2
D
p
9 9 sin
2
0 D
q
9
_
1 sin
2
0
_
D
p
9 cos
2
0 D 3 cos 0;
and
Z
x
2
p
9 x
2
dx D
Z
9 sin
2
0 3 cos 0 d0
3 cos 0
D 9
Z
sin
2
0 d0
D 9
_
0
2
sin 20
4
_
CC D
90
2
9 sin 0 cos 0
2
CC:
We now must return to the original variable x. Since x D 3 sin 0, we have t D sin
1 x
3
. Using the gure we obtain
Z
x
2
p
9 x
2
dx D
9
2
sin
1
_
x
3
_
9
2
x
3
p
9 x
2
3
CC D
9
2
sin
1
_
x
3
_
x
p
9 x
2
2
CC:
x
3
9 ! x
2
15.
Z
cos
9
60 sin
3
60 d0
SOLUTION We use the identity sin
2
60 D 1 cos
2
Z
cos
9
60sin
3
60 d0 D
Z
cos
9
60sin
2
60 sin 60 d0 D
Z
cos
9
60
_
1 cos
2
60
_
sin 60 d0:
Now, we use the substitution u D cos 60, du D 6 sin 60 d0:
Z
cos
9
60sin
3
60 d0 D
Z
u
9
_
1 u
2
_
_
du
6
_
D
1
6
Z
_
u
9
u
11
_
du
D
1
6
u
10
10
u
12
12
!
CC D
cos
12
60
72
cos
10
60
60
CC:
16.
Z
sec
2
0 tan
4
0 d0
SOLUTION We substitute u D tan 0, du D sec
2
0 d0 to obtain
Z
sec
2
0tan
4
0 d0 D
Z
u
4
du D
u
5
5
CC D
tan
5
0
5
CC:
17.
Z
.6x C4/ dx
x
2
1
6x C4
.x 1/.x C1/
D
A
x 1
C
B
x C1
:
Clearing the denominators gives us
6x C4 D A.x C1/ CB.x 1/:
Setting x D 1 then yields A D 5, while setting x D 1 yields B D 1. Hence,
Z
.6x C4/dx
x
2
1
D
Z
5
x 1
dx C
Z
1
x C1
dx D 5 ln jx 1j Cln jx C1j CC:
18.
Z
9
4
dt
.t
2
1/
2
SOLUTION First evaluate the indenite integral. Substitute t D sin 0, dt D cos 0 d0. Then
_
t
2
1
_
2
D
_
1 t
2
_
2
D
_
1 sin
2
0
_
2
D
_
cos
2
0
_
2
D cos
4
0;
and
Z
dt
_
t
2
1
_
2
D
Z
cos 0 d0
cos
4
0
D
Z
d0
cos
3
0
D
Z
sec
3
0 d0:
We use a reduction formula to compute the resulting integral:
Z
dt
_
t
2
1
_
2
D
Z
sec
3
0 d0 D
tan 0 sec 0
2
C
1
2
Z
sec 0 d0 D
tan 0 sec 0
2
C
1
2
t
1
1 ! t
2

We now must return to the original variable t . Using the relation t D sin 0 and the accompanying gure,
Z
dt
_
t
2
1
_
2
D
1
2
t
p
1 t
2
1
p
1 t
2
C
1
2
ln
1
p
1 t
2
C
t
p
1 t
2
CC
D
1
2
_
t
1 t
2
Cln
1 Ct
p
1 t
2
_
CC D
1
2
t
1 t
2
Cln
r
1 Ct
1 t
!
CC
D
1
2
t
1 t
2
C
1
4
ln
1 Ct
1 t
CC
Finally,
Z
9
4
dt
.t
2
1/
2
D
_
1
2
t
1 t
2
C
1
4
ln
1 Ct
1 t
9
4
D
1
2
9
80
C
1
4
ln
10
8
1
2
4
15
1
4
ln
5
3
D
9
160
C
2
15
C
1
4
_
ln
5
4
ln
5
3
_
D
37
480
C
1
4
ln
3
4
D
37
480
C
1
4
ln 3
1
2
ln 2
19.
Z
d0
cos
4
0
SOLUTION We use the identity 1 Ctan
2
0 D sec
2
Z
d0
cos
4
0
D
Z
sec
4
0 d0 D
Z
_
1 Ctan
2
0
_
sec
2
0 d0:
Now, we substitute u D tan 0. Then, du D sec
2
0 d0 and
Z
d0
cos
4
0
D
Z
_
1 Cu
2
_
du D u C
u
3
3
CC D
tan
3
0
3
Ctan 0 CC:
20.
Z
sin 20 sin
2
0 d0
SOLUTION We use the trigonometric identity sin 20 D 2 sin 0 cos 0 to rewrite the integral:
Z
sin 20sin
2
0 d0 D
Z
2 sin 0 cos 0sin
2
0 d0 D
Z
2sin
3
0 cos 0 d0:
Now, we substitute u D sin 0. Then du D cos 0 d0 and
Z
sin 20sin
2
0 d0 D 2
Z
u
3
du D
u
4
2
CC D
sin
4
0
2
CC:
21.
Z
1
0
ln.4 2x/ dx
SOLUTION Note that ln.4 2x/ D ln.2.2 x// D ln 2 C ln.2 x/. Use integration by parts to integrate ln.2 x/, with
u D ln.2 x/, v
0
D 1, so that u
0
D
1
2x
and v D x. Then
I D
Z
1
0
ln.4 2x/ dx D
Z
1
0
ln 2 dx C
Z
1
0
ln.2 x/ dx D ln 2 C.x ln.2 x//
1
0
C
Z
1
0
x
2 x
dx
Now use long division on the remaining integral, and the substitution u D 2 x:
I D ln 2 C.x ln.2 x//
1
0
C
Z
1
0
_
1 C
2
2 x
_
dx
D ln 2 C1 ln 1
Z
1
0
1 dx C2
Z
1
0
1
2 x
dx D ln 2 1 2
Z
1
2
1
u
du
D ln 2 1 2 ln u
1
2
D ln 2 1 C2 ln 2 D 3 ln 2 1
22.
Z
.ln.x C1//
2
dx
SOLUTION First, substitute w D x C1, dw D dx. Then
Z
.ln.x C1//
2
dx D
Z
.ln w/
2
dw:
Now, we use Integration by Parts with u D .ln w/
2
and v
0
D 1. We nd u
0
D 2
ln w
w
, v D w, and
Z
.ln w/
2
dw D w.ln w/
2
2
Z
ln wdw:
We use Integration by Parts again, this time with u D ln w and v
0
D 1. We nd u
0
D
1
w
, v D w, and
Z
ln wdx D wln w
Z
dw D wln w w CC:
Thus,
Z
.ln w/
2
dw D w.ln w/
2
2wln w C2w CC;
and
Z
.ln.x C1//
2
dx D .x C1/ ln.x C1/|
2
2.x C1/ ln.x C1/ C2.x C1/ CC:
23.
Z
sin
5
0 d0
SOLUTION We use the trigonometric identity sin
2
0 D 1 cos
2
Z
sin
5
0 d0 D
Z
sin
4
0 sin 0 d0 D
Z
_
1 cos
2
0
_
2
sin 0 d0:
Now, we substitute u D cos 0. Then du D sin 0 d0 and
Z
sin
5
0 d0 D
Z
_
1 u
2
_
2
.du/ D
Z
_
1 2u
2
Cu
4
_
du
D
u
2
3
u
3
C
u
5
5
!
CC D
cos
5
0
5
C
2cos
3
0
3
cos 0 CC:
24.
Z
cos
4
.9x 2/ dx
SOLUTION We substitute u D 9x 2, du D 9 dx and then use a reduction formula to evaluate the resulting integral. We obtain:
Z
cos
4
.9x 2/ dx D
1
9
Z
cos
4
udu D
1
9
cos
3
usin u
4
C
3
4
Z
cos
2
udu
!
D
cos
3
u sin u
36
C
1
12
Z
cos
2
u du D
cos
3
usin u
36
C
1
12
_
u
2
C
sin 2u
4
_
CC
D
cos
3
.9x 2/ sin.9x 2/
36
C
9x 2
24
C
sin.18x 4/
48
CC:
25.
Z
=4
0
sin 3x cos 5x dx
SOLUTION First compute the indenite integral, using the trigonometric identity:
sin cos D
1
2
.sin. C/ Csin. // :
For D 3x and D 5x we get:
sin 3x cos 5x D
1
2
.sin 8x Csin.2x// D
1
2
.sin 8x sin 2x/:
Hence,
Z
sin 3x cos 5x dx D
1
2
Z
sin 8x dx
1
2
Z
sin 2x dx D
1
16
cos 8x C
1
4
cos 2x CC:
Then
Z
=4
0
sin 3x cos 5x dx D
_
1
4
cos 2x
1
16
cos 8x
_
=4
0
D
1
4
cos

2
1
16
cos 2
1
4
cos 0 C
1
16
cos 0 D
1
4
26.
Z
sin 2x sec
2
x dx
SOLUTION We use the trigonometric identity sin 2x D 2 cos x sin x to rewrite the integrand:
sin 2x sec
2
x D 2 sin x cos x sec
2
x D
2 sin x cos x
cos
2
x
D
2 sin x
cos x
D 2 tan x:
Hence,
Z
sin 2x sec
2
x dx D
Z
2 tan x dx D 2 ln j sec xj CC:
27.
Z
p
tan x sec
2
x dx
SOLUTION We substitute u D tan x. Then du D sec
2
x dx and we obtain:
Z
p
tan x sec
2
x dx D
Z
p
udu D
2
3
u
3=2
CC D
2
3
.tan x/
3=2
CC:
28.
Z
.sec x Ctan x/
2
dx
SOLUTION We rewrite the integrand as
.sec x Ctan x/
2
D sec
2
x C2 sec x tan x Ctan
2
x D 2 sec x tan x C2 sec
2
x 1:
Therefore,
Z
.sec x Ctan x/
2
dx D 2
Z
sec x tan x dx C2
Z
sec
2
x dx
Z
dx D 2 sec x C2 tan x x CC:
29.
Z
sin
5
0 cos
3
0 d0
SOLUTION We use the identity cos
2
0 D 1 sin
2
Z
sin
5
0 cos
3
0 d0 D
Z
sin
5
0 cos
2
0 cos 0 d0 D
Z
sin
5
0
_
1 sin
2
0
_
cos 0 d0:
Now, we use the substitution u D sin 0, du D cos 0 d0:
Z
sin
5
0 cos
3
0 d0 D
Z
u
5
_
1 u
2
_
du D
Z
_
u
5
u
7
_
du D
u
6
6
u
8
8
CC D
sin
6
0
6
sin
8
0
8
CC:
30.
Z
cot
3
x csc x dx
SOLUTION Use the identity cot
2
x D csc
2
x 1 to write
Z
cot
3
x csc x dx D
Z
_
csc
2
x 1
_
csc x cot x dx:
Now use the substitution u D csc x, du D csc x cot x dx:
Z
cot
3
x csc x dx D
Z
_
u
2
1
_
du D
Z
_
1 u
2
_
du D u
1
3
u
3
CC D csc x
1
3
csc
3
x CC:
31.
Z
cot
2
x csc
2
x dx
SOLUTION Use the substitution u D cot x, du D csc
2
x dx:
Z
cot
2
x csc
2
x dx D
Z
cot
2
x
_
csc
2
x dx
_
D
Z
u
2
du D
1
3
u
3
CC D
1
3
cot
3
x CC:
32.
Z

