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GUIDE OF BASIC PHYSICS LABORATORY

I. PRELIMINARY
A. The purpose experiment of Basic Physics in Laboratory
Developing the theory and the fact that the material given in lectures more
internalized and to understand.
Checking the truth of the laws of physics and visually see some of the
events in the actual events.
Acquire the necessary skills and skills in using and understood the
usefulness of laboratory equipment.
Ability to analyze, create hypotheses or conclusions from the data
obtained from the experiments.
B. Experiment Steps
. !reparation, with special attention to the purpose of the experiment,
comprehensively understand the theory and physical quantities
related to the experiment, the function of the tools and
experimental nets.
". #xperiment, with due regard to environmental conditions, perform repeated
measurements, record all of the data is done, including the
smallest scale.
$. Analysis, check the data consistent, make the relationship in the graph and
perform calculations correctly.
% &he authors report.
II. !N"#T $MS#ST REA"%
A. home & Before Prati'um(
. !ractitioners must be present ' minutes before the lab starts and
practitioners come late ' minutes after the lab begins not allowed to
participate in practicum.
". (earn well the modules that you do in the lab.
$. )ork on the preliminary task in the module in question and submit it to
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your assistant before working in the lab module.
%. At the time of leaving the lab will be sure to bring the control valve,
student identification, and lab coats.
'. *n (aboratoorium practitioner should be calm, orderly, polite, well+dressed
in a shirt or collared shirt, do not wear sandals and shall wear
identification. !rohibited food, drink, or smoke in the laboratory.
,. !ractitioners not allowed to participate if they do not meet the practical
requirements-
a. )earing identification
b. Carry identification cards practicum
.. /ubmit the preliminary tasks to assistants and answer the initial test before
the lab begins.
B. "#RIN) LAB!RAT!RY
. !ractitioners can begin the experiment after preliminary tests and get
permission from the assistant *nstruction to use tool
". !ractitioners should get the data by experimenting. *f they fail to to obtain
the data 0due to equipment failure or other things1, must report to the
assistant and lecturer responsible for the daily.
$. !ractitioners must keep her safety, cleanliness and order laboratory
%. /pecial % for experiments using electricity, before turning on the power
supply ask the assistant if the circuit is correct.
'. *f the practitioners make a faults, assistants can make a rule and sancsion.
. *INIS+E" E,PERIMENT
After the lab is complete, before leaving the laboratory, the practitioner must-
. Ask a preliminary report which has been re+checked.
". Ask the signature on the control card.
$. Cleaning the table and throw garbage.
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". !T+ER PR!-ISI!NS
. !racticum must replace equipment damaged or lost during practicum takes
place with the same tool prior to attending practicum berikutnyaa.
". &he amount of practical value is "'2 of the total value of college !hysics
$. !racticum is not a requirement to pass the course !hysics *.
E. TIME LAB
/hift * .-$3 to 3-33 a.m
/hift **- 3-33 to "-$3 p.m
/hift ***- "-$3 to '-33 p.m
/hift *4 - '.33 to ..$3 p.m
*. !PYRI)+T
&his module was written by team of !A/C5 that Ann Hanks, /ean
6c7eever and 8eoffrey Clarion. #dited by a team of editors that Chaidir
Anwar, 9usriadi, :archreza, *lham /uganda, Ahmad ;uly, 6iswar &umpu, and
Andi ;afika . Direction of /abaruddin ;ahman, /&, 6&, !hd. As ;esponsible
for the laboratory
)o.a/
oor0inator Pra'ti'um
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LIST !* !NTENTS
+APTER I ( NE1T!N2S 3N" LA1 4
+APTER II ( NE1T!N2S 5R" LA1 65
+APTER III ( +!!7E2S LA1 68
+APTER I- ( R!TATI!NAL INERTIA 69
+APTER - ( -ARIABLE:) PEN"#L#M 34
+APTER -I ( PR!;ETILE M!TI!N 39
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+APTER I
NE1T!N2S 3N" LA1
I. P#RP!SE
6. Determine and verify <ewton=s "
nd
(aw.
3. &he purpose of this activity is to determine what happens to an ob>ect=s
acceleration when the net force applied to the ob>ect stays constant but the
mass of the system is changed.
5. &he purpose of this activity is to determine what happens to an ob>ect=s
acceleration when the net force applied to the ob>ect increases but the mass
of the system is constant.
II. BASI T+E!RY
According to <ewton=s /econd (aw, F ? ma, where F is the net force
acting on the ob>ect of mass m, and ais the resulting acceleration of the
ob>ect.:or a cart of mass m

on a horizontal track with a string attached over a

pulley to a hanging mass m
"
, the net force F on the entire system 0cart and
hanging mass1 is the weight of hanging mass, F ? m
"
g, 0assuming that friction
is negligible1.
According to <ewton=s /econd (aw, this net force should be equal to ma,
where m isthe total mass that is being accelerated, which in this case is m

