SOLID STATE :

THEORY:
1) Give characteristics of solid.
2) Give the classifcation of solid state.
3) Explain crystalline solid and amorphous solid.
4) What is a glass !istinguish "et#een crystalline solid and
amorphous aolid. Give examples.
$) Explain%
i) &olecular solid
ii) 'ydrogen "onded molecular solid
iii) (onic solid
iv) &etallic solid
v) )ovalent solid
vi) )oordination num"er
*) Write a note on
i) diamond ii) graphite iii) fullerene
+) )lassify the follo#ing solids into di,erent types
i) -lastic ii) -4 molecule iii) ./ molecule iv) (odine molecule v)
0etra phosphorus decoxide vi) 1mmonium phosphate vii) 2rass
viii) 3u"idium ix) Graphite x) !iamond xi) 4a)l xii) .ilicon
/) What is a unit cell Explain 2ravais lattice.
5) Explain #ith the help of diagram
i) .even types of unit cell
ii) 0hree types of cu"ic cell
iii) 0#o types of tetragonal unit cell
iv) 6our types of orthorhom"ic unit cell
v) 0#o types of monoclinic unit cell
vi) 0riclinic unit cell
vii) -rimitive hexagonal unit cell
17) !istinguish "et#een the follo#ing
i) )rystalline lattice and unit cell
ii) 'exagonal close pac8ing and cu"ic close pac8ing
iii)0etrahedral void and octahedral void
11) Give the num"er of lattice points in one unit cell of crystal
structure.
i) .imple cu"ic ii) 6ace centered cu"ic iii) 2ody centered cu"ic
iv) 6ace centered tetragonal
12)Explain #hy
i) (onic solids are hard and "rittle
ii) .olid ice is lighter than #ater
iii) )alculate the percentage e9ciency of pac8ing in case of
follo#ing crystal
:a) .imple cu"ic :") 2ody centered cu"ic :c) 6ace centered cu"ic
#ith all atoms touching one another
13) Explain #ith the help of neat diagram 1111 and 1212 and
12)12) type of three dimensional pac8ing.
14) Explain the pac8ing and voids in ionic solids.
1$) Write note on radius ratio rule for ionic compounds.
1*) Explain ho# to deduce coordination num"er of cations.
1+) What are point defects
1/) Explain interstitial defect and impurity defect.
15) Explain the origin of electrical properties in solids.
27) What are semiconductors !escri"e the t#o main types of
semiconductors.
21) Explain the origin of magnetic properties in solids.
22) Explain%
() !iamagnetism ii) -ara;magnetism iii) ferromagnetism
23) )lassify the follo#ing semiconductors into n or p type.
i) 2 doped #ith .i
ii) 1s doped #ith .i
iii) - doped #ith .i
iv) Ge doped #ith (n
24) Explain "and theory.
2$) !istinguish "et#een conductors< semiconductors and
insulators
2*) Explain the terms%
i) .chott8y defect iii) 6ren8el defect
PROBLEMS :
() 4io"ium is found to crystalli=es #ith "cc structure and found to
have density of /.$$g>cm
3
. !etermine the atomic radius of
nio"ium if its atomic mass is 53
2) )opper crystalli=es into 6)) structure and the unit cell has
length of edge 3.*1 ? 17
;/
cm. )alculate the density of copper if
the molar mass of )u is *3.$g>mol.
3) .ilver crystalli=es in 6)) structure #ith edge length of unit cell<
4.7+ ? 17
;/
cm and if density of metallic silver is17.$g>cm
3
.
)alculate the molecular mass of silver.
4) !etermine the density of cesium chloride #hich crystalli=es in
2)) type of structure #ith the edge length 412.1pm. 0he atomic
masses of cesium and chloride are 133 and 3$.$ respectively.
$) @nit cell of iron crystal has edge length of 2//pm and density
of +./*g>cm
3
.!etermine the type of crystal lattice :6eA$*)
*) 1n atom crystalli=es in 6)) crystal lattice and a density of
17g>cm
3
#ith unit cell edge length of 177pm. )alculate num"er of
atoms present in 1g of crystal.
+) 1n element 1 and 2 constitute 2)) type crystalline structure.
Element 1 occupies "ody center position and 2 is at the corners of
cu"e. What is the formula of the compound What are the
coordination num"ers of 1 and 2
/) 1toms ) 1 and ! form 6)) crystalline structure. 1tom ) is
present at the corners of the cu"e and atom ! is at the faces of
the cu"e. What is the formula of the compound
SOLUTION AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY :
THEORY:
1) !efne the terms% solution< solute< solvent and concentration.
2) What are the di,erent types of solution
3) Explain di,erent #ays in #hich concentration of a solution can
"e expressed.
4)!efne% i) percentage "y #eight< ii) mole fraction< iii) &olality< iv)
&olarity
$)!efne the term colligative property. Give examples.
*) .tate and explain 'enryBs la#.
+) Explain solid solution.
/) What is a vapour pressure of liCuid
5) Explain the e,ect of temperature on the vapour pressure of
liCuid.
17) What are the factors #hich a,ects vapour pressure
11) What is lo#ering of vapour pressure of a solution
12) What is relative lo#ering of vapour pressure
13) .tate 3aoultBs la# and o"tain expression for lo#ering of
vapour pressure #hen non;volatile solute is dissolved.
14) !erive the relationship "et#een relative lo#ering of vapour
pressure and molar mass of solute.
1$) What is "oiling point of liCuid
1*) What is elevation of "oiling point
1+) What is molal elevation constant !oes it depend on the
nature of the solute
1/) !erive the relation "et#een elevation of "oiling point and
molar mass of the solute.
15) !efne free=ing point of liCuid.
27) What causes depression in free=ing point
21) !efne molal depression constant.
22) 'o# molar mass of a non;volatile solute is related to the
depression in free=ing point !erive an eCuation.
23) What is osmosis
24) !efne semipermea"le mem"rane and osmotic pressure.
