Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Diploma Project
Reinforced concrete structure
B+GF+5S
SUPERVISOR
Asist.Dr.Ing.Andrei Zybaczynski
STUDENT
Eanu Andrei Alin
BUCHAREST
2014
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
Table of Contents
1 Technical report .......................................................................................................................... - 6 1.1 Building description .......................................................................................................... - 6 1.2 Architectural characteristics .............................................................................................. - 6 1.3 Structural characteristics and materials used .................................................................... - 6 1.4 Structural computational aspects ...................................................................................... - 6 1.5 Data regarding the building site ........................................................................................ - 7 2 Load evaluation .......................................................................................................................... - 8 3 Predimensioning ....................................................................................................................... - 10 3.1 Slab.................................................................................................................................. - 10 3.2 Beams .............................................................................................................................. - 10 3.2.1 Longitudinal beams ............................................................................................... - 10 3.2.2 Transversal beams ................................................................................................. - 10 3.3 Columns .......................................................................................................................... - 10 3.3.1 Column 1 - corner column ..................................................................................... - 11 3.3.2 Column 2 - marginal column ................................................................................. - 11 3.3.3 Column 3 - central column .................................................................................... - 11 4 Walls ......................................................................................................................................... - 12 5 Evaluation of the seismic loads and load combination ............................................................ - 14 5.1 Equivalent seismic force ................................................................................................. - 14 5.2 Computational model for lateral and vertical load .......................................................... - 15 5.3 Vibration modes .............................................................................................................. - 16 6 Design of rigidity to lateral forces ............................................................................................ - 20 6.1 Serviceability Limit State Check (SLS) .......................................................................... - 20 6.2 Ultimate Limit State Check (ULS) ................................................................................. - 21 7 Dimensioning of the structural elements .................................................................................. - 23 7.1 Slab.................................................................................................................................. - 23 7.1.1 General computation scheme................................................................................. - 23 7.1.2 Static computation in the elastic-range slabs reinforced on one direction ............ - 23 7.1.3 Static computation in the elastic-range slabs reinforced on two directions .......... - 24 7.1.4 Dimensioning the reinforcement ........................................................................... - 29 7.2 Beams .............................................................................................................................. - 35 7.2.1 Design of the longitudinal reinforcement .............................................................. - 35 7.2.2 Design of the transversal reinforcement of the beams .......................................... - 41 7.3 Columns .......................................................................................................................... - 46 7.3.1 Geometrical characteristics.................................................................................... - 46 7.3.2 Provisions regarding the materials used ................................................................ - 46 -2-
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Civil Engineering
7.3.3 Longitudinal reinforcement provisions ................................................................. - 46 7.3.4 Longitudinal reinforcement design ........................................................................ - 46 7.3.5 Transversal reinforcement provisions ................................................................... - 47 7.3.6 Transversal reinforcement design .......................................................................... - 47 8 Structural Walls ........................................................................................................................ - 51 8.1 General considerations for the computations of the structural walls .............................. - 51 8.2 The values of the design sectional efforts in the walls ................................................... - 51 8.3 The longitudinal and transversal reinforcement.............................................................. - 52 8.4 Material provisions for structural walls .......................................................................... - 59 8.5 Geometric Exigencies ..................................................................................................... - 59 9 Foundation ................................................................................................................................ - 60 9.1 General Information ........................................................................................................ - 60 9.2 Predimensioning.............................................................................................................. - 60 10 Stairs ......................................................................................................................................... - 61 10.1General issues ................................................................................................................. - 61 10.2Loads ............................................................................................................................... - 61 10.3Reinforcement ................................................................................................................. - 62 11 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. - 65 -
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Table of Tables
Table 1-1 Geotechnical Conditions .......................................................................................... - 7 Table 2-1 Load on current floor ............................................................................................... - 8 Table 2-2 Load from terrace .................................................................................................... - 8 Table 2-3 Load from faade ..................................................................................................... - 8 Table 5-1 Modal Participating Mass Ratios ........................................................................... - 19 Table 6-1 SX drift check ........................................................................................................ - 21 Table 6-2 SY drift check ........................................................................................................ - 21 Table 6-3 SX drift check ........................................................................................................ - 21 Table 6-4 SY drift check ........................................................................................................ - 22 Table 7-1 Moment computation for the current floor slabs ................................................... - 26 Table 7-2 Moment computation for the terrace slabs ............................................................ - 28 Table 7-3 Current floor slab reinforcement ........................................................................... - 31 Table 7-4 Terrace slab reinforcement .................................................................................... - 33 Table 7-5 Field reinforcement for beams in Frame C-C ........................................................ - 37 Table 7-6 Support reinforcement for beams in Frame C-C ................................................... - 38 Table 7-7 Field reinforcement for beams in Frame 6-6 ......................................................... - 39 Table 7-8 Support reinforcement for beams in Frame 6-6 ..................................................... - 40 Table 7-9 Transversal reinforcement for beams in frame C-C .............................................. - 42 Table 7-10 Transversal reinforcement for beams in frame 6-6 .............................................. - 44 Table 7-11 Longitudinal reinforcement for Central Column ................................................. - 49 Table 7-12 Transversal reinforcement for Central Column ................................................... - 49 Table 8-1 Longitudinal reinforcement for the Structural Wall .............................................. - 58 Table 8-2 Transversal reinforcement for the Structural Wall ................................................ - 58 -
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Table of Figures
Figure 1 Ground level snow load - CR-1-1-3-2012 ................................................................. - 9 Figure 2 Peak ground acceleration IMR 225 years - P100-1-2013 ........................................ - 14 Figure 3 Tc response spectrum zoning - P100-1-2013 .......................................................... - 14 Figure 4 Normalized elastic acceleration spectrum - P100-1-2013 ....................................... - 14 Figure 5 First mode of vibration ............................................................................................ - 16 Figure 6 Second mode of vibration ........................................................................................ - 17 Figure 7 third mode of vibration ............................................................................................ - 18 Figure 8 Wall 1 Zone A M-N interaction diagram ............................................................. - 54 Figure 9 Wall 1 Zone B M-N interaction diagram .............................................................. - 56 Figure 10 Stair Etabs Diagram ............................................................................................... - 61 -
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TECHNICAL REPORT
1.1
Building description
The purpose of the current project is to compute, design and detail the structural elements
for a B+GF+5S dual type concrete structure. The structure will be located on Grigore Manolescu
street nr 10-14, District 2, Bucharest.
The building will have a residential function. Moreover the basement will be used for
parking space.
The height regime of the structure is of 18 m. Each story has a height of 3 m, including
the base one. The basement is also 3 m height. The surface of the ground floor is of 274.56 m2
and of the current floors is of 307.17. As a result the construction has a developed area of
1810.41 m2.
In plane the building has a regular shape.
1.2
Architectural characteristics
Partitioning made of vertical hollow brick walls finished with paint or natural stone,
according to the room.
Ceilings are executed from gypsum boards on metallic structure, with a paint cover
over the support layer.
Flooring made from stratified parquet in the living rooms and bedrooms, and natural
stone in kitchens, bathrooms and entrance halls.
Outdoor swimming pool on the top terrace.
Installations have separate meters for water, heating and electricity, better to value the
under floor heating system connected to the buildings common heating system.
Preinstalled phone, internet and TV cable connections mean no cables hanging from
the walls.
The parking access with remote control gate and the video surveillance system add an
extra layer of security to the building.
Defrosting system on the access ramp for the parking lot and on the terraces from
upper floors increase the comfort of the inhabitants during the cold season.
