Sources for the Study of Ancient Persia (courtesy of Fran Armour)
Appendix I: Native Sources
Ariaramnes, Hamadan
AmH: gold tablet, possibly a fake
Arsames, Hamadan AsH: gold tablet, possibly a fake
Cyrus the Great (559-530), Babylon
Cyrus the Great (559-530), Pasargadae / Murghab
Cyrus the Great (559-530) Other CB ("Cyrus Cylinder"), in Babylonian
CMa, entrance of Palace P and Palace S CMb, on the "genius" in Gate R, lost CMc, on a relief of king Cyrus in Palace P
PFS 93
Darius I the Great (522-486), Behistun
Darius I the Great (522-486), Gandj Nameh / Elvend
Darius I the Great (522-486), Gherla
Darius I the Great (522-486), Hamadan DB ("Behistun Inscription") (column #1, #2, #3, #4, #5) DBa, DBb, DBc, DBd, DBe, DBf, DBg, DBh, DBi, DBj, DBk: additions to DB
DE, on a rock near a waterfall
DG, fragment from a clay tablet from Rumania
DH, gold and silver tablet (text
Darius I the Great (522-486), Naq-i Rustam
Darius I the Great (522-486), Persepolis
Fortification texts
Darius I the Great (522-486), Susa
identical to DPh) DNa, upper register of Darius' tomb DNb, lower register of Darius' tomb (later copied as XPl) DNc, brief honorific text for Gobryas DNd, brief honorific text for Aspathines DNe, names of peoples
DPa, from the Palace of Darius DPb, on reliefs in the Palace of Darius and the Palace of Xerxes DPc, on the window cornices of the Palace of Darius DPd, Terrace inscription DPe, Terrace inscription DPf, Terrace inscription, in Elamite DPg, Terrace inscription, in Babylonian DPh, gold and silver tablets from the Apadana (text identical to DH) DPi, doorknob DPj, fragment of a column base
DSa, two tiles DSb, two tiles DSc, column base DSd, column base DSe, empire list DSf, foundation inscription DSg, column base DSi, column base DSj, column base DSk, brick DSl, brick DSm, incomplete inscription on glazed bricks DSn, statue DSo, slab of marble DSp, incomplete slab of marble DSq, slab of marble DSs, slab of marble
DSt, slab of marble DSu, Elamite inscription on a slab of marble DSv, damaged Babylonian list on a slab of marble DSw, Babylonian inscription on a slab of marble DSy, column base DSz, adaptation of DSf DSaa, abridged Babylonian version of DSf DSab, a statue, in Egyptian Darius I the Great (522-486), Suez
Darius I the Great (522-486), Others
Three texts on one stele: o a cartouche DZa o a brief "signature" DZb o a description of the Red Sea canal DZc DWa, weight DWb, weight DWc, weight DWd, weight Seal Vase (possibly of Darius II Nothus) Xerxes I (486-465), Gandj Nameh / Elvend Xerxes I (486-465), Hamadan
Xerxes I (486-465), Persepolis
XE, on a rock near a waterfall XH, fragment of a silver pitcher XPa, Gate of all nations XPb, stairs of the Apadana XPc, Palace of Darius XPd, stairs of the Palace of Xerxes XPe, Palace of Xerxes XPf, Harem inscription XPg, glazed bricks from the Apadana XPh, "Daiva inscription" XPi, doorknob XPj, column bases XPk, relief XPl, adaptation of DNb XPm, column bases
Xerxes I (486-465), Susa
Xerxes I (486-465), Lake Van
Xerxes I (486-465) Other
XSa, column bases XSb, Babylonian inscription on column bases XSc, inscription on a slab of marble XSd, column bases XSe, Babylonian inscription on a slab of marble XV, rock inscription
Seals Vase
Artaxerxes I (465-424), Persepolis
Artaxerxes I (465-424)
A1Pa, block of stone A1Pb, Hall of Hundred Columns Vases: A1Va A1Vb A1Vc = A1Vd
Darius II (424-404), Hamadan
Darius II (424-404), Susa
Darius II (424-404), Others
D2Ha, gold tablet D2Sa, column base D2Sb, column bases Vase (possibly of Darius II the Great) Artaxerxes II Mnemon (404-358), Hamadan
Artaxerxes II Mnemon (404-358), Persepolis
Artaxerxes II Mnemon (404-358), Susa
A2Ha, column base A2Hb, column bases A2Hc, gold tablet A2Pa, names of people on the Tomb of Artaxerxes II A2Sa, column bases A2Sb, column bases A2Sc, stone tablet A2Sd, column bases Artaxerxes III (358-338), Persepolis
Artaxerxes III (358-338) A3Pa, Palace of Darius Seals
Appendix II Non-native sources.
Herodotus Ionian (Halikarnassos) The Histories c.490-79 The Persian wars, insight in the form of digressions. Ctesias Ionian (Caria) Persika (now fragmentary and epitomised) History/Insight into court life. Aeschylus c.525- 456 BC? Eleusis and Athens Play The Persae c.472BC Hellenised version of court life. Berossus Babylon 3 bks on Babylon c.3CBC From early times until Alexander. Diodorus Agyrium (Sicily) Peace of Callius, c.1CBC Uses Hecateus and Ctesias. Plutarch Chaeronea (Boeotia) Life of Artaxerxes, c.50-120AD Character analysis and use of sources. Strabo Amaseia (Pontus) Geography, c. 64/3BC-23AD Books 12-15 on Asia (and Persia) Thucydides Thrace/Athens Peloponnesian Wars, c.450- 400BC Details of Pentekontaetia, c.479-431BC. Xenophon c.430-355BC Athens? Anabasis Defeat at the Persian territory of Cunaxa. Hellenika c.411BC Cyropaedia Treatise on Cyrus II and customs and life. Unknown Unknown The Old Testament Books of Esther Book of Kings I-II Book of Chronicals Book of Nehemiah Arrian Historian under Hadrian. Rome? Anabasis On Alexanders campaigns in Persia Aristotle c.384- 322BC Strageira, Chaldice Politics Forms of government in lecture notes. Justin c. 2-3CAD Epitome of Historiae Phillippicae Excerpts.
Nicholas of Damascus c.64AD? Historiai 7 volumes of historical events until 7BC including Persia
Appendix III Achaemenid Kings:
Achaemenes Teispes Cyrus I Cambyses I Cyrus II, The Great Cambyses II Smerdis, (Gaumata) Darius I, The Great Xerxes I Artaxerxes I Xerxes II Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Arses Darius III 550 - 529 BCE 529 - 522 BCE 522 BCE 522 - 486 BCE 486 - 465 BCE 465 - 425 BCE 425 - 424 BCE 424 - 405 BCE 405 - 359 BCE 359 - 338 BCE 338 - 336 BCE 336 - 330 BCE
Appendix IV From Wieshofer p. 316 Cyrus II = Kurush Cambyses II= Kambujiya Gaumata/ Bardiya/Smerdis Darios I = Darayavaush Xerxes I = Khshayarshan Artaxerxes I Artakhshaca Xerxes II; Secyndianus Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Arses Darios III