2$) !efne the terms% i) (sotonic solution ii) 'ypertonic solution
iii) 'ypotonic solution
2*) .tate% i) vant 'o,;2oyles la# ii) vant 'o,;)harles la#
2+) !erive vant 'o, eCuation for osmotic pressure of a solution.
2/) 'o# molar mass of a solute is determined from osmotic
pressure measurements
25) Explain a"normal osmotic pressure.
37) .tate vant 'o,;1vogadroBs la#.
31) Explain %
i) 1"normal molecular masses
ii) vant 'o, factor
32) !erive the eCuations%
i) A
ii) A
PROBLEMS :
1) 34.2g of glucose is dissolved in 477g of #ater. )alculate
percentage "y mass of glucose solution.
2) 1 solution is prepared "y dissolving certain amount of solute in
$77g of #ater. 0he percentage "y mass of a solute in solution is
2.3/. )alculate mass of solute.
3)4.*cm
3
of methyl alcohol is dissolved in 2$.2g of #ater.
)alculate< i) percentage "y mass of methyl alcohol ii) &ole
fraction of methyl alcohol and #ater. :Given density of methyl
alcohol A 7.+5$2g>cm
3
and )A12< 'A1 and DA1*)
4) 12./cm
3
of "en=ene is dissolved in 1*./cm
3
of xylene. )alculate
E "y volume of "en=ene.
$) )alculate mole fraction of ')l in solution of ')l containing
24./E of ')l "y mass.:'A1< )lA3$.$)
*) )alculate mole fraction of solute in its 2 molal aCueous
solution.
+) )alculate the mole fraction< molality and molarity of '4D
3
in a
solution containing 12.2E '4D
3
. Given density of
'4D
3
A1.73/g>cm
3
< 'A1< 4A14< DA1*
/) .ulphuric acid is 5$./E "y mass .)alculate mole fraction and
molarity of '
2
.D
4
of density 1.51g>cm
3
.
5) 1Cueous solution of 4aD' is mar8ed 17E:#>#). 0he density of
the solution is 1.7+7g>cm
3
.
)alculate<
i) molarity ii) molality and iii) mole fraction of 4aD' and #ater.
4aA23< 'A1 and DA1*
17) 2attery acid is 4.22& aCueous '
2
.D
4
solution< and has density
of 1.21g>cm
3
. What is the molality of '2.D4 'A1< .A32< DA1*
11) 0he vapour pressure of 2.1E solution of a non;electrolyte in
#ater at 177 is +$$mm 'g. )alculate the molar mass of the
solute.
12) 0he vapour pressure of #ater at 27 is 1+mm 'g. )alculate
the vapour pressure of a solution containing 2./g of
urea:4'
2
)D4'
2
) in $7g of #ater. 4A14< )A12< 'A1
13) (n an experiment< 1/.74g of mannitol #ere dissolved in 177g
of #ater. 0he vapour pressure of #ater #as lo#ered "y 7.375mm
'g from 1+.$3$mm 'g. )alculate the molar mass of mannitol.
14) 1 solution containing 7.$12*g of naphthalene :molar mass A
12/.1+g>mol) in $7g of ))l
4
gives a "oiling point elevation of
7.472F. While a solution of 7.*21*g of un8no#n solute in the
same mass of the solvent gives a "oiling point elevation of 7.*4+F
. 6ind the molar mass of the un8no#n solute.
:F
"
for ))l
4
A $.73F 8g mol
;1
of solvent)
1$) )alculate the mass in grams of an impurity of molar mass
177gmol
;1
#hich #ould "e reCuired to raise the "oiling point of
$7g of chloroform "y7.37F.
:F
"
for chloroformA 3.*3F 8g mol
;1
)
1*) 2oiling point of a solvent is /7.2 . When 7.415g of the solute
of molar mass 2$2.4g mol
;1
#as dissolved in +$g of the solvent<
the "oiling point of the solution #as found to "e /7.2$* . 6ind
the molal elevation constant.
1+) 7.*ml of glacial acetic acid #ith density 1.7*gm G
;1
is
dissolved in 18g #ater and the solution fro=e at ;7.727$ .
)alculate vant 'o, factor and F
f
for #ater is1./*F 8g mol
;1
1/) 'enryBs la# constant for solu"ility of methane in "en=ene is
4.2+ ? 17
$
mm 'g at constant temperature .)alculate the
solu"ility of methane at +*7mm 'g pressure at same
temperature.
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGIES :
Theory:
1)!efne the terms% system< surrounding< open system< close
system< isolated system< exothermic reactions< endothermic
reactions< extensive properties and intensive properties.
2) Explain the term state function. Give t#o examples of state
functions and t#o example of path function.
3) Explain thermodynamics eCuili"rium.
4) !istinguish "et#een isothermal and adia"atic process.
$) What is a reversi"le process What are its features
*) .ho# that pressure times volume is eCual to #or8.
+) !erive the expression for #or8 #hen a gas expands against
constant external pressure.
/) )lassify the follo#ing reactions according to #or8 done "y the
system< on the system and no #or8 done if pressure is constant.
:a) '
2
:g) H )l
2
:g) 2')l:g)
:") 3D
2
:g) 2D3:g)
:c) 2.D
2
:g) D
2
:g)H 2.D
3
:g)
:d) &g)D
3
:s) H &gD:s) )D
2
:g)
:e) 4'
4
4D
3
:s) H 4
2
D:g) 2'
2
D:g)
5) What is the di,erence di,erence "et#een ' and @ What is
the sign of ' for exothermic and endothermic reactions @nder
#hat circumstances
17) What are the sign convention for C and W
11) Explain the concept of maximum #or8.
12) 1 free expansion of a gas results into no #or8. Explain.
13) !erive the expression for maximum #or8.
14) !efne enthalpy. 1t constant pressure sho# that 'A
1$) (t is di9cult to calculate @< ho#ever @ can "e easily
determined. Why Explain giving examples.
1*) .tate frst la# of thermodynamics. Iustify its mathematical
eCuation.
1+) D"tain the relationship "et#een ' and @ for a chemical
reaction.