@ m
"
.
9ou will check to see if m
"
g ? 0m

@ m
"
1aas predicted by theory. &o determine
the acceleration, you will release the cart from rest and measure the time 0t1 for
it to travel a certain distance 0d1. /ince d ? 0A"1at
"
, the acceleration can be
calculated using .
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III. E<#IPMENT
INL#"E"( !A/!5;&
!A/car Dynamics /ystem 6#+,B''
6otion /ensor !/+"3$
:orce /ensor !/+"3%
/mart !ulley with Clamp 6#+B%%CA
6ass and Danger /et 6#+B$%C
!hysics /tring /#+C3'3
Ad>ustable :eet 05ptional1 6#+B%.3
Computer *nterface !/+"33
Data/tudio /oftware C*+,C.3
I-. E<#IPMENT SET:#P
a. Connect the 6otion /ensor to a !A/!5;& interface. 6ake sure the
switch on the top of the 6otion /ensor is set to Ecart.E
b. Connect the :orce /ensor to a !A/!5;& interface. Connect the
interface to the computer.
c. Fsing the long thumbscrew, attach the :orce /ensor to
the cart.
d. !lace the 6otion /ensor on one end of the track as in
the picture above. Ad>ust the alignment knob on the
side of the 6otion /ensor so that it points parallel to
the track.
e. (evel the track.
f. 5ptional- Fse ad>ustable feet on both ends to level the track. Attach the
6otion /ensor to the end of the track as shown at right.
g. Clamp the pulley to the other end of the track. !lace this end over the
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edge of the table.
h. )rap one end of a one meter length of string around the notch of the
mass hanger 0m1.
i. !lace the CartA:orce /ensor assembly on the track. &ie the other end of
the string to the hook of the :orce /ensor. Dang the mass hanger 0m1
over the pulley
>. (evel the string by ad>usting the pulley.
k. 5pen the file G"nd (aw 0!!1.ds.
-. PR!E"#RE
6. Proce0ure Ne.ton=s Secon0 La.>onstant *orce
a. )ith no tension on the string, press the E&A;#E or EH#;5E button on the
:orce /ensor.
b. !ull the cart 0m"1 back as far as possible without allowing the mass hanger
to contact the pulley.
c. /imultaneously press the /&A;& button at the top of
Data/tudio and release the cart 0m"1. !revent the cart from colliding with
the pulley.
d. 6ake sure the :orce /ensor=s cord does not impede the cart=s motion.
e. Data recording will stop automatically.
f. Fsing the cursor, highlight only the section of the velocity graph that
corresponds to the intended motion. !ress the :it button and select
G(inear :it.I #nter the value of the acceleration into the data table.
g. Fsing the cursor, highlight only the section of the force graph that
corresponds to the accelerated motion. &he legend displays the mean force
for this highlighted section. #nter the value of the mean force into the data
table.
h. 8o to the #J!#;*6#<& menu and select EDelete all Data ;uns.E
i. ;epeat the previous steps until a total of % data runs are collected. #ach
time increase the mass cart 0m"1
>. 5bserve the :orce v Acceleration graph. !ress the :it button and select
G(inear :it.I ;ecord the values of the slope and vertical intercept.
k. :ind the mass in kilograms of the Cart and :orce /ensor.
3. Proce0ure Ne.ton=s Secon0 La.>onstant *orce
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a. )ith no tension on the string, press the E&A;#E or EH#;5E button on the
:orce /ensor.
b. !ull the cart 0m"1 back as far as possible without allowing the mass hanger
to contact the pulley.
c. /imultaneously press the /&A;& button at the top of
Data/tudio and release the cart 0m"1. !revent the cart from colliding with
the pulley.
d. 6ake sure the :orce /ensor=s cord does not impede the cart=s motion.
e. Data recording will stop automatically.
f. Fsing the cursor, highlight only the section of the velocity graph that
corresponds to the intended motion. !ress the :it button and select
G(inear :it.I #nter the value of the acceleration into the data table.
g. Fsing the cursor, highlight only the section of the force graph that
corresponds to the accelerated motion. &he legend displays the mean force
for this highlighted section. #nter the value of the mean force into the data
table.
h. 8o to the #J!#;*6#<& menu and select EDelete all Data ;uns.E
i. ;epeat the previous steps until a total of % data runs are collected. #ach
time increase the mass hanger0m

