,. ...

,-, ,, ,,
,.
. .
,. . .. .4 !
,.
/
,. .
, ,..,
. ..
.,
,. . . .
,.
Research and Development Laboratories
.,
of the
.,
.,
Portland Cement Association
RESEARCH DEPARTME~
Bulletin 148
,,,
Prevention of Frost Damage
,,
.. ,, .,
to Green concrete , : ~~
,., ., ,
..,
.,
,..
.,
,,,
,,
::, ,
By
T. C. Powers
.,
1
,.
,,
,
. .
,.
,.
Authori zed repri nt from
RI LEM Bul l eti n 14, 120-124 (March, 1962)
Publ i shed by
R&uni on I nternati onal des Laboratoi res dEssai s et ,,
de RechercheS sur l es Mat&i aux et l es Constructi ons . .,
,,
,, .,,, Pari s, France ;. .. . . : ; .,:, .,
.
,,
,., ... ,
,.. .
!
I
1
I
PREVENTION OF FROST DAMAGE
TO GREEN CONCRETE
;
By
T. C. Powers
PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCI ATI ON
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORI ES
5420 OM Orchard Road
Skoki e, I l l i noi s
,
I
.. .. . . . . ----
I
PREVENTION
OF FROST DAMAGE
TO GREEN CONCRETE
T. C. POWERS
Ce texte de M. T. C. Powers est une contribution apport~e
aux travauxdu groupe de travad de la RiIem sur Ie ((B&tonnage
en hiver ))pr&id4 par M. N. M. Plum et qui avait &4 cn% &la
suite du colloque qui sest tenu sur ce th&me &Copenhague,
en fdvrier 1956.
This report by Mr. T. C. Pou)ers is a contribution to the
work carried out by the Rilern Working Group on Winter
Concreting under the chairmanship of Mr N, M. Plum
and which was set up as a !O11OUI up to the symposium held on
this subject in Copenhagen, in February 1956.
I
SUMMARY
(
If there is no exchange of water between a body of green concrete
..
and i t surroundings, a~togenous desiccation wi l j make t he cement
paste immune to damage by freezing after the time when t he satu-
ration coefficient of the capillary spaces drops bel ow a certain
va/ue. Data now uvailable indicate the permissible upper /imit of
saturation t o be about 97 %, which degree of desiccation is reached
when t he mat uri t y factor is 0,53 WOC,For curing at a given t emper-
ature, the necessary prehardening t i me can be expressed as a
f unct i on of time and water-cement ratio (Eq. 14).
The relative lengths of the necessary prehardeni ng time can be
ca/cu/ated f rom an adaptation of the Arrhenius equation (Eq. 16).
120
-. --- ...... ----.-
MARS 1962 BULLETIN RILEM NO. 14 MARCH 1962
RESUME
Sil ny a pas d4change deau entre une masse de beton au
premier5ge et le milieu am biant. Iauto-dessiccation immunisera
la pate de ciment contre le gel apres un laps de temps au-dela
duquel Ie coefficient de saturation des espaces capillaires des-
cend au-dessous dune certaine valeur. Les donnees que Ion
possede actuellement indiquent la Iimite maximale acceptable de
saturation qui se situe aux alentours de 97 %, Ie degrd de desicc-
ation correspondent dtant atteint quand Ie facteur de maturitd
est de 0,53 WOc. Pour la conservation A une temperature
donnde, Ie temps necessaire pour le prd-durcissement peut
iStre exprime, comme une fonction du temps et du rapport
eau-ciment (Eq. 14).
La durde relative du temps n4cessaire pour Ie pre-durcisse-
ment peut ~tre caiculee dapr+s une adaptation de Idquation
de Arrhenius (16).
INTRODUCTION
There are indications that to prevent damage when
green concrete is exposed to frost, time must be allow-
ed for a certain degree of hardening of the paste.
Accordingly, those concerned with concrete cons-
truction during cold weather have carried out various
experiments to determine the (( necessary prehard-
ening time )). It has been suggested that the necessary
length of the prehardening period is fixed by the
length of time required for the attainment of a certain
minimum strength common to all concretes, and it
is therefore a function of the characteristics of the
cement, the water-cement ratio, and the prevailing
temperature. Expressing the state of hardening in
terms of strerwth seems to be based upon the belief
that cement p&te is able to acquire enough strength
to withstand the forces associated with freezing.