1/) What is the expression for #or8 done in a chemical reaction
Explain the meaning of each term.
15) !efne and explain each of the follo#ing #ith one example
each.
:a) enthalpy of fusion
:") enthalpy of vapori=ation
:c) enthalpy of su"limation
:d) enthalpy of atomi=ation
:e) enthalpy of ioni=ation.
27) !efne enthalpy of chemical reactions. What is meant "y
standard state of su"stance and standard enthalpy of reactions
21)What are the guidelines for #riting a thermo;chemical
eCuations
22) !efne standard enthalpy of formation .'o# is it useful to
calculate standard reaction enthalpy
23) Write "alanced chemical eCuation that have '
7
value eCual
to
f
'
7
for each of the follo#ing su"stances.
:a) )
2
'
2
:") F)lD
3
:c) )'
3
)DD' :d) )
12
'
22
D
11
:e) )'
3
)'
2
D'
24) Explain standard enthalpy of com"ustion #ith one example.
2$) )onsider the chemical reaction< D6
2
:g) H '
2
D:g) D
2
:g) H
2'6:g)<
'
7
A;3238I
2*)What is meant "y "ond enthalpy 'o# is it useful to calculate
reaction enthalpy Explain #ith one example.
2+) .tate and explain 'essBs la# of constant heat summation.
2/) What is spontaneous process Give example.
25) Which of the follo#ing are spontaneous
:a) dissolution of sugar in hot co,ee
:") separation of 1r and Fr from their mixture
:c) spreading of fragrance #hen a "ottle of perfume is opened
:d) Jo# of heat from cold o"Kect to hot o"Kect
:e) heat transfer from ice to room at 2$
37) !efne entropy. Give its units. What does entropy measures
31)Explain ho# entropy changes in the follo#ing processes
:a) free=ing of liCuid
:") su"limation of solid
:c) dissolving of #ater in sugar
:d) condensation of vapour
32) Which mem"er of the follo#ing pairs have larger entropy
Why
:a) )D
2
:s) or )D
2
:g)
:") )'
3
D':l) or )
2
'
$
)D)
2
'
$
:l)
:c) 4D:g) or 4
2
D
4
:g)
:d) ?e:g) or Fr:g)
:e) 4a:s) or 4a)l:s)
33) Why is it more convenience to predict spontaneity of reaction
in terms of G
sys
rather than .
total

34) !efne Gi""s energy and change in Gi""s energy. What are
the units of Gi""s energy
3$) .tate second la# of thermodynamics in terms of entropy and
express it mathematically.
3*) .tate third la# of thermodynamics. What is its usefulness
3+) Why is it impossi"le for any su"stance to have an a"solute
entropy =ero at temperature greater than 7F
3/) (t is impossi"le for a reaction to "e spontaneous yet
exothermic Explain #ith example.
35) (s it possi"le for a reaction to "e non;spontaneous yet
exothermic Explain #ith example.
47) -redict the sign of . in the follo#ing process. Give reasons
for your ans#er.
:a) 4
2
D
4
:g) 24D
2
:g)
:") 6e
2
D
3
:s) H 3'
2
:g) 26e:s) H 3'
2
D:g)
:c) 4
2
:g) H 3'
2
:g) 24'
3
:g)
:d) &g)D
3
:s) 24'
3
:g)
:e) )D
2
:g) )D
2
:s)
:f) )l
2
:g) 2)l:g)
41) What can "e said a"out the spontaneity of reactions #hen
:a) ' and . are "oth positive
:") ' and . "oth are negative
:c) ' is positive and . is negative
:d) ' is negative and . is positive
42) (dentify #hich mem"er of the follo#ing pairs has larger
entropy. Why
:a) 'e:g) in a volume of 1G or 'e:g) in a volume of $G "oth at 2$
.
:") D
2
:g) at 1atm or D
2
:g) at 17atm "oth at the same temperature
:c) )
2
'
$
D':l) or )
2
'
$
D':g)
:d) $ moles of 4e or 2 moles of 4e
43) What are the signs of for the follo#ing reaction
Explain #ith reasons.
2':g) '2:g)
44) !erive the relationship "et#een G and .
total
.
4$) Iustify the inclusion of C
rev
and 0 in the defnition of entropy<
. A C
rev
> 0.
4*) 0he increase in entropy of a system alone does not guarantee
the spontaneity of a process. Explain.
4+) 0he criterion of spontaneity in terms of Gi""s energy is the
same as that laid do#n "y second la# of thermodynamic. 'o#
PROBLEMS :
1) 0hree moles of an ideal gas are expanded isothermally from a
volume of 377cm
3
to 2.$G at 377F against a pressure of 1.5atm.
)alculate the #or8 done in G atm and Koules.
2) Dne mole of an ideal gas is compressed from $77cm
3
against a
constant pressure of 1.21* ? 17
$
-a. 0he #or8 involved in the
process is 3*.$7I. )alculate the fnal volume.
3) )alculate the maximum #or8 #hen 24g of oxygen are
expanded isothermally and reversi"ly from a pressure of 1.* ?
17
$
-a to 1778-a at 25/F.
4) 0hree moles of an ideal gas are compressed isothermally and
reversi"ly to a volume of 2G. 0he #or8 done is 2.5/38I at 22 .
)alculate the initial volume of a gas.
$) 2./ ? 17
;2
8g of nitrogen is expanded isothermally and
reversi"ly at 377F from 1$.1$ ? 17$4 m
;2
#hen the #or8 done is
found to "e ;1+.338 I. 6ind the fnal pressure.
*) 1 sample of a gas a"sor"s 47778I of heat
:a) if volume remains constant< #hat is @
:") .uppose that in addition to a"sorption of heat "y the sample<
the surrounding does 27778I of #or8 on the sample< #hat is @
:c) .uppose that as the original sample a"sor"s heat< it expands
against atmospheric pressure and does *778 I of #or8 on its
surroundings. What is @
+) )alculate the #or8 done in each of the follo#ing reactions.
.tate #hether #or8 is done on or "y the system.