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Civil Engineering
neighborhood buildings) and the importance of the building. In this way a favorable behavior can
be assured during exploitation, at an acceptable safety level. The satisfaction of the structural
exigencies imply taking over the different actions, especially the seismic ones. This is achieved
by applying the structural mechanism of elastic-plastic deformation which incorporates also the
mechanism of dissipating energy.
The adequate modeling with respect to the real behavior and using the proper
computational models for determining the efforts and dimensioning the structural elements is
also essential.
The computations are performed in accordance with the design codes EUROCODE, the
corresponding National Annex, but also National Regulations. The structural modeling is
achieved using software based on finite elements methods: ETABS 9. 7. The design is done in
order to assure a proper seismic behavior. The actions have been considered from the
fundamental combination, but also from the special combinations. The seismic force is
established according to P100-1/2013.
1.5
e=0.5 pconv=300kPa
e=0.8 pconv=300kPa
e=0.5 pconv=350kPa
the chosen foundation solution is a
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LOAD EVALUATION
Long term
value
4.25
1.5
0.4
(kN/m3)
18
0.32
18
Coefficient
Design
value
value
1.35
5.7375
1.35
2.025
1.5
2.4
qDV=10.1625 kN
LTV
0.54
0.096
0.54
Coefficient
DV
value
1.35
0.729
1.35
0.1296
1.35
0.73
qDV= 1.5886 kN
Snow load
The snow load on the roof takes into account the quantity of snow depending on the roof shape,
and the variation of snow height due to wind and snow melt.
sk = Isi Ce Ct s0,k
(2.3)
Where:
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Civil Engineering
The values of the characteristic value of snow at ground level in Romania are presented
on the map:
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Civil Engineering
PREDIMENSIONING
3.1
Slab
The slab taken as basis of computation is the most unfavorable one, one way slab with
dimensions of L1 = 5 m and L2 = 14.7 m
The height of the slab: hpl = (/ 30)
hpl = thickness of the slab
Lmin = short length of the slab = 5 m
hpl = 5 m / 30= 0.166 m = 17 cm
3.2 Beams
3.2.1 Longitudinal beams
The dimensions of the longitudinal beams will be Hb.long and Wb.long, where:
Hb.long = the height of the longitudinal beam Hb.long = t / (10..12)
Wb.long = the width of the longitudinal beam Wb.long = Hb.long / (2..3)
Where t represents the bays.
Bay Computed Round up Computed
Round
Beam
length
height
height
width
up width
(m)
(m)
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
1
4.30
0.43
55
28
30
2
5.20
0.52
55
28
30
3
5.20
0.52
55
28
30
4
3.75
0.38
55
28
30
Same size beams are chosen for ease of execution and symmetry.
3.2.2 Transversal beams
The dimensions of the longitudinal beams will be Hb.trans and Wb.trans, where:
Hb.trans = the height of the longitudinal beam Hb.trans = t / (10..12)
Wb.trans = the width of the longitudinal beam Wb.trans = Hb.long / (2..3)
Where t represents the bays.
Bay Computed Round up Computed
Round
Beam
length
height
height
width
up width
(m)
(m)
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
1
4.20
0.42
55
28
30
2
3.90
0.39
55
28
30
3
5.00
0.50
55
29
30
Same size beams are chosen for ease of execution and symmetry.
3.3
Columns
Each column will have its axial load computed. For this task we will consider the loads
supported by the slabs, which are carried to the beams, and the beams then transfer the loads to
the column. We will also take into consideration the loads coming from faade, nonstructural
walls, and also self-weight of each column.
qfacade=1.59 kN/m2 - Load from the weight of the facade
qter=10.16 kN/m2 - Load from the terrace
qcl=13.13 kN/m2 - Load from the current level
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Civil Engineering
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WALLS
The total area of the web on one direction will be at least:
Where:
is the sum of the horizontal sections of walls, laid parallel with the direction of the
action of the lateral loads
is the importance factor of the structure according to 4.4.5 from P100-1:2013
ks=ag/g the ratio between the peak value of the acceleration and the gravitational
acceleration
n is the number of slabs of the building
is the area of the slab in m2
The thickness of the walls will be at least 15 cm. For structures that have less than 12
stories it is recommended to keep constant dimensions of the wall sections on the whole height.
On x direction:
On y direction:
The area of the flanges situated at the margins of the walls will respect the rule:
This check is performed to identify the cases in which the sections need strengthening by
means of flanges.
Wall 2:
Dimensions of the slab: L=8.25m, T=2.5m.
The tributary area is A=20.625m2.
The dimensions of the corresponding beams: L2=2.6m, L3=1.4m, T3=5m.
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Civil Engineering
Wall 3:
Dimensions of the slab: L=4.175m, T=5.825m.
The tributary area is A=24.32m2.
The dimensions of the corresponding beams: L6=2.6m, L7=3m, T7=1.45m.
Wall 4:
Dimensions of the slab: L=8.575m, T=2.1m.
The tributary area is A=18.01m2.
The dimensions of the corresponding beams: L16=1.55m, L17=2.6m, T13=4.05m,
T14=4.05m.
Wall 5:
Dimensions of the slab: L=8.1m, T=2.1m.
The tributary area is A=17.01m2.
The dimensions of the corresponding beams: L17=2.6m, L18=1.4m, T14=4.05m,
T15=4.05m.
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5.1
( )
T=0.3331
TB< T <TC
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5.2
Diploma project
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The computation of the efforts is done with ETABS. The superstructure is considered
fixed at the level of the slab above the basement.
In order to define the model the following steps are followed:
Choose the units of measurement KN and m and define the geometry of the structure
(axes, spans, bays, story height);
Define the materials and the linear cross sections (beam, columns), the plane elements
(walls, slabs); define the geometrical characteristics, the materials and the rigidity of the
structural elements;
Define the load cases due to gravitational loads: from the self-weight of the structural
elements, terrace layers, floorings, partitioning elements, attic, facade, but also from
variable load: live load and snow;
Define the horizontal load from the design seismic situation. The equivalent seismic
forces are defined as a fraction of the weight of the superstructure. The response
spectrum is defined. The additional eccentricities are considered 5% from the length of
the building on each direction, on one side and the other of the center of the masses.
Define the load combinations which contain the action of the earthquake and the vertical
associated loading.
Define the mass source for computing the basic seismic force.
Position the elements in the structure, define the piers, define the slab diaphragm
Define the location and value of the loads associated to different loading hypothesis
Define the supports
Choose the type of analysis-elastic analysis
After having the spatial model for computation, the structural computation is performed
by determining the first 3 vibration modes (translation on X, translation on Y and rotation
on Rz) and the values of displacements and efforts. The displayed results have the units in
the international units: m, KN, KNm, seconds depending on each case.