=2
cot
2
0
2
d0
SOLUTION To compute the indenite integral, substitute u D

2
. Then du D
1
2
d0 and
Z
cot
2
0
2
d0 D 2
Z
cot
2
udu:
Now, we use a reduction formula to compute
Z
cot
2
0
2
d0 D 2
Z
cot
2
udu D 2.cot u u/ CC D 2 cot
0
2
0 CC:
Then
Z

=2
cot
2
0
2
d0 D
_
2 cot
0
2
0
_
=2
D 2 cot

2
C2 cot

4
C
2
D 0 C2 C
2
D 2
2
33.
Z
=2
=4
cot
2
x csc
3
x dx
SOLUTION To compute the indenite integral, use the identity cot
2
x D csc
2
x 1 to write
Z
cot
2
x csc
3
x dx D
Z
_
csc
2
x 1
_
csc
3
x dx D
Z
csc
5
x dx
Z
csc
3
x dx:
Now use the reduction formula for csc
m
x:
Z
cot
2
x csc
3
x dx D
_
1
4
cot x csc
3
x C
3
4
Z
csc
3
x dx
_
Z
csc
3
x dx
D
1
4
cot x csc
3
x
1
4
Z
csc
3
x dx
D
1
4
cot x csc
3
x
1
4
_
1
2
cot x csc x C
1
2
Z
csc x dx
_
D
1
4
cot x csc
3
x C
1
8
cot x csc x
1
8
ln j csc x cot xj CC:
Then
Z
=2
=4
cos
2
x csc
3
x dx D
_
1
4
cot x csc
3
x C
1
8
cot x csc x
1
8
ln j csc x cot xj
_
=2
=4
D
1
4
cot

2
csc
3

2
C
1
8
cot

2
csc

2
1
8
ln
csc

2
cot

2
C
1
4
cot

4
csc
3

4
1
8
cot

4
csc

4
C
1
8
ln
csc

4
cot

4
D 0 C0
1
8
ln j1 0j C
1
4
1 .
p
2/
3
1
8
1
p
2 C
1
8
ln
p
2 1
D
p
2
2
p
2
8
C
1
8
ln.
p
2 1/ D
3
8
p
2 C
1
8
ln.
p
2 1/
34.
Z
6
4
dt
.t 3/.t C4/
1
.t 3/.t C4/
D
A
t 3
C
B
t C4
:
1 D A.t C4/ CB.t 3/ D .A CB/t C4A 3B:
Setting t D 3 then yields A D
1
7
, while setting t D 4 yields B D
1
7
. Hence,
Z
6
4
dt
.t 3/.t C4/
D
1
7
Z
6
4
dt
t 3
1
7
Z
6
4
dt
t C4
D
_
1
7
ln jt 3j
1
7
ln jt C4j
_
6
4
D
_
1
7
ln
t 3
t C4
6
4
D
1
7
_
ln
3
10
ln
1
8
_
D
1
7
ln
12
5
35.
Z
dt
.t 3/
2
.t C4/
1
.t 3/
2
.t C4/
D
A
t C4
C
B
t 3
C
C
.t 3/
2
:
1 D A.t 3/
2
CB.t 3/.t C4/ CC.t C4/:
Setting t D 3 then yields C D
1
7
, while setting t D 4 yields A D
1
49
. Lastly, setting t D 0 yields
1 D 9A 12B C4C or B D
1
49
:
Hence,
Z
dt
.t 3/
2
.t C4/
D
1
49
Z
dt
t C4
1
49
Z
dt
t 3
C
1
7
Z
dt
.t 3/
2
D
1
49
ln jt C4j
1
49
ln jt 3j C
1
7
1
t 3
CC D
1
49
ln
t C4
t 3
1
7
1
t 3
CC:
36.
Z
p
x
2
C9 dx
SOLUTION Substitute x D 3 tan 0, dx D 3 sec
2
0 d0. Then
p
x
2
C9 D
p
9 tan
2
0 C9 D
q
9
_
tan
2
0 C1
_
D 3
p
sec
2
0 D 3 sec 0;
and
Z
p
x
2
C9 dx D
Z
3 sec 0 3 sec
2
0 d0 D 9
Z
sec
3
0 d0:
We use a reduction formula to compute the resulting integral:
Z
p
x
2
C9 dx D 9
Z
sec
3
0 d0 D 9
_
tan 0 sec 0
2
C
1
2
Z
sec 0 d0
_
D
9 tan 0 sec 0
2
C
9
2
We now return to the original variable x. Since x D 3 tan 0, we have 0 D tan
1 x
3
. We also use the gure to obtain:
Z
p
x
2
C9 dx D
9
2
x
3
p
x
2
C9
3
C
9
2
ln
p
x
2
C9
3
C
x
3
CC D
x
p
x
2
C9
2
C
9
2
ln
x C
p
x
2
C9
3
CC:

