SYNTAX AND GRAMMARS

Java Program
Java Coding Guidelines
Java Comments
Java Identifiers
Java Keywords
Java Literals
Java Data Types
Java Variables
Java Constant

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A minimum Java program has the following

format:

Java Program

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System.out.println(Hello,
World!);

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Java program files must
Have same name as public class
End with extension .java

Java Program

{
public static void main (String[] args) {
<program statement>
}

public class Hello

public static void main
(String[] args) {

public class <classname>

Java Coding
Guidelines

Use comments for documentation and

readability
White spaces are ignored

}
Indent for readability

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 A block is formed by enclosing statements by curly

braces.
Block statements can be nested indefinitely.

A statement is one or more lines of code

terminated by a semicolon.

Java
Statements

Any amount of white space is allowed.

Java Blocks

Example:

public static void main (String[]

args) {
System.out.println(Hello);
System.out.print(World!);
}

System.out.print(Hello, World!);

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Example:

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Comment lines are ignored by the
compiler.

A comment is an optional statement used to

describe what a program or a line of program is
doing.

public class Hello {

/**

Java
Comments

// This is a comment
/* This is a comment */

Example:
Comments

* My First Java Program

*/
public static void main (String[] args) {
// print Hello, World! on screen

/** This is a special comment **/

System.out.println(Hello, World!);

/** for documentation **/

}
}

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Rules:
Identifiers can use alphabetic characters of either case (az and
AZ), numbers (09), underscores ( _ ), and dollar signs ( $ ).

Identifiers used to label variables, methods,

classes, etc.
Case-sensitive

Java
Identifiers

May contain letters, digits, underscore and

dollar sign ($)

May not start with a digit

Identifiers cannot start with a number.

Java
Identifier
Rules
and
Guidelines

May not use Java keywords

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Java
Identifier:
Example

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Keywords cannot be used as identifiers (for this reason keywords

are sometimes called reserved words).
Guidelines:
Name your identifiers close to its functionality.
Method and variable names start in lowercase while classes start
in uppercase.
For multi-word identifiers, either use underscores to separate the
words, or capitalize the start of each word.
Avoid starting the identifiers using the underscore.

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Java
Keywords

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 can be expressed in three different bases:

Literals are the representation of values.

Java Literals

\n
\t
\r
\
\
\\

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Octal (base 8)
Decimal (base 10)
Hexadecimal (base 16)

Integers
Floating Point Numbers
Booleans (true or false)
Strings (enclosed in )
Characters (enclosed in )
new line
tab
carriage return
double quote
single quote
backslash

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Integer Examples of int literals:

Literal
0

0xDadaCafe

1996

0372 0x00FF00FF

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appears in several forms

typical form makes use of digits and a decimal point
note that digits may appear before or after or before and
after the decimal point

Floating-Point
Literal

Examples of float literals:

Boolean
Literal

1e1f 2.f .3f 0f 3.14f 6.022137e+23f

only two Boolean literals exist: true

and false, representing the Boolean
concepts of true and false,
respectively

Examples of double literals:

1e1 2. .3 0.0 3.14 1e-9d 1e137

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 sequence of characters within double quotes

the characters can be escape sequences

Character literals come in two forms. They both use the

single quote ( ) as a delimiter. The first form places the
literal character between single quotes. Examples include
'a', '+', and '$'.

Examples of string literals include:

String Literal

Character
Literal

"Hello, world
"One\tTwo"
"TE\u0041

Some characters, such as the newline character, don't

have visible literal representations. For these, an escape
sequence must be used, which consists of the backslash
("\") followed by a code.

"That'll cost you two-fifty \n"

"" // empty string

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There are two kinds of data types:

The Java programming language defines eight

primitive data types:

Simple

built-in or primitive Java data types

Data Types

Primitive Data
Types

Composite
created by the programmer using simple
types, arrays, classes, and interfaces

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boolean (for logical)

char (for textual)
byte
short
int
long (integral)
double
float (floating-point)

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 represents a 16-bit Unicode character

one-bit wide and takes on the values true or

false

must have its literal enclosed in single quotes ()

default value: false

cannot be cast to a number or any other type

Char Data uses the following notations

a
- the letter a
Type

Boolean
Data Type Example:

\t
\u????

- a tab
- a specific Unicode character, ????
is replaced with exactly four
hexadecimal digits (for example,
\u03A5 is the Greek letter phi, )

boolean result = true;

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has types: float (32 bits single precision)
and double (64-bit double precision)

Integer Data
Type

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Floating Point
Data Type

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 A variable is declared as follows:

A variable is an item of data used to store

the state of objects.

Java Variables

A variable is composed of:

Data type indicates the type of value that
the variable can hold
Name must follow rules for identifiers

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Identifier

Declaring
and
Initializing
Variables

int yourAge = 19;

Data type

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Declaring
and
Initializing
Variables

Semicolon
Optional: assigned value

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<data type> <name> [=initial value];

Note: Values enclosed in <> are required values,

while those values in [] are optional.

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1.Always initialize your variables as you

Guidelines in declare them.
Declaring
and
Initializing 2.Use descriptive names for your variables.
Variables
3.Declare one variable per line of code.

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 To display the value of a certain variable, we use the following

commands:

public class VarSample {

public static void main(String[]
args)
{
boolean result;

Java Variable:
Example

char option;

option = C;
double grade = 0.0;

System.out.print()

System.out.println()
Example:

public class VarOutput {

Displaying
Variable
Data

public static void main(String[] args) {

int value = 10;
char x;
x = A;

}
System.out.println(value);

System.out.println(The value of x = + x);

}
}

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System.out.print()
Does not append newline at the end of the data output
Example:
System.out.print(Hello);
System.out.print(World);

Primitive Variables

Output:
HelloWorld

Displaying
Variable Data

System.out.println()
Appends a newline at the end of the data output
Example:

Types of
Variables

variables with primitive data types

stores data in the actual memory location where the
variable is

Reference Variables
variables that stores the address in the memory location
points to another memory location where the actual data is

System.out.println(Hello);
System.out.println(World);

Output:
Hello
World

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 value never changes

Use the final type modifier in class definition

Constants

public class Variables {

public static void main(String[] args)
{
final double PI = 3.14;
}

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