1
>. 5bserve the :orce v Acceleration graph. !ress the :it button and select
G(inear :it.I ;ecord the values of the slope and vertical intercept.
k. :ind the mass in kilograms of the Cart and :orce /ensor.
-I. AL#LATI!NS
Calculate the theoretical acceleration when the mass is constant and the net
force is changed andrecord the calculations in the Data &able $.
&he theoretical acceleration is the ratio of the net force divided by the total
mass.
m6g ? $m6 @ m3%a
:or runs K", K$, and K%, the total mass of the system 0mass of cart plus
hanging mass1 increases and the net force 0hanging mass x B.C1 remains
constant.
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Assuming no friction, the net force is the weight of the hanging mass
0mass x B.C <Akg1.
:ind the percent difference between the theoretical and experimental acceleration
and record it in the data table.
x 100%
%diff= theoretical ABexperimental
theoretical
-II. "ata
-II.6. "ata Ne.ton=s Secon0 La.>onstant *orce
"ata TabCe 6
&otal mass of the hanging mass 0m
2
1-_________
Run Item Massa$'D%
ERun6 &otal mass of cart 0m
1
1-
ERun3 &otal mass of cart plus 3."'3 kg-
ERun5 &otal mass of cart plus 3.'33 kg-
ERunF &otal mass of cart plus 3..'3 kg-
<et force 0hanging mass x B.C <Akg1- _________
"ata TabCe 3( ExperimentaC AcceCeration
Run AcceCeration $m&s3%
ERun6
ERun3
ERun5
ERunF
"ata TabCe 5
Run Massa cart$'D% Acc./ theory
$m&s3%
Acc./ exp. $m&s3% "ifference $G%
ERun6
ERun3
ERun5
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ERunF
/ketch a graph of velocity versus time for one run of data. *nclude labels and units
for your y axes and x+axes.
-II.3. "ata Ne.ton=s Secon0 La.>onstant Mass
"ata TabCe 6
*nitial mass of cart @ masses 0m
1
1- _________
Run Item Massa$'D%
ERun6 *nitial mass of the hanging mass -
ERun3 &otal mass of hanging masses 03.3" kg @ 3.3" kg1-
ERun5 &otal mass of hanging masses 03.3' kg @ 3.3 kg1-
ERunF &otal mass of hanging masses 03.3' kg @ 3.3" kg @ 3.3 kg1-
<et force 0hanging mass x B.C <Akg1- _________
"ata TabCe 3( ExperimentaC AcceCeration
Run AcceCeration $m&s3%
ERun6
ERun3
ERun5
ERunF
"ata TabCe 5
:net, 0net force1 ? hanging mass x B.C <Akg
Run +anDinD
Massa $'D%
*
net
$N% Acc./
theory
$m&s3%
Acc./ exp.
$m&s3%
"ifference $G%
ERun6
ERun3
ERun5
ERunF
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/ketch a graph of velocity versus time for one run of data. *nclude labels and units
for your y axes and x+axes.
-III. PRELIMINARY TAS7
. A truck can produce a force of .333 <. *f the truck can move with an
acceleration of $.' m A s, determine the mass of the truckL
". A block of mass 0m1 is located on a smooth horizontal surface, and is
pulled by a rope which connected to another block with mass 0m"1 through
a pulley 0:igure $."1. !ulleys are assumed to have not mass and friction,
and only function to deflect the direction of the pull rope. Count the
acceleration and tension rope system.
$. A block of mass m which pulled along a horizontal plane by a force : slick
forming an angle of %'
3
to the horizontal plane.
a. *f the the mass of the block is ".3 kg, how large a force : needed for
the the horizontal beams have velocity %.3 m A s in ".3 s starting from
a state of rest.
b. Determine the magnitude of the normal force
%. Mlock of ice which has a mass of "' kg pushed by ;afli, with an angle of
$3 N. *f a block of ice moving with a constant acceleration of "m A s",
determine ma>or thrust of ;afliL
'. !ongki pull a block mass of 3 kg with a force of 33 < with a direction
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forming an angle of $. N to the floor. &he coefficient of static and kinetic
swipe material to the floor is 3.' and 3.%. *f the acceleration of gravity at
the 3 ms+", then specify the ob>ect moves or not, if the ob>ects are already
moving determine the accelerationL
RE*ERENES
8eoffrey Clarion. <ewton=s " (aw. !asco - Fnied /tate 5f America
Congratulations work and hopefully we will all be a reliable technocrats.
+APTER II
NE1T!N2S 5R" LA1
I. E<#IPMENT
INL#"E"( /cience)orkshop !A/!5;&
!A/car Dynamics /ystem 6#+,B'' 6#+,B''
" :orce /ensor C*+,.%, /#+"3%
N!T INL#"E"/ B#T RE<#IRE"(
Computer *nterface C*+,%33 !/+"33
Data/tudio /oftware C*+,C.3 C*+,C.3
II. INTR!"#TI!N
&he purpose of this experiment is to determine the relationship between
interacting forces. &wo :orce /ensors are used to measure the paired forces in
a rubber band tug+o+war and the paired forces in a collision of two carts.
III. T+E!RY
/tudents may be familiar with the following definition of <ewtonOs $rd (aw-
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"For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction."
Dowever, how does the statement above manifest itself in physical
interactionsP /pecifically, what determines the magnitude and direction of the
forcesP &hese are all questions best left for direct investigation...
SET:#P for PASP!RT Sensors
. Connect one :orce /ensor to a !A/!5;& interface. Connect the other
:orce /ensor to a !A/!5;& interface. Connect the interface0s1 to the
computer.
". )ith nothing connected to the :orce /ensors, press the EH#;5E or E&A;#E
buttons on the :orce /ensors.
$. Attach the hooks of the :orce /ensors to the ends of a long rubber band as
in the picture above.
%. 5pen the file G$rd (aw &ug+5+)ar 0!!1.ds.I
I-. PR!E"#RE
. !ress the /tart button in Data/tudio.
". !lay a small+scale game of tug+o+war with neither !erson A nor !erson M
winning.
$. Data Collection will end after several seconds.
%. *f necessary to delete unwanted data, click the E#xperimentE button and
select EDelete all data runs.E
'. ;ecord the direction and magnitude of the-
A. :orce of person A on !erson M 0:
AM
1
M. :orce of person M on !erson A 0:
MA
1
,. ;epeat steps +' above with !erson A winning.
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.. ;epeat steps +' above with !erson M winning.
-. PRELIMINARY TAS7
. !lease describe <ewton=s $rd (aw L
". 6atter how strong you >ump, you always fall back to the ground. &his is
because the work yourself gravity trending downward. <ewtonOs third law
states that the earth was withdrawn by you. )hy the earth seemed to move
closer to you when you >umpP
$. )hen a tennis ball fell to the floor, the ball bounced up. *s a force required
to make the ball bounce to the topP *f he who is doing this style.
%. )hy can a rocket work in space while a >et engine is notP
'. &ry brother describes the application of <ewtonOs third law on a beam that
was on the floor L
,. Are action and reaction can be mutually exclusive P explain you opinio L
.. A block lies on a sloping field. &he beam is tied by rope. *f the rope is
decided what happens in this block P
<ote the image below-
RE*ERENES
8eoffrey ;. Clarion. <ewton=$ (aw. !asco - Fnied /tate 5f America
14 | P a g e
Congratulations work and hopefully we will all be a reliable technocrats.
+APTER III
+!!7E2S LA1
I. E<#IPMENT AN" MATERIAL
Qty EHuipment an0 MateriaC
" :orce /ensor
/tative
Dooked 6ass /et
#qual (ength /pring /et
#xplorer 8(J
II. INTR!"#TI!N
&he purpose of this experiment is to find the spring constant for several
springs. &he force applied to the spring is measured using a force sensor. &he
subsequent extension or compression is measured with a meter stick. A close
analysis of the data produces the spring constant.
III. T+E!RY
)hen force is applied to a spring, the resulting extension or compression
of the spring maintains a linear relationship with the applied force. &his
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relationship manifests itself in the following equation-
x k F =
where F is the applied force, x is the extension or compression of the
spring and k is the spring constant.
#lasticity is- &he tendency of an ob>ect to the change in the form of
either length, width or height, but its mass remains, it is caused by the forces
pressing or pulling, the force removed when the ob>ect back to normal shape.
I-. PR!E"#RE PART A( E,TENSI!N
. Dang the heavy spring on a hook force sensor
". Dang booth mass at the spring
$. !ress zero on the force sensor.
%. 6easure the initial length of the spring.
'. /elect digit on the explorer glx
,. !ress !lay
.. Add 3 g mass on booth.
C. ;ecord the result 0<1.
B. 6easure the length of the spring
3. ;epeat /teps +, for "3g and '3g.
. ;epeat steps + with use light spring