:a) 0he oxidation of one mole of .D2 at $7 .
2.D
2
:g) H D
2
:g) 2.D
3
:g)
:") decomposition of 2 moles of 4'44D3 at 177
4'
4
4D
3
:s) 4
2
D:g) H 2'
2
D:g)
/) 0he enthalpy change for the reaction
)
2
'
4
:g) H '
2
:g) )
2
'
*
:g) is ;*27I #hen 177mG of ethylene and
177mG of '
2
react at 1atm pressure. )alculate the pressure
volume #or8 and @.
5) )alculate standard enthalpy of the reaction
6e
2
D
3
:s) H 3)D:g) 26e:s) H 3)D
2
:g) from the follo#ing data
f
'
7
:6e
2
D
3
)A;/24.28Imol
;1<
f
'
7
:)D)A;117.$8Imol
;1
<
f
'
7
:)D
2
)A;;353.$8Imol
;1
17) )alculate the standard enthalpy of formation of )2'* from
the follo#ing data%
2)
2
'
*
:g) H +D
2
:g) 4)D
2
:g) H *'
2
D:l)< '
7
A;31158I<
f
'
7
A
;353.$8Imol
;1
<
f
'
7
A;2/$./8Imol
;1
11) 'o# much heat is evolved #hen 12g of )D react #ith 4D
2
according to the follo#ing reaction<
4)D:g) H 24D
2
:g) 4)D
2
:g) H 4
2
:g)< '
7
A ;115/8I
12) 3/.$$8 I of heat is a"sor"ed #hen *g of D
2
react #ith )l6
according to the reaction.
2)l6:g) H D
2
:g) )l
2
D:g) H D6
2
:g)
What is the standard enthalpy of the reaction
13) )alculate '
7
of the reaction
)'
4
:g) H D
2
:g) )'
2
D:g) H '
2
D:g) from the follo#ing data%
2ond );' DAD )AD D;'
'
7
>8Imol
;1
414 455 +4$ 4*4
)alculate );)l "ond enthalpy from the follo#ing data%
)'
3
)l:g) H )l
2
:g) )'
2
)l
2
:g) H ')l:g) '
7
A ;174FK
2ond );' )l;)l ';)l
'
7
>8Imol
;1
414 243 431
1$) )alculate the standard enthalpy of the reaction<
2):graphite) H 3'
2
:g) )
2
'
*
:g) from the follo#ing '
7
values%
:i) )
2
'
*
:g) H +>2D
2
:g) 2)D
2
:g) H 3'
2
D:l)< '
7
A;1$*78I
Electro chemitry:
Theory:
1.!efne the terms% resistivity< conductivity and molar
conductivity. Give its ..( units.
2.Explain the terms conductivity and molar conductivity. 'o# are
they interrelated
3.Why does conductivity of s solution decrease on dilution of a
solution
4.'o# does molar conductivity of an electrolyte vary #ith
concentration
$.'o# does the variation in molar conductivity of an electrolyte
#ith concentration di,ers for strong and #ea8 electrolytes
*.Explain the di,erent "ehaviour of strong and #ea8 electrolytes
to#ards the variation of conductivity #ith concentration
+..tate and explain Fohlrausch la# of independent migration of
ions. 'o# it is useful to determine the molar conductivity of #ea8
electrolytes at =ero concentration
/.'o# is the molar conductivity of strong electrolytes at =ero
concentration determined "y graphical method Why is this
method not useful for #ea8 electrolytes
5.What is cell constant What is its unit 'o# is it determined
17.!efne anode and cathode.
11. Why is cathode in electrolytic cell considered to "e negative
and anode positive
12. -redict the half cell reactions that occur #hen fused F)l is
electroly=ed in a cell #ith inert electrodes. What is the overall cell
reaction
13. .tate 6aradayBs la#s of electrolysis.
14.'o# #ill you calculate the num"er of moles of electrons
actually passed and mass of the su"stance produced during
electrolysis of a salt solution using reaction stoichiometry
1$.'o# many electrons #ill have a total charge of 1 coulom"
1*. 'o# many faradayBs #ould "e reCuired to plate out 1.77 mole
of free metal from the follo#ing cations
:a) &g
2H

:") )r
3H
:c) -"
2H
:d) )u
H
1+. !efne coulom" and faraday.
1/. !escri"e the electrolysis of molten 4a)l using inert
electrodes.
15. What is the di,erence "et#een electrolytic cell and voltaic
cell
27. Why is anode in galvanic cell considered to "e negative and
cathode positive electrode
21. .8etch the cell for the electrolysis of molten 4a)l. (ndicate
cathode< anode and their signs. .ho# the Jo# of electrons and
ions.
22. What is salt "ridge What are its functions in galvanic cell
23. What are the conventions used to #rite cell diagram:cell
formula)
24. !escri"e the construction of !aniel cell. Write electrode half
reactions and net cell reaction in !aniel cell.
2$. !escri"e the follo#ing types of electrodes giving one
example< #ith reference to formulation< electrode reaction and
4ernst eCuation for electrode potential.
:a) metal;sparingly salt electrode
:") gas electrode
2*. What is redox electrode Give one example #ith formulation<
electrode reaction and 4ernst eCuation for electrode potential.
2+. !efne the terms% oxidation potential< reduction potential and
cell potential.
