Abstract-- Stability analysis of the dc-dc power electronic

system is analyzed in this paper using a G-parameter approach.

For demonstration boost converter cascaded with the hybrid
switched capacitor converter considered as an example. The
boost converter is acting as the bus converter, 42 V bus, while the
switched capacitor converter is the point of load converter. The
two converters are provided with voltage-mode and peak-
current-mode controllers, respectively. Converter two-port G-
parameter network models are developed and then stability of
the cascaded system has been analyzed. Cascaded system
interaction effects, (i) source converter power handling capability
with switching load, and (ii) load converter interfacing capability
with bus converter, are analyzed. Simulation and experimental
results are provided for verification purpose.

Index TermsBoost converter with output filter, Hybrid
switched capacitor converter, Two-port network, voltage-mode
control.
I. NOMENCLATURE
D

Steady-state duty ratio
f
s
Switching frequency
T
s
Switching period
V
g
,V
0
Source and load voltages
T
oi-o
=
0

( ) / ( )
g
i s i s

Inverse current transfer gain
G
oi-o
(s)=
0
) ( ) / (
g
v s v s
Output-to-input voltage transfer
function
Z
0-0
=
0
)

( ) / (
o
v s i s
Output impedance
Y
in-o
=
) ( ) / (
g g
i s v s

Input admittance
II. INTRODUCTION
HE power demand in telecom and automotive applications
is continuously increasing day-by-day. In order to cater
these increased power demand the recent dc power supply
distribution system (DCDS) is becoming a complex network
and ensuring the stability of such system is an important task
of the power supply designer [1]-[7]. The DCDS typically
consists of several smaller subsystems, and each subsystem is

This work was supported in part by the MHRD, Govt. of India through R
& D Project under Grant IRD-RP01763.

M. Veerachary is with Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110016, India
(e-mail: mvchay@ee.iitd.ac.in).

978-1-4244-1762-9/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE

provided with its own controller. The subsystems are then
integrated to form a DCDS [8]-[17]. The most important issue
involved in the system integration is the stability and
interactions among the individual subsystems. Although the
individual subsystems are stable, in stand-alone mode, but the
integrated system may become unstable. This instability
mainly arises due to: (i) lack enough power supplying
capability of the bus converter at a predefined bus voltage, (ii)
interface mismatch of load converter with its bus converter,
and (iii) reflected interactions of downstream converters, etc.
To avoid all these problems, involved in the DCDS, the design
engineer is required to verify the impedance criterion.
Although this verification is not the problematic in the DCDS,
but identifying their induced interactions between them is a
complex task. The easiest method to predetermine the induced
interactions of each sub-system is by using two-port modeling
[10] methodology.

The real dc-dc distribution consists of several intermediate
power distribution stages and this type of system is essentially
segregated into a two-stage distribution system, two sub-
systems, for analysis of bus and load converter interactions on
each other. Hence, consideration of two-stage approach is
justified. This paper primarily explores the stability issues of
the non-isolated two-stage DCDS. Although several different
converter configurations can be used in these two stages but
for concept demonstration a boost converter with output for
the source end sub-system, while hybrid-switched capacitor
for load end sub-system are considered.

III. STABILITY ANALYSIS OF CASCADED DC DISTRIBUTED
POWER ELECTRONIC SYSTEM
Fig. 1 shows the typical two-stage distributed power supply
(DPS) consisting of a front-end converter, source subsystem,
and several other downstream load converters in parallel, load
subsystem. One possible design procedure for the DCDS, Fig.
1, is to design the line conditioner separately using an ac un-
terminated modeling approach. Then, based on the output
impedance characteristics of the line converter, a specification
can be set for the input impedance of the load subsystem to
ensure the system stability. The sufficient condition to
guarantee the system stability is to force the magnitude of the
input impedance of the load subsystem to be greater than the
magnitude of the output impedance of the source subsystem.


G-Parameter Based Stability Analysis of
DC-DC Power Electronic System
M. Veerachary, Senior Member, IEEE, Anmol Ratna Saxena
T


Fig. 1a. Block diagram of the two-stage distributed dc power supply system.

Fig. 1b. Boost converter with output filter (source sub-system)

Fig.1c. Hybrid switched capacitor converter (load sub-system).