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5.3
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Vibration modes
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Period
UX
UY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0.333133
0.200045
0.18462
0.08479
0.052368
0.046056
0.040308
0.026245
0.025652
0.02198
0.020003
0.0003 71.1639
0.2923 1.0544
71.5095 0.0006
0.0001 18.2615
0.0086 0.2771
19.2178 0.0161
0.0057 5.5695
0.0001 2.4338
0.0119 0.0038
5.8886 0.0018
0.0015 0.9669
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0003
0.2926
71.8021
71.8022
71.8107
91.0286
91.0343
91.0344
91.0463
96.9349
96.9364
71.1639
72.2183
72.219
90.4804
90.7576
90.7736
96.3431
98.7769
98.7807
98.7825
99.7494
12
0.01731
0.0035
96.94
99.7689
0.0195
UZ SumUX
SumUY SumUZ
RX
RY
RZ
SumRX
SumRY
SumRZ
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
97.4479
1.5182
0.0057
0.7802
0.009
0.0022
0.1973
0.0266
0.0002
0
0.0112
0.0001
0.3966
98.4545
0.0094
0.0003
0.9207
0.0007
0
0.0008
0.1903
0.0001
1.0634
71.5823
0.3292
0.1851
18.2446
0.0337
0.0949
0.0026
5.6091
0.012
0.0074
97.4479
98.9661
98.9719
99.752
99.761
99.7632
99.9604
99.987
99.9871
99.9872
99.9984
0.0001
0.3967
98.8512
98.8606
98.8609
99.7816
99.7823
99.7824
99.7832
99.9734
99.9735
1.0634
72.6456
72.9749
73.16
91.4046
91.4383
91.5332
91.5357
97.1448
97.1568
97.1643
1.9627
99.9984
99.9736
99.127
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Level
Story 5
Story 4
Story 3
Story 2
Story 1
Base
q
SX
PSXPSY
0.000378 0,5 5,75
SX
PSXPSY
0.000407 0,5 5,75
SX
PSXPSY
0.000422 0,5 5,75
SX
PSXPSY
0.000399 0,5 5,75
SX
PSXPSY
0.000323 0,5 5,75
SX
PSXPSY
0.000165 0,5 5,75
d,r,sls
0.002174
0.00234
0.002427
0.002294
0.001857
0.000949
dadm
0,015
0,015
0,015
0,015
0,015
0,015
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Level
Story 5
Story 4
Story 3
Story 2
Story 1
Base
q
SY
PSYNSX
0.001219 0,5 5,75
SY
PSYNSX
0.001219 0,5 5,75
SY
PSYNSX
0.001268 0,5 5,75
SY
PSYNSX
0.00121
0,5 5,75
SY
PSYNSX
0.000986 0,5 5,75
SY
PSYNSX
0.00049
0,5 5,75
d,r,sls
0.007009
0.007009
0.007291
0.006958
0.00567
0.002818
dadm
0,015
0,015
0,015
0,015
0,015
0,015
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
6.2
Level
Story 5
Story 4
Story 3
Story 2
Story 1
Base
q
SX
PSXPSY
0.000378 0,5 5,75
SX
PSXPSY
0.000407 0,5 5,75
SX
PSXPSY
0.000422 0,5 5,75
SX
PSXPSY
0.000399 0,5 5,75
SX
PSXPSY
0.000323 0,5 5,75
SX
PSXPSY
0.000165 0,5 5,75
d,r,sls
0.008694
0.009361
0.009706
0.009177
0.007429
0.003795
dadm
0,075
0,075
0,075
0,075
0,075
0,075
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
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Level
Story 5
Story 4
Story 3
Story 2
Story 1
Base
q
SY
PSYNSX
0.001219 0,5 5,75
SY
PSYNSX
0.001219 0,5 5,75
SY
PSYNSX
0.001268 0,5 5,75
SY
PSYNSX
0.00121
0,5 5,75
SY
PSYNSX
0.000986 0,5 5,75
SY
PSYNSX
0.00049
0,5 5,75
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d,r,sls
0.028037
0.028037
0.029164
0.02783
0.022678
0.01127
dadm
0,075
0,075
0,075
0,075
0,075
0,075
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
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7
7.1
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
q(kN/m2)
13.13
10.16
l(m)
5
5
M field(KN*m)
M support (KN*m)
13.67708
10.58333
27.35417
21.16667
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Slab 1
Scheme 1
Scheme 2a
Scheme 2b
Scheme 2c
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Example:
Scheme 1
Scheme 2a
Scheme 2b
Scheme 2c
Total moment
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Slab
1
Slab
5
q+p/2= 11.63
L1= 4.05
p/2= 1.50
L2= 5.00
2
1.23
0.038
0.017
0.695
0.306
7.31
16.56
4.91
11.10
1.23
0.054
0.024
1.32
0.88
b 1.23
0.850
2.61
0.482
2.26
8.62
19.17
5.79
13.36
a
c
0.81
q+p/2= 11.63
L1= 3.90
p/2= 1.50
L2= 4.60
1.18
0.03
0.05
0.04
-
0.012
0.025
0.04
0.806
0.838
-
0.194
0.434
1.18
0.85
q+p/2= 11.63
L1= 3.00
p/2= 1.50
L2= 3.90
1.30
0.03
0.06
0.05
-
0.008
0.019
0.052
0.761
0.892
-
0.232
0.558
1.30
b 1.30
c
Slab
7
M1'
M2
M2'
(kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
b 1.18
Slab
6
M1
(kN*m)
0.77
q+p/2= 11.63
L1= 3.90
p/2= 1.50
L2= 5.50
1.28
0.03
0.06
0.05
-
0.008
0.019
0.052
0.761
0.892
-
0.232
0.558
1.28
b 1.28
c
0.78
M1
(kN*m)
M1'
M2
M2'
(kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
5.31
17.82
2.93
5.98
1.14
0.79
2.39
1.72
6.45
20.21
3.72
7.70
M1
(kN*m)
M1'
M2
M2'
(kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
3.14
9.96
1.49
5.12
0.81
0.42
1.51
1.59
3.95
11.47
1.91
6.71
M1
(kN*m)
M1'
M2
M2'
(kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
5.31
16.83
2.96
10.18
1.37
0.84
2.54
3.17
6.68
19.38
3.80
13.35
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Slab
10
q+p/2= 11.63
L1= 4.20
p/2= 1.50
L2= 4.60
1.10
0.02
0.04
0.03
-
0.02
0.037
0.027
0.667
0.714
-
0.333
0.286
1.10
b 1.10
c
Slab
11
0.91
q+p/2= 11.63
L1= 3.00
p/2= 1.50
L2= 4.20
1.40
0.03
0.06
0.05
-
0.008
0.019
0.052
0.761
0.892
-
0.232
0.558
1.40
b 1.40
c
Slab
12
0.71
q+p/2= 11.63
L1= 2.60
p/2= 1.50
L2= 4.20
1.62
0.05
0.08
0.06
-
0.006
0.01
0.073
0.893
0.954
-
0.107
0.755
1.62
b 1.62
c
Slab
13
0.62
q+p/2= 11.63
L1= 4.20
p/2= 1.50
L2= 5.50
1.31
0.03
0.06
0.05
-
0.008
0.019
0.052
0.761
0.892
-
0.232
0.558
1.31
b 1.31
c
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0.76
M1
(kN*m)
M1'
M2
M2'
(kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
4.10
17.10
4.87
10.25
1.06
1.16
2.36
1.13
5.16
19.46
6.03
11.39
M1
(kN*m)
M1'
M2
M2'
(kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
3.14
9.96
1.72
5.94
0.81
0.49
1.51
1.85
3.95
11.47
2.22
7.78
M1
(kN*m)
M1'
M2
M2'
(kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
3.93
8.78
1.31
2.74
0.81
0.26
1.21
2.50
4.74
9.99
1.57
5.24
M1
(kN*m)
M1'
M2
M2'
(kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
6.15
19.52
2.96
10.18
1.59
0.84
2.95
3.17
7.74
22.47
3.80
13.35
- 27 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
Slab
5
Slab
6
Slab
7
q+p/2= 7.76
L1= 3.90
p/2= 1.20
L2= 4.60
M1'
M2
M2'
(kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
1.18
0.03
0.012
0.806
0.194
3.54
11.89
1.97
3.98
1.18
0.05
0.025
0.91
0.63
b 1.18
0.04
0.838
1.91
0.04
0.434
1.38
4.45
13.80
2.61
5.36
0.85
q+p/2= 7.76
L1= 3.00
p/2= 1.20
L2= 3.90
M1
(kN*m)
M1'
M2
M2'
(kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
1.30
0.03
0.008
0.761
0.232
2.10
6.64
0.94
3.42
1.30
0.06
0.019
0.65
0.35
b 1.30
0.05
0.892
1.20
0.052
0.558
1.27
2.74
7.85
1.29
4.70
0.77
q+p/2= 7.76
L1= 3.90
p/2= 1.20
L2= 5.00
1.28
0.03
0.06
0.05
-
0.008
0.019
0.052
0.761
0.892
-
0.232
0.558
1.28
b 1.28
c
Slab
10
M1
(kN*m)
0.78
q+p/2= 7.76
L1= 4.20
p/2= 1.20
L2= 4.60
1.10
0.02
0.04
0.03
-
0.02
0.037
0.027
0.667
0.714
-
0.333
0.286
1.10
b 1.10
c
0.91
M1
(kN*m)
M1'
M2
M2'
(kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
3.54
11.23
1.55
5.63
1.10
0.57
2.04
2.09
4.64
13.26
2.12
7.72
M1
(kN*m)
M1'
M2
M2'
(kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
2.74
11.41
3.28
6.83
0.85
0.94
1.89
0.91
3.58
13.30
4.22
7.74
- 28 -
Slab
11
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