x
2
+ 9
x
3
37.
Z
dx
x
p
x
2
4
SOLUTION Substitute x D 2 sec 0, dx D 2 sec 0 tan 0 d0. Then
p
x
2
4 D
p
4 sec
2
0 4 D
q
4
_
sec
2
0 1
_
D
p
4 tan
2
0 D 2 tan 0;
and
Z
dx
x
p
x
2
4
D
Z
2 sec 0 tan 0 d0
2 sec 0 2 tan 0
D
1
2
Z
d0 D
1
2
0 CC:
Now, return to the original variable x. Since x D 2 sec 0, we have sec 0 D
x
2
or 0 D sec
1 x
2
. Thus,
Z
dx
x
p
x
2
4
D
1
2
sec
1
x
2
CC:
38.
Z
27
8
dx
x Cx
2=3
SOLUTION We rewrite the integrand:
Z
27
8
dx
x Cx
2=3
D
Z
27
8
dx
x
2=3
_
x
1=3
C1
_ D
Z
27
8
t
x
2=3
dx
1 Cx
1=3
:
Now, use the substitution u D 1 Cx
1=3
, du D
1
3
x
2=3
dx. x D 8 corresponds to u D 3, and x D 27 corresponds to u D 4. Then
Z
27
8
dx
x Cx
2=3
D
Z
27
8
x
2=3
dx
1 Cx
1=3
D 3
Z
4
3
du
u
D 3 .ln juj/
4
3
D 3.ln 4 ln 3/
39.
Z
dx
x
3=2
Cax
1=2
SOLUTION Let u D x
1=2
or x D u
2
. Then dx D 2u du and
Z
dx
x
3=2
Cax
1=2
D
Z
2u du
u
3
Cau
D 2
Z
du
u
2
Ca
:
If a > 0, then
Z
dx
x
3=2
Cax
1=2
D 2
Z
du
u
2
Ca
D
2
p
a
tan
1
_
u
p
a
_
CC D
2
p
a
tan
1
r
x
a
CC:
If a D 0, then
Z
dx
x
3=2
D
2
p
x
CC:
Finally, if a < 0, then
Z
du
u
2
Ca
D
Z
du
u
2
_p
a
_
2
;
and the partial fraction decomposition takes the form
1
u
2
_p
a
_
2
D
A
u
p
a
C
B
u C
p
a
:
1 D A.u C
p
a/ CB.u
p
a/:
Setting u D
p
a then yields A D
1
2
p
a
, while setting u D
p
a yields B D
1
2
p
a
. Hence,
Z
dx
x
3=2
Cax
1=2
D 2
Z
du
u
2
Ca
D
1
p
a
Z
du
u
p
a
1
p
a
Z
du
u C
p
a
D
1
p
a
ln ju
p
aj
1
p
a
ln
u C
p
a
CC
D
1
p
a
ln
u
p
a
u C
p
a
CC D
1
p
a
ln
p
x
p
a
p
x C
p
a
CC:
In summary,
Z
dx
x
3=2
Cax
1=2
D
8
<
:
2
p
a
tan
1
q
x
a
CC a > 0
1
p
a
ln
p
x
p
a
p
xC
p
a
CC a < 0
2
p
x
CC a D 0
40.
Z
dx
.x b/
2
C4
SOLUTION Substitute u D x b, du D dx. Then
Z
dx
.x b/
2
C4
D
Z
du
u
2
C4
D
1
2
tan
1
u
2
CC D
1
2
tan
1
_
x b
2
_
CC:
41.
Z
.x
2
x/ dx
.x C2/
3
x
2
x
.x C2/
3
D
A
x C2
C
B
.x C2/
2
C
C
.x C2/
3
:
x
2
x D A.x C2/
2
CB.x C2/ CC:
Setting x D 2 then yields C D 6. Equating x
2
-coefcients gives us A D 1, and equating x-coefcients yields 4A CB D 1, or
B D 5. Thus,
Z
x
2
x
.x C2/
3
dx D
Z
dx
x C2
C
Z
5 dx
.x C2/
2
C
Z
6 dx
.x C2/
3
D ln jx C2j C
5
x C2
3
.x C2/
2
CC:
42.
Z
.7x
2
Cx/ dx
.x 2/.2x C1/.x C1/
7x
2
Cx
.x 2/.2x C1/.x C1/
D
A
x 2
C
B
2x C1
C
C
x C1
:
7x
2
Cx D A.2x C1/.x C1/ CB.x 2/.x C1/ CC.x 2/.2x C1/:
Setting x D 2 then yields A D 2, while setting x D
1
2
yields B D 1, and setting x D 1 yields C D 2. Hence,
Z
7x
2
Cx
.x 2/.2x C1/.x C1/
dx D 2
Z
dx
x 2
Z
dx
2x C1
C2
Z
dx
x C1
D 2 ln jx 2j
1
2
ln j2x C1j C2 ln jx C1j CC:
43.
Z
16 dx
.x 2/
2
.x
2
C4/
16
.x 2/
2
_
x
2
C4
_ D
A
x 2
C
B
.x 2/
2
C
Cx CD
x
2
C4
:
16 D A.x 2/
_
x
2
C4
_
CB
_
x
2
C4
_
C.Cx CD/.x 2/
2
:
Setting x D 2 then yields B D 2. With B D 2,
16 D A
_
x
3
2x
2
C4x 8
_
C2
_
x
2
C4
_
CCx
3
C.D 4C/x
2
C.4C 4D/x C4D
16 D .ACC/x
3
C.2A C2 CD 4C/ x
2
C.4A C4C 4D/x C.8A C8 C4D/
Equating coefcients of like powers of x now gives us the system of equations
ACC D 0
2A 4C CD C2 D 0
4A C4C 4D D 0
8A C4D C8 D 1
whose solution is
A D 1; C D 1; D D 0:
Thus,
Z
dx
.x 2/
2
_
x
2
C4
_ D
Z
dx
x 2
C2
Z
dx
.x 2/
2
C
Z
x
x
2
C4
dx
D ln jx 2j 2
1
x 2
C
1
2
ln
_
x
2
C4
_
CC:
44.
Z
dx
.x
2
C25/
2
SOLUTION Use the trigonometric substitution x D 5 tan 0, dx D 5 sec
2
0 d0,
x
2
C25 D .5 tan 0/
2
C25 D 25
_
tan
2
0 C1
_
D 25 sec
2
0:
Then,
Z
dx
_
x
2
C25
_
2
D
Z
5 sec
2
0 d0
_
25 sec
2
0
_
2
D
Z
d0
125 sec
2
0
D
1
125
Z
cos
2
0 d0
D
1
125
_
cos 0 sin 0
2
C
1
2
0
_
CC D
1
250
.cos 0 sin 0 C0/ CC:
To return to the original variable x we use the relation x D 5 tan 0 and the accompanying gure.
x
2
+ 25
x
5
Thus,
Z
dx
_
x
2
C25
_
2
D
1
250
_
5
p
x
2
C25
x
p
x
2
C25
Ctan
1
_
x
5
_
_
CC D
1
50
x
x
2
C25
C
1
250
tan
1
_
x
5
_
CC:
45.
Z
dx
x
2
C8x C25
SOLUTION Complete the square to rewrite the denominator as
x
2
C8x C25 D .x C4/
2
C9:
Now, let u D x C4, du D dx. Then,
Z
dx
x
2
C8x C25
D
Z
du
u
2
C9
D
1
3
tan
1
u
3
CC D
1
3
tan
1
_
x C4
3
_
CC:
46.
Z
dx
x
2
C8x C4
SOLUTION Use the method of partial fractions. To facilitate the computations we rst complete the square in the denominator:
1
x
2
C8x C4
D
1
.x C4/
2
12
:
Now we substitute t D x C4. Then dt D dx and
Z
dx
x
2
C8x C4
D
Z
dt
t
2
12
D
Z
dt
_
t 2
p
3
_ _
t C2
p
3
_:
We use the following partial fraction decomposition of the integrand:
1
_
t 2
p
3
_ _
t C2
p
3
_ D
A
t 2
p
3
C
B
t C2
p
3
:
1 D A
_
t C2
p
3
_
CB
_
t 2
p
3
_
:
Setting t D 2
p
3 then yields A D
1
4
p
3
, while setting t D 2
p
3 yields B D
1
4
p
3
. Hence,
Z
dx
x
2
C8x C4
D
1
4
p
3
Z
dt
t 2
p
3
1
4
p
3
Z
dt
t C2
p
3
D
1
4
p
3
ln jt 2
p
3j
1
4
p
3
ln jt C2
p
3j CC
D
1
4
p
3
ln
t 2
p
3
t C2
p
3
CC D
1
4
p
3
ln
x C42
p
3
x C4 C2
p
3
CC:
47.
Z
.x
2
x/ dx
.x C2/
3
x
2
x
.x C2/
3
D
A
x C2
C
B
.x C2/
2
C
C
.x C2/
3
:
x
2
x D A.x C2/
2
CB.x C2/ CC:
Setting x D 2 then yields C D 6. Equating x
2
-coefcients gives us A D 1, and equating x-coefcients yields 4A CB D 1, or
B D 5. Thus,
Z
x
2
x
.x C2/
3
dx D
Z
dx
x C2
C
Z
5 dx
.x C2/
2
C
Z
6 dx
.x C2/
3
D ln jx C2j C
5
x C2
3
.x C2/
2
CC:
48.
Z
1
0
t
2
p
1 t
2
dt
SOLUTION First compute the indenite integral by using the substitution t D sin 0, dt D cos 0 d0. We have
p
1 t
2
D
p
1 sin
2
0 D
p
cos
2
0 D cos 0;
and
Z
t
2
p
1 t
2
dt D
Z
sin
2
0 cos 0 cos 0 d0 D
Z
sin
2
0cos
2
0 d0
D
Z
.1 cos
2
0/ cos
2
0 d0 D
Z
cos
2
0 d0
Z
cos
4
0 d0
D
Z
cos
2
0 d0
_
1
4
cos
3
0 sin 0 C
3
4
Z
cos
2
0 d0
_
D
1
4
cos
3
0 sin 0 C
1
4
Z
cos
2
0 d0
D
1
4
cos
3
0 sin 0 C
1
4
_
1
2
cos 0 sin 0 C
1
2
0
_
CC
D
1
4
cos
3
0 sin 0 C
1
8
cos 0 sin 0 C
1
8
0 CC:
Now, return to the original variable t . Since t D sin 0, cos 0 D
p
1 t
2
and
Z
t
2
p
1 t
2
dt D
t .1 t
2
/
3=2
4
C
t
p
1 t
2
8
C
sin
1
t
8
CC D
t
3
p
1 t
2
4
C
sin
1
t
8
t
p
1 t
2
8
CC:
Then
Z
1
0
t
2
p
1 t
2
dt D
t
3
p
1 t
2
4
C
sin
1
t
8
t
p
1 t
2
8
!
1
0
D 0 C
1
8
sin
1
1 0 0 C
1
8
sin
1
0 C0 D
sin
1
1
8
D

16
49.
Z
dx
x
4
p
x
2
C4
SOLUTION Substitute x D 2 tan 0, dx D 2sec
2
0 d0. Then
p
x
2
C4 D
p
4tan
2
0 C4 D
q
4
_
tan
2
0 C1
_
D 2
p
sec
2
0 D 2 sec 0;
and
Z
dx
x
4
p
x
2
C4
D
Z
2sec
2
0 d0
16tan
4
0 2 sec 0
D
Z
sec 0 d0
16tan
4
0
:
We have
sec 0
tan
4
0
D
cos
3
0
sin
4
0
:
Hence,
Z
dx
x
4
p
x
2
C4
D
1
16
Z
cos
3
0 d0
sin
4
0
D
1
16
Z
cos
2
0 cos 0 d0
sin
4
0
D
1
16
Z
_
1 sin
2
0
_
cos 0 d0
sin
4
0
:
Now substitute u D sin 0 and du D cos 0 d0 to obtain
Z
dx
x
4
p
x
2
C4
D
1
16
Z
1 u
2
u
4
du D
1
16
Z
_
u
4
u
2
_
du D
1
48u
3
C
1
16
1
u
CC
D
1
48
1
sin
3
0
C
1
16
1
sin 0
CC D
1
48
csc
3
0 C
1
16
csc 0 CC:
Finally, return to the original to the original variable x using the relation x D 2 tan 0 and the gure below.
Z
dx
x
4
p
x
2
C4
D
1
48
p
x
2
C4
x
!
3
C
1
16
p
x
2
C4
x
CC D
_
x
2
C4
_
3=2
48x
3
C
p
x
2
C4
16x
CC:

