NERVOUS SYSTEM

Overview of the Structures & Functions of Nervous System

Central NS PNS ANS
Brain & spinal cord 31 spinal & cranial sympathetic NS
Parasypathatic NS


Somatic NS
C- 8
T- 12
L- 5
S- 5
C- 1

ANS (or adrenergic of parasympatholitic response)

SNS involved in fight or aggression response Effects of SNS
(anti-cholinergic/adrenergic)
1. Dilate pupil to aware of
surroundings
Release of norepinephrine (adrenaline cathecolamine) -
medriasis
Adrenal medulla (potent vasoconstrictor) 2. Dry mouth
Increases body activities VS = Increase 3. BP &
HR= increased
Except GIT decrease GITmotility bronchioles
dilated to take more oxygen
4. RR increased
* Why GIT is not increased = GIT is not important! 5.
Constipation & urinary retention
Increase blood flow to skeletal muscles, brain & heart.


I. Adrenergic Agents Epinephrine (adrenaline)
SE: SNS effect
II. PNS: Beta adrenergic blocking agents (opposite of adrenergic agents) (all
end in lol)
- Blocks release of norepinephrine.
- Decrease body activities except GIT (diarrhea)
Ex. Propanolol, Metopanolol

SE:
B broncho spasm (bronchoconstriction)
E elicits a decrease in myocardial contraction
T treats HPN
A AV conduction slows down

Given to angina & MI beta-blockers to rest heart
Anti HPN agents:
1. Beta blockers (-lol)
2. Ace inhibitors (-pril) ex ENALAPRIL, CAPTOPRIL
3. Calcium antagonist
ex CALCIBLOC or NEFEDIPINE

Peripheral nervous system: cholinergic/ vagal or sympatholitic response
Effect of PNS: (cholinergic)
- Involved in fly or withdrawal response 1. Meiosis
contraction of pupils
- Release of acetylcholine (ACTH) 2. Increase
salivation
- Decrease all bodily activities except GIT (diarrhea) 3. BP
& HR decreased
4. RR decrease
broncho constriction
I Cholinergic agents 5. Diarrhea
increased GI motility
ex 1. Mestinon 6. Urinary
frequency
Antidote anti cholinergic agents Atropine Sulfate S/E SNS

S/E- of anti-hpn drugs:
1. orthostatic hpn
2. transient headache & dizziness.
-Mgt. Rise slowly. Assist in ambulation.
CNS (brain & spinal cord)
I. Cells A. neurons
Properties and characteristics
a. Excitability ability of neuron to be affected in external
environment.
b. Conductivity ability of neuron to transmit a wave of excitation
from one cell to another
c. Permanent cells once destroyed, cant regenerate (ex. heart,
retina, brain, osteocytes)
Regenerative capacity
A. Labile once destroyed cant regenerate
- Epidermal cells, GIT cells, resp (lung cells). GUT
B. Stable capable of regeneration BUT limited time only ex salivary gland,
pancreas cells cell of liver, kidney cells
C. Permanent cells retina, brain, heart, osteocytes cant regenerate.

3.) Neuroglia attached to neurons. Supports neurons. Where brain tumors
are found.
Types:
1. Astrocyte
2. Oligodendria

Astrocytoma 90 95% brain tumor from astrocyte. Most brain tumors are
found at astrocyte.
Astrocyte maintains integrity of blood brain barrier (BBB).
BBB semi permeable / selective
-Toxic substance that destroys astrocyte & destroy BBB.
Toxins that can pass in BBB:
1. Ammonia-liver cirrhosis.
2. 2. Carbon Monoxide seizure & parkinsons.
3. 3. Bilirubin- jaundice, hepatitis, kernicterus/hyperbilirubenia.
4. 4. Ketones DM.

OLIGODENDRIA Produces myelin sheath wraps around a neuron acts
as insulator facilitates rapid nerve impulse transmission.
No myelin sheath degenerates neurons

Damage to myelin sheath demyellenating disorders