q+p/2= 7.76
L1= 3.00
p/2= 1.20
L2= 4.20
1.40
0.03
0.06
0.05
-
0.008
0.019
0.052
0.761
0.892
-
0.232
0.558
1.40
b 1.40
c
Slab
12
0.71
q+p/2= 7.76
L1= 2.60
p/2= 1.20
L2= 4.20
1.62
0.05
0.08
0.06
-
0.006
0.01
0.073
0.893
0.954
-
0.107
0.755
1.62
b 1.62
c
Slab
13
0.62
q+p/2= 7.76
L1= 4.20
p/2= 1.20
L2= 5.50
1.31
0.05
0.08
0.06
-
0.006
0.01
0.073
0.893
0.954
-
0.107
0.755
1.31
b 1.31
c
0.76
M1
(kN*m)
M1'
M2
M2'
(kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
2.10
6.64
1.10
3.97
0.65
0.40
1.20
1.48
2.74
7.85
1.50
5.45
M1
(kN*m)
M1'
M2
M2'
(kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
2.62
5.86
0.82
1.83
0.65
0.21
0.97
2.00
3.27
6.82
1.03
3.83
M1
(kN*m)
M1'
M2
M2'
(kN*m) (kN*m) (kN*m)
6.84
15.28
1.41
3.14
1.69
0.36
2.52
3.43
8.54
17.80
1.77
6.57
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
- 30 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
Support
Mid-span
5
Support
Mid-span
6
Support
Mid-span
7
Support
x direction
y direction
x direction
y direction
y direction
y direction up
y direction down
x direction
y direction
x direction left
x direction right
y direction up
y direction down
x direction
y direction
x direction left
x direction right
y direction up
y direction down
x direction
y direction
x direction left
x direction right
y direction up
y direction down
M
[kN
m]
8.62
5.79
19.17
13.36
13.68
27.35
27.35
3.72
6.45
7.70
7.70
20.21
20.21
3.95
1.91
11.47
11.47
6.71
6.71
3.80
6.68
13.35
13.35
19.38
19.38
hs
[mm]
fcd
[N/mm2]
d
[mm]
x
[mm]
fyd
[N/mm]
Anec
[mm]
Reinforcement
Aeff
[mm]
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
165
155
165
155
155
155
155
165
155
165
165
155
155
165
155
165
165
155
155
165
155
165
165
155
155
3.97
2.83
8.96
6.61
6.77
13.86
13.86
1.70
3.15
3.54
3.54
10.11
10.11
1.81
0.93
5.30
5.30
3.28
3.28
1.74
3.27
6.19
6.19
9.68
9.68
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
176
126
398
294
301
616
616
76
140
157
157
449
449
80
41
235
235
146
146
77
145
275
275
430
430
38+212/m
38+212/m
48+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
612/m
612/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
512/m
512/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
512/m
512/m
377.00
377.00
427.26
377.00
377.00
678.58
678.58
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
565.49
565.49
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
565.49
565.49
Steel
percentage
[%)
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.24
0.24
0.44
0.44
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.36
0.36
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.36
0.36
- 31 -
Mid-span
10
Support
Mid-span
11
Support
Mid-span
12
Support
Mid-span
13
Support
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
x direction
5.16
170
13.33
165
2.36
300
105
38+212/m
377.00
0.23
y direction
x direction left
x direction right
y direction up
y direction down
x direction
y direction
x direction left
x direction right
y direction up
y direction down
x direction
y direction
x direction left
x direction right
y direction up
y direction down
x direction
y direction
x direction left
x direction right
y direction up
y direction down
6.03
11.39
11.39
19.46
19.46
3.95
2.22
11.47
11.47
7.78
7.78
4.74
1.57
9.99
9.99
5.24
5.24
3.80
7.74
13.35
13.35
22.47
22.47
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
155
165
165
155
155
165
155
165
165
155
155
165
155
165
165
155
155
165
155
165
165
155
155
2.95
5.26
5.26
9.72
9.72
1.81
1.08
5.30
5.30
3.81
3.81
2.17
0.76
4.61
4.61
2.56
2.56
1.74
3.79
6.19
6.19
11.29
11.29
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
131
234
234
432
432
80
48
235
235
169
169
96
34
205
205
114
114
77
169
275
275
501
501
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
512/m
512/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
512/m
512/m
377.00
377.00
377.00
565.49
565.49
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
565.49
565.49
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.36
0.36
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.36
0.36
- 32 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
Support
Mid-span
5
Support
Mid-span
6
Support
Mid-span
7
Support
Mid-span
10
Support
y direction
y direction up
y direction down
x direction
y direction
x direction left
x direction right
y direction up
y direction down
x direction
y direction
x direction left
x direction right
y direction up
y direction down
x direction
y direction
x direction left
x direction right
y direction up
y direction down
x direction
y direction
x direction left
x direction right
y direction up
M
[kNm]
hs
[mm]
fcd
[N/mm2]
d
[mm]
x
[mm]
fyd
[N/mm]
Anec
[mm]
Reinforcement
Aeff
[mm]
1.58
21.17
21.17
2.61
4.45
5.36
5.35
13.80
13.80
2.74
1.29
7.85
7.85
4.70
4.70
2.12
4.64
7.72
7.72
13.26
13.26
3.58
4.22
7.74
7.74
13.30
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
155
155
155
165
155
165
165
155
155
165
155
165
165
155
155
165
155
165
165
155
155
165
155
165
165
155
0.77
10.61
10.61
1.19
2.17
2.46
2.45
6.83
6.83
1.25
0.63
3.61
3.61
2.29
2.29
0.97
2.26
3.55
3.55
6.56
6.56
1.64
2.06
3.56
3.56
6.58
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
34
471
471
53
96
109
109
303
303
56
28
160
160
102
102
43
101
158
158
291
291
73
91
158
158
292
38+212/m
512/m
512/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
377.00
565.49
565.49
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
Steel
percentage
[%)
0.24
0.36
0.36
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.24
- 33 -
Mid-span
11
Support
Mid-span
12
Support
Mid-span
13
Support
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
y direction down
x direction
y direction
13.30
2.74
1.50
170
170
170
13.33
13.33
13.33
155
165
155
6.58
1.25
0.73
300
300
300
292
56
32
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
377.00
377.00
377.00
0.24
0.23
0.24
x direction left
7.85
170
13.33
165
3.61
300
160
38+212/m
377.00
0.23
x direction right
y direction up
y direction down
x direction
y direction
x direction left
x direction right
y direction up
y direction down
x direction
y direction
x direction left
x direction right
y direction up
y direction down
7.85
5.45
5.45
3.27
1.03
6.82
6.82
3.83
3.83
1.77
8.54
6.57
6.57
17.80
17.80
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
165
155
155
165
155
165
165
155
155
165
155
165
165
155
155
3.61
2.66
2.66
1.49
0.50
3.13
3.13
1.86
1.86
0.81
4.19
3.01
3.01
8.87
8.87
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
160
118
118
66
22
139
139
83
83
36
186
134
134
394
394
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
38+212/m
512/m
512/m
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
377.00
565.49
565.49
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.36
0.36
- 34 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
7.2
Beams
The bending moments were obtained through automatic computation in ETABS. To
obtain the needed moments, the building was loaded with the envelope of the load combinations.