x
2
+ 4
x
2
50.
Z
dx
.x
2
C5/
3=2
SOLUTION Substitute x D
p
5 tan 0. Then dx D
p
5 sec
2
0 d0,
x
2
C5 D 5 tan
2
0 C5 D 5.tan
2
0 C1/ D 5 sec
2
0;
and
Z
dx
_
x
2
C5
_
3=2
D
1
5
Z
sec
2
0
sec
3
0
d0 D
1
5
Z
cos 0 d0 D
1
5
sin 0 CC:
We now return to the original variable x using the relation x D
p
5 tan 0 and the gure below. Thus,
Z
dx
_
x
2
C5
_
3=2
D
1
5
x
p
x
2
C5
CC:
x
2
+ 5
x
t
5
51.
Z
.x C1/e
43x
dx
SOLUTION We compute the integral using Integration by Parts with u D x C1 and v
0
D e
43x
. Then u
0
D 1, v D
1
3
e
43x
and
Z
.x C1/e
43x
dx D
1
3
.x C1/e
43x
C
1
3
Z
e
43x
dx D
1
3
.x C1/e
43x
C
1
3
1
3
_
e
43x
CC
D
1
9
e
43x
.3x C4/ CC:
52.
Z
x
2
tan
1
x dx
SOLUTION We use Integration by Parts with u D tan
1
x and v
0
D x
2
. Then u
0
D
1
1Cx
2
, v D x
1
and
Z
x
2
tan
1
x dx D
tan
1
x
x
C
Z
dx
x
_
1 Cx
2
_ :
For the remaining integral, the partial fraction decomposition takes the form
1
x.1 Cx
2
/
D
A
x
C
Bx CC
1 Cx
2
:
1 D A.1 Cx
2
/ C.Bx CC/x:
Setting x D 0 then yields A D 1. Next, equating the x
2
-coefcients gives
0 D A CB so B D 1;
while equating x-coefcients gives C D 0. Hence,
1
x
_
1 Cx
2
_ D
1
x
x
1 Cx
2
;
and
Z
dx
x
_
1 Cx
2
_ D
Z
1
x
dx
Z
x dx
1 Cx
2
D ln jxj
1
2
ln
_
1 Cx
2
_
CC:
Therefore,
Z
x
2
tan
1
x dx D
tan
1
x
x
Cln jxj
1
2
ln
_
1 Cx
2
_
CC:
53.
Z
x
3
cos.x
2
/ dx
SOLUTION Substitute t D x
2
, dt D 2x dx. Then
Z
x
3
cos
_
x
2
_
dx D
1
2
Z
t cos t dt:
We compute the resulting integral using Integration by Parts with u D t and v
0
D cos t . Then u
0
D 1, v D sin t and
Z
t cos t dt D t sin t
Z
sin t dt D t sin t Ccos t CC:
Thus,
Z
x
3
cos
_
x
2
_
dx D
1
2
x
2
sin x
2
C
1
2
cos x
2
CC:
54.
Z
x
2
.ln x/
2
dx
SOLUTION We use Integration by Parts with u D .ln x/
2
and v
0
D x
2
. Then u
0
D
2ln x
x
, v D
x
3
3
and
Z
x
2
.ln x/
2
dx D
x
3
3
.ln x/
2
2
3
Z
x
2
ln x dx:
To calculate the resulting integral, we again use Integration by Parts, this time with u D ln x and v
0
D x
2
. Then, u
0
D
1
x
, v D
x
3
3
,
and
Z
x
2
ln x dx D
x
3
3
ln x
1
3
Z
x
2
dx D
x
3
3
ln x
x
3
9
CC:
Finally,
Z
x
2
.ln x/
2
dx D
x
3
3
.ln x/
2
2
3
x
3
3
ln x
x
3
9
!
CC D
x
3
3
_
.ln x/
2
2
3
ln x C
2
9
_
CC:
55.
Z
x tanh
1
x dx
SOLUTION We use Integration by Parts with u D tanh
1
x and v
0
D x. Then u
0
D
1
1x
2
, v D
x
2
2
and
Z
x tanh
1
x dx D
x
2
2
tanh
1
x
1
2
Z
x
2
1 x
2
dx:
Now
x
2
1 x
2
D
x
2
1 C1
1 x
2
D 1 C
1
1 x
2
;
and the partial fraction decomposition for the remaining fraction takes the form
1
1 x
2
D
A
1 x
C
B
1 Cx
:
1 D A.1 Cx/ CB.1 x/:
1
2
, while setting x D 1 yields B D
1
2
. Thus,
Z
x
2
1 x
2
D
Z
dx C
1
2
Z
1
1 x
dx C
1
2
Z
1
1 Cx
dx
D x
1
2
ln j1 xj C
1
2
ln j1 Cxj CC D x C
1
2
ln
1 Cx
1 x
CC:
Therefore,
Z
x tanh
1
x dx D
x
2
2
tanh
1
x
1
2
_
x C
1
2
ln
1 Cx
1 x
_
CC D
x
2
2
tanh
1
x C
x
2
1
4
ln
1 Cx
1 x
CC:
56.
Z
tan
1
t dt
1 Ct
2
SOLUTION Substitute u D tan
1
t . Then, du D
dt
1Ct
2
and
Z
tan
1
t dt
1 Ct
2
D
Z
u du D
1
2
u
2
CC D
1
2
_
tan
1
t
_
2
CC:
57.
Z
ln.x
2
C9/ dx
SOLUTION We compute the integral using Integration by Parts with u D ln
_
x
2
C9
_
and v
0
D 1. Then u
0
D
2x
x
2
C9
, v D x, and
Z
ln
_
x
2
C9
_
dx D x ln
_
x
2
C9
_
Z
2x
2
x
2
C9
dx:
To compute this integral we write:
x
2
x
2
C9
D
_
x
2
C9
_
9
x
2
C9
D 1
9
x
2
C9
I
hence,
Z
x
2
x
2
C9
dx D
Z
1 dx 9
Z
dx
x
2
C9
D x 3tan
1
x
3
CC:
Therefore,
Z
ln
_
x
2
C9
_
dx D x ln
_
x
2
C9
_
2x C6tan
1
_
x
3
_
CC:
58.
Z
.sin x/.cosh x/ dx
SOLUTION We compute the integral using Integration by Parts with u D sin x and v
0
D cosh x. Then u
0
D cos x, v D sinh x
and
Z
sin x cosh x dx D sin x sinh x
Z
cos x sinh x dx:
We compute the resulting integral using Integration by Parts, this time with u D cos x and v
0
D sinh x. Then u
0
D sin x,
v D cosh x and
Z
cos x sinh x dx D cos x cosh x C
Z
sin x cosh x dx:
Therefore,
Z
sin x cosh x dx D sin x sinh x cos x cosh x
Z
sin x cosh x dx:
Solving for
Z
.sin x/.cosh x/ dx, we nd
2
Z
sin x cosh x dx D sin x sinh x cos x cosh x CC
Z
sin x cosh x dx D
1
2
sin x sinh x
1
2
cos x cosh x CC
59.
Z
1
0
cosh 2t dt
SOLUTION
Z
1
0
cosh 2t dt D
1
2
sinh 2t
1
0
D
1
2
sinh 2.
60.
Z
sinh
3
x cosh x dx
SOLUTION Let u D sinh x. Then du D cosh x dx and
Z
sinh
3
x cosh x dx D
Z
u
3
du D
1
4
u
4
CC D
1
4
sinh
4
x CC:
61.
Z
coth
2
.1 4t / dt
SOLUTION
Z
coth
2
.1 4t / dt D
Z
_
1 Ccsch
2
.1 4t /
_
dt D t C
1
4
coth.1 4t / CC.
62.
Z
0:3
0:3
dx
1 x
2
SOLUTION
Z
0:3
0:3
dx
1 x
2
D tanh
1
x
0:3
0:3
D 2 tanh
1
.0:3/.
63.
Z
3
p
3=2
0
dx
p
9 x
2
SOLUTION
Z
3
p
3=2
0
dx
p
9 x
2
D sin
1
x
3
3
p
3=2
0
D sin
1
p
3
2
D
3
.
64.
Z
p
x
2
C1 dx
x
2
SOLUTION Let x D sinh t . Then dx D cosh t dt and
Z
p
x
2
C1 dx
x
2
D
Z
cosh
2
t
sinh
2
t
dt D
Z
coth
2
t dt D
Z
.1 Ccsch
2
t / dt D t coth t CC
D sinh
1
x
p
x
2
C1
x
CC:
65. Use the substitution u D tanh t to evaluate
Z
dt
cosh
2
t Csinh
2
t
.
SOLUTION Let u D tanh t . Then du D sech
2
t dt and
Z
dt
cosh
2
t Csinh
2
t
D
Z
sech
2
t
1 Ctanh
2
t
dt D
Z
du
1 Cu
2
D tan
1
u CC D tan
1
.tanh x/ CC:
66. Find the volume obtained by rotating the region enclosed by y D ln x and y D .ln x/
2
about the y-axis.
SOLUTION The curves meet at .1; 0/ and at .e; 1/. We compute the volume of the solid using the method of cylindrical shells:
V D
Z
e
1
2x .ln x .ln x/
2
/ dx D 2
Z
e
1
x ln x dx 2
Z
1
0
x.ln x/
2
dx
For the second integral, use integration by parts, with u D .ln x/
2
and v
0
D x, so that u
0
D
2ln x
x
and v D
1
2
x
2
. Then
V D 2
Z
e
1
x ln x dx 2
_
1
2
x
2
.ln x/
2
e
1
Z
e
1
x ln x dx
_
D e
2
C4
Z
e
1
x ln x dx
Again apply integration by parts, with u D ln x and v
0
D x, so that u
0
D
1
x
and v D
1
2
x
2
. Then
V D e
2
C4
Z
e
1
x ln x dx D e
2
C4
_
1
2
x
2
ln x
e
1
1
2
Z
e
1
x dx
_
D e
2
C4
_
1
2
e
2
1
4
e
2
C
1
4
_
D
67. Let I
n
D
Z
x
n
dx
x
2
C1
.
(a) Prove that I
n
D
x
n1
n 1
I
n2
.
(b) Use (a) to calculate I
n
for 0 n 5.
(c) Show that, in general,
I
2nC1
D
x
2n
2n
x
2n2
2n 2
C C.1/
n1
x
2
2
C.1/
n
1
2
ln.x
2
C1/ CC
I
2n
D
x
2n1
2n 1
x
2n3
2n 3
C C.1/
n1
x C.1/
n
tan
1
x CC
SOLUTION
(a) I
n
D
Z
x
n
x
2
C1
dx D
Z
x
n2
.x
2
C1 1/
x
2
C1
dx D
Z
x
n2
dx
Z
x
n2
x
2
C1
dx D
x
n1
n 1
I
n2
.
(b) First compute I
0
and I
1
directly:
I
0
D
Z
x
0
dx
x
2
C1
D
Z
dx
x
2
C1
D tan
1
x CC and I
1
D
Z
x dx
x
2
C1
D
1
2
ln
_
x
2
C1
_
CC:
We now use the equality obtained in part (a) to compute I
2
, I
3
, I
4
and I
5
:
I
2
D
x
21
2 1
I
22
D x I
0
D x tan
1
x CCI
I
3
D
x
31
3 1
I
32
D
x
2
2
I
1
D
x
2
2
1
2
ln
_
x
2
C1
_
CCI
I
4
D
x
41
4 1
I
42
D
x
3
3
I
2
D
x
3
3
_
x tan
1
x
_
CC D
x
3
3
x Ctan
1
x CCI
I
5
D
x
51
5 1
I
52
D
x
4
4
I
3
D
x
4
4
x
2
2
1
2
ln
_
x
2
C1
_
!
CC D
x
4
4
x
2
2
C
1
2
ln
_
x
2
C1
_
CC:
(c) We prove the two identities using mathematical induction. We rst prove that for n 1:
I
2nC1
D
x
2n
2n
x
2n2
2n 2
C C.1/
n
1
2
ln
_
x
2
C1
_
CC:
We verify the equality for n D 1. Setting n D 1, we nd
I
3
D
x
2
2
C.1/
1
1
2
ln
_
x
2
C1
_
CC D
x
2
2
1
2
ln
_
x
2
C1
_
CC;
which agrees with the value obtained in part (b). We now assume that for n D k:
I
2kC1
D
x
2k
2k
x
2k2
2k 2
C C.1/
k
1
2
ln
_
x
2
C1
_
CC:
We use this assumption to prove the equality for n D k C1. By part (a) and the induction hypothesis
I
2kC3
D
x
2kC2
2k C2
I
2kC1
D
x
2kC2
2k C2
x
2k
2k
C
x
2k2
2k 2
.1/
k
1
2
ln
_
x
2
C1
_
CC
D
x
2kC2
2k C2
x
2k
2k
C C.1/
kC1
1
2
ln
_
x
2
C1
_
CC
as required. We now prove the second identity for n 1:
I
2n
D
x
2n1
2n 1
x
2n3
2n 3
C C.1/
n
tan
1
x CC:
We verify this equality for n D 1:
I
2
D x tan
1
x CC;
which agrees with the value obtained in part (b). We now assume that for n D k
I
2k
D
x
2k1
2k 1
x
2k3
2k 3
C C.1/
k
tan
1
x CC:
We use this assumption to prove the equality for n D k C1. By part (a) and the induction hypothesis
I
2kC2
D
x
2kC1
2k C1
I
2k
D
x
2kC1
2k C1
x
2k1
2k 1
C
x
2k3
2k 3
.1/
k
tan
1
x CC
D
x
2kC1
2k C1
x
2k1
2k 1
C C.1/
kC1
tan
1
x CC
as required.
68. Let J
n
D
Z
x
n
e
x
2
=2
dx.
(a) Show that J
1
D e
x
2
=2
.
(b) Prove that J
n
D x
n1
e
x
2
=2
C.n 1/J
n2
.
(c) Use (a) and (b) to compute J
3
and J
5
.
SOLUTION
(a) Let u D
x
2
2
. Then du D x dx and
J
1
D
Z
xe
x
2
=2
dx D
Z
e
u
du D e
u
CC D e
x
2
=2
CC:
(b) Using Integration by Parts with u D x
n1
and v
0
D xe
x
2
=2
, we nd
J
n
D x
n1
e
x
2
=2
C.n 1/
Z
x
n2
e
x
2
=2
dx D x
n1
e
x
2
=2
C.n 1/J
n2
:
(c) Using the results from parts (a) and (b),
J
3
D x
31
e
x
2
=2
C.3 1/J
32
D x
2
e
x
2
=2
C2J
1
D x
2
e
x
2
=2
2e
x
2
=2
CC D e
x
2
=2
.x
2
C2/ CC
and then
J
5
D x
51
e
x
2
=2
C.5 1/J
52
D x
4
e
x
2
=2
C4J
3
D x
4
e
x
2
=2
4e
x
2
=2
.x
2
C2/ CC D e
x
2
=2
.x
4
C4x
2
C8/ CC:
69. Compute p.X 1/, where X is a continuous random variable with probability density p.x/ D
1
.x
2
C1/
.
SOLUTION
P.X 1/ D
Z
1
1
p.x/ dx D
1
Z
1
1
1
x
2
C1
dx D
1
tan
1
x
1
1
D
1

