Advanced Level Chemistry (Practical)

Experiment 7b Laboratory Short Report

Wong Wing o !"#S ($%)
Chemistry Laboratory Short Report
Date : &'
th
(ovember '#
Experiment Number : '7b
Title : Enthalpy o) )ormation o) calci*m carbonate
Objective : +o determine the enthalpy o) )ormation o) calci*m carbonate"
Experimental Proceure :
A" Reaction o) calci*m ,ith dil*te hydrochloric acid
-"'.g and -"'7g o) calci*m metal ,ere acc*rately ,eighed o*t" /sing
pipette" -'' cm
&
o) approximately - 0 hydrochloric acid ,as meas*red
o*t and it ,as placed in a plastic bea1er" +he temperat*re o) the acid ,as
determined" +he ,eighed calci*m ,as added into the acid and stirred
thoro*ghly ,ith the thermometer *ntil all the metal has reacted" +he
maxim*m temperat*re attained by the sol*tion ,as recorded" +he
experiment ,as repeated"
2" Reaction o) calci*m carbonate ,ith dil*te hydrochloric acid
$"3'g and $"3$g o) dry po,dered calci*m carbonate ,ere ,eighed o*t
directly into a clean dry plastics c*p" -'' cm
&
o) approximately - 0
hydrochloric acid ,as pipetted in another bea1er" +he acid ,as po*red on
the carbonate in the plastic bea1er" +he mixt*re ,as stirred bris1ly ,ith
the thermometer and the maxim*m temperat*re reached by the sol*tion
,as recorded" +he experiment ,as repeated"
!ssumption:
+he sol*tion in the plastic bea1er has the same speci)ic heat capacity as
,ater
4ensity o) the acid is the same as that o) ,ater5i"e"5-"' g cm6&
P"-7#
Advanced Level Chemistry (Practical)
Experiment 7b Laboratory Short Report
Wong Wing o !"#S ($%)
!" Reaction o# calcium $ith ilute hyrochloric aci
Results :
Experiment no" - $
0ass o) Ca *sed7 g -"'7 -"'.
8nitial temp" o) sol*tion7
o
C $&"3' $&"3'
!inal temp" o) sol*tion7
o
C 3'"'' .9"''
+emperat*re change7
o
C $#"3' $3"3'
%uestions:
:-" What does the term ;heat o) )ormation< o) a s*bstance mean=
A-" +he heat evolved o) the reaction ,hen one mole o) a s*bstance is
)ormed )rom its constit*ent elements is their standard states *nder
standard conditions"
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
:$" What are ;standard conditions< )or thermochemical calc*lations=
A$" 8t is de)ined as elements or compo*nds in their normal physical
states5 a press*re o) - atm (-'-&$3 (m
6$
)5 and a temperat*re o) $3
o
C
($9% ?)"
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
:&" Write the e@*ation )or the )ormation o) calci*m carbonate *nder
standard conditions" (Call this E@*ation -)
A&" Ca
(s)
A C
(s)
A &7$B
$(g)
CaCB
&(s)
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
:." Write an ionic e@*ation )or the reaction ta1en place"
(Call this E@*ation $)
A." Ca
(s)
A $
A
(a@")
Ca
$A
(a@")
A
$(g)
:3" Calc*late5 in each experiment5 the heat change in the reaction
bet,een the calci*m and the acid per gram o) calci*m"
A3" Energy evolved by the reaction
C Energy absorbed by the acid
2y E C mc+5
-
st
experimentD eat change C ('"-)(.$'')($#"3)7-"'7
C -'.'$E C -'".'1E g
6-
$
nd
experimentD eat change C ('"-)(.$'')($3"3)7-"'.
C -'$9%E C -'"&'1E g
6-

P"$7#
Advanced Level Chemistry (Practical)
Experiment 7b Laboratory Short Report
Wong Wing o !"#S ($%)
:#" Calc*late the average heat evolved by one mole o) calci*m"
A#" (*mber o) mole o) calci*m C -7.'"- C '"'$.9 mol
Average heat energy evolved C (-'.'$A-'$9%)7$ C -'&3'E
Average heat evolved by one mole o) calci*m
C-'&3'7'"'$.9 C .-3"7 1E mol
6-
:7" Why is the exact concentration o) the hydrochloric acid *nimportant=
A7" While the mass o) calci*m metal is the limiting )actor5 the
concentration o) the hydrochloric acid F*st a))ects the rate o) the reaction
and sho*ld be excess" So5 it is not important to the exact concentration"

:%" Sho*ld ,e meas*re the vol*me o) acid ,ith a meas*ring cylinder=
Why=
A%" We sho*ld not *se the meas*ring cylinder" We need to obtain the
vol*me o) acid *sed to apply into ECmc+" While the scale o) the
meas*ring cylinder is )ar )rom acc*rate5 ,e sho*ld *se the pipette"