The results displayed the maximum value of the bending moment as shown in the figure below:
Where:
is the maximum value of the effective bending moment from ETABS.
c is the concrete cover
Based on the chosen diameters of reinforcement the area given by the actual reinforce
layout is computed: As1
The reinforcement percentage is:
The capable moment of the section is:
For the top reinforcement we assume that x<2*c
As a result:
(
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
(for C20/25
0. 32%)
=25.45 <2*c
.
- 36 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
GF
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
MEd+
fyd
as
bb
hb
[kNm] [N/mm2] [mm] [mm] [mm]
4.75
63.76
12.01
58.81
4.68
7.88
63.67
14.30
58.76
17.68
10.89
64.06
17.02
58.98
17.21
12.70
64.42
18.49
59.17
20.20
12.54
64.03
19.88
59.09
20.56
53.36
14.71
48.60
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
hs=hb
As2nec
-2as
[mm2]
[mm]
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
33
443
83
408
33
55
442
99
408
123
76
445
118
410
120
88
447
128
411
140
87
445
138
410
143
371
102
338
Diameter
[mm]
Aeff =
n2/4
[mm2]
MRd+
[kNm]
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
- 37 -
Story
GF
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
12.67
60.31
32.94
110.47
11.03
14.88
60.31
44.52
114.15
17.68
17.60
61.14
51.02
117.35
21.60
20.23
61.73
53.64
119.68
25.51
14.91
62.35
54.70
120.92
19.70
49.06
46.89
101.90
300
35
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
88 112+216
419 112+216
229 112+216
767 412+216
77 112+216
103 112+216
419 112+216
309 112+216
793 412+216
123 112+216
122 112+216
425 112+216
354 112+216
815 412+216
150 112+216
140 112+216
429 112+216
373 112+216
831 412+216
177 112+216
104 112+216
433 112+216
380 112+216
840 412+216
137 112+216
341 112+216
326 112+216
708 412+216
515.22
515.22
515.22
854.51
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
854.51
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
854.51
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
854.51
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
854.51
515.22
515.22
515.22
854.51
0
0
0
25
0
0
0
0
25
0
0
0
0
25
0
0
0
0
25
0
0
0
0
25
0
0
0
25
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0055
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0055
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0055
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0055
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0055
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0055
MRd[kNm]
74.19
74.19
74.19
123.05
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
123.05
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
123.05
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
123.05
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
123.05
74.19
74.19
74.19
123.05
- 38 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
GF
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
MEd+
fyd
as
bb
hb
[kNm] [N/mm2] [mm] [mm] [mm]
55.65
69.06
34.59
54.59
69.22
34.8
54.67
69.4
35.1
54.46
69.68
35.19
54.64
69.3
35.64
32.88
51.11
20.08
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
hs=hb
As2nec
-2as
[mm2]
[mm]
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
386
480
240
379
481
242
380
482
244
378
484
244
379
481
248
228
355
139
Diameter
[mm]
Aeff =
n2/4
[mm2]
MRd+
[kNm]
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
112+216
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
515.22
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
74.19
- 39 -
Story
GF
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
85.03
69.23
62.02
91.84
70.14
75.32
94.44
73.25
82.39
96.87
73.16
84.96
98.26
72.66
85.11
57.33
46.81
60.49
300
35
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
590 112+316
481 112+316
431 112+316
638 112+316
487 112+316
523 112+316
656 112+316
509 112+216
572 112+316
673 112+316
508 112+216
590 112+316
682 112+316
505 112+216
591 112+316
398 112+216
325 112+216
420 112+216
716.28
716.28
716.28
716.28
716.28
716.28
716.28
515.22
716.28
716.28
515.22
716.28
716.28
515.22
716.28
515.22
515.22
515.22
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
0
15
15
0
15
15
0
15
0
0
0
MRd[kNm]
0.0046 81.52
0.0046 103.14
0.0046 103.14
0.0046 103.14
0.0046 103.14
0.0046 103.14
0.0046 103.14
0.0033 74.19
0.0046 103.14
0.0046 103.14
0.0033 74.19
0.0046 103.14
0.0046 103.14
0.0033 74.19
0.0046 103.14
0.0033 74.19
0.0033 74.19
0.0033 74.19
- 40 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
| |
| |
|
|
(
)
coefficient which takes into account a possible over resistance due to increased
rigidity of the steel to deformation = 1. 2
Provisions for computing the transversal reinforcement:
wmin= 6 mm for h 800mm
0
1 ,
Choose w and the spacing s which can have values between 75. . . 200mm with a 25 mm
modulus
For =
or
The diameter and the bars are chosen in order to comply with the conditions 1 and 2.
For =
and |
reinforcement in two orthogonal directions and half of the design shear force should be resisted
by stirrups and half by the inclined reinforcement.