In view of the magnitude of stress that can be
produced by the freezing process, we must conclude
that immunity to damage after a certain time is not
due to the development of strength but to absence
of destructive force during freezing. Absence of
120-121
.
PREVENTION OF FROST DAMAGE TO GREEN CONCRETE
i
i
destructive force can be accounted for by the decrease
I
in the degree of saturation of the paste that occurs
j
during the early stages of hardening. In the followlng
discussion I shall show how the degree of sattiration
can be estimated, and how the necessary prehardening
,
time can be predicted on that basis.
CAPILLARY$ATURATION COEFFICIENT
During the period before the mold is removed,
concrete usually acquires Me or no water from an
outside source.
It therefore is subject to autogenous
When anytime after ~
desiccation during this PeriocL . . .
the time of init[al set saturated concrete begins to
dry, tension in the water causes air bubbles to appear ~ .
in the largest waterfilled spaces while the smaller
spaces remain full of water. Th,erefo~e, for moderate
degrees of drying, loss of water 1s entirely from capd-
lary spaces.
Since the formation of ice is also restricted
to capillary spaces,
we are interested in the degree
to which the capillary spaces are filled with water at
the time of freezing. Letting SCrepresent the fraction
.
of capillary space full of water, we may define lt as
shown in Eq. (l).
(Au)) V.
cc
v. , (Au)) till,
SC=
=
~
(1)
&c
SCis the volume of capillary space per unit volume
of paste; ~ti is the weight of water lost from that
space,
and VU, is the specific volume of capillary
water; V~ is volume of the paste.
As already indicated, there is autogenous desicca-
tion, but there may be also a gain or loss of water
from or to the environment. These considerations
are expressed in Eq. (2):
AUJ
Aw
=0.254 dmf--+~
g/cc.
(2)
~
c
P P
121
MARS 1962 BULLETIN RILEM NO. 14 MARCI+ 1962
The first term on the right-hand side gives the change
in water content due to autogenous desiccation [1];
it is proportional to the amount of non-evaporable
water, that amount being expressed as the< product
of the ultimate amount, w~/c,and the maturity factor m.
The maturity factor is the ratio of the existing non-
evaporable water content to the ultimate non-evapo-
-.
rable water content at the time of complete hydration,
or the same for heat of hydration. The coefficient 0.254
is valid for cements of various compositions. AZO
is the change of water content due to exchange with
the environment of the paste; it may be either a
positive or negative quantity.
The volume of capillary pores, p,, is given by
Eq. (3) :
p, = w~l),. (Nl)nzco,.
(3)
The volume of capillary space is equal to the original
water content (corrected for bleeding), ZOo, minus
the net increase in volume of solids due to the consump-
tion of cement and production of gel. The latter
quantity is given by the second right-hand term.
N is the volume of cement-ge~ produced from 1 cc
of cement when the cement becomes hydrated. Expres-
sing quantities in terms of a unit volume of cement
paste, and the water content as water-cement ratio,
we obtain Eq. (4):
[
PC=C ~~ ~Ov,o (Nl)mti,
ficv. c 1
(4)
Substituting from Eqs. (2) and (4) into (1), we obtain
Eq. (5): - -
[
AU)
1
0.254 ~ m ~ -I-- ~ v,,,
l S. =. Cl
1
200
67
For the present purpose,
ues that maybe used fo~
vW(Nl)mti,~
in fact for most purposes,
various portland cements
121
(5)
val-
may
PREVENTION OF FROST DAMAGE TO GREEN CONCRETE
be assigned to the constants. The values are: VW= 0.99
cc/g ; v~ = 0.319 cc:g (); N =2. 1 cc,~cc. For portland
cements having chemical compositions within the
range of ASTM Type 1 and Type 111>URICmaY be
taken as 0.23 gjg; for cements corresponding to ASTM
Type 11, it maybe taken as 0.175. Using w~jc = 0.23
and the other values given, and assuming that AW*= O,
we obtain Eq. (6):
1
1
SC=
17.0200 _06,
.
mc
(6)
MATURITY FACTOR
I
Let us now assume that to prevent damage to green
concrete when freezing occurs, SCmust not be larger
than some critical value, ~, and that this critical value
is the same for all portland cement pastes. On the basis
of this assumption, we may obtain an expression giving
the necessary maturity factor as a function of the
remaining variable, water-cement ratio. The result
is Eq. (7J:
17.0 w.
m==
A
bc
where
b+
=
+ 6.0.
s
(7)
(8)
For practical purposes, it is desirable to express m as a
function of time and temperature. For a given tem-
perature, m has been found to be, for the early stages
(1) This corresponds
by its displacement of
to the density of cement as determined
water [5].
