Artificial respiration, any measure that causes air to flow in and out of a person's lungs when natural breathing is

inadequate or ceases, as in respiratory paralysis, drowning, electric shock, choking, gas or smoke inhalation, or
poisoning. Respiration can be taken over by an artificial lung (respiratory paralysis), a pulmotor, or any other type of
mechanical respirator . In emergency situations, when no professional help is available, rescuers undertake the mouth-
to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method of artificial respiration. First, any foreign material is swept out of the mouth with
the hand. The victim is placed on his back, with the head tilted backward and chin pointing upward so that the tongue
does not block the throat. The reviver's mouth is then placed tightly over the victim's mouth or nose, with the victim's
nostrils or mouth held shut. For a small child or infant, the reviver places his mouth firmly over the mouth and nose. The
reviver takes a deep breath and blows into the victim's mouth, nose, or both. If there is no exchange of air, the reviver
checks the position of the head. If there is still no exchange, the victim should be turned on his side and rapped between
the shoulder blades to dislodge any foreign matter that may be blocking the air passages. A child can be held by the
ankles and rapped between the shoulder blades. The reviver stops blowing when the chest expands, turns his head
away, and listens for exhalation. If the victim is an adult, blowing should be vigorous, at the rate of about 12 breaths per
minute. A child's breaths should be shallower, about 20 per minute, and an infant's breaths should come in short puffs.
When victims vomit, they must be turned on their side and the airway cleaned before continuing artificial respiration..
Breathing into the subject should be continued until natural breathing resumes or until professional help arrives. Since
the heart often stops beating when breathing is interrupted, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is typically
administered simultaneously. This entails compressing the chest above the heart at 60 or more thrusts per minute, with
two breaths being administered after every 15 chest thrusts.

Respiratory emergencies are medical emergencies characterized by difficulty breathing or an inability to breathe at all.
Such emergencies can become fatal if they are not addressed properly and promptly. In the case of patients with chronic
conditions which cause difficulty breathing, people should learn the difference between what is ordinary for the patient
and what is a sign of a true emergency. For example, some people with asthma are naturally wheezy and it is not a cause
for concern, while extremely labored breathing is a sign that the patient is in distress.
In a respiratory emergency, a patient may take frequent shallow breaths, irregular breaths, or very slow breaths. In
some cases, the patient stops breathing at all. Respiratory emergencies are commonly accompanied with pale, cold,
clammy skin, and the heart may stop beating or become irregular. The patient is also usually extremely agitated, which
can add to the severity of the emergency because the patient will use more oxygen in a panic. Heart
failure, asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis, chronic pulmonary obstruction disorder, croup, inflammation of the epiglottis,
and the common are all conditions associated with respiratory emergencies. People can also experience acute reactions
to allergens and drugs which lead to respiratory distress, and when objects become lodged in the throat, they can cause
respiratory emergencies. Some other causes of respiratory emergencies include medical problems such as
Pneumothorax. They may attempt to speak and often gesture to indicate that they are having trouble breathing. It can
be very frightening to be unable to breathe, and people providing care should try to keep the patient as calm as possible
by nothing that help is coming. Remaining in an agitated state can create complications for the patient. If a patient stops
breathing altogether, rescue breathing should be initiated to reduce the risk of brain damage and increase the patient's
chance of survival. Before administering rescue breaths, the airway should always be checked and swept for signs of
objects which may be causing obstructions.
Auscultation



Breath sound Description Significance
Wheezing A whistling or musical sound Caused by narrowing of the lower or smaller airways.
Rhonchi A snoring, low pitched sound Caused by narrowing of the larger upper airways.
Crackles Small popping sounds Produced by the movement of air through secretions or lightly closed airways
Pleural Grating sound which may be compared
fraction rub

to rubbing your hair between your fingers near your ear that is heard with inspiration and expiration.
Caused by inflammation of the pleural surfaces. The inflamed surfaces rub together during the
respiratory cycle to produce this sound.
Artificial respiration is the act of assisting or stimulating respiration, a metabolic process referring to the overall exchange of gases
in the body by pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration. Assistance takes many forms, but generally
entails providing air for a person who is not breathing or is not making sufficient respiratory effort on his/her own (although it
must be used on a patient with a beating heart or as part of cardiopulmonary resuscitation to achieve the internal respiration).
Breathing induced by any of several techniques in a person who has stopped or is having difficulty breathing. It consists
chiefly of keeping the air passage open and inducing inhalation and exhalation. It does not include chest compressions to
maintain circulation ( CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION). The primary method is mouth-to-mouth breathing, in which the
rescuer breathes into the victim's mouth, with pauses to allow exhalation.
Respiratory emergencies happens when not enough oxygen passes from your lungs into your blood. Your body's organs, such as
your heart and brain, need oxygen-rich blood to work well. Respiratory failure also can happen if your lungs can't remove
carbon dioxide (a waste gas) from your blood. Too much carbon dioxide in your blood can harm your body's organs.

Diseases and conditions that affect your breathing can cause respiratory failure. Examples include
LUNG DISEASES such as COPD (CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY disease), pneumonia, pulmonary
embolism, and cystic fibrosis
Conditions that affect the nerves and muscles that control breathing, such as spinal cord injuries, muscular
dystrophy and stroke
Damage to the tissues and ribs around the lungs. An injury to the chest can cause this damage.
Drug or ALCOHOL overdose
Injuries from inhaling smoke or harmful fumes
Treatment for respiratory failure depends on whether the condition is acute (short-term) or chronic and how severe it is. It
also depends on the underlying cause. You may receive oxygen therapy and other treatment to help you breathe