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a) Corticospinal tract
b) Corticobulbar tract
c) Basal ganglia
2.1) What muscles are controlled by the medial motor pathway?
a) Postural
b) Hands and fine movement
c) Breathing and cardiac
d) Visceral
e) Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
2.2) Which of the following is a tract of the lateral motor system?
a) Tectospinal tract
b) Vestibulospinal tract
c) Pontine reticulospinal tract
d) Pontine medullary tract
e) Rubrospinal tract
3) Which of the following describes the release phenomenon?
a) When inhibition is removed and actions cease to take place
b) When inhibition is removed and actions are allowed to take place
c) When inhibition occurs and actions cease to take place
d) When inhibition occurs and actions are allowed to take place
4) Which of the following would be seen in spinal shock after a spinal cord injury (SCI),
such as a transection, at the level of T6?
a) Permanent loss of motor function below the level of T6
b)Temporary loss of motor function below the level of T6
c) Permanent loss of motor function involving all of the spinal cord
d)Temporary loss of motor function involving all of the spinal cord
e) Permanent loss of motor function above the level of T6
f) Temporary loss of motor function above the level of T6
5) Which of the following would most likely occur as a mass reflex with loss of
descending spinal inhibition or spinal cord rearrangement?
a) Multiple muscle clonus, especially in the feet
b) Hyperactive extension of the arms
c) Hyperactive flexion of the arms
d) Hyperactive extension of the arms with bowel evacuation
e) Hyperactive flexion of the arms with bowel evacuation
6) A positive Babinski sign, with upward movement of the big toe and fanning downward
of the other toes, is a sign that a lesion occurred in what tract?
a) Anterior corticospinal tract
b) Lateral corticospinal tract
c) Corticobulbar tract
d) Rubrospinal tract
e) Vestibulospinal tract
7) Many biological oscillators, such as those controlling breathing, operate on the basis of
reciprocal ____ of circuits called half-centers that control ____ muscles.
a) Excitation; Synergistic
b) Excitation; Antagonistic
c) Inhibition; Synergistic
d) Inhibition; Antagonistic
8.1) A trauma patient presents to the Emergency Room in decorticate position. A tonsilar
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brain herniation is found. Shortly after, the patient progresses to decerebrate rigidity, and
thus appears with:
a) Head arched back, arms extended by the sides, legs extended
b) Elbows, wrists and fingers flexed, legs flexed and rotated outward
c) Head flexed forward, arms extended by the sides, legs flexed
d) Elbows, wrists and fingers flexed, legs extended and rotated inward
8.2) Which of the following is thought to be important in the rigidity seen in decerebrate
positioning?
a) Alpha motor neurons
b) Gamma motor neurons
c) Type Ia sensory fibers
d) Type II sensory fibers
e) Golgi tendon organs
9) In the normal vestibulo-ocular reflex, turning the head to one side results in ipsilateral
rotation of the eyes. In patients with nystagmus, which of the following is seen?
a) Slow motion away from a target then saccade toward the target
b) Slow motion toward a target then saccade to neutral
c) Saccade away from a target then slow motion toward the target
d) Saccade toward a target then slow motion to neutral
10) Which of the following is controlled by the corticobulbar tract and not the lateral
corticospinal tract?
a) Tongue
b) Lower face
c) Postural muscles
d) Distal extremities
11) Which of the following connected areas receives sensory information from the post-
central gyrus and visual information from the occipital cortex?
a) Pre-motor cortex
b) Posterior parietal lobe
c) Supplementary motor cortex
12) Neglect syndrome occurs with a lesion in the non-dominant hemisphere for language
(usually right), and has what affect?
a) Inability to recognize objects placed in the contralateral hand and inability to
recognize 3D objects
b) Inability to recognize objects placed in the ipsilateral hand and inability to
recognize 3D objects
c) Inability to recognize objects placed in the contralateral hand and inability to
draw 3D objects accurately
d) Inability to recognize objects placed in the ipsilateral hand and inability to
draw 3D objects accurately
13) Which of the following best describes the role of the cerebellum in movement?
a) Coordinated motion of the extremities
b) Gross motion before and during their progress
c) Fine-tuned motion before and during their progress
d) Reciprocally inhibited motion of contralateral muscles
e) Directly inhibited motion of ipsilateral muscles
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Match the cerebellum division with the functional description:
2.1) Which of the following divisions of the hypothalamus contains the sexual dimorphic
nucleus involved in the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)?
a) Preoptic area
b) Lateral zone
c) Medial zone
d) Periventricular zone
2.2) Which of the following nuclei is NOT found in the supraoptic (chiasmatic) region of
the medial hypothalamic zone?
a) Supraoptic
b) Preoptic
c) Paraventricular
d) Suprachiasmatic
e) Anterior
2.3) Which of the following divisions of the hypothalamus contains a feeding center,
which responds to changes in blood glucose?
a) Preoptic area
b) Lateral zone
c) Medial zone
d) Peraventricular zone
2.4) Which of the following hypothalamic areas plays a role in male vocalization, male
sexual mounting, and female sexual lordosis behavior?