2/. What conditions are reCuired for a cell potential to "e called
standard cell potential
25. 6ormulate a cell for each of the follo#ing electrode reactions%
:a) .n
2H
:aC) H 21g)l :s) L .n
4H
:aC) H 21g:s) H2)l
;
:aC)
:") &g :s) H 2r
2
:l) L &g
2H
:aC) H 22r
;
:aC)
37. 6ormulate a cell from the follo#ing electrode reactions%
:a) )l
2
:g) H 2e
;
L 2)l
;
:aC)
:") 2(
;
:aC) L (
2
:s) H 2e
;
31. What are standard electrode potential and standard emf of
the galvanic cell
32. Write 4ernst eCuation and explain the terms involved in it.
What part of the eCuation represents the correction factor for
nonstandard state conditions
33. Write 4ernst eCuation for the follo#ing reactions%
:a) )r:s) H 36e
3H
:aC) L )r
3H
:aC) H 36e
2H
:aC)
:") 1l
3H
:aC) H 3e
;
L 1l :s)
34. )onsider the follo#ing E
7
values and half reactions%
(
2
:s) H 2e
;
L 2(
;
:aC) E
7
A7.$3$M
)u
2H
:aC) H 2e
;
L )u :s) E
7
A7.33+M
)d
2H
:aC) H 2e
;
L )d:s) E
7
A;7.7473
:a). Which of the metals or non;metals or ions is the strongest
oxidi=ing agent and #hich is the strongest reducing agent
:") 0he half reactions can "e used to construct three galvanic
cells. Which #ill have the highest cell potential
3$. -redict #hether
:a) 1g
H
can oxidi=e -" to -"
2H
under standard state condition.
:") E
7
1g
A7.+55M and E
7
-"
A;7.12*M.
3*. -redict #hether the follo#ing reactions occur under standard
state conditions.
:a) Dxidation of 1g:s) "y )l
2
:g). E
7
1g
A7./M< E
7
)l2
A1.3*M
:") 3eduction of 6e
3H
to 6e
2H
"y 1u:s). E
7
6e3H< 6e2H
A 7.++M<
E
7
1u
A1.4M
3+. .8etch and descri"e the operation of
:a) dry cell
:") '
2
;D
2
fuel cell.
3/. What are the advantages and disadvantages of fuel cells
35. .8etch lead storage cell.
47. Write electrode reaction and overall cell reaction during the
operation of lead storage cell.
41. Write electrode reaction and overall cell reaction #hen lead
accumulator "ehaves as an electrolytic cell.
42. 'o# can 4ernst eCuation "e used to sho# that electrode
potential is eCual to the standard electrode potential "y putting
approximate values in 4ernst eCuation @se )u
2H
N)d half cell for
illustration.
43. 'o# are G
7
< E
7
cell
and eCuili"rium constant related for a
particular reaction
44. Why is eCuili"rium constant related to E
7
cell
and not E
cell

4$. G
7
for a redox reaction depends on the num"er of electrons
transferred. Explain.
4*. 'o# does the eCuili"rium< G
7
A;n6E
7
explain that an
electrical potential is an intensive property
4+. Write shorthand notation for the cell for each of the follo#ing
reactions%
:a) )u
2H
:aC) H 21g:s) H 22r
;
L )u :s) H 21g2r :s)
:") .n
2H
:aC) is oxidi=ed "y 2r
2
:l).
4/. 1rrange the follo#ing reducing agents in order of increasing
strength under standard state conditions. 0he standard potentials
for the reduction half reactions are given.
1g
H
:aC) :7./M)< 1l
3H
:aC) :;1.**M)< 6
2
:g) :2./+M)< )l
2
:g) :1.3*M)<
(
2
:s) :7.$4M)< )d
2H
:aC) :;7.4M).
45. 1rrange the follo#ing oxidi=ing agents in order of increasing
strength under standard state conditions. 0he standard potentials
for the reduction half reactions are given.
1l:s) :;1.**M)< )l
;
:aC) :;1.3*M)< )u:s) :7.34M)< 6e:s):;7.44M)< 2r
;
:aC) :1.75M)< 4i:s) :;7.2*M)
$7. Which species in each of the follo#ing pairs is "etter oxidi=ing
agent under standard state conditions :standard potential are
given). Give reasons for your ans#er.
:a) 2r
2
:l) :1.75M) or 1u
3H
:1.4M)
:") '
H
:aC) or 1g
H
:aC) :7./M)
:c) -"
2H
:aC) :;7.13M) or )o
2H
:;7.2/M)
:d) )l
2
:g) :1.3*M) or )r
3H
:;7.+4M)
$1. Which species in each of the follo#ing pairs is "etter reducing
agent under standard conditions. E
7
values are given. Give
reasons for your ans#er.
:a) F:s) :;2.353M) or &g:s) :;2.3*M)
:") )o
2H
:aC) :1./1M) or (n :s) :;7.14M)
:c) )e
3H
:aC) :1.*1M) or 0i
2H
:;7.3+M)
:d) 'g:l) :7./*M) or 4i:s) :;7.23M)
PROBLEMS:
1.1 conductivity cell flled #ith 7.71& F)l given at 2$
o
) the
resistance of *74ohms. 0he conductivity of F)l at 2$
o
) is 7.777
CHEMISTRY :
d 14! f O 2GD)F EGE&E40. %
1) What are d;"loc8 elements
2) What are f;"loc8 elements
3) Explain the meaning of
:i) 0ransition series :ii) (nner transition element
4) Explain the position of the follo#ing in periodic ta"le.
:i) d;"loc8 elements :ii) Ganthanoids :iii) 1ctinoids.
$) Explain the oxidation state of 1
st
ro# elements of transition
series.
*) Explain the oxidation states of lanthanoids and actinoids.
+) Why do lanthanoids form coloured compounds
/) Explain< most of the transition metal compounds are
remar8a"ly coloured.
5) Why chromium has electronic confguration 3d
$
4s
1
and not 3d
4
4s
2
.
17) Why does copper sho# a"normal electronic confguration.
11) Explain< the trends in atomic and ionic si=es of lanthanoids
and also of 1
st
ro# elements of transition series.
12) What are actinoids
13) What are trans;uranic elements Write their name.
14) Why transition elements sho# tendency to form large num"er
of complexes
1$) Explain % the compounds of copper :((() are coloured "ut those
of =inc are colourless.
1*) 'o# is potassium dichromate prepared from chrome ion
1+) Write the preparation< properties and use of potassium
permanganate.
1/) Explain< #hy -t:(M) complexes are generally octahedral #hile
-t:(() complexes are sCuare planar.
15) !i,erentiate "et#een lanthanoids and actinoids.