A. G-Parameter Based Two-Port Network Modeling of
Cascaded system
The dynamics of a regulated converter is represented using
a set of transfer functions known as the G- parameters [10]
given by (1) for open-loop system and (2) for a closed-loop
system. G-parameters based analysis has advantageous as it is
easy to measure these parameters and almost all electrical
circuits can easily be replaced with G-parameter based
equivalent circuits. In this modeling the input port of the
network is Nortons equivalent circuit, while the output port is
Thevenins equivalent circuit. In terms of matrix notation the
input port is defined in the first row, while second row defines
the output port. For analysis of the dc-dc converters, used in
DCDS, a set of transfer functions, called un-terminated
transfer functions, are formulated by eliminating source and
load and its two-port equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 2.
The reason for this assumption is that, in DCDS the nature of
load and source is not know explicitly just like in stand-alone
converters. From Fig. 2 one can easily establish the input
current and output voltage in terms of input voltage, output
current and control variable. The compact notation in matrix
form is:
in
in-os oi-os ci-s
in
o
io-os o-os co-s
o
u

Y T G
i

= i
G -Z G u

d






(1)
in
N oi-cs
in
io-cs T
o o
u
Y T
i
=

G -Z u i






(2)

ins
u

o
u

o
j

in
u

N
i

T
u

in
i

o
i

Fig. 2. The two-port network model of the dc-dc converter.

B. Load interactions

By including the actual load the load induced effects can be
found, from Fig. 2, by computing load terminal quantities,
o
u
and
o
i

, and then substituting in (1) and (2). The resulting

model equations are defined by (3) and (4).
oi-os L oi-os co-s oi-os
in
in-os ci-s
L o-os L L o-os in
o
L o-os L L o
L o-os L o-os L o-os
T Z T G T
u
Y + G +

Z +Z Z Z +Z i

= i
Z Z Z Z u
-
d
Z +Z Z +Z Z +Z












(3)
oi-cs io-cs oi-cs L
in-cs
in L o-cs L o-cs
in
L io-cs L o-cs
o 0
L o-cs L o-cs
T G T Z
Y +
u Z +Z Z +Z
i
=

Z G Z Z u i
-
Z +Z Z +Z










(4)
C. Supply interactions
By including the actual source subsystem the source
induced effects can be found, from Fig. 2, by computing
source terminal quantities,
o
u and
o
i

, and then substituting

in (1) and (2). The resulting model equations are defined by
(5) and (6).

in-ol oi-ol ci-l
ins
S in-ol S in-ol S in-ol in
o
io-ol S in-sc S in- o
o-ol co-l
S in-ol S in-ol S in-ol
Y T G
u

1+Z Y 1+Z Y 1+Z Y

i

= i
G 1+Z Y 1+Z Y u
- Z G
d
1+Z Y 1+Z Y 1+Z Y












(5)
in-cl oi -cl
i ns S i n-cl S in-cl
i n
i o-cl S in-sc o o
o-cl
S i n-cl S in-cl
Y T
u 1+Z Y 1+Z Y
i
=

G 1+Z Y u i
- Z
1+Z Y 1+Z Y










(6)
io ol ci l
in in ol
co l
G G
Y Y
G

=
(7)
io ol oi ol
in sc in ol
o ol
G T
Y Y
Z

= +
(8)

Fig. 3. Block diagram of the two stage cascaded DPS.

IV. CRITERION FOR SYSTEM STABILITY
Fig. 3 shows two dc-dc converter subsystems connected in
series. Let the source subsystem has an input-to-output
transfer function of F
A
, and the load subsystem has an input-
to-output transfer function of F
B
then the overall input-to-
output transfer function of the cascaded system is given by

m
B A
A
B
AB
T
F F
V
V
F
+
= =
1
1
2
; (9)
where ;
m o in
T Z Z = Z
o
is the output impedance of the source
subsystem, and Z
in
is the input impedance of the load
subsystem. The impedance ratio at the interface port, defined
as
m o in
T Z Z =
, can be considered as the loop-gain of the
integrated system and it can be used to determine the stability
as well as the loading effects. If |Z
in
| >> |Z
o
| for all
frequencies, then the loading effect is negligible and the
system stability will depend only upon the stability of the
individual subsystems. However, in many cascaded systems, it
is often impossible for the system to have |Z
in
| >> |Z
o
| at all
interconnections, while still meeting all other system
specifications. When |Z
o
| is larger than |Z
in
|, a considerable
loading effect exists. In such cases the Nyquist criterion need
to be applied to establish stability of the system.

V. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
To demonstrate the proposed modeling and stability
analysis, a two-stage distributed power supply system,
cascading of two converters, is considered here. For the source
subsystem boost converter with output filter, while hybrid
switched capacitor converter is used for load subsystem. Here,
the source subsystem is controlled with voltage-mode control
technique, while the load subsystem is controlled with peak
current mode control technique. State-space models for the
individual models have been derived and then input and
output impedances have been determined using MATLAB
[18]. The controller parameters for each individual subsystem
are designed by using MATLAB program. Type-III
compensator has been used with voltage-mode control
technique and Type-II compensator has been used for with
peak-current mode controller. The final design parameters of
the controllers for this operating condition are listed in Table
I. Various frequency response characteristics are plotted in
Figs. 4 and 5.

To verify the theoretical analysis simulation studies have
been made using PSIM simulator [19] and experimental
measurements were made on prototype dc-dc conversion
system. The voltage levels used at different stages are: (i)
supply voltage to the source subsystem is 24 V, (ii)
intermediate bus voltage is 42 V and, (iii) load subsystem
voltage is 28 V. DCDS regulation capability is tested for the
following cases: (i) supply voltage change 24 20 V at the
input of the source subsystem, (ii) load change from 50 30
, and (iii) at intermediate stage the load is changed from 180
120 . In all these cases the system is stable and voltage
regulation is achieved both at point of load interface and
intermediate bus. For demonstration the simulation and
experimental results, for load disturbance at down stream
converter, are shown in Figs. 6 and 7.

The experimental results were closely matching with the
simulation results. Slight discrepancy between the simulation
and experimental values are attributed to the following factors:
(i) voltage drops in the switching devices, (ii) simulation
modeling methods, (iii) errors in measuring instruments, etc.

Fig. 4. Impedance overlap at interface port.
a: open-loop output Impedance of source subsystem
b: open-loop input impedance of load subsystem
c: closed-loop output impedance of source subsystem with voltage-mode
control
d: Closed loop input impedance of load subsystem with voltage-mode
control
e: Closed loop input impedance of load subsystem with peak-current-
mode control.


Fig. 5. Minor loop gain plot.
g: Open-loop minor-loop gain
h: Closed-loop minor loop gain



Fig. 6. Simulated dynamic responses of the cascaded DCDS.



Fig. 7. Experimental dynamic responses of the cascaded DCDS.

VI. CONCLUSIONS
Digital voltage mode controller for HOBC was designed.
Mathematical models were developed using state-space
averaging method and then digital compensator designs were
discussed. 3
rd
order compensator, using digital direct design
approach, was designed to ensure load voltage regulation. The
designed compensator validity was verified through PSIM
simulations. The effect of controller pole-zero locations on the
stability margins was also discussed. These studies reveal that
the cross-over frequency should not be excessively high, for
better results trade-off value, in this case between (f
s
/3, f
s
/5),
would be the optimum choice.


TABLE I
DCDC SUBSYSTEM PARAMETERS
Boost converter with output
filter parameters
Hybrid switched capacitor
converter parameters
Power stage
parameters
Compensator
parameters
Power stage
parameters
Compensator
parameters
L11=100 H
L12=25 H
C11=20 F
C12=220 F
R1=20
R11=10 k
R12=18.6 k
R13=1.8 k
Cb1=30 nF
Cb2=5 nF
Cb3=10 nF
L21=400 H
C21=10 F
C22=220F
R2=100
R21=10 k
R22=5.3 k
Cs1=100 pF
Cs2=50 pF

VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the MHRD, Govt. of India
for supporting this research through R & D scheme: Design
and development of fuzzy controllers for high frequency dc-dc
conversion systems.

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IX. BIOGRAPHIES
M. Veerachary was born in India in 1968. Mr. Chary completed his Dr. Eng
from University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan in 2002. Since then he is
with Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,
India and currently he is an Associate Professor. His research interests are
High frequency dc-dc conversion, design and analysis of satellite/spacecraft
power conditioning systems, modeling and simulation of large power
electronic systems, control theory application to power electronic systems and
intelligent controller applications to power supplies.


Anmol Ratna Saxena was born in Sagar, M.P, India. He received the Masters
degree from the MANIT Bhopal, M.P, India, in 2007, and currently he is a
research scholar, working towards Ph.D, in the Dept. of Electrical
Engineering, IIT Delhi. His fields of interest are power electronic converters
applications to small power supplies and digital controllers design for the
switch-mode converters.