121-122
I
I
,1
,
I
MARS 1962 BULLETIN RILEM NO. 14 MARCH 1962
of hydration, a linear function of the logarithm of ti tie
as shown in Eq. (9) (1):
m =A+~log t.10.5>m> 0.11. (9)
This is an empirical equation of limited validity, as
indicated. The upper limit depends on the water-
cement ratio of the paste, the higher the water-cement
ratio the higher the value of m at which the experimen-
tal points begin to fall below the values indicated by
the linear relationship. Since in the present case we
are interested in water-cement ratios within the usual
practical range, and only the early stages of hydration,
the limits stated will serve the purpose. The cons-
tants A and ~ depend on the speed of the cement.
For a particular ASTM Type I portland cement A has
the value of 0.385, and the value of ~ is 0.452. The
value of A is for time in days; for time in hours, the
corresponding value is 0.24.
From Eqs. (9) and (7) we obtain the following expres-
sion for the necessary prehardening time:
17.0u41_A
.
bc
logf= ~ (lo)
Assuming that b is the same for all conditions, we see
that the necessary prehardening time increases with
the water-cement ratio. Since the higher the rate of
hydration at a given temper~tve the larger A and the
smaller i$ it follows alsu that prehardening time is
shorter the faster the cement. These properties of
Eq. (1O) are in line with experience.
(1) Rastrup [3] developed a general equation which for some pur-
poses may be better than Eq. (9). In terms of maturity factor,
m, it 1s, for a given temperature,
m
=
mO + (1-me) e af ~t
where rno is a constant equal to about 0.038, t is time, and u is a
factor characteristic of the cement. However, Eq. (9) is easier to
use, and it serves the present purpose.
122
PREVENTION OF FROST DAMAGE TO GREEN CONCRETE
EVALUATION OF b
ANI) CRITICAL SATURATION COEFFICIENT
There are theoretical considerations by which one
might arrive at an estimate of the value of h in Eq, (1O).
However, it is not possible to predict the value with
adequate precision. . The factor can be evaluated
empirically from the test results given by Goran Mol-
ler [2]. From the length of prehardening time
necessary to prevent loss of strength when the specimen
becomes frozen, as indicated by his own tests, and
from data published by others, he drew the curve
shown in figure 1. It shows, for example, that for a
water-cement ratio of 0.64, the required prehardening
time is 20 hours. Using these values, together with
values already given for the other constants in Eq. (1O),
we arrive at the required equation by the following
steps:
log t =
17.0 zg*+053
0.452 b C
(11)
For t = 20 hours, and ZOO/C= 0.64, Eq. (11) gives
b = 31.8. With this value (7) gives
and from Eq. (8)
Finally,
log
m = 0.53 UAJC
gives
s = 0.968.
t = 1.18u0 + 0.53.
(12)
(13)
(14)
c
Values calculated from Ea. (14) have been dotted
,,. .
as solid circles in figure 1, the calculated points being
spaced at even one-tenth intervals. The red shows
that evaluating b from one point on the experimental
curve was sufficient to establish practically perfect
.-
agreement between the equation and the whole curve.
122
MARS 1962 BULLETIN RILEM NO. 14 MARCH 1962
The agreement between the semi-theoretical equa-
tion and Mollers curve indicating the maximum per-
missible lengths of prehardening time suggests that
the laboratory conditions under which the experiments
giving the uppermost points in figure 1 were made
were such that little or no water was gained or lost
during the prehardening period. Points falling below
this level, those representing specimens requiring
relatively short prehardening periods at a given water-
cement ratio, perhaps represent differences in the
speeds of the cements, They may represent also -
experimental conditions that allowed some water to
evaporate from the specimens during the prehard-
enirw ~eriod. This would mean that if the amount of
wate~ lost could be evaluated, the prehardening time
could be calculated from an equation developed from
Eq. (5). However, there would seem to be no good
reason for developing such an equation since it would
not be good practice to depend on evaporation of water
as a means of shortening the prehardening period.