P"&7#
Advanced Level Chemistry (Practical)
Experiment 7b Laboratory Short Report
Wong Wing o !"#S ($%)
&" Reaction o# calcium carbonate $ith ilute hyrochloric aci
Results :
Experiment no" - $
0ass o) CaCB
&
*sed7 g $"3$ $"3'
8nitial temp" o) sol*tion7
o
C $&"3' $&"3'
!inal temp" o) sol*tion7
o
C $3"'' $3"''
+emperat*re change7
o
C -"3' -"3'
%uestions:
:-" Write an ionic e@*ation )or the reaction ta1en place"
(Call this E@*ation &)
A-" CB
&
$6
(a@")
A $
A
(a@")
CB$
(g)
A
$
B
(l)
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
:$" Calc*late the average heat evolved by one mole o) calci*m
carbonate"
A$" Energy evolved by the reaction
C Energy absorbed by the acid
2y E C mc+5
-
st
experimentD eat change C ('"-)(.$'')(-"3)7$"3$
C $3'E C '"$31E g
6-
$
nd
experimentD eat change C ('"-)(.$'')(-"3)7$"3'
C $3$E C '"$31E g
6-
(*mber o) mole o) calci*m carbonate C -7(.'"-A-$A-#G&) C '"'- mol
Average heat energy evolved C ($3'A$3$)7$ C $3-E
Average heat evolved by one mole o) calci*m carbonate
C$3-7'"'- C $3"- 1E mol
6-

P".7#
Advanced Level Chemistry (Practical)
Experiment 7b Laboratory Short Report
Wong Wing o !"#S ($%)
:&" 4ra, an energy6cycle lin1ing E@*ation -5$ and & together5 yo* m*st
incl*de reactions that had not been per)ormed in the experiment"
A&"
Ca
(s)
A C
(s)
A &7$B
$(g)
A Cl
(a@")
CaCB&
(s)
A Cl
(a@")

$(g)
A CaCl
$(a@")
A C
(s)
A &7$ B
$(g)
CaCl
(a@")
A CB
$(g)
A
$
B
(l)
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
:." 2esides yo*r experimental res*lts5 ,hat other in)ormation do yo*
need to enable yo* to calc*late the heat o) )ormation o) calci*m
carbonate= Loo1 *p these necessary data )rom any s*itable so*rce"
A." +he enthalpy change o) )ormation o) ,aterD 6$%# 1E mol
6-
+he enthalpy change o) )ormation o) carbon dioxideD 6&9& 1E mol
6-
:3" Calc*late the heat o) )ormation o) calci*m carbonate"
A3" Enthalpy change o) )ormation o) calci*m carbonate
C Henthalpy change o) )ormation o) carbon dioxide A enthalpy change o)
e@*ation $I6Henthalpy change o) e@*ation & A enthalpy change o)
)ormation o) ,aterI
C (6.-3"7)A (6&9&)A(6$%#)6(6$3"-)
C 6-'#9"# 1E mol
6-

:#" As )ar as yo* can5 list o*t the maFor so*rces o) inacc*racy in the
experiment and s*ggest ,ays to improve them ,henever possible"
A#" So*rce o) errorsD
eat loss to s*rro*nding by evaporation5 cond*ction and radiation"
+he thermometer absorbed some energy"
+here are t,o ass*mptions ,hich are the speci)ic heat capacity and
the density o) the sol*tion are the same as those o) the ,ater"
Some o) the samples stic1 in the ,eighing bottle"
+he reading o) the thermometer is not acc*rate eno*gh"
P"37#
Advanced Level Chemistry (Practical)
Experiment 7b Laboratory Short Report
Wong Wing o !"#S ($%)
8mprovementD
/se the vac**m )las1 calorimeter instead o) the polystyrene )oam
c*p or *se the cotton ,ool to cover the o*ter s*r)ace o) the c*p"
/se a more acc*rate reading thermometer" (i"e" smaller scale)
!ind o*t the speci)ic heat capacity o) the sol*tion and the
thermometer"
/se the method o) ;,eighing by di))erence< to )ind o*t the amo*nt o) the
samples *sed"
:7" State the la, ,hich yo* have *sed in order to ans,er :*estion (3)"
A7" essJs la,"
essJs la, o) constant heat s*mmation states that the total enthalpy
change accompanying a chemical reaction is independent o) the ro*te by
,hich the chemical reaction ta1es place"
:%" State the la, ,hich yo* have *sed in order to ans,er :*estion (7)
depend= Why is this principle *se)*l=
A%" +he la, o) conservation o) energy states that energy can neither be
created nor destroyed b*t can be changed )rom one )orm to another"
+he importance o) essJs la, lies in the )act that enthalpy changes can be
calc*lated )or reactions that cannot be carried o*t in the laboratory5 or
reactions that are too slo, or involve the )ormation o) side prod*cts" So5
it is *se)*l"

Discussion:
+he amo*nt o) the acid sho*ld be s*re that it is excess ,ith a vie, to
*sing *p calci*m and calci*m carbonate"
8n the ass*mption5 the density and speci)ic heat capacity o) acid are
s*pposed to be same as the ,ater" !or the aim to be more acc*rate5
,e can )ind o*t the density and speci)ic heat capacity o) the acid"
+he enthalpy o) )ormation can also be )o*nd by the s*mmary o) all
the average bond enthalpy" o,ever5 it is very inacc*rate beca*se the
energy re@*ired to brea1 a partic*lar bond varies )rom one
compo*nd to another5 and even ,ithin the same compo*nd"
Conclusion:
+he enthalpy o) )ormation o) calci*m carbonate is 6-'#9"# 1E mol
6-
Re#erence : 0iss SinJs (ote
Comprehensive Chemistry Physical Chemistry 8(3
th
Edition)
Chem6is6try(Physical Chemistry :*estions Revie,)
httpD77h1"1no,ledge"yahoo"com7@*estion7=@idC7''#-''$''%79
httpD77,,,-"disc*ss"com"h17archiver7=tid6$7%.%3%"html
P"#7#