-. PR!E"#RE PART B( !MPRESSI!N
. #quip the heavy spring bumper
". /elect digit on the explorer glx.
$. 6easure the initial length of the spring.
%. !ress !lay.
'. 8ive pressure on the spring to experience the shortening of 3.' cm.
,. ;ecord the pressure recorded at the force sensor.
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.. ;epeat steps +,. And give make spring shortering cm
C. ;epeat steps +. with equip ligh spring bumber
-I. PRELIMINARY TAS7
. )rite the DookeOs (aw.
". )rite-
a. #quality of Dooks (aw
b. Defenition of spring constant
c. Defenition of #lastic (imit
d. #ffect of spring constant to spring
e. &he units are included in the *nternational unit
$. *n general, what pattern do you notice between the force and the
displacementAextension of the springP
%. A spring is given a force of 3 < and a length change of 3.3' m. *f the
force exerted on the spring by ' < how much the extension.
'. /ome springs are considered non+Dookian. #xplain what this term means.
RE*ERENES
8eoffrey Clarion. Docke law. !asco - Fnied /tate 5f America
Congratulations work and hopefully we will all be a reliable technocrats.
17 | P a g e
+APTER I-
R!TATI!NAL INERTIA
I. E<#IPMENT
INL#"E"( /cience)orkshop !A/!5;&
(arge &riangle ;od /tand 6#+C.$' 6#+C.$'
B3 cm (ong /teel ;od 6#+C.$C 6#+C.$C
6ini+;otational Accessory C*+,,B C*+,,B
6ass /et 0' g resolution1 6#+B$%C 6#+B$%C
;otary 6otion /ensor C*+,'$C !/+""3
6ass Malance 0not supplied1 /#+C."$ /#+C."$
Calipers 0not supplied1 /#+C. /#+C.
;ing
Disk
N!T INL#"E"/ B#T RE<#IRE"(
Computer *nterface C*+,%33 !/+"33
Data /tudio /oftware C*+,C.3 C*+,C.3
II. INTR!"#TI!N
&he purpose of this experiment is to find the rotational inertia of a ring
and a disk experimentally and to verify that these values correspond to the
calculated theoretical values. A known torque is applied to the pulley on the
;otary 6otion /ensor, causing a disk and ring to rotate.
&he resulting angular acceleration is measured using the slope of a
18 | P a g e
graph of angular velocity versus time. &he rotational inertia of the disk and
ring combination is calculated from the torque and the angular acceleration.
&he procedure is repeated for the disk alone to find the rotational inertias of
the ring and disk separately.
III. T+E!RY
&heoretically, the rotational inertia, *, of a ring is given by
( )
"
"
"