For water-cement ratios within the range found in
concretes of acceptable quality, the prehardening time
at normal temperature without loss of water by eva-
poration is not over 24 hours.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
The rate of hydration at a given temperature n~ay,
for practical purposes, be stated in terms of the matu-
rity factor as follows:
dm
dt
where t is time and
rate. The function
= ~ ~ (m, IJ o/c)
(15)
~ is the Arrhenius specific reaction
0 (m, tin/c) is unknown, but is un
doubtedly a complex one. For-a paste of given ZOo/c, the
time required to reach a given stage of hydration, m, is
122-123
PREVENTION OF FROST DAMAGE TO GREEN CONCRETE
inversely proportional to }t, and ~ is a
perature.
The temperature function
the form of the Arrhenius equation:
11
function of tem-
can be stated in
,
(16)
r
+-
~ 60 I
+
?
o MOller (1959)
v-
D Bernhardt(1954)
6 50
A McNeese (1952)
\
+
N + Scofield (1937)
I
+
G V Graf (1927)
Q 40
E
x Kreuger (1922)
F
.-
1-
G Equation 14
I
+
.$ 30
I
%
6 () +
c
~ 20
L +
I
>
Cm
s
J
O
m 10
u-l o @
a) ()
v
x
x
K Al cement
VA/, cement ,
2
0
I
0.3 0.4 0.5 06 07 08 09
I .0 1,1
Water Cement Ratio (wt.)
FI G. 1.
Data from Goran Mol l er compared wi th cal cul ated ..
resul ts, Eq. (14). The curve is as drawn by Moller I
.
where C is a constant characteristic of the system,
T ~~~ ~
.
is the absolute temperature, and q is a constant which
in the present case is related to the energies of activa-
tion of the hydration reactions in some way not clearly
I
definable at present.
Thus, the relative time required
to reach a given stage
of hydration can be stated
as follows:
t ko = ,9(;-*)
-=
k
(17)
to
or,
log t/tcl
+-+. ) (18)
I
where Q
= 0.4343 q.
I
I
123
.- -., . ----
..
MARS 1962 BULLETIN RILEM NO, 14 MARCH 1962
There are reasons to believe that Q might not be
wholly independent of either m or T, but at the pre-
sent state of knowledge of the kinetics of cement hydra-
tion such possible complications cannot be dealt with
Equation (18) may pro~e satisfactory for practical use.
The best available data on rate of reaction is in terms
of rate of heat evolution. The amount of heat evolu-
tion per unit amount of chemical reaction is smaller
the higher the temperature. A correction could be
made, but over the temperature range of interest here,
it is not worth while to do so. By fitting experimental
data, Rastrup found that for a Type I cement the rate
of heat evolution doubled for a temperature rise of
100 C. On this basis, Q of equation (18) can be eva-
luated as follows:
For T = 283 and TO = 293,
log 2 =
11
Q(~3~
)
Q = 2508
For T = 273 and TO
Q = 2315.
Therefore, for the range 0-20 C, a value of 2400
would be adequate for practical purposes. For
Mollers data we may write:
= 0.301.
= 283
log t = L18~0 + 0.53 + 2400
c
(+-A) 1)
COMPRESSI~ STRENGTH
It has already been reported that the compressive
strength of concrete at any we -, be represented bY
an empirical equation of the following form.
123
I
PREVENTiON OF FROST DAMAGE TO GREEN CONCRETE
where~C is compressive strength, A is a constant cha-
racteristic of the materials,
and the rest of the symbols
are as defined before.
Strength at the end of the
necessary prehardening period can be calculated from
this relationship.
From Eq. (7) and Eq. (12), and
/ letting titi, u, = 3.1, N =
2.1, and n =
3, Eq. (20
becomes
f
= 0.029A.
(21)
c
For a cement of average C~A content, and with a
siliceous aggregate, the value of A is about 14,000 psi
or 980 kglcmz.
On this basis, Eq. (21) indicates that
when concrete made with such a cement reaches the
end of the necessary prehardening period, its strength
will be about 406 psi or 29 kg/cm2.
