ICT2232 Computer Networks Review questions set3

1. Define carrier signal and its role in analog transmission.

2. Distinguish between a signal element and a data element.
3. Distinguish between data rate and signal rate.
4. What is QAM?
5. Calculate the baud rate for the given bit rate and type of modulation.
a. 2000 bps, BFSK
b. 4000 bps, BASK
c. 6000 bps, BPSK

6. Calculate the bit rate for the given baud rate and type of modulation.
a. 1000 baud, BFSK
b. 1000 baud, BASK
c. 1000 baud, BPSK
7. Given the bit pattern 011011111000011, encode this data using BASK, BFSK, and BPSK.

8. Explain the difference between NRZ-L and NRZ-I.
9. Define bi-phase encoding and describe two bi-phase encoding techniques.
10. Encode the following bit streams (assuming that the last signal level has been positive) using
NRZ-L, NRZ-I, RZ, Manchester, differential Manchester and Bipolar AMI scheme.
a. 00000000
b. 11111111
c. 01010101
d. 00110011
e. 01001110
11. Encode the following bits streams using 2B 1Q scheme.
a. 0000000000000000
b. 1111111111111111
c. 0101010101010101
d. 0011001100110011
12. Consider a stream of binary data consisting of a long sequence of 1s followed by a zero
followed by a long string of 1s (assuming the most recent preceding 0 bit (pseudoternary) has
a negative voltage). Draw the waveform for this sequence using
a. NRZ-L
b. Bipolar-AMI
c. Pseudoternary


13. Find the 8-bit data stream for each case depicted in Figure below.

14. The waveform of Figure below belongs to a Manchester encoded binary data stream.
Determine the beginning and end of bit periods and give the data sequence.



15. The bipolar-AMI waveform representing the binary sequence 0100101011 is transmitted over
a noisy channel. The received waveform is shown in Figure below; it contains a single error.
Locate the position of this error and explain your answer.


16. One positive side effect of bipolar encoding is that a bipolar violation (two consecutive +
pulses or two consecutive - pulses separated by any number of zeros) indicates to the receiver
that an error has occurred in transmission. Unfortunately, upon the receipt of such a violation,
the receiver does not know which bit is in error (only that an error has occurred). For the
received bipolar sequence

which has one bipolar violation, construct two scenarios (each of which involves a different
transmitted bit stream with one transmitted bit being converted via an error) that will produce
this same received bit pattern.
17. What is the Nyquist sampling rate for each of the following signals?
a. A low-pass signal with bandwidth of 200 KHz?
b. A band-pass signal with bandwidth of 200 KHz if the lowest frequency is 100 KHz?

18. Consider an audio signal with spectral components in the range 300 to 3000 Hz. Assume that
a sampling rate of 7000 samples per second will be used to generate a PCM signal.
a. For what is the number of uniform quantization levels needed?
b. What data rate is required?
19. What does the sampling theorem tell us concerning the rate of sampling required for an
analog signal?
20. Consider an analog data is shown in the figure below.


The sampled amplitude value of this anolog data with discrete time intervals shown in table
below (assume sample amplitudes are between -1.5 and +2.5 V).
Time Analog signal value [V]
0 2.12
1 1.84
2 -0.08
3 -1.07
4 -0.02
5 0.42
6 1.80
7 1.30
8 1.00
9 -0.50
10 -1.12
With 16 quantization levels encode the analog data to digital data using PCM.

21. Describe the goals of multiplexing.
22. We need to use TDM and combine 20 digital sources, each of 100 Kbps. Each output slot
carries 1 bit from each digital source, but one extra bit is added to each frame for
synchronization. Answer the following questions:
a. What is the size of an output frame in bits?
b. What is the output frame rate?
c. What is the duration of an output frame?
d. What is the output data rate?
e. What is the efficiency of the system (ratio of useful bits to the total bits)
23. Repeat above Exercise if each output slot carries 2 bits from each source.

24. Figure below shows a multiplexer in a TDM system. Each output slot is only 10 bits long (3
bits taken from each input plus 1 framing bit). What is the output stream? The bits arrive at
the multiplexer as shown by the arrows.


25. Figure below shows a de-multiplexer in a TDM. If the input slot is 16 bits long (no framing
bits), what is the bit stream in each output? The bits arrive at the de-multiplexer as shown by
the arrows.