2
_
D
3
4
70. Show that p.t / D
1
4
e
t =2
C
1
6
e
t =3
is a probability density on 0; 1/ and nd its mean.
SOLUTION To show that p.t / is a probability density, we must show that its integral over 0; 1/ is 1:
Z
1
0
p.t / dt D
Z
1
0
_
1
4
e
t =2
C
1
6
e
t =3
_
dt D
_
1
2
e
t =2
1
2
e
t =3
_
1
0
D 0 C0 C
1
2
C
1
2
D 1
The mean of p.t / is
j D
Z
1
0
tp.t / dt D
Z
1
0
_
1
4
t e
t =2
C
1
6
t e
t =3
_
dt
Now, for a positive constant a, using integration by parts with u D t , v
0
D e
t =a
, we have u
0
D 1, v D ae
t =a
, and
Z
1
0
t e
t =a
dt D at e
t =a
1
0
Ca
Z
1
0
e
t =a
dt D a
2
_
e
t =a
_
1
0
D a
2
so that
j D
1
4
Z
1
0
t e
t =2
dt C
1
6
Z
1
0
t e
t =3
dt D
1
4
4 C
1
6
9 D
5
2
71. Find a constant C such that p.x/ D Cx
3
e
x
2
is a probability density and compute p.0 X 1/.
SOLUTION We rst nd the indenite integral of p.x/ using integration by parts, with u D x
2
, v
0
D xe
x
2
, so that u
0
D 2x
and v D
1
2
e
x
2
:
Z
Cx
3
e
x
2
dx D C
_
1
2
x
2
e
x
2
C
Z
xe
x
2
dx
_
D C
_
1
2
x
2
e
x
2
1
2
e
x
2
_
D
C
2
e
x
2
.x
2
C1/
To determine the constant C, the value of the integral on the interval 0; 1/ must be 1:
1 D
Z
1
0
Cx
3
e
x
2
dx D
C
2
e
x=2
.x
2
C1/
1
0
D
C
2
lim
R!1
x
2
C1
e
x=2
1
!
D
C
2
so that C D 2. Then
P.0 X 1/ D
Z
1
0
2x
3
e
x
2
dx D e
x
2
.x
2
C1/
1
0
D 1 2e
1
0:13212
72. The interval between patient arrivals in an emergency room is a random variable with exponential density function p.t / D
0:125e
0:125t
(t in minutes). What is the average time between patient arrivals? What is the probability of two patients arriving
within 3 minutes of each other?
SOLUTION The mean of the distribution is (using integration by parts with u D t , v
0
D 0:125e
0:125t
):
Z
1
0
tp.t / dt D
Z
1
0
0:125t e
0:125t
dt D t e
0:125t
1
0
C
Z
1
0
e
0:125t
dt D 8e
0:125t
1
0
D 8
Since the distribution gives the waiting time between arrivals, it follows that the probability of two patients arriving within 3 minutes
of each other is
Z
3
0
p.t / dt D
Z
3
0
0:125e
0:125t
dt D e
0:125t
3
0
D 1 e
0:375
1 0:68729 0:31271
73. Calculate the following probabilities, assuming that X is normally distributed with mean j D 40 and o D 5.
(a) p.X 45/ (b) p.0 X 40/
SOLUTION Let F be the standard normal cumulative distribution function. Then by Theorem 1 in Section 7.7,
(a)
p.X 45/ D 1 p.X 45/ D 1 F
_
45 40
5
_
D 1 F.1/ 1 0:8413 0:1587
(b)
p.0 X 40/ D p.X 40/ p.X 0/ D F
_
40 40
5
_
F
_
0 40
5
_
D F.0/ F.8/ D
1
2
F.8/
1
2
0 D
1
2
Note that p.X 40/ is exactly
1
2
since 40 is the mean. Also, since 8 is so far to the left in the standard normal distribution, the
probability of its occurrence is quite small (approximately 8 10
11
).
74. According to kinetic theory, the molecules of ordinary matter are in constant random motion. The energy E of a molecule
is a random variable with density function p.E/ D
1
kT
e
E=.kT/
, where T is the temperature (in kelvins) and k is Boltzmanns
constant. Compute the mean kinetic energy E in terms of k and T .
SOLUTION By denition,
Z
1
0
Ee
E=kT
dE D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
Ee
E=kT
dE:
We compute the denite integral using Integration by Parts with u D E, v
0
D e
E=kT
. Then u
0
D 1, v D kTe
E=kT
and
Z
R
0
Ee
E=kT
dE D kTe
E=kT
E
R
ED0
C
Z
R
0
kTe
E=kT
dE D kTe
R=kT
R .kT /
2
e
E=kT
R
ED0
D kTRe
R=kT
_
k
2
T
2
e
R=kT
k
2
T
2
e
0
_
D k
2
T
2
kTRe
R=kT
k
2
T
2
e
R=kT
:
We now let R !1, obtaining:
Z
1
0
Ee
E=RT
dE D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
Ee
E=RT
dE D lim
R!1
_
k
2
T
2
kTRe
R=kT
k
2
T
2
e
R=kT
_
D k
2
T
2
kT lim
R!1
Re
R=kT
0 D k
2
T
2
kT lim
R!1
Re
R=kT
:
We compute the remaining limit using LH opitals Rule:
lim
R!1
Re
R=kT
D lim
R!1
R
e
R=kT
D lim
R!1
dR
dR
d
dR
_
e
R=kT
_ D lim
R!1
1
1
kT
e
R=kT
D 0:
Thus,
Z
1
0
Ee
E=RT
dE D k
2
T
2
;
and
E D
1
kT
Z
1
0
Ee
E=kT
dE D
1
kT
k
2
T
2
D kT:
In Exercises 7584, determine whether the improper integral converges and, if so, evaluate it.
75.
Z
1
0
dx
.x C2/
2
SOLUTION
Z
1
0
dx
.x C2/
2
D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
dx
.x C2/
2
D lim
R!1
1
x C2
R
0
D lim
R!1
_
1
R C2
C
1
0 C2
_
D lim
R!1
_
1
R C2
C
1
2
_
D 0 C
1
2
D
1
2
:
76.
Z
1
4
dx
x
2=3
Z
1
a
dx
x
p
.a > 0/ converges if p > 1 and diverges if p 1. Here, p D
2
3
< 1, hence the integral
diverges.
77.
Z
4
0
dx
x
2=3
SOLUTION
Z
4
0
dx
x
2=3
D lim
R!0C
Z
4
R
dx
x
2=3
D lim
R!0C
3x
1=3
4
R
D lim
R!0C
_
3 4
1=3
3 R
1=3
_
D 3
3
p
4:
78.
Z
1
9
dx
x
12=5
SOLUTION
Z
1
9
dx
x
12=5
D lim
R!1
Z
R
9
dx
x
12=5
D lim
R!1
5
7
x
7=5
R
9
D lim
R!1
_
5
7
R
7=5
C
5
7
9
7=5
_
D 0 C
5
7
9
7=5
D
5
7 9 9
2=5
D
5
63 9
2=5
:
79.
Z
0
1
dx
x
2
C1
SOLUTION
Z
0
1
dx
x
2
C1
D lim
R!1
Z
0
R
dx
x
2
C1
D lim
R!1
tan
1
x
0
R
D lim
R!1
_
tan
1
0 tan
1
R
_
D lim
R!1
_
tan
1
R
_
D
_
2
_
D

2
:
80.
Z
9
1
e
4x
dx
SOLUTION
Z
9
1
e
4x
dx D lim
R!1
Z
9
R
e
4x
dx D lim
R!1
1
4
e
4x
9
R
D lim
R!1
1
4
e
36
1
4
e
4R
D
e
36
4
:
81.
Z
=2
0
cot 0 d0
SOLUTION
Z
=2
0
cot 0 d0 D lim
R!0C
Z
=2
R
cot 0 d0 D lim
R!0C
ln j sin 0j
=2
R
D lim
R!0C
_
ln
_
sin