Example beam 1 frame C-C
(
=
)
=45o
=
Are chosen 210 at s=100mm
=1.57 so it verifies
- 41 -
GF
1-2
2-3
3-4
5-6
6-7
1-2
2-3
3-4
5-6
6-7
1-2
2-3
3-4
5-6
6-7
1-2
2-3
3-4
5-6
6-7
1-2
2-3
3-4
5-6
6-7
2-3
3-4
5-6
(|MRd+|+|MRd-|)
*1.2/ L [KN]
111.29
41.41
62.48
44.24
142.45
111.29
41.41
62.48
44.24
142.45
111.29
41.41
62.48
44.24
142.45
111.29
41.41
62.48
44.24
142.45
111.29
41.41
62.48
44.24
142.45
41.41
62.48
44.24
max
qltv*L/ VEd
2 [KN] [kN]
23.04
91.60
39.59
94.98
21.29
26.39
91.10
42.80
96.19
31.86
29.66
90.63
45.76
97.33
37.79
32.21
90.26
47.22
98.16
45.65
30.62
90.17
48.05
98.55
43.80
71.64
39.31
81.90
VEdmin
[kN]
134.33 -88.25
133.01 50.19
102.07 -22.89
139.22 50.74
163.74 -121.16
137.68 -84.90
132.51 49.69
105.28 -19.68
140.43 51.95
174.31 -110.59
140.95 -81.63
132.04 49.22
108.24 -16.72
141.57 53.09
180.24 -104.66
143.50 -79.08
131.67 48.85
109.70 -15.26
142.40 53.92
188.10 -96.80
141.91 -80.67
131.58 48.76
110.53 -14.43
142.79 54.31
186.25 -98.65
113.05 30.23
101.79 -23.17
126.14 37.66
=VEdmin/VEdma
x
-0.66
0.38
-0.22
0.36
-0.74
-0.62
0.37
-0.19
0.37
-0.63
-0.58
0.37
-0.15
0.37
-0.58
-0.55
0.37
-0.14
0.38
-0.51
-0.57
0.37
-0.13
0.38
-0.53
0.27
-0.23
0.30
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
Incline
d Bars
d=hb-as
[mm]
bb
[mm]
=0.6(1fck/250)
fcd
[N/mm2]
|VEdmax
| [kN]
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
134.33
133.01
102.07
139.22
163.74
137.68
132.51
105.28
140.43
174.31
140.95
132.04
108.24
141.57
180.24
143.50
131.67
109.70
142.40
188.10
141.91
131.58
110.53
142.79
186.25
113.05
101.79
126.14
0.5bbd
fcd[kN]
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
z
[mm]
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
- 42 -
fywd
[N/mm2]
smax
[mm]
smin
[mm]
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
cot
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Choosen
stirrups
S
[mm]
Choosen
S [mm]
114
115
150
110
134
111
115
145
109
126
108
116
141
108
122
107
116
139
107
117
108
116
138
107
118
135
150
121
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
10
10
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
12
10
10
10
pw [%]
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
- 43 -
GF
1-2
2-3
3-4
1-2
2-3
3-4
1-2
2-3
3-4
1-2
2-3
3-4
1-2
2-3
3-4
1-2
2-3
3-4
(|MRd+|+|MRd-|)
max
*1.2/ L [KN]
qltv*L/2
[KN]
VEd
[kN]
VEdmin
Inclined
=VEdmin/VEdmax
[kN]
Bars
46.14
59.11
43.88
52.54
59.11
43.88
52.54
49.46
43.88
52.54
49.46
43.88
52.54
49.46
43.88
43.97
49.46
36.71
87.65
135.67
68.62
89.92
135.76
71.52
90.99
135.54
73.22
91.89
135.41
74.55
92.51
135.40
75.57
52.90
89.53
44.03
133.79
194.78
112.50
142.46
194.87
115.40
143.53
185.00
117.10
144.43
184.87
118.43
145.05
184.86
119.45
96.87
138.99
80.74
41.51
76.56
24.74
37.38
76.65
27.64
38.45
86.08
29.34
39.35
85.95
30.67
39.97
85.94
31.69
8.93
40.07
7.32
0.31
0.39
0.22
0.26
0.39
0.24
0.27
0.47
0.25
0.27
0.46
0.26
0.28
0.46
0.27
0.09
0.29
0.09
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
>-0.5
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
d=hb-as
[mm]
bb
[mm]
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
=0.6(1fcd
|VEdmax|
2
fck/250) [N/mm ]
[kN]
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
133.79
194.78
112.50
142.46
194.87
115.40
143.53
185.00
117.10
144.43
184.87
118.43
145.05
184.86
119.45
96.87
138.99
80.74
0.5bbd
fcd[kN]
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
566.36
z
[mm]
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
- 44 -
fywd
[N/mm2]
smax
[mm]
smin
[mm]
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
cot
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Choosen
stirrups
S
[mm]
Choosen
S [mm]
114
113
136
107
113
132
107
119
131
106
119
129
105
119
128
158
110
189
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
10
12
10
10
12
10
10
12
10
10
12
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
pw [%]
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
>0.2%
- 45 -
7.3
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
Columns
The columns were dimensioned taking into account that the beams were of medium
ductility M, so the behavior of the columns will be in the class of ductility M. The rules and
principles for design are found in P 100-2013.
7.3.1 Geometrical characteristics
The minimum dimension of the section is 350 mm.
The dimensions of the cross-section must be a multiple of 50 mm.
The ratio between hc and bc 2. 5, where hc is the height of the column and bc is the
width of the column.
7.3.2 Provisions regarding the materials used
The minimum concrete class used for the main structural elements is C16/20 for medium
ductility buildings.
The structural elements will be reinforced only with profiled steel type PC52, PC60. The
closed stirrups and the hooks are be made of plain steel type OB37. Non ductile steel, like STNB
can be used, only if, by design, an elastic behavior can be assured.
In the critical zones of the main structural elements, steel types with a minimum strain of
7. 5% corresponding to the maximum stress will be used.
7.3.3 Longitudinal reinforcement provisions
The total reinforcement coefficient will be at least 0.01 and maximum 0.04.
The minimum reinforcement percentage on each side is pmin,side 0 . 20 %.
Between the corner reinforcement bars, at least 1 intermediate bar will be placed.
For circular columns, the minimum number of reinforcement bars is 6.
The maximum distance between the axes of the reinforcement bars is 250 mm.
The length of the critical zones at the ends of the column lcr is:
*
+
Where, hc is the largest dimension of the column and lcl is the story clear height.
If
, the entire column section is considered critical and will be reinforced
accordingly.
The minimum diameter of the reinforcement bars is 12 mm.
The maximum diameter of the reinforcement bars is 28mm.
For good adherence under normal conditions of solicitation the anchorage length will be
40 diameters.
Splicing will usually be placed in zones of minimum effort in reinforcement bars; for the
vertical bearing elements, the splicing is admitted above the level of each floor plate. For the
reinforcement bars spliced by overlapping, overlapping length will be 30d for elements with
concrete class < C20/25 and 20d in case of elements with concrete class > C20/25.
7.3.4 Longitudinal reinforcement design
The equation below will be computed on the two main directions of the seismic action.
Always consider both directions of the actions of the moments in the beams in the joints. The
values of the design shear force are obtained from the column equilibrium at each level.
Where:
is the design bending moment in the considered section of the column.
is the bending moment taken from ETABS by applying the envelope combination.
- 46 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
is the sum of the capable bending moments in the beams from all the spans of the
considered level associated to the direction of the seismic action.
is the effective bending moment in the beam resulted after the computation of the
reinforcement
is a factor taking into consideration the effect of steel and concrete consolidation in
the compressed areas and is considered 1.3 at the base of the building and 1.2 for the rest of the
levels.
The depth of the active zone is computed using the value of the axial loading given by the
LTV loading,
If
then
)
(
If
then
Based on the necessary area of reinforcement the reinforcement layout is chosen and the
capable bending moment can be computed:
(
)
(
)
If
(
)
(
)
If
(
)
(
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
(
)
Where:
-value of the capable bending moment at the end i
-sum of the capable moments of the beams entering the joint
-sum of the capable moments of the columns entering the joint
The design value of the shear force is:
The reinforcement is chosen and the area of reinforcement is computed taking into
account ne which refers to the number of stirrups in one section, but also their position.
In order to assure a ductile behavior, plastic and elastic zones have to be decided. The
plastic zone is found at the extremities of the column, and the elastic zone in the middle part.
Example for column 4 - intersection of axes C and 6 - the first level
=562. 348kN*m
so the Asteel=-1713.84 mm2
The chosen reinforcement is 1016 so the effective area of steel is 2009.6.
The computations are performed also on the perpendicular direction and the results show
that the same amount of reinforcement is needed.