The latter result is to be compared with the following
statement in
Goran Mollers paper. Referring to
his own experiments he said, lt wa~ found that m all
cases the necessary prehardening
time corresponded
to a compressive strength of about 30 kg/cm2. Th~s
value is in close agreement with a statement which 1s
often met with in literature
according to which a
strength o{ which 35 kg/cm2 is sufficient to make a
concrete resistant fo freezing:
DISCUSS1ON
It seems to be pretty well established that green
.
.
concrete is safe from damage by freezing when :S
maturity factor reaches a
value equal to about 53/0
of the water-cement ratio,
(Eq. 12), or a strength of
about 430 psi (30 kg~cm2). At normal temperature,
123-124
I
... --
__ -----
MARS 1962 BULLETIN RILEM NO. 14 MARCH 1962
this stage would generally be reached within the first
24 hours. These figures are based on the proviso
that no curing water be supplied to the cement paste
during this period.
/
Individual aggregate particles must also have water
contents below their respective critical saturation
points; otherwise, freezing in the aggregate could
cause disruptive expansion whether freezing in the
paste does or not.
The safety from frost damage arising from auto-
genous desiccation maybe temporary. If the specimen
obtains water from the outside, it may become vulner-
able to frost. This may happen relatively quickly if
the paste is not protected with entrained air.
.
REFERENCES
[4]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
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(f Resi stance of Concrete to Earl y
Fr ost Acti on )}. Summary prepared for RI LEM Com-
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RI LEI I Symposi um on Wi nter Concreti ng, Copenhagen
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((The Temperature Functi on for Heat
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C. L. FORD. ((Determi nati on of the Apparent Densi ty of
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I
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,
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Determi nati on of the Apparent Densi ty of Hydraul i c Cement i n Water
Usi ng a Vacuum Pycnometer, by C. L. FORD.
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Long-Ti me Study of Cement Performance i n ConcreteChapter 11.
Report on Condi ti on of Three Test Pavements After 15 Years of Ser v-
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. .
Reprinted from Journal of the Ameri can Concrete I nsti tute (June, 1958); Pro-
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Effect of Mi xi ng and Curi ng Temperature on Concrete Strength, by
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The Successi ve Determi nati on of Manganese, Sodi um and Potassi um
Oxi de i n Cement by Fl ame Photometry, by C. L. FORD.
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The Bal l -Mi l l Hydrati on of Tri cal ci um Si l i cate at Room Temperature,
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Quanti tati ve Determi nati on of the Four Major Phases of Portl and
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Petrography of Cement and Concrete, by L. S. BROWN.
-..
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1959).
..
I
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113.
114.
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121.
122.
123.
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125.
The Gravi metri c Determi nati on of Stronti um Oxi de i n Portl and
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Quanti tati ve Determi nati on of the Four Major Phases i n Portl and
Cement by X-Ray Anal ysi s, by STEPHENBRUNAUER, L. E. COPELAND,
D. L. KANTRO, C. H. WEI SE and EDI TH G. SCHULZ.
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1091-1100(1959).
Long-Ti me Study of Cement Performance i n ConcreteChapter 12.
Concrete Exposed to Sea Water and Fresh Water, by I . L. TYL~,
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Proceedi ngs, 56, 825-836 (1960).
A Gravi metnc Method for the Determi nati on of Bari um Oxi de i n Port-
l and Cement, by C. L, FORD.
Repri ntedfrom ASTM Bul l eti n, No. 247, 77-80 (Jul y, 1960).
The Thermodynami c Functi ons for the Sol uti on of Cal ci um Hydroxi de
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Repri nted from Journal OJ Ph@cal Che?nistw, 64, 1057-1059 (August, 1960).
I nvesti gati on of Col l oi dal Hydrated Si l i cates. I . Vol ubi l i ty Products,
by S. A. GREENBERG, T. N. CHANGand ELAI NEANDERSON.
Repri ntedfrom Journal of Ph~si cal Chemi stry, 64, 1151-1156(September, 1960).
Some Aspects of Durabi l i ty and Vol ume Change of Concrete for Pre-
stressi ng, by PAULKLI EGER.
Remi ntedfrom the .l ournal of the PCA Research and Devel opment Labora-
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Concrete Mi x WaterHow I mpure Can I t Be? by HAROLDH. STEI NOUR.
Repri nted from the Journal of the PCA Research and Devel opment Labora-
tori es, 2, No. 3, 32-50 (September, 1960).