a) Arcuate nucleus
b) Ventromedial nucleus
c) Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
d) Pituitary gland
e) Posterior nucleus
2.5) Korsakoff syndrome (amnesic-confabulatory syndrome) is a brain disorder of the
medial hypothalamus caused by a lack of thiamine, which is seen in which of the
following groups of patients?
a) Diabetics
b) Epileptics
c) Stroke patients
d) Chronic alcoholics
e) Cocaine users
2.6) Which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is involved in thermoregulation such as
sweating?
a) Medial preoptic nucleus
b) Supraoptic nucleus
c) Paraventricular nucleus
d) Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
e) Suprachiasmatic nucleus
2.7) Which of the following hypothalamic nuclei are involved in release of oxytocin and
vasopressin?
a) Anterior hypothalamic nucleus and medial preoptic nucleus
b) Supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus
c) Suprachiasmatic nucleus and lateral preoptic nucleus
d) Dosomedial hypothalamic nucleus and arcuate nucleus
e) Ventromedial nucleus and lateral nucleus
3.1) Which of the following is an exclusively efferent connection of the hypothalamus?
a) Mamillothalamic tract
b) Fornix
c) Stria terminalis
d) Ventral amygdalofugal tract
e) Medial forebrain bundle
3.2) Which of the following is an exclusively afferent connection of the hypothalamus?
a) Retinohypothalamic tract
b) Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (of Schültz)
c) Medial forebrain bundle
d) Ventral amygdalofugal tract
e) Stria terminalis
4) What is the affect of disrupting hypothalamospinal fibers at the level of C6?
a) Ipsilateral loss of sympathetic flow to the face and body
b) Contralateral loss of sympathetic flow to the face and body
c) Ipsilateral loss of parasympathetic flow to the face and body
d) Contralateral loss of parasympathetic flow to the face and body
5) Which of the following hormones regulated by the hypothalamus causes the anterior
pituitary to inhibit secretion of growth hormone?
a) Corticotropin-releasing hormone
b) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
c) Growth hormone-releasing hormone
d) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
e) Somatostatin
6.1) Overproduction of which of the following leads to hyperadrenalism and thus
Cushing disease?
a) Prolactin
b) Thyrotropin
c) Growth hormone
d) Gonadotropin
e) Corticotropin
6.2) Damage to which of the following areas would lead to loss of episodic memory?
a) Anterior hypothalamus
b) Posterior hypothalamus
c) Infundibulum
d) Mamillary bodies
e) Arcuate nucleus
7.1) Which of the following nuclei is involved in the baroreceptor reflex?
a) Arcuate nucleus
b) Ventromedial nucleus
c) Solitary nucleus
d) Posterior nucleus
e) Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
7.2) What part of the hypothalamus is involved in regulating heat dissipation?
a) Caudal/Posterior
b) Rostral/Anterior
c) Lateral
d) Medial
7.3) The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei are involved in the water reflex, which can
lead to diabetes insipidus with inappropriate secretion of what hormone?
a) Vasopressin (ADH)
b) Prolactin
c) Leutinizing hormone (LH)
d) Growth hormone
e) FSH & TSH
7.4) Damage to which of the following areas will likely lead to endocrine imbalance?
a) Paraventricular nuclei
b) Supraoptic nuclei
c) Mamillary process
d) Infundibulum
e) Posterior hypothalamus
7.5) A patient presents with anosmia and gonad digenesis (sterility) due to Kallman
syndrome. Cells secreting which of the following did not develop for this patient during
embryonic stages?
a) Corticotropin-releasing hormone
b) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
c) Growth hormone-releasing hormone
d) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
e) Leutinizing hormone-releasing hormone
7.6) A lesion to the anterior hypothalamus will most likely lead to what temperature
regulation affect?
a) Hyperthermia
b) Hypothermia
c) Poikilothermia
d) No affect
7.7) A lesion to the posterior hypothalamus will most likely lead to what temperature
regulation affect?
a) Hyperthermia
b) Hypothermia
c) Poikilothermia
d) No affect
7.8) Which of the following areas of the hypothalamus is most involved in appetite?
a) Paraventricular nuclei
b) Ventromedial nuclei
c) Lateral hypothalamic nucleus
d) Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
e) Suprachiasmic nucleus
7.9) Which of the following areas of the hypothalamus is most involved in circadian
rhythms (sleep)?
a) Paraventricular nuclei
b) Ventromedial nuclei
c) Lateral hypothalamic nucleus
d) Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
e) Suprachiasmic nucleus
7.10) Damage to which of the following hypothalamic areas would most lead to extreme
aggressivity (unprovoked attacks)?
a) Paraventricular nuclei
b) Ventromedial nuclei
c) Lateral hypothalamic nucleus
d) Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
e) Suprachiasmic nucleus
1.1) Which of the following is a component of the second level (limbic lobe and
subcortical nuclei) of the limbic system?
a) Uncus
b) Cingulate gyrus
c) Amygdaloid complex
d) Subcallosal area
e) Parahippocampal gyrus
1.2) Which of the following is NOT involved in an efferent fiber bundle connection of
the limbic system?