(
- 48 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
fyd
fcd
[N/mm2] [N/mm2]
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
as
[mm]
b
[mm]
h
[mm]
h0=h-as
[mm]
hs=h-2as
[mm]
xb
[mm]
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
565
565
565
565
565
565
565
565
565
565
565
565
530
530
530
530
530
530
530
530
530
530
530
530
311
311
311
311
311
311
311
311
311
311
311
311
pTOTAL%
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
|ME'|
[kNm]
|NE'|
[kN]
Rd
|Med|
[kNm]
|Ned|
[kN]
50.26
8.13
55.63
23.13
57.94
31.53
58.03
36.89
53.76
33.95
59.56
55.24
1852.88
1823.11
1504.75
1474.98
1172.51
1142.74
851.14
821.37
540.00
510.23
228.44
198.67
1.023
1.023
1.023
1.007
1.007
1.052
1.052
1.030
1.030
1.057
1.057
1.046
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
66.84
10.81
68.29
27.96
70.03
39.81
73.28
45.58
66.43
43.05
75.53
69.32
1852.88
1823.11
1504.75
1474.98
1172.51
1142.74
851.14
821.37
540.00
510.23
228.44
198.67
Mcap
[kNm]
HS
[m]
VEd
GF
1
2
3
4
5
498.99
466.33
421.03
364.08
295.06
212.49
3
3
3
3
3
3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
432.46
373.06
336.82
291.26
236.04
169.99
[kN]
<
<
<
<
<
<
0.5bd
h [mm]
fcd [kN]
1242.69
1242.69
1242.69
1242.69
1242.69
1242.69
600
600
600
600
600
600
b [mm]
d=h-as
[mm]
=0.6(1fck/250)
fcd
[N/mm2]
z [mm]
fywd
[N/mm2]
600
600
600
600
600
600
565
565
565
565
565
565
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
13.33
509
509
509
509
509
509
210
210
210
210
210
210
cot
45
45
45
45
45
45
1
1
1
1
1
1
smin
[mm]
100
100
100
100
100
100
- 49 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
Frame 6-6
Frame C-C
x
As
Nr of
A =n /4
MRd
|ME'|
[mm] eff
p%
[mm] [mm2] bars
[mm2]
[kNm] [kNm]
nec
7.38
17.93
32.15
20.87
30.74
21.43
33.78
22.71
34.82
21.34
37.77
28.28
228 -1713
16
1005.31
0.30 498.99
184 -1498
16
1005.31
0.30 466.33
143 -1202
16
1005.31
0.30 421.03
103
-824
16
1005.31
0.30 364.08
64
-580
16
1005.31
0.30 295.06
25
105
16
1005.31
0.30 212.49
s [mm]
S
[mm]
lppz
pw
[%]
105
121
134
155
192
266
100
100
100
150
150
200
900
600
600
600
600
600
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.47
0.47
0.35
smax
[mm]
125
125
125
125
125
125
Chosen stirrups
nsl
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
10
10
10
10
10
10
|NE'|
[kN]
|Med|
[kNm]
|Ned|
[kN]
1852.88
1823.11
1504.75
1474.98
1172.51
1142.74
851.14
821.37
540.00
510.23
228.44
198.67
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.052
1.052
1.107
1.107
1.103
1.103
1.162
1.162
1.219
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10.29
25.00
44.82
28.55
42.05
30.73
48.63
34.29
49.93
32.22
57.03
44.82
1852.88
1823.11
1504.75
1474.98
1172.51
1142.74
851.14
821.37
540.00
510.23
228.44
198.67
x
Asnec Nr of
Aeff=n2/4
MRd
p%
2
[mm] [mm ] bars [mm]
[mm2]
[kNm]
228
-2068
16
1005.31
0.30 498.99
184
-1646
16
1005.31
0.30 466.33
143
-1378
16
1005.31
0.30 421.03
103
-979
16
1005.31
0.30 364.08
64
-536
16
1005.31
0.30 295.06
25
28
16
1005.31
0.30 212.49
>0.5%
>0.35%
>0.35%
>0.35%
>0.35%
>0.35%
- 50 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
STRUCTURAL WALLS
8.1
In the case of multistory buildings this height is rounded up to a full number of stories if the
limit of the computed plastic zone is bigger or smaller with 0.2 . In this way the base becomes
Area A with specific design performances, and the rest of the wall becomes Area B, with smaller
efforts.
Wall 1
(
(
)
)
- the height of Area A is 3m
8.2
- 51 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
km is the correction coefficient of the bending moments in the walls which is km=1 in zone
A and km=1.30 in zone B for the ductility class DCH
is the ratio between the capable moment and the design moment in each section
Where:
is the capable moment at the base of the wall
q is the behavior factor considered for designing the structure
8.3
For the local reinforcement at the ends on each wall one has to take into account the
following:
The reinforcement is realized as for the columns
- 52 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
If the wall has no flanges the portions with the length 0. 1*lw at the ends of the beams are
considered flanges
The minimum vertical percentage is:
Minimum reinforcement percentage
OB 37
PC 52, PC 60
Seismic zone
zone A
zone B
zone A zone B
ag0. 12g
0,7%
0. 5%
0,6%
0. 5%
ag<0. 12g
0. 4%
0,4%
The minimum diameter is 12 mm
The layout rules are the ones in the pictures below:
stirrup
stirrup
0.1h
overlapping length
stirrup
stirrup
b
a) welded mesh reinforcement
b
b) reinforcement with independent bars
The anchorage of the vertical reinforcement of the flanges can be done by overlapping and
the length is 50dBL for the DHL class in zone A, and in zone B the lengths are smaller with 10 dbl.
In the area A should be avoided if possible the anchorage of the bars situated at the extremities. The
horizontal reinforcement should be overlapped for at least 50dBT for the class DCH.
The maximum distances between stirrups for class DCH with ag>0. 12g are:
Zone A 8dbl<125mm
Zone B 10dbl<200mm
For computing the longitudinal reinforcement the section was modeled in Response 2000.
The value of the effective bending moment was taken from the envelope of load combinations from
ETABS.
Based on the results is computed for the wall.
- 53 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
Wall 1 - zone A
- 54 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
From response were taken the values of the bending moments corresponding the axial range
and interpolation is performed in MathCAD.
M1 13510 .69
M2 11439 .61
N1 7025.288
N2 4711.667
N 5018
x M2 ( N N2 )
( M1 M2)
( N1 N2 )
x 1.171 10
MRd x
Medb 1137 9
MRd
Medb
1.029
- 55 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
Wall 1 - zone B
- 56 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
If
then
Where:
is the sum of the vertival reinforcement from the web
is the sum of the horizontal reinforcement from the web
is the design value of the yielding limit of the vertical reinforcement
- 57 -
zone A
zone B
Ms
11379,01
7579,5
5057,7
3406,01
2253,78
1533,52
1206,44
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
1,03
1,03
1,03
1,03
1,03
1,03
1,03
kM
1
1,3
1,3
1,3
1,3
1,3
1,3
Mcap
14180
10320
5897
5897
5897
5897
5897
kq
Ved
1569,66
1,2
2354,49
1345,98
1160,61
1052,66
949,93
812,56
638,23
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
2018,97
1740,915
1578,99
1424,895
1218,84
957,345
Diameter
Asteel
1,5*Ved'<Ved<5*Ved'
18/10
7630,2
1,92682
1,5*Ved'<Ved<5*Ved'
1,5*Ved'<Ved<5*Ved'
1,5*Ved'<Ved<5*Ved'
1,5*Ved'<Ved<5*Ved'
1,5*Ved'<Ved<5*Ved'
1,5*Ved'<Ved<5*Ved'
10/20
10/20
10/20
10/20
10/20
10/20
1334,5
1334,5
1334,5
1334,5
1334,5
1334,5
0,33699
0,33699
0,33699
0,33699
0,33699
0,33699
Vrd,s
bw hw
Nltv
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
3,3
3,3
3,3
3,3
3,3
3,3
2476,8
1771,8
1417,3
1061,8
705,72
348,5
743,034
0,6*bw*
hw*fcdt
1425,6
2574,282
1881,356
1740,36
1669,468
1598,368
1527,144
1455,7
0
0
0
0
0
0
2201,636
2060,64
1989,748
1918,648
1847,424
1775,98
Vrd,c
1876,348
1876,348
1342,273
1073,742
804,4242
534,6364
264,0152
VRd
- 58 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
8.4
Geometric Exigencies
The minimum thickness of the wall bw0 max {150 mm, hs/20}, where hs is the story
clear height. For buildings up to 10-12 stories it is recommended to keep the same wall section
on the entire height.