27) What are chemical t#ins Give examples
21) Explain #hy Gd
3H
is colourless.
COORDINATION COMPOUNDS :
1) What is the di,erence "et#een dou"le salt and coordination
compounds
2) Explain< #hy 6e:4'
4
)
2
:.D
4
)
2
:'
2
D)
*
is a salt "ut F
4
P6e:)4
*
)Q is a
complex compound.
3) Write the formula of the follo#ing complexes
:i) )alcium hexa cyano ferrate :(()
:ii) !iammine dichloro platinum
:iii) 2is :ethylene diammine) dichloro iridium :((() ion
:iv) -entamine car"onato chromium :((() )'GD3(!E
:v) 0ris:ethylene diammine ) co"alt:((() sulphate
:vi) !iamine ethylene diammine nic8el :(() acetate
4) Write the rules #hich are applied #hile #riting the formulas of
coordination compounds.
$) !efne the terms%
:i) )entral metal atom>ion
:ii) Gigand
:iii) )oordination compound
:iv) )oordination sphere
:v) )oordination num"er
:vi) )oordination polyhedral
:vii) 'omoleptic and heteroleptic complexes
:viii) )harge on the complexes
:ix) )oordination entity
*) Write (@-1) name of the follo#ing complexes
i) P)r:'
2
D)
4
)l
2
Q4D
3
ii) P-t:en))l
4
Q
iii) F
2
P4i:)4)
4
Q
iv) )sP6e)l
4
Q
v) )r)l
3
:-y)
3
vi) F
3
P)o:)
2
D
4
)
3
Q
vii) P)o2r
2
:en)
2
Q
viii) P-t)l
4
Q
2
ix) P)o:'
2
D):)4):en)
2
Q
2H
x) F
3
P1l:)
2
D
4
)
3
Q
+) Explain the importance of principles of additive nomenclature.
/) (dentify the follo#ing ions "y a simple test forming complex
compound.
i) )u
2H
ii) 4i
2H
iii) 6e
3H
iv) )o
2H
5) Dn the "asis of WernerBs theory explain< #hy co"alt amine
complex< )o)l
3
44'
3
#hen treated #ith 1g4D
3
solution
precipitates only one ion even though there are three ions.
17) )alculate the e,ective atomic num"er :E14) of the central
metal atom in the follo#ing compounds
i) F
3
P6e:)4)
*
Q ii) )r:)D)
*
11) Write the postulates of WernerBs theory.
12) Explain the "onding in )o)l
3.
34'
3
and )o)l
3
.$4'
3
.
13) Explain stereoisomerism in metal complexes #ith coordination
num"er 4 and *.
14) Why the tetrahedral complexes do not exhi"it geometrical
isomerism
1$) !ra# cis and trans geometrical isomers of
i) dichloro"romo iodo palladium :(() ion
ii) P-t:(():4'
3
)
2
)l
2
Q
iii) P)o:((():4'
3
))l
3
Q
iv) P)o:((():4'
3
)
4
:'
2
D))lQ
2H
1*) !ra# all possi"le geometrical isomers of P-t:(M)
:4'
3
)
2
:-y)
2
)l
2
Q
2H
ion.
1+) Write oxidation state< coordination num"er and electronic
confguration of the metal atom in the follo#ing complexes
i) )r)l
3
:-y)
3
ii) F
4
P&n:)4)
*
Q
1/) )lassify the follo#ing ligands into mono;dentate< poly;dentate
and am"i;dentate.
i) 4'
3
ii) ) iii) iv) 4) v) 4D
2
vi) ethylene diammine
vii) oxalate
viii) triaminotriethylamine
15) )o)l
3
.$4'
3
.'
2
D is a pin8 solid< the solution of this salt is also
pin8 and formed 3mol of 1g)l #ith silver nitrate solution. Dn
heating pin8 solid< it loses one #ater molecule and forms purple
solid having same ratio of )o%4'
3
%)l as that of pin8 solid. 0he
purple solid #hen dissolved in #ater and treated #ith forms 1 mol
of 1g)l. !ra# the structure and name of the pin8 and purple
solids.
27) 4ame the octahedral complex ions
i) P)o:)
2
D
4
) :en)
2
Q
H
ii) trans;P)r:4).)
4
:4'
3
)
2
Q
;
21) !ra# the structures of the follo#ing complexes
i) P)o)l
4
Q
2;
ii) P&n:4'
3
)
*
Q
2H
iii) P-t)l*Q iv) 4i:)D)
4
v) P4i:)4)
4
Q
2;
22) (n an octahedral crystal feld< dra# the fgure to sho# splitting
of d;or"ital.
23) What are #ea8 feld and strong feld ligands What is spectro;
chemical series
24) P4i:)4)
4
Q
2;
is diamagnetic #hile P)r:4'
3
)
*
Q
3H
is para;magnet<
explain.
2$) Dn the "asis of valence "ond theory explain the nature of
"onding in the follo#ing complexes.
:i) P)o6
*
Q
3;
:ii) P)o:)
2
D
4
)
3
Q
3;
2*) 2lue coloured copper sulphate solution gave follo#ing
experimental results. Explain the same
i) With aCueous potassium chloride it gave "right green solution.
ii) With aCueous potassium Juoride it gave a green precipitate.
2+) !ra# the structures of optically active isomers of P)o:en)
3
Q
3H
2/) !ra# the geometrical and optical isomers of
i) P)o)l
2
:en)
2
Q
H
ii) P)o)l:en)
2
:4'
3
)Q
2H
25) What is lin8age isomerism Explain #ith an example.
37) What are hydrate isomers Explain #ith examples.
31) Explain the structure of
i) )upra;ammonium sulphate ii) P)o:4'
3
)
*
Q
3H
32) What are the limitations of valence "ond theory
33) Explain the magnetic properties of coordination compounds.
34) Write the salient features of crystal feld theory. What are its
limitations
3$) Explain the octahedral geometry of complexes using crystal
feld theory.
3*) Write a note on colours in coordination compounds.
3+) Explain the factors a,ecting the sta"ility of coordination
compound.