"

! " + =
01
where 6 is the mass of the ring, ;

is the inner radius of the ring, and ;

"
is
the outer radius of the ring. &he rotational inertia of a disk is given by
"
"

! " =
0"1
where 6 is the mass of the disk and ; is the radius of the disk.
&o find the rotational inertia of the ring and disk experimentally, a known torque
is applied to the ring and disk, and the resulting angular acceleration, , is
measured. /ince ? * ,

= "
0$1
where is the torque caused by the weight hanging from the string which is
wrapped around the $+step pulley of the apparatus.
?r& 0%1
where r is the radius of the pulley about which the string is wound and : is the
tension in the string when the apparatus is rotating. Also, a?r , where EaE is the
linear acceleration of the string.
Applying <ewton=s /econd (aw for the hanging mass, m, gives 0see figure ".
ma F mg F = =
0'1
19 | P a g e
a
F
mg
:igure " - ;otational Apparatus and free body
20 | P a g e
Diagram
/olving for the tension in the string gives
: m0g a1 =
. 0,1
5nce the linear acceleration of the mass 0m1 is determined, the torque and the
angular acceleration can be obtained for the calculation of the rotational inertia.
SET:#P for PASP!RT Sensors
. /et up the rotational apparatus as
shown in :igure $. &he thread should
be tied around the smallest step on the
;otary 6otion /ensor pulley, threaded
down through the edge hole, and
wrapped around the middle step of the
pulley.
". !lug the ;otary 6otion /ensor into
#xplorer 8(J or !A/!5;& *nterface
channel
$. !lug Computer interface into #xplorer
with F/M Cable.
%. ;un Data/tudio on the computer and
open the file called E;otational *nertia
0!!1E.
'. Definitly data which in explorer 8(J
same with Data /tudio.
:igure $- /etup
21 | P a g e
I-. PR!E"#RE
I-.6.MEAS#REMENTS *!R T+E T+E!RETIAL R!TATI!NAL
INERTIA
. :ind the masses of the ring and the disk using the mass balance.
". :ind the masses of the mass set using the mass balance.
$. 6easure the inside and outside diameters and calculate the radial ;