2
_
ln.sin R/
_
D lim
R!0C
.ln 1 ln.sin R// D lim
R!0C
ln
_
1
sin R
_
D 1:
We conclude that the improper integral diverges.
82.
Z
1
1
dx
.x C2/.2x C3/
SOLUTION First, evaluate the indenite integral. The following partial fraction decomposition has the form
1
.x C2/.2x C3/
D
1
x C2
C
2
2x C3
:
1 D A.2x C3/ CB.x C2/:
Setting x D 2 then yields A D 1, while setting x D
3
2
yields B D 2. Hence,
Z
dx
.x C2/.2x C3/
D
Z
dx
x C2
C2
Z
dx
2x C3
D ln jx C2j Cln j2x C3j CC D ln
2x C3
x C2
CC:
Now, for R > 1,
Z
R
1
dx
.x C2/.2x C3/
D ln
2x C3
x C2
R
1
D ln
2R C3
R C2
ln
5
3
;
and
Z
1
1
dx
.x C2/.2x C3/
D lim
R!1
_
ln
2R C3
R C2
_
ln
5
3
D ln 2 Cln
3
5
D ln
6
5
:
83.
Z
1
0
.5 Cx/
1=3
dx
SOLUTION
Z
1
0
.5 Cx/
1=3
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
.5 Cx/
1=3
dx D lim
R!1
3
2
.5 Cx/
2=3
R
0
D lim
R!1
_
3
2
.5 CR/
2=3
3
2
5
2=3
_
D 1:
We conclude that the improper integral diverges.
84.
Z
5
2
.5 x/
1=3
dx
SOLUTION
Z
5
2
.5 x/
1=3
dx D lim
R!5
Z
R
2
.5 x/
1=3
dx D lim
R!5
3
2
.5 x/
2=3
R
2
D lim
R!5
3
2
_
.5 R/
2=3
3
2=3
_
D
3
2
_
0 3
2=3
_
D
3
5=3
2
:
In Exercises 8590, use the Comparison Test to determine whether the improper integral converges or diverges.
85.
Z
1
8
dx
x
2
4
SOLUTION For x 8,
1
2
x
2
4, so that
1
2
x
2
4
1
2
x
2
x
2
4
and
1
x
2
4
2
x
2
:
Now,
Z
1
1
dx
x
2
converges, so
Z
1
8
2
x
2
dx also converges. Therefore, by the comparison test,
Z
1
8
dx
x
2
4
converges:
86.
Z
1
8
.sin
2
x/e
x
dx
SOLUTION The following inequality holds for all x,
0
_
sin
2
x
_
e
x
e
x
:
We use direct computation to show that the improper integral of e
x
over the interval 8; 1/ converges:
Z
1
8
e
x
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
8
e
x
dx D lim
R!1
e
x
R
8
D lim
R!1
_
e
R
Ce
8
_
D 0 Ce
8
D e
8
:
Therefore, by the Comparison Test, the improper integral
Z
1
8
.sin
2
x/e
x
dx also converges.
87.
Z
1
3
dx
x
4
Ccos
2
x
SOLUTION For x 1, we have
1
x
4
Ccos
2
x
1
x
4
:
Since
Z
1
1
dx
x
4
converges, the Comparison Test guarantees that
Z
1
1
dx
x
4
Ccos
2
x
also converges. The integral
Z
3
1
dx
x
4
Ccos
2
x
has a nite value (notice that x
4
C cos
2
x 0) hence we conclude that the integral
Z
1
3
dx
x
4
Ccos
2
x
also
converges.
88.
Z
1
1
dx
x
1=3
Cx
2=3
SOLUTION If x 1, then x
1=3
1; therefore,
x
1=3
Cx
2=3
D x
1=3
_
1 Cx
1=3
_
x
1=3
_
x
1=3
Cx
1=3
_
D x
1=3
2x
1=3
D 2x
2=3
:
Hence,
1
x
1=3
Cx
2=3

1
2x
2=3
:
The integral
Z
1
1
dx
x
2=3
diverges; hence
Z
1
1
dx
2x
2=3
also diverges. Therefore, by the Comparison Test, the improper integral
Z
1
1
dx
x
1=3
Cx
2=3
also diverges.
89.
Z
1
0
dx
x
1=3
Cx
2=3
SOLUTION For 0 x 1,
x
1=3
Cx
2=3
x
1=3
so
1
x
1=3
Cx
2=3

1
x
1=3
:
Now,
Z
1
0
x
1=3
dx converges. Therefore, by the Comparison Test, the improper integral
Z
1
0
dx
x
1=3
Cx
2=3
also converges.
90.
Z
1
0
e
x
3
dx
SOLUTION For x > 1, e
x
x; hence e
x
3
x
3
, therefore 0 e
x
3
x
3
. Since
Z
1
1
dx
x
3
converges, the integral
Z
1
1
e
x
3
dx also converges by the Comparison Test. We write
Z
1
0
e
x
3
dx D
Z
1
0
e
x
3
dx C
Z
1
1
e
x
3
dx:
The rst integral on the right hand side has a nite value and the second integral converges. We conclude that the integral
Z
1
0
e
x
3
dx converges.
91. Calculate the volume of the innite solid obtained by rotating the region under y D .x
2
C1/
2
for 0 x < 1about the
y-axis.
SOLUTION Using the Shell Method, the volume of the innite solid obtained by rotating the region under the graph of y D
_
x
2
C1
_
2
over the interval 0; 1/ about the y-axis is
V D 2
Z
1
0
x
_
x
2
C1
_
2
dx:
Now,
Z
1
0
x
_
x
2
C1
_
2
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
x dx
_
x
2
C1
_
2
We substitute t D x
2
C1, dt D 2x dx. The new limits of integration are t D 1 and t D R
2
C1. Thus,
Z
R
0
x dx
_
x
2
C1
_
2
D
Z
R
2
C1
1
1
2
dt
t
2
D
1
2t
R
2
C1
1
D
1
2
_
1
1
R
2
C1
_
:
Taking the limit as R !1yields:
Z
1
0
x dx
_
x
2
C1
_
2
D lim
R!1
1
2
_
1
1
R
2
C1
_
D
1
2
.1 0/ D
1
2
:
Therefore,
V D 2
1
2
D :
92. Let R be the region under the graph of y D .x C1/
1
for 0 x < 1. Which of the following quantities is nite?
(a) The area of R
(b) The volume of the solid obtained by rotating R about the x-axis
(c) The volume of the solid obtained by rotating R about the y-axis
SOLUTION
(a) The area of R is
Z
1
0
dx
x C1
D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
dx
x C1
D lim
R!1
ln jx C1j
R
0
D lim
R!1
_
ln.R C1/ ln 1
_
D 1:
Hence, the area of R is not nite.
(b) Using the Disk Method, the volume of the solid obtained by rotating R about the x-axis is
Z
1
0
dx
.x C1/
2
D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
dx
.x C1/
2
D lim
R!1
1
x C1
R
0
D lim
R!1
_
1
R C1
C1
_
D :
Hence, the volume of the solid obtained by rotating R about the x-axis is nite.
(c) Using the Shell Method, the volume of the solid obtained by rotating R about the y-axis is
2
Z
1
0
x
x C1
dx D 2 lim
R!1
Z
R
0
x dx
x C1
:
Now,
Z
R
0
x dx
x C1
D
Z
R
0
.x C1/ 1
x C1
dx D
Z
R
0
_
1
1
x C1
_
dx D .x ln.x C1//
R
0
D R .ln.R C1/ ln 1/ D R ln.R C1/:
Thus,
2 lim
R!1
Z
R
0
x dx
x C1
D 2 lim
R!1
.R ln.R C1// D 2 lim
R!1
R
_
1
ln.R C1/
R
_
D 1:
Hence, the volume of the solid obtained by rotating R about the y-axis is not nite.
93. Show that
R
1
0
x
n
e
x
2
dx converges for all n > 0. Hint: First observe that x
n
e
x
2
< x
n
e
x
for x > 1. Then show that
x
n
e
x
< x
2
for x sufciently large.
SOLUTION For x > 1, x
2
> x; hence e
x
2
> e
x
, and 0 < e
x
2
< e
x
. Therefore, for x > 1 the following inequality holds:
x
nC2
e
x
2
< x
nC2
e
x
:
Now, using LH opitals Rule n C2 times, we nd
lim
x!1
x
nC2
e
x
D lim
x!1
x
nC2
e
x
D lim
x!1
.n C2/x
nC1
e
x
D lim
x!1
.n C2/.n C1/x
n
e
x
D D lim
x!1
.n C2/
e
x
D 0:
Therefore,
lim
x!1
x
nC2
e
x
2
D 0
by the Squeeze Theorem, and there exists a number R > 1 such that, for all x > R:
x
nC2
e
x
2
< 1 or x
n
e
x
2
< x
2
:
Finally, write
Z
1
0
x
n
e
x
2
dx D
Z
R
0
x
n
e
x
2
dx C
Z
1
R
x
n
e
x
2
dx:
The rst integral on the right-hand side has nite value since the integrand is a continuous function. The second integral converges
since on the interval of integration, x
n
e
x
2
< x
2
and we know that
Z
1
R
x
2
dx D
Z
1
R
dx
x
2
converges. We conclude that the
integral
Z
1
0
x
n
e
x
2
dx converges.
94. Compute the Laplace transform Lf .s/ of the function f .x/ D x for s > 0. See Exercises 8689 in Section 7.6 for the
denition of Lf .s/.
SOLUTION The Laplace transform of f .x/ D x is the following integral:
L.x/.s/ D
Z
1
0
xe
sx
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
xe
sx
dx:
We compute the denite integral using Integration by Parts with u D x and v
0
D e
sx
. Then u
0
D 1, v D
1
s
e
sx
and
Z
R
0
xe
sx
dx D
1
s
xe
sx
R
0
C
Z
R
0
1
s
e
sx
dx D
_
1
s
Re
sR
1
s
2
e
sx
_
R
0
D
1
s
Re
sR
1
s
2
_
e
sR
e
0
_
D
1
s
2

1
s
2
e
sR
1
s
Re
sR
:
Therefore,
L.x/.s/ D lim
R!1
_
1
s
2

1
s
2
e
sR
1
s
Re
sR
_
D
1
s
2

1
s
2
lim
R!1
e
sR
1
s
lim
R!1
Re
sR
:
Since s > 0, we have lim
R!1
e
sR
D 0. Also by LH opitals Rule:
lim
R!1
Re
sR
D lim
R!1
R
e
sR
D lim
R!1
1
se
sR
D 0:
Finally,
L.x/.s/ D
1
s
2
0 0 D
1
s
2
:
95. Compute the Laplace transform Lf .s/ of the function f .x/ D x
2
e
x
for s > .
SOLUTION The Laplace transform is the following integral:
L
_
x
2
e
x
_
.s/ D
Z
1
0
x
2
e
x
e
sx
dx D
Z
1
0
x
2
e
.s/x
dx D lim
R!1
Z
R
0
x
2
e
.s/x
dx:
We compute the denite integral using Integration by Parts with u D x
2
, v
0
D e
.s/x
. Then u
0
D 2x, v D
1
s
e
.s/x
and
Z
R
0
x
2
e
.s/x
dx D
1
s
x
2
e
.s/x
R
xD0
Z
R
0
2x
1
s
e
.s/x
dx
D
1
s
R
2
e
.s/R
2
s
Z
R
0
xe
.s/x
dx:
We compute the resulting integral using Integration by Parts again, this time with u D x and v
0
D e
.s/x
. Then u
0
D 1,
v D
1
s
e
.s/x
and
Z
R
0
xe
.s/x
dx D x
1
s
e
.s/x
R
xD0
1
s
Z
R
0
e
.s/x
dx D
_
x
s
e
.s/x
1
. s/
2
e
.s/x
_
R
xD0
D
R
s
e
.s/R
1
. s/
2
_
e
.s/R
e
0
_
D
1
. s/
2