The height of the compressed wall section will not be greater than:
xu 0.10 2lw
the ratio between capable bending moment at the base, associated to the
plastification of the walls and the bending moment obtained from structural analysis in the
seismic combination; the capable bending moments must be computed for Rd=1.1.
lw is the length of the wall cross-section.
In the potentially plastic zone, when the height of the compressed zone xu exceeds the
smallest of the values 5bw0 and 0.4lw, it is necessary to make the check for loss of stability.
The same check must be made at the edges of the flanges, in the parts which exceed 4hp
on each part of the wall web. If the check cant be fulfilled, bulbs will be added.
It is recommended that for seismic zones I-IV, or for buildings with more than 6 stories,
the walls should have at their edges either bulbs or flanges.
The minimum bulb thickness is 250mm and the minimum bulb width is
bp 2 bw0.
The coupling beams for the walls with doors will have the same thickness as the rest of
the wall. If by computation this thickness is not enough, the beams will be thickened on a length
sufficient to allow the reinforcement anchorage.
- 59 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
FOUNDATION
9.1
General Information
The purpose of the foundation is to transmit the loads from the superstructure to the
supporting ground. From the seismic point of view the foundation should have an elastic
behavior.
The chosen foundation solution is mat foundation. This is a type of direct foundation
which ensures a large support surface. The use of mat foundation is done in the following
situations:
the foundation terrain has a small bearing capacity and the raft foundation can
spread the loads on a larger area
very large loading which implies great surfaces for foundation so the loads have
to be spread on a large area, usually the whole area of the structure
non-homogenous terrain where the risk of differential settlement appears because
concrete slabs resist differential movement between loading positions
the presence of ground water above the level of the foundation
closely spaced vertical elements for which the individual pad foundation would
interact
in the case of high rise buildings
The chosen solution is raft foundation with constant width.
For design of the raft foundation should be taken into consideration the compatibility
between the deformability of the terrain with the deformability of the structural elements. The
sectional efforts are obtained in ETABS by modeling the interaction between the foundation and
the terrain. In order to perform this task the whole structure has to be modeled including the
basements. The maximum efforts obtained are used for designing the raft foundation. The
ground is modeled as an elastic environment, a Winkler model and the efforts in each spring in
computed. Based on these results the reinforcement can be computed.
The reinforcement is made with horizontal nets of horizontal reinforcement, laid at the
upper and lower part of the element to resist the positive and negative moments. In addition to
this it is necessary an additional reinforcement on the central area of the raft for preventing
contraction phenomena. The minimum reinforcement percentage is 0.15% on each face.
9.2
Predimensioning
The height of the raft foundation:
.
/
The length of the cantilever
(
)
The dimensions in plan of the raft foundation:
m so is chosen
0.2m
- 60 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
10 STAIRS
10.1 General issues
Stairs should be designed in order to not influence the rigidity of the structure or to
interfere with the elements which assure the rigidity.
The design of the stairs must assure the following performance conditions:
Stability-avoid buckling or local deflection
Resistance: limit the damage in case of severe actions and avoid collapse
Ductility: no interference with the ductility of the adjacent vertical structural
elements which can be assured by avoiding uncontrolled links with the horizontal
sub-ensembles
Rigidity: limit the displacements and deflection of the stairs and of the
neighboring sub-ensembles; limit the cracking
Durability: assure a normal behavior during the lifetime of the structure under
normal exploitation conditions and limit the premature deterioration of materials
and elements
10.2 Loads
Landing
plastering qplast=plast*hplast=19*0. 015=0. 285kN/m2
flooring qflooring=flooring*hflooring=22*0. 05=1. 1kN/m2
live load qlanding=3kN/m2
Flight
For the structural elements a projection of loads has to be performed.
For the steps Atriangle=Arectangle
The height of a stair is computed considering the needed number of stairs, which is 18 in
this case and the height of the level which is 3m.
The finishing
A1=b*0. 05=0. 26*0. 05=0. 013m2
A2=0. 05*0. 05=0. 0025m2
A3=h*0. 05=0. 1676*0. 05=0. 00838m2
A1+A2+A3=0. 02388m2
so
- 61 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
10.3 Reinforcement
Landing
L 2.5m
l 1m
L
2.5
l
Due to the L/l ratio the landing will be reinforced on one direction
For computation we consider one strip with the length of 1 m.
b 1000mm
N
fcd 13.33
2
mm
fyd 300
mm
1 2 Mfield
2
b d1 fcd
x d1 1
x 4.508 10
x
d1
3.005 10
b
b 0.55
fcd
As1 b x
fyd
5 2
As1 2.003 10 m
0.2
min
100
Asmin min b d1
4 2
Asmin 3 10
( 8mm)
4
4 2
d1 150mm
x d1 1
1 2 Msupp
2
b d1 fcd
x 1.321 10
- 62 -
Diploma project
Civil Engineering
x
d1
3
8.808 10
b
b 0.55
fcd
As1 b x
fyd
5 2
As1 5.87 10 m
0.2
min
100
Asmin min b d1
4 2
Asmin 3 10
( 8mm)
4
4 2
b d1
0.201
OK
On the long direction will be used repartition reinforcement computed from the minimum
reinforcement percentage: 6 8
Flight
L 2.55m
l 1m
L
2.55
l
Due to the L/l ratio the landing will be reinforced on one direction
For computation we consider one strip with the length of 1 m.
b 1000mm
N
fcd 13.33
2
mm
fyd 300
mm
1 2 Mfield
2
b d1 fcd
x d1 1
x 1.223 10
x
d1
9.411 10
b
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Diploma project
Civil Engineering
b 0.55
As1 b x
fcd
fyd
5 2
As1 5.436 10 m
0.2
min
100
Asmin min b d1
4 2
Asmin 2.6 10
( 8mm)
4
4 2
1 2 Msupp
2
b d1 fcd
x d1 1
x 1.457 10
x
d1
9.716 10
b
b 0.55
fcd
As1 b x
fyd
5 2
As1 6.476 10
0.2
min
100
4 2
Asmin 2.6 10 m
Asmin min b d1
( 8mm)
4
4 2
b d1
0.201
OK
On the long direction will be used repartition reinforcement computed from the minimum
reinforcement percentage: 6 8
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Diploma project
Civil Engineering
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
P100-1-2013
SREN1992-1-1-2004
CR-1-1-3-2012-ZAPADA
CR2-2006-Cod-de-Proiectare-Pereti-Structurali-Beton-Armat
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