a) Subiculum
b) Hippocampus
c) Amygdala
d) Mamillary body
e) Periaquaductal gray
2.1) The hippocampus is critical in what type of memory?
a) Working memory
b) Declarative memory
c) Procedural memory
2.2) Which of the following is NOT a part of the circuit of Papez?
a) Anterior thalamus
b) Hippocampus
c) Hypothalamus
d) Cingulate cortex
e) Amygdala
2.3) A chronic alcoholic presents with confabulation of events that never occurred,
thiamine deficiency, and ataxia due to cerebellar damage. Which of the following would
best describe this patient?
a) Akinetic mutism
b)Korsakoff syndrome
c) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
d)Klüver-Bucy syndrome
e) Alzheimer disease
f) Anterograde amnesia
2.4) A patient presents with diminished emotional response, immobility, inability to talk,
and unresponsiveness (akinetic mutism). Which of the following parts of the cingulated
gyrus was affected?
a) One side of the anterior portion
b) Both sides of the anterior portion
c) One side of the posterior portion
d) Both sides of the posterior portion
2.5) A patient presents with suspected memory loss. A clinician tells the patient three
words to remember and begins an examination. Thirty seconds later, the clinician asks
the patient about the words and the patient cannot even recall being asked to remember
any words (anterograde amnesia). Which structure is likely damaged?
a) Hypothalamus
b) Thalamus
c) Hippocampus
d) Amygdala
e) Nucleus accumbens
2.6) A patient presents with intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular amyloid
deposits in the subiculum and entorhinal cortex. Which of the following is the most
likely?
a) Akinetic mutism
b)Korsakoff syndrome
c) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
d)Klüver-Bucy syndrome
e) Alzheimer disease
f) Anterograde amnesia
3.1) The amygdala is located directly anterior (rostral) to which of the following?
a) Hypothalamus
b) Thalamus
c) Hippocampus
d) Olfactory bulb
e) Prefrontal cortex
3.2) Which of the following areas are involved in combining uncontrolled olfactory input,
such as pheromones or certain scents, with memories when a person suddenly is able to
bring back “forgotten” memories when they smell certain scents?
a) Thalamus and hypothalamus
b) Hippocampus and amygdala
c) Nucleus accumbens and septal nuclei
d) Prefrontal cortex and olfactory bulb
e) Broca area and Wernicke area
3.3) Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with an amygdala lesion
causing Klüver-Bucy syndrome?
a) Hyperorality
b) Hypermetamorphosis
c) Hyperphagia
d) Hypersexuality
e) Hypervigilance
3.4) Which of the following would give you an impending sense of danger if you
saw a big person wearing a ski mask and holding a knife in a dark alley?
a) Hypothalamus
b) Thalamus
c) Hippocampus
d) Amygdala
e) Olfactory bulb
4) Which of the following are proposed roles of the nucleus accumbens?
a) Laughter, pleasure, fear, addiction
b) Hunger, satiety, thirst, hunting behaviors
c) Feelings of warmth, cold, shivering
d) Circadian rhythms, sleep, crying
e) Anger, rage, vocalization, sorrow
5) Which of the following is NOT considered a role of the limbic system?
a) Memory
b) Pleasure
c) Fear
d) Sorrow
e) Appetite
a) Dyssynergia
b) Dysdiadochokinesia
c) Dysmetria and decomposition
d) Contralateral ataxia
e) Ipsilateral ataxia
4.4) A patient presents with palatal myoclonus (PM) due to damage to the Triangle of
Guillain-Mollaret. Which of the following is NOT a part of this triangle?
a) Red nucleus
b) Dentate nucleus
c) Globus pallidus
d) Inferior olivary nucleus
Neuro #1
1) C
2.1) A
2.2) E
3) B
4) B
5) E
6) B
7) D
8.1) A
8.2) B
9) B
10) C
11) B
12) C
13) C
14.1) B
14.2) C
14.3) A
15) E
16) C
17) E
18) C
Neuro #3
1.1) C
1.2) D
1.3) D
1.4) E
1.5) B
2.1) E
2.2) E
Neuro #4
1) B
2) E
3) D
4.1) E
4.2) D
4.3) E
4.4) A
5) A
6.1) B
6.2) C
6.3) E
7) D
8) D
Neuro #6
1.1) C
1.2) E
1.3) D
1.4) A
1.5) D
1.6) B
1.7) A
1.8) C
2.1) A
2.2) B
2.3) A
2.4) C
3) D
4.1) A
4.2) D
4.3) E
4.4) C
Neuro #9
1) E
2.1) A
2.2) B
2.3) B
2.4) B
2.5) D
2.6) D
2.7) B
3.1) A
3.2) A
4) A
5) E
6.1) E
6.2) D
7.1) C
7.2) B
7.3) A
7.4) D
7.5) E
7.6) A
7.7) C
7.8) C
7.9) E
7.10) B
Neuro #10
1.1) C
1.2) E
2.1) B
2.2) E
2.3) C
2.4) B
2.5) C
2.6) E
3.1) C
3.2) B
3.3) E
3.4) D
4) A
5) E