and
;
"
and ;.
I-.3 MEAS#REMENTS *!R T+E E,PERIMENTAL MET+!"
. :*<D*<8 &D# ACC#(#;A&*5< 5: &D# ;*<8 A<D D*/7
0a1 !ut the ring and disk on the ;otary 6otion /ensor. &o find the
acceleration of this combination, put about "3 g over the pulley and
record the angular velocity versus time on a graph as the mass falls to
the table.
0b1 Fse the curve fit button on the graph to find the straight line that best
fits the data. Fse the mouse to select the part of the graph where the
mass was falling, so the line will be fitted only to this part of the data.
0c1 &he slope of the best+fit line is the angular acceleration of the
apparatus. ;ecord this acceleration.
0d1 ;epeat procedure point 0a1+0c1 with load masses ' gr.
0d1 ;emove the ring and load masses ' gr, repeat this procedure with only
the disk on the ;otary 6otion
". :*<D*<8 &D# ACC#(#;A&*5< 5: &D# ;5&A;9 65&*5<
/#</5;
*n /tep the ;otary 6otion /ensor is rotating as well as the ring and
disk. *t is necessary to determine the acceleration, and the rotational inertia,
of the ;otary 6otion /ensor by itself so this rotational inertia can be
subtracted from the total, leaving only the rotational inertia of the ring and
disk. &o do this, take the ring and disk off the rotational apparatus and
repeat /tep for the ;otary 6otion /ensor alone. <ote that it is only
necessary to put about ' g over the pulley in /tep .
22 | P a g e
m
1
m2
-. AL#LATI!NS
. Calculate the experimental value of the rotational inertia of the ring, load
masses ' gr, disk, and ;otary 6otion /ensor together using #quations 0$1,
0%1, and 0'1.
". Calculate the experimental value of the rotational inertia of the disk and
;otary 6otion /ensor together using #quations 0$1, 0%1, and 0'1.
$. Calculate the experimental value of the rotational inertia of the ;otary
6otion /ensor alone using #quations 0$1, 0%1, and 0'1.
%. Calculate the theoretical values of the rotational inertia of the ring and disk
using #quations 01, and 0"1.
'. Fse percent differences to compare the experimental values to the
theoretical values.
33 2 x
l #heoretica
l #heoretica al $xperiment
di%%erence

=
,. Draw the graph of motion from Data /tudio in report.
-I. PRELIMINARY TAS7
. A system consists of two block m and m" which
tied to a hollow cylindrical of pulley. in th first
block rope is wound on the outside of cylinder,
and the second block is wound on the inside of
cylinder, as shown. *f the known the mass of , kg
in th first block, a second block the mass of B kg,
outer radius of pulley $3 cm, inner radius of the of
pulley "3 cm, " kg the mass of of pulley,
gravity B.C < A kg, determine the angular
acceleration in this system and determine the direction of rotation in this
systemL
23 | P a g e
". *f the system at number , the system rotates counter+clockwise with an
angular acceleration of ' rad A s", gravity was considered 3 < A kg, , kg
the mass of first block, the second block the mass of B kg, outer radius of
pulley cylinder $3 cm, while the inner radius of inside ' cm, determine
the mass of the pulley L
$. A rigid ball rolled perfectly 0without slip1 on an inclined plane with slope
R. *f a ball mass of " kg with a radius
of 3 cm, determine the linear
acceleration the ball down the
inclineand /how step by stepL
0acceleration of gravity 3 < A kg
and tan R ? "A."1
RE*ERENES
Ann Danks. ;otational *nertia. !asco - Fnied /tate 5f America
Congratulations work and hopefully we will all be a reliable technocrats.
24 | P a g e