1
. s/
2
e
.s/R
C
R
s
e
.s/R
:
Thus,
Z
R
0
x
2
e
.s/x
dx D
1
s
R
2
e
.s/R
2
s
_
1
. s/
2

1
. s/
2
e
.s/R
C
R
s
e
.s/R
_
D
1
s
R
2
e
.s/R
2
. s/
3
C
2
. s/
3
e
.s/R
2R
. s/
2
e
.s/R
;
and
L
_
x
2
e
x
_
.s/ D
2
.s /
3

1
s
lim
R!1
R
2
e
.s/R
2
.s /
3
lim
R!1
e
.s/R
2
.s /
2
lim
R!1
Re
.s/R
:
Now, since s > , lim
R!1
e
.s/R
D 0. We use LH opitals Rule to compute the other two limits:
lim
R!1
Re
.s/R
D lim
R!1
R
e
.s/R
D lim
R!1
1
.s /e
.s/R
D 0I
lim
R!1
R
2
e
.s/R
D lim
R!1
R
2
e
.s/R
D lim
R!1
2R
.s /e
.s/R
D lim
R!1
2
.s /
2
e
.s/R
D 0:
Finally,
L
_
x
2
e
x
_
.s/ D
2
.s /
3
0 0 0 D
2
.s /
3
:
96. Estimate
Z
5
2
f .x/ dx by computing T
2
, M
3
, T
6
, and S
6
for a function f .x/ taking on the values in the following table:
x 2 2:5 3 3:5 4 4:5 5
f .x/
1
2
2 1 0
3
2
4 2
SOLUTION To calculate T
2
, divide 2; 5| into two subintervals of length x D
3
2
with endpoints x
0
D 2, x
1
D 3:5, x
2
D 5. Then
T
2
D
1
2
3
2
.f .2/ C2f .3:5/ Cf .5// D 0:75
_
1
2
C2 0 C.2/
_
D
9
8
:
To calculate M
3
, divide 2; 5| into three subintervals of length x D 1 with midpoints c
1
D 2:5, c
2
D 3:5, c
3
D 4:5. Then
M
3
D 1 .f .2:5/ Cf .3:5/ Cf .4:5// D 2 C0 4 D 2:
To calculate T
6
, divide 2; 5| into 6 subintervals of length
52
6
D
1
2
with endpoints x
0
D 2, x
1
D 2:5, x
2
D 3, x
3
D 3:5, x
4
D 4 ,
x
5
D 4:5, x
6
D 5. Then
T
6
D
1
2
1
2
.f .2/ C2f .2:5/ C2f .3/ C2f .3:5/ C2f .4/ C2f .4:5/ Cf .5//
D
1
4
_
1
2
C2 2 C2 1 C2 0 C2
_
3
2
_
C2.4/ C.2/
_
D
13
8
:
Finally, to calculate S
6
, divide 2; 5| into 6 subintervals of length x D
52
6
D
1
2
with endpoints x
0
D 2, x
1
D 2:5, x
2
D 3,
x
3
D 3:5, x
4
D 4 , x
5
D 4:5, x
6
D 5. Then
S
6
D
1
3
1
2
.f .2/ C4f .2:5/ C2f .3/ C4f .3:5/ C2f .4/ C4f .4:5/ Cf .5//
D
1
6
_
1
2
C4 2 C2 1 C4 0 C2
_
3
2
_
C4.4/ C.2/
_
D
7
4
:
97. State whether the approximation M
N
or T
N
is larger or smaller than the integral.
(a)
Z

0
sin x dx (b)
Z
2
sin x dx
(c)
Z
8
1
dx
x
2
(d)
Z
5
2
ln x dx
SOLUTION
(a) Because f .x/ D sin x is concave down on the interval 0; |,
T
N

Z

0
sin x dx M
N
I
that is, T
N
is smaller and M
N
is larger than the integral.
(b) On the interval ; 2|, the function f .x/ D sin x is concave up, therefore
M
N

Z
2
sin x dx T
N
I
that is, M
N
is smaller and T
N
(c) The function f .x/ D
1
x
2
is concave up on the interval 1; 8|; therefore,
M
N

Z
8
1
dx
x
2
T
N
I
that is, M
N
is smaller and T
N
(d) The integrand y D ln x is concave down on the interval 2; 5|; hence,
T
N

Z
5
2
ln x dx M
N
I
that is, T
N
is smaller and M
N
98. The rainfall rate (in inches per hour) was measured hourly during a 10-hour thunderstorm with the following results:
0; 0:41; 0:49; 0:32; 0:3; 0:23;
0:09; 0:08; 0:05; 0:11; 0:12
Use Simpsons Rule to estimate the total rainfall during the 10-hour period.
SOLUTION We have 10 subintervals of length x D 1. Thus, the total rainfall during the 10-hour period is approximately
S
10
D
1
3
10 C4 0:41 C2 0:49 C4 0:32 C2 0:3 C4 0:23 C2 0:09 C4 0:08 C2 0:05
C4 0:11 C0:12|
D 2:19 inches:
In Exercises 99104, compute the given approximation to the integral.
99.
Z
1
0
e
x
2
dx, M
5
SOLUTION Divide the interval 0; 1| into 5 subintervals of length x D
10
5
D
1
5
, with midpoints c
1
D
1
10
, c
2
D
3
10
, c
3
D
1
2
,
c
4
D
7
10
, and c
5
D
9
10
. Then
M
5
D ^x
_
f
_
1
10
_
Cf
_
3
10
_
Cf
_
1
2
_
Cf
_
7
10
_
Cf
_
9
10
__
D
1
5
h
e
.1=10/
2
Ce
.3=10/
2
Ce
.1=2/
2
Ce
.7=10/
2
Ce
.9=10/
2
i
D 0:748053:
100.
Z
4
2
p
6t
3
C1 dt , T
3
42
3
D
2
3
, with endpoints 2,
8
3
,
10
3
, 4. Then,
T
3
D
1
2
x
_
f.2/ C2f
_
8
3
_
C2f
_
10
3
_
Cf.4/
_
D
1
2
2
3
0
@
p
6 2
3
C1 C2
s
6
_
8
3
_
3
C1 C2
s
6
_
10
3
_
3
C1 C
p
6 4
3
C1
1
A
D 25:976514:
101.
Z
=2
=4
p
sin 0 d0, M
4
SOLUTION Divide the interval
_
4
;

2
_
into 4 subintervals of length x D
4
4
D

16
with midpoints
9
32
,
11
32
,
13
32
, and
15
32
.
Then
M
4
D x
_
f
_
9
32
_
Cf
_
11
32
_
Cf
_
13
32
_
Cf
_
15
32
__
D

16
r
sin
9
32
C
r
sin
11
32
C
r
sin
13
32
C
r
sin
15
32
!
D 0:744978:
102.
Z
4
1
dx
x
3
C1
, T
6
41
6
D
1
2
with endpoints 1,
3
2
, 2,
5
2
, 3,
7
2
, 4. Then
T
6
D
1
2
x
_
f.1/ C2f
_
3
2
_
C2f .2/ C2f
_
5
2
_
C2f .3/ C2f
_
7
2
_
Cf.4/
_
D
1
2
1
2
0
B
@
1
1
3
C1
C2
1
_
3
2
_
3
C1
C2
1
2
3
C1
C2
1
_
5
2
_
3
C1
C2
1
3
3
C1
C2
1
.
7
2
/
2
C1
C
1
4
3
C1
1
C
A D 0:358016:
103.
Z
1
0
e
x
2
dx, S
4
1
4
with endpoints 0,
1
4
,
1
2
,
3
4
, 1. Then
S
6
D
1
3
x
_
f.0/ C4f
_
1
4
_
C2f
_
1
2
_
C4f
_
3
4
_
Cf.1/
_
D
1
3
1
4
_
e
0
2
C4e
.1=4/
2
C2e
.1=2/
2
C4e
.3=4/
2
Ce
1
2
_
D 0:746855:
104.
Z
9
5
cos.x
2
/ dx, S
8
95
8
D
1
2
with endpoints 5,
11
2
, 6,
13
2
, 7,
15
2
, 8,
17
2
, 9.
Then
S
8
D
1
3
x
_
f.5/ C4f
_
11
2
_
C2f .6/ C4f
_
13
2
_
C2f .7/ C4f
_
15
2
_
C2f .8/ C4f
_
17
2
_
Cf.9/
_
D
1
3
1
2
_
cos.5
2
/ C4 cos.5:5
2
/ C2 cos.6
2
/ C4 cos.6:5
2
/
C2 cos.7
2
/ C4 cos.7:5
2
/ C2 cos.8
2
/ C4 cos.8:5
2
/ Ccos.9
2
/
_
D 0:608711:
105. The following table gives the area A.h/ of a horizontal cross section of a pond at depth h. Use the Trapezoidal Rule to estimate
the volume V of the pond (Figure 1).
h (ft) A.h/ (acres) h (ft) A.h/ (acres)
0 2:8 10 0:8
2 2:4 12 0:6
4 1:8 14 0:2
6 1:5 16 0:1
8 1:2 18 0
Area of horizontal
cross section is A(h)
h
FIGURE 1
SOLUTION The volume of the pond is the following integral:
V D
Z
18
0
A.h/dh
We approximate the integral using the trapezoidal approximation T
9
. The interval of depth 0; 18| is divided to 9 subintervals of
length x D 2 with endpoints 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18. Thus,
V T
9
D
1
2
2.2:8 C2 2:4 C2 1:8 C2 1:5 C2 1:2 C2 0:8 C2 0:6 C2 0:2 C2 0:1 C0/
D 20 acre ft D 871;200 ft
3
;
where we have used the fact that 1 acre D43,560 ft
2
.
106. Suppose that the second derivative of the function A.h/ in Exercise 105 satises jA
00
.h/j 1:5. Use the error bound to nd
the maximum possible error in your estimate of the volume V of the pond.
SOLUTION The Error Bound for the Trapezoidal Rule states that
Error .T
N
/
K
2
.b a/
3
12N
2
;
where K
2
is a number such that
f
00
.x/
K
2
for all x 2 a; b|. We estimated the volume of the pond by T
9
; hence N D 9. The
interval of depth is 0; 18| hence b a D 18 0 D 18. Since
A
00
.h/
1:5 acres=ft
2
we may take K
2
D 1:5, to nd that the error
cannot exceed
K
2
.b a/
3
12N
2
D
1:5 18
3
12 9
2
D 9 acre ft D 392;040 ft
3
;
where we have used the fact that 1 acre D43,560 ft
2
.
107. Find a bound for the error
M
16
Z
3
1
x
3
dx
.
SOLUTION The Error Bound for the Midpoint Rule states that
M
N