3/) Write "rief the applications of coordination compounds.
HALOGEN DERIVATIVES O! AL"ANES AND ARENES :
1) What are al8yl halides 'o# are they classifed
2) Write (@-1) names of the follo#ing compounds.
i)
ii) )'
2
A)')l
iii)
iv)
v)
vi) sec;"utyl chloride
vii) neo;pentyl "romide
viii) t;"utyl iodide
ix) isopropyl "romide.
3) 'o# is ethyl "romide prepared from
i) Ethyl alcohol ii) ethane iii) ethane
4)Write the preparation of isopropyl chloride using the follo#ing
reagents
i) -)l
3
ii) -)l
$
iii) )l
2
iv) ')l v) .D)l
2
$) 'o# is ?;group replaced "y follo#ing functional rroups
i) OD' ii) O)4 iii) O4) iv) O4'
2
*) Write a note on
i) .andmeyerBs reaction ii) Wurt= reaction iii) 6in8elstein reaction
iv) 6ittig reaction v) 6riedel )raft reaction
+) (dentify 1 and 2 in the follo#ing
/) Give the structures of the follo#ing compounds
i) 3;2romo;2;methyl pentane ii) 2;2romo;3;ethyl hexane iii) 1;
)holo "utane
iv) p;!ichloro"en=ene v) 1<1<1;0richloroethane
5) 1 student has performed an experiment in the la"oratory. 'e
mixed #ater #ith hexane and found t#o layers separated. .econd
time he mixed chloroform #ith #ater and he again found t#o
layers in the test tu"e. Explain #hich #ill "e upper layer and
#hich one #ill "e lo#er layer in "oth the experiments.
17) )onvert 1;)hloro"utane into the follo#ing compounds.
i) 2utane;1;ol ii) 1;(odo"utane iii) )'
3
;)'
2
;)'
2
;)'
2
;)4 iv)
11) 6or each pair of compounds< state #hich compound is "etter
.4
2
su"strate
i) 2;2romo"utane< isopropyl "romide ii) 1;(odo;2<2;dimethyl
propane or isopropyl iodide
12) )hoose the mem"er that #ill react faster from the follo#ing
pairs "y .4
1
mechanism.
13) -redict the expected product of su"stitution reaction.
i) iso"utyl chloride mH sodium ethoxide
ii) n;"utyl chloride H sodium
iii) 1;)hloro propane H aC. potassium hydroxide
iv) aniline H 4a4D
2
> ')l
14) Write the products
:i) )
*
'
$
;)'
2
;)'
2
A)'
2
H '2r L
:ii) )*'$;)'A)'2 H '2r
:iii)
:iv)
:v)
1$) (dentify the chiral and achiral molecules
:i)
:ii)
:iii)
1*) !iscuss .42 mechanism of methyl "romide using aCueous
FD'. !ra# energy profle diagram.
1+) Write the mechanism of the reaction #hen t;"utyl chloride is
treated #ith aCueous FD' #ith energy profle diagram
1/) !i,erentiate "et#een .41 and .42 mechanism.
15) Explain the nature of );? "ond in
:i) )'3;)'2;)'2;? :ii)
27) What are uses of
i) !!0 ii) (odo;form iii) )hloro;form iv) )ar"on tetrachloride
21) 1l8yl halides are polar and misci"le #ith #ater< explain.
22) Which one of the follo#ing is more easily hydrolysed "y
aCueous FD'
)*'$)')l)*'$ and )*'$)'2)l
23) 1rrange the follo#ing groups in descending order. 4'2< .D3'<
D)'3< )DD' and )l.
24) 1ssign 3 or . confguration to each of the follo#ing
structures.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
1G)D'DG.< -'E4DG. 14! E0'E3. %
1) What are alcohols 'o# are they classifed
2) What are monohydric alcohols 'o# are they classifed
4) Write the structures of follo#ing alcohols.
:i) 1;Ethylcyclohexanol :ii) 'ex;3;en;2;ol :iii))yclohex;2;en;1;ol
:iv) -entane;1<4;diol
:v) 2<4;!imethylhexane;1<3<$;triol.
$) Explain the follo#ing.
:i) -ropan;1;ol has higher "oiling point than n;"utane
:ii) &ethanol is more solu"le in #ater than -ropan;1;ol
*) Write the mechanism of hydration of ethylene to ethyl alcohol.
+) -ropan;1;ol can not "e prepared "y acid catalyst hydration of
propene< then ho# is propene converted into propan;1;ol
/)
5) 'o# is propanone converted into
:i) -ropan;2;ol :ii) 2;&ethyl propan;2;ol
17) 'o# #ill you o"tain 2utan;2;ol from
:i) -ropanal :ii) 2utan;2;one :iii) 2ut;2;ene
11) 'o# is propan;1;ol prepared from
:i) -ropanal :ii) -ropanoic acid
12) 'o# is cyclopentanol prepared from
:i) )yclopentanone :ii) )yclopentene
14) Write the mechanism of acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol
to give ethane.
1$) Write the structure of aldehyde < car"oxylic acid and ester
that yield follo#ing alcohol.
1+) 'o# #ill you prepare
:i) 2;&ethyl"utane;1;ol from an al8ene
:ii) cyclohexylmethanol from a Grignard reagent
:iii) 1;phenylethanol from acetaldehyde.
1/) 'o# are follo#ing conversions "rought a"out
:i) "en=yl chloride to "en=yl alcohol
:ii) "en=yl alcohol to "en=oic acid
:iii) 1;Ethylcyclohexanol from )yclohexanone
15) What are phenols 'o# are they classifed
27)
21) Give the structures and (@-1) names of isomeric phenols
represented "y the molecular formula )/'17D.
22) 'o# is phenol prepared from
:i) )hloro"en=ene :ii) (sopropyl "en=ene :iii) "en=ene sulphonic
acid :iv) aniline
23 ) Explain the follo#ing
:i) -henol is more acidic than phenol
:ii) o;nitrophenol is more acidic than o;cresol
:iii) p;nitrophenol is less volatile than o;nitrophenol
24) Explain the follo#ing reactions of phenol.