+APTER -
-ARIABLE:) PEN"#L#M
I. T+E!RY
A simple pendulum consists of a point mass at a distance ( away from
a pivot point. *n this experiment, a mass is attached to a lightweight rod and
the mass is concentrated enough to assume it is a point mass and the rodOs
mass can be neglected.
&he period of a simple pendulum is given by
e%%ective
g
&
# "
01
for small amplitude 0less than "3
o
1.
*n this experiment, the acceleration due to gravity 0g1 will be varied. &o
accomplish the variation in g, the plane of oscillation of the pendulum will be
varied. /ee :igure . &he component of g that pulls straight down on the
pendulum when it is in equilibrium is the effective g-
= cos g g
e%%ective 0"1
II. E<#IPMENT
INL#"E"(
(arge ;od /tand 6#+C.$'
%' cm (ong /teel ;od 6#+C.$,
4ariable+g !endulum Accessory 6#+C.%'
6ini+;otational Accessory 0<eed rod and masses only1 C*+,,B
;otary 6otion /ensor C*+,'$C
N!T INL#"E"/ B#T RE<#IRE"(
/cience)orkshop '33 *nterface C*+,%33
Data/tudio /oftware C*+,C.3
III. SET #P
. ;emove the thumb screw from the clamp on the ;otary 6otion
/ensor. /ee :igure ".
25 | P a g e
". ;emove one of the rod clamps from the Ad>ustable Angle Clamp.
$. /crew the Ad>ustable Angle Clamp onto the ;otary 6otion /ensor.
:igure "- Attaching the ;od Clamp
%. 6ount the ;otary 6otion /ensor on
the rod stand 0see :igure $1.
'. !ut the pulley on the ;otary 6otion
/ensor with the largest step outward.
Attach the rod to the ;otary 6otion
/ensor pulley and put the two .' g
masses on the end of the rod.
:igure $- /etup
:igure %- Attaching Angle *ndicator
,. /lide the angle indicator onto the end of the ;otary 6otion /ensor 0see
:igure %1.
26 | P a g e
.. !lug the ;otary 6otion /ensor into Channels and " on the
/cience)orkshop interface.
C. 5pen the Data/tudio file called E4ariable+gE.
I-. PR!E"#RE
. Clamp the pendulum clamp at zero degrees. Click on /&A;& and
displace the pendulum from equilibrium 0no more than "3 degrees
amplitude1 and let go. ;ead the period on the digits display and type
the value into the table on the line next to zero degrees. Do <5& click
on /&5!.
". Clamp the pendulum at ' degrees. Displace the pendulum from
equilibrium 0no more than "3 degrees amplitude1 and let go. ;ecord
the new period in the table.
$. ;epeat /tep " for 3 degrees to C' degrees, in increments of ' degrees.
&hen click on /&5!.
%. #xamine the graph of the period vs. g
effective
. &o determine how the
period depends on g, use the Curve :it by clicking on the :it button at
the top of the graph. /elect various functions to try to find which
function fits the data.
-. PRELIMINARY TAS7
. #xplain the definition of -
a. variabel 8
b. pendulum
c. periode
d. frekuensi
e. length of wafe
". #xplain about why & 0periode 1 in experiment 4ariable 8 is very
important
$. #xplain the working principle of a pendulum
%. #xplain derivation formulas of the variable 8
'. #xplain-
a. &he influence angle of the variable 8
b. how much and why maximum angle which used in attaching angle
indicator P
27 | P a g e
,. #xplain the difference between 8
ef
in angle 3
3
and angle "3
3
RE*ERENES
Ann Danks. 4ariable+8. !asco. Fnited /tate 5f America.
Congratulations work and hopefully we will all be a reliable technocrats.
+APTER -I
PR!;ETILE M!TI!N
A. E<#IPMENT
28 | P a g e
6ini (auncher 6#+,C"'
" /mart &imer 6#+CB$3
&ime of :light Accessory 6#+,C3
$ !hotogate Dead 6#+B%BCA
!hotogate Mracket 6#+,C"
Fniversal &able Clamp 6#+B$.,M
Carbon !aper /#+C,B$
6etric 6easuring &ape /#+C."A
/teel Mall
B. INTR!"#TI!N
&he purpose of this experiment is to predict the horizontal range of a pro>ectile
shot from various heights and angles. *n addition, students will compare the time
of flight for pro>ectiles shot horizontally at different muzzle velocities.
. T+E!RY
&he horizontal range, x, for a pro>ectile can be found using the following
equation-
t v x
x
=
01
where v
x
is the horizontal velocity and t is the time of flight.
&o find the time of flight, t, the following kinematic equation is needed-
t v t a y
y y
3
"
"

+ =
0"1
where y is the height, a
y
is the acceleration due to gravity and v
y'
is the vertical
component of the initial velocity.
)hen a pro>ectile is fired horizontally 0from a height1, the time of flight can be
29 | P a g e
found from rearranging #quation ". /ince the initial velocity is zero, the last term
drops out of the equation yielding-
y
a
y
t

=
"
0"a1
)hen a pro>ectile is fired at an angle and it lands at the same elevation from
which it was launched, the first term in #quation " is dropped. ;earranging yields-
y
y
a
v
t
3 "
=
0"b1
)hen a pro>ectile is fired from a height, none of the terms drop out and #quation
" must be rearranged as follows-
3
"