Corrosi on of Prestressed Wi re i n Concrete, by G, E. MONFOREand
G. J. VERBECK.
Repri ntedfrom J ouT?td of the AmeTi can Concrete I nsti tute (November, 1960):
Proceedi ngs, 57, 491-515 (September, 1960).
Freezi ng and Thawi ng Tests of Li ghtwei ght Aggregate Concrete, by
PAUL KLI EGER and J. A. HANSON.
Repri nted from Jownat of the Ameri can Concrete I nsti tute (January, 1961):
Proceedi ngs, 57, 779-796 (1961).
A Cement-Aggregate Reacti on That Occurs Wi th Certai n Sand-Gravel
Aggregates, .b<yWI LLXAMLERCH.
Repri ntedfrom the Journal of the PCA Research and Development Laborato-
ries, 1, No. 3, 42-50 (September, 1959).
Vol ume Changes of Concrete Affected by Aggregate Type, by
HAROLD ROPER.
Repri nted from the Journal of the PCA Research and Devel opment Labora-
tori es, 2, No. 3, 13-19 (September, 1960).
A Short Method for the Fl ame Photometri c Determi nati on of Magne-
si um, Mangani c, Sodi um, and Potassi um Oxi des i n Portl and Cement,
by C. L. FORD.
Repri ntedfrom ASTM Bul l eti n, No. 250, 25-29, (December, 1960).
*Some Physi cal Aspects of the Hydrati on of Portl and Cement, by
T. C. POWERS.
Repri ntedfrom the Journal of the PCA Research and Devel opment Labora-
tories, 3, No. 1, 47.56 (January, 1, 1).
126.
127.
128.
.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
..
137.
.
138.
139.
I nfl uence of Physi cal Characteri sti cs of Aggregates on Frost Re-
si stance of Concrete, by GEORGEVERBECKand ROBERTLANDGREI V.
Repri nted from Proceedings of the American Societv for Testi ng Materi al s, 60,
1063-1079(1960).
Determi nati on of the Free Cal ci um Hydroxi de Contents of Hydrated
Portl and Cements and Cal ci um Si l i cates, by E, E, PRESS~ER, STEPHEN
BRUNAUER, D. L. KANTRO,and C. H. WEI SE.
Repri ntedfrom Analytical Chemistry, 33, No. 7, 877-882 (June, 1961).
An X-ray Di ffracti on I nvesti gati on of Hydrated Portl and Cement
Pastes, by D. L. KANTRO,L. E. COPELAND, and ELAI NER. ANDERSON.
Repri nted from Proceedings of the American Society for Testi ng Materi al s, 60,
1020-1035(1960).
Di mensi onal Changes of Hardened Portl and Cement Pastes Caused
by Temperature Changes, by R. A. HELMUTH.
Repri ntedfrom Hi@nvav Research Board Proceedi ngs, 40, 315-336 (1961).
Progress i n the Chemi stry of Portl and Cement, 1887-1960, by HAROLDH.
STEI NOUR.
Repri ntedfrom the Journal of the PCA Research and Devel opment Labora-
tori es, 3, No. 2, 2-11 (May, 1961).
Research on Fi re Resi stance of Prestressed Concrete, by HUBERT
WOODS,i ncl udi ng di scussi on by V. PASCHKI S,and authors cl osure.
Repri ntedfrom Journal oj the Structural Di vi si on, Proceedi ngs of the Ameri-
can Society oj Ci vi l Engi neers, PTOC.Paper 2640, 86, ST 11, 53-64 (November,
1960); Di scussi on, 87, ST 2, 59-03 (FebruaW, 1961): Cl osure, 87, ST 51 81 (JUI W
1961).
Central i zed Control of Test Furnaces i n the PCA Fi re Research Labo-
ratory, by PHI L J. TATMAN.
Repri ntedfrom the Journal oj the PCA Research and Development Labora-
tories, 3, No. 2, 22-26 (May, 1961).
A Proposed Si mpl e Test Method for Determi ni ng the Permeabi l i ty of
Concrete, by I . L, TYLERand BERNARDERLI N.
Repri nted from the Journal oj the PCA Research and Devel opment Labora-
tori es, 3, No. 3, 2-7 (September, 1961).
The Behavi or at Hi gh Temperature of Steel Strand for Prestressed
Concrete, by M. S, ABRAMSand C. R. CRUZ.