:i) Fol"eBs reaction :ii) 3iemer;0iemann reaction
2$) 4ame the reagents used to convert phenol into
:i) picric acid :ii) 2<4<*;0ri"romophenol :iii) 2en=ene :iv) o;phenol
sulphonic acid
2*) What is the action of follo#ing reagents on phenol :i)
2romine in ).2 at lo# temperature.
:ii) !ilute nitric acid at room temperature :iii) )oncentrated
sulphuric acid at room temperature
2+) Give distinguish test "et#een phenol and ethanol
2/) What are ethers 'o# are ethers classifed
25) What is metamerism Give the structure and (@-1) name of
metamers of 2;&ethoxypropane.
37) Write the mechanism for acidic dehydration of ethanol.
31) 'o# is diethyl ether prepared "y continuous etherifcation
process Why is the process so called
32) 'o# #ill you prepared methoxyethane from
:i) 1l8yl halide :ii) !ia=omethane
33) .tate the important uses of :i) -henol :ii) diethyl ether
34) Write the mechanism of action of hydrogen "romide on tert;
"utyl methyl ether.
3$) Explain the follo#ing reactions of anisole.
:i) 2romination :ii) 4itration :iii) 6riedel;)rafts al8ylation :iv)
6riedel;)rafts acylation.
3*) Explain< :i) 0he OD' group attached to aromatic ring in
phenols and :ii) 0he al8oxy group in al8yl aryl ethers are ortho<
para directing and activate the aromatic ring to#ars electrophilic
su"stitution.
3+) Write the chemical eCuations for Williamson synthesis of 2;
Ethoxy;2;methypentane starting from ethanol and 2;
&ethylpentan;2;ol.
3/) 1n organic compound #ith the formula )4'17D3 sho#s
properties of ether and alcohol #hen treated #ith an excess of
'2r yields only one compound 1<2 di"romomethane. Write
structural formula of ether and that of alcohol.
ALDEHYDES# "ETONES AND CABO$YLIC
ACID :
1) Write the structure and give (@-1) names of the follo#ing
compounds.
:i) ;chloropropionaldehyde
:ii) R;hydroxy"utyraldehyde
:iii) iso"utyraldehyde
:iv) R;methyl;valeraldehyde
:v) isopropyl methyl 8etone
:vi) diisopropyl 8etone
:vii) m;"romo"en=aldehyde
:viii) di"en=yl 8etone
:ix) divinyl 8etone
:x) allyl methyl 8etone
:xi) ethyl phenyl 8etone
:xii) n;"utyrophenone
2) Write the structure of follo#ing compounds.
:i) 4;&ethyl;3;nitro"en=ophenone :ii) 2;&ethyl;4;oxopentanal :iii)
3;Dxopentanoic acid :iv) 4;chloropropiophenone :v) 3;
&ethoxy"utanal :vi) 4;'ydroxycyclohaxane car"aldehyde.
3) 'o# #ill you prepare :i) propiophenone from propanenitrile :ii)
4;chloro"en=aldehyde from 4;chlorotoluene :iii)
)yclohaxanecar"aldehyde from cyclohexylmethanol :iv) 4;
methoxyacetophenone from anisole :v) 4;methyl;"en=aldehyde
from toluene.
4) 1rrange the follo#ing compounds in the increasing order of
their "oiling points.
:i) dimethyl ether< ethyl alcohol< propane< acetaldehyde.
:ii) acetone< n;propyl alcohol< ethyl methyl alcohol and n;"utane.
$) What is the action of hydrogen cyanide in "asic medium on :i)
"utanone :ii) 2<4;dichloro;"en=aldehyde
*) What is the action of follo#ing compounds on cyclohexanone in
presence of dry hydrogen chloride
:i) ethyl alcohol :ii) ethylene glycol.
+) Write the structure of product in the follo#ing reactions.
:i) )'3)'2)'2)D)'3
:ii) )*'$)'2)D)'3
/) Write the structures of car"onyl compounds and ammonia
derivatives that com"ine to give follo#ing imines.
:i)
:ii)
:iii)
:iv)
:v)
:vi)
5) Write the chemical eCuations for aldol condensation or
)anni==aro reaction that follo#ing compounds undergo.
:i) -ropanal :ii) 2;&ethylpropanal :iii) -entanal :iv) 3;
&ethyl"utanal :v) 1cetophenone
:vi) p;&ethoxy"en=aldehyde :vii) 2;&ethylcyclohaxanone :viii)
chloral :ix) )yclopentanone
:x) -henyl acetaldehyde :xi) 1;-henylpropan;1;one.
17) Write the structure of the maKor product of the follo#ing
crossed aldol condensation .
:i) formaldehyde and propionaldehyde
:ii) 2en=aldehyde #ith acetone
11) (dentify the compounds S1B< S2B and S)B in the follo#ing
reactions and re#rite the complete eCuations.
:i)
:ii)
12)'o# #ill you e,ect follo#ing t#o;step conversions.
:i) -ropanal into "utanone :ii) 2utanone into "ut;2;ene :iii)
2en=ene into m;"romoacetophenone :iv) 'ex;3;yne into 'exan;
3;one :v) 2en=oic acid into m;nitro"en=ylalcohol.
13) 'o# #ill you convert "en=aldehyde into follo#ing compounds.
&ore than one steps may "e reCuired.
:i) 2en=ophenone :ii) 2en=oic acid :iii) 3;-henylpropan;1;ol :iv)
;hydroxyphenylacetic acid
14) Give a chemical test to distinguish "et#een follo#ing pairs of
compounds.
:i) Ethanal and propanone :ii) -rpopanal and propanone :iii)
-entane;2;one and pentane;3;one
1$) Write the structure and (@-1) names of follo#ing car"oxylic
acids.
:i) <R;dimethyl"utanoic acid :ii) R;phenyl"utyric acid :iii) ;
chloro;;methylvaleric acid.