3
"
= + y t v t a
y y
0"c1
#quation "c must be solved quadratically to find the time of flight, t.
". E,PERIMENT SET#P > Part A6( MuIICe -eCocity
. Choose one corner of a table to place the pro>ectile launcher. 6ake sure a
30 | P a g e
Safety
Wear Safety Goggles.
Do ot !la"e fore#g o$%e"ts #to t&e
'a("&er.
Do ot loo) #to t&e 'a("&er.
Do ot a#m t&e 'a("&er at ot&ers.
distance of about $ meters is clear on the floor around the table.
". Clamp the launcher to the corner of the table using the Fniversal &able
Clamp 0see photo below1.
$. Fsing the attached plumb bob, ad>ust the angle of the launcher to 3
o
.
%. /lide the !hotogate Mracket into the groove on the bottom of the launcher
and tighten the thumbscrew.
'. Connect two photogates to the bracket 0see photo below1.

,. !lug the photogate closest to the launcher into port on the /mart &imer.
!lug the other photogate into port ".
.. &urn on the /mart &imer. Fsing the red E/elect 6easurementE button,
31 | P a g e
choose the E&imeE 6easurement.
C. !lug the photogate closest to the launcher into port on the /mart &imer.
!lug the &ime of :light Accessory into port ".
B. &urn on the /mart &imer. Fsing the red E/elect 6easurementE button,
choose the E&imeE 6easurement.
3. Fsing the blue E/elect 6odeE button, choose the E&wo 8ates 6ode.E &his
will measure the time it takes the pro>ectile to travel between the two
photogates.
".6 PR!E"#RE > Part A6( MuIICe -eCocity
. Fsing the cross+hairs on the side, record the height of the pro>ectile. *n
addition, record the spacing between the two photogates.
". !lace the steel ball into the launcher and use the push rod to load the ball
until the G$
rd
clickI is heard.
$. Dold a piece of cardboard a few centimeters past the "
nd
photogate to block
the ball.
%. !ress the /tart button on the /mart &imer.
'. !ull the launch cord on the launcher.
,. ;ecord the time from the /mart &imer display.
.. ;epeat steps "+, for " clicks and click.
"ata TabCe A6
!ro>ectile Deight- SSSSSSSSS m
!hotogate /pacing- SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS m
Number of Cic's Time Bet.een PhotoDates $s%
$rd Click
"nd Click
st Click
32 | P a g e
33 | P a g e
".3 PR!E"#RE : Part A3( MuIICe -eCocity J. Time of *CiDht
. ;emove the photogate from port " of the /mart &imer and replace it with
the &ime of :light Accessory.
". (oad the ball into the launcher to the $rd click.
$. !redict where the ball will land and explain your prediction.
%. (aunch the ball and note where it lands. !lace the &ime of :light
Accessory such that the ball will land on it.
'. !lace the steel ball into the launcher and use the loader to push the ball in
until the G$
rd
clickI is heard.
,. !ress the /tart button on the /mart &imer. <ote- Fse the same /mart &imer
setting as !art A.
.. !ull the launch cord on the launcher.
C. ;ecord the time from the /mart &imer display into Data Analysis &able
A".
B. ;epeat steps "+C for " clicks and click.
34 | P a g e
".5 "ATA ANALYSIS > Part A3( MuIICe -eCocity J. Time of *CiDht
. Fse the time between the photogates and the spacing between the
photogates to find the muzzle velocity of the pro>ectile for each firing.
". ;ecord these values into Data Analysis &able A".
"ata AnaCysis TabCe A3
Number of Cic's MuIICe -eCocity $m&s% Time of *CiDht $s%
$rd Click
"nd Click
st Click
E. PRE"ITI!N : Part B( RAN)E
. Fsing the initial height of the pro>ectile and the muzzle velocity from the
E$rd click,E calculate the theoretical horizontal range of the ball.
E.6 E,PERIMENT SET#P > Part B( RAN)E
. &ape a target to the floor in front of the pro>ectile launcher at a distance
equal to the range prediction calculated above.
". !lace carbon paper over the target.
$. Align the pro>ectile launcher.
%. (aunch the ball from the $rd click. ;epeat four more times.
'. ;emove the carbon paper. 5bserve the locations where the ball struck the
MullOs #ye.
E.3 PARTS A an0 B( !NL#SI!NS&<#ESTI!NS
35 | P a g e
. Draw a force diagram for the ball as it flies through the air.
". )hich variable0s1 affect the horizontal rangeP
$. Dow would the horizontal range change if the muzzle velocity was
doubledP #xplain how.
%. Dow would the horizontal range change if the height from the ground was
quadrupledP #xplain how.
'. Dow would the horizontal range change if the mass of the ball was
doubledP #xplain how.
,. )hich variable0s1 affect the time of flightP
.. Dow would the time