Repri nted from the JournaC of the PCA Research and Devel opment Labora-
tori es, 3, No. 3, 6-19 (September, 1961).
El ectron Opti cal I nvesti gati on of. the Hydrati on Products of Cal ci um
Si l i cates and Portl and Cement, by L. E. COPELAND and EDI THG. SCHULZ.
Repri nted from the. Journat of the PCA Resetirch and Development Labora-
tori es, 4, No. 1, 2-12 (January, 1962).
Soi l -Cement Technol ogyA Resume, by MI LESD. CATToN.
Repri ntedfrom the Journal of the PCA Research and Development Labora-
tori es 4, No. 1, 13-21 (January, 1962).
Surface Temperature Measurements Wi th Fel ted Asbestos Pads, by
M. S. ABRAMS.
Re$xi nted from the Journal of the PCA Research and Devel opment Labora-
tori es, 4, No. 1, 22-30 (January, 1962).
Tobermori te Gel The Heart of Concrete, by STEPHENBRUNAUER.
Reprfntedfrom the Arn=kan sci efi t~st, 50, No. 1, 210-229(March,1962).
Al kal i Reacti vi ty of Carbonate RocksExpansi on and Dedol omi ti za -
ti on, by DAVI DW. HADLEY.
Repri ntedfrom Hi 9hwagResearch Board PToCeedin9s,40, 462-474(1961).
I
I
.
140. Devel opment of Surface i n the Hydrati on of Cal ci um Si l i cates, by
D. L. KANTRO, STEPHEN 13RUNAUER, and C. H. WEISE.
Reprinted from Solid Surfaces and the Gas-Solid Interface, Advances i n
Chemi stry Seri es 33, 199-219 (1961).
141. Thermodynami c Theory of Adsorpti on, by L. E. COPELANDand T. F.
YOUNG.
Repri nted from Sol i d Surfaces and
Chemi stry Seri es 33, 348-356 (1961),
the Gas. Sol i d I nterface, Advances i n
and
Thermodynami cs of Adsorpti on. Bari um Sul phate-Water System, by
Y. C. Wu and L. E. COPELAND,
Repri nted from Sol i d Surfaces and the Gas-Sol i d I nterface, Advances i n
Chemi stry Seri es 33, 357-368 (1961).
142. The New Beam Furnace at PCA and Some Experi ence Gai ned from
I ts Use, by C. C. CARLSONand PHI L J. TATMAN.
Repri ntedfrom symposi umon Fi re Test Methods. ASTM Speci al Technical
Publication No. 301, 41-59 (1961).
143. New Techni ques for Temperature and Humi di ty Control i n X-Ray Di f-
fractometry, by PAULSELI GMANNand N, R. GREENI NG.
RePri ntedfrom the Journal oj the PCA Research and Development Labora-
tori es, 4, No. 2, 2-9 (May, 1962).
144. An Opti cal Method for Determi ni ng the El asti c Constants of Concrete,
by C. R. CRUZ.
Repri nted from the Journal of the PCA Research and Development Labora-
tories, 4, No. 2, 2432 (May, 1962).
145. Physi cal Properti es of Concrete at Ver y Low Temperatures, by G. E.
MONFOREand A. E. LENTZ.
Repri ntedfrom the Journalof the PCA Research and Development Labora-
tories, 4, No, 2, 33-39 (May, 1962).
146. A Hypothesi s on Carbonati on Shri nkage, by T. C. POWERS.
Repri ntedfrom the Journal of the PC!A Research and Devel opment Labora-
todes, 4, No. 2, 40-50 (May, 1962).
147. Fi re Resi stance of Prestressed Concrete Beams, Study A I nfl uence
of Thi ckness of Concrete Coveri ng Over Prestressi ng Steel Strand, by
C. C. CARLSON.
PubkMd by Portl andCementAssoci ati on,ResearchandDevel opmentLabora-
tori es, skoki e,l l l i noi s, (JuI Y, 1962).
t
148. Preventi on of Frost Damage to Green Concrete, by T. C. POWERS.
Repri ntedfrom R6uni onInternational des Laboratoi res dEssai s et de Re-
cherches sw les Materi auz et les Constructions, RI LEM Bul l eti n 14, 120-124
(March, 1962).
Pri nted i n U.S.A.