Z
b
a
f .x/ dx
K
2
.b a/
3
24N
2
;
where K
2
f
00
.x/
K
2
for all x 2 1; 3|. Here b a D 3 1 D 2 and N D 16. Therefore,
M
16
Z
3
1
x
3
dx
K
2
2
3
24 16
2
D
K
2
768
:
To nd K
2
, we differentiate f .x/ D x
3
twice:
f
0
.x/ D 3x
2
and f
00
.x/ D 6x:
On the interval 1; 3| we have
f
00
.x/
D 6x 6 3 D 18; hence, we may take K

2
D 18. Thus,
M
16
Z
3
1
x
3
dx
18
768
D
3
128
D 0:0234375:
108. Let f.x/ D sin.x
3
/. Find a bound for the error
T
24
Z
=2
0
f .x/ dx
Hint: Find a bound K

2
for jf
00
.x/j by plotting f
00
.x/ with a graphing utility.
SOLUTION Using the error bound for T
24
we obtain:
T
24
Z
=2
0
f .x/ dx
K
2
_
2
0
_
3
12 24
2
D
K
2
3
55; 296
;
where K
2
f
00
.x/
< k
2
for all x 2
_
0;

2
_
. We compute the rst and second derivative of f .x/ D sin.x
3
/:
f
0
.x/ D 3x
2
cos.x
3
/
f
00
.x/ D 6x cos.x
3
/ C3x
2
3x
2
_
sin.x
3
/
_
D 6x cos.x
3
/ 9x
4
sin.x
3
/
The graph of f
00
.x/ D 6x cos.x
3
/ 9x
4
sin.x
3
/ on the interval
_
0;

2
_
shows that
f
00
.x/
30 on this interval. We may choose

K
2
D 30 and nd
T
24
Z
=2
0
f .x/ dx
30
3
55;296
D
5
3
9216
D 0:0168220:
5 4 3 2
!30
!20
!10
30
20
10
x
y
109. Find a value of N such that
M
N

Z
=4
0
tan x dx
10
4
SOLUTION To use the Error Bound we must nd the second derivative of f .x/ D tan x. We differentiate f twice to obtain:
f
0
.x/ D sec
2
x
f
00
.x/ D 2 sec x tan x D
2 sin x
cos
2
x
For 0 x

4
, we have sin x sin

4
D
1
p
2
and cos x
1
p
2
or cos
2
x
1
2
. Therefore, for 0 x

4
we have:
f
00
.x/ D
2 sin x
cos
2
x
2
1
p
2
1
2
D 2
p
2:
Using the Error Bound with b D

4
, a D 0 and K
2
D 2
p
2 we have:
M
N

Z
=4
0
tan x dx
2
p
2
_
4
0
_
3
24N
2
D

3
p
2
768N
2
:
We must choose a value of N such that:
3
p
2
768N
2
10
4
N
2
10
4
p
2
3
768
N 23:9
The smallest integer that is needed to obtain the required precision is N D 24.
110. Find a value of N such that S
N
approximates
Z
5
2
x
1=4
dx with an error of at most 10
2
(but do not calculate S
N
).
SOLUTION To use the error bound we must nd the fourth derivative f
.4/
.x/. We differentiate f .x/ D x
1=4
four times to
obtain:
f
0
.x/ D
1
4
x
5=4
; f
00
.x/ D
5
16
x
9=4
; f
000
.x/ D
45
64
x
13=4
; f
.4/
.x/ D
585
256
x
17=4
:
For 2 x 5 we have:
f
.4/
.x/
D
585
256x
17=4

585
256 2
17=4
D 0:120099:
Using the error bound with b D 5, a D 2 and K
4
D 0:120099 we have:
Error .S
N
/
0:120099.5 2/
5
180N
4
D
0:162134
N
4
:
We must choose a value of N such that:
0:162134
N
4
10
2
N
4
16:2134
N 2:00664
The smallest even value of N that is needed to obtain the required precision is N D 4.
AP-7
Chapter 7: Techniques of Integration
Preparing for the AP Exam Solutions

Multiple Choice Questions

1) B 2) D 3) C 4) C 5) C
6) B 7) B 8) D 9) C 10) D
11) A 12) D 13) B 14) D 15) D
16) E 17) D 18) D 19) B 20) D

Free Response Questions
1. a) dx
x
du x u
2
1
1
1
sin
= =

and x v dx dv = = so dx
x
x
x x dx x
} }

=

2
1 1
1
sin sin
= C x x x + +
2 1
1 sin
b) 1
2
) 1 sin (
1
0
2 1
= +
t
x x x
c) The area under the curve x y
1
sin
= in the first quadrant plus the area to the left of this curve in the first
quadrant forms a rectangle of height
2
t
and base 1, so total area is
2
t
. The area to the left of the curve, when
viewed from the y- axis, is under the graph y x sin = , and so this area is
}
2
0
sin
t
dy y Thus total area is
2
t
=
area to left + area under =
} }
+
2
0
1
0
1
sin sin
t
dy y dx x .
POINTS:
(a) (5 pts) 1) dx
x
du
2
1
1
= ; 2) dx
x
x
x x dx x
} }

=

2
1 1
1
sin sin ; 2) Answer with C
(b) (1 pt)
(c) (3 pts) 1) area to left of curve as definite integral; 1) area under curve as definite integral; 1) area of
rectangle

2. a)
}
~
2
1
) ( dx x f 6 . 3 ) 6 )(. 7 . 1 ( ) 4 )(. 2 . 1 ( = + f f

b)
}
~
2
1
) ( dx x f
))) 3 )(. 2 ( ) 3 )(. 7 . 1 ( ) 2 )(. 4 . 1 ( ) 2 )(. 2 . 1 ( ( )) 3 )(. 7 . 1 ( ) 3 )(. 4 . 1 ( ) 2 )(. 2 . 1 ( ) 2 )(. 1 ( (( 5 . f f f f f f f f + + + + + + + =
5.2
c) 4 ) 7 . 1 ( ) 2 . 1 ( ) (
2 . 1
7 . 1
}
= = ' f f dx x f
d) To compute
}
' '
2
1
) ( dx x f x use parts with x u = and ) (x f dv ' ' = .
}
' '
2
1
) ( dx x f x =
2
2
1
1
( ( )) ( ) x f x f x dx ' '
}
= ) 12 8 ( ) 7 1 5 2 ( = 21
AP-7

POINTS:
(a) (2 pts) 1) Uses f(1.2) and f(1.7); 1) uses 6 . and 4 . = Ax
(b) (2 pts) 1) Left- and Right-Riemann sums; 1) average
(c) (2 pts) 1) uses FTC; 1) Answer
(d) (3 pts) 2) uses parts
}
' '
2
1
) ( dx x f x =
2
2
1
1
( ( )) ( ) x f x f x dx ' '
}
; 1) Answer

3. a) Let
x
x g
1
) ( = . Then for 2 > x ,
1
1 1 1
2 2
< =
x x
x
and
=
}
2
1
dx
x
= =

}
)) 2 ln( ) (ln( lim
1
lim
2
w dx
x
w
w
w
. Since 0 ) ( ) ( > > x g x f , and
}
2
) ( dx x g diverges, so
does
}
2
) ( dx x f
b)
}
2
2
) ( dx x f t =
}

w
w
dx
x
2
2
1
1
lim t . Let
2
3
) ( x x g = . Then 0
1
lim
2
2
3
=

x
x
x
, so for large values of x,
) 1 (
2
2
3
< x x , or 0
1
1 1
2
2
3
>
>
x
x
. The integral
}
2
2
3
1
dx
x
converges by the p-test, hence so does
}
2
2
1
1
dx
x
and then so does
}
2
2
1
dx
x
t
.

POINTS:
(a) (4 pts) 1) Finds a function g(x) with
}
2
) ( dx x g divergent. 1) rewrites
}
2
) ( dx x g as a limit of a definite
integral ; 1) shows
}
2
) ( dx x g diverges; 1) Conclusion using 0 ) ( ) ( > > x g x f .
(b) (5 pts) 1) writes volume =
}
2
2
) ( dx x f t ; 1) finds an appropriate g; 1) rewrites
}
2
) ( dx x g as a limit of a
definite integral; 1) shows
}
2
) ( dx x g converges; 1) conclusion

4. a) Since A > 0 and B > 0, 0 <
2
1
) )( (
1
x B x A x
<
+ +
for 2 > x .
}
2
2
1
dx
x
=
}

w
w
dx
x
2
2
1
lim =

2
1
)
2
1 1
( lim
1
lim
2
= +

w x
w
w
w
. Thus by direct comparison,
}
2
) ( dx x f converges.
b) To compute
}
+ +
dx
x x ) 5 )( 3 (
1
, we use partial fractions. Set
5 3 ) 5 )( 3 (
1
+
+
+
=
+ + x
D
x
C
x x
=
) 5 )( 3 (
3 5
+ +
+ + +
x x
D Dx C Cx
. So 1 3 5 ) ( = + + + D C x D C . Thus 0 = + D C and 1 3 5 = + D C . Thus
2
1
,
2
1
= = D C .
}
+ +
dx
x x ) 5 )( 3 (
1
=
}
+
+
dx
x x ) 5 ( 2
1
) 3 ( 2
1
= C x x + + + 5 ln
2
1
3 ln
2
1
, so
AP-7
}
+ +
2
) 5 )( 3 (
1
dx
x x
=
2
1 1
lim (( ln 3 ln 5) )
2 2
w
w
x x
+ + =
)) 7 ln 5 (ln 5 ln 3 (ln lim
2
1
+ +

w w
w
= )
7
5
ln
5
3
(ln lim
2
1
+
+

w
w
w
=
7
5
ln
2
1
)
7
5
ln 1 (ln
2
1
=

POINTS:
(a) (3 pts) 1) Uses comparison correctly; 1) writes improper integral as limit of definite integral; 1)
evaluates
}
2
2
1
dx
x

(b) (6 pts) 1) writes
5 3 ) 5 )( 3 (
1
+
+
+
=
+ + x
D
x
C
x x
; 1) finds C and D; 1) antidifferentiation; 1) uses FTC on
a bounded interval; 1) uses property of ln function; 1) answer

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7

for jxj < 1.

D 6x 6 3 D 18; hence, we may take K

Hint: Find a bound K

30 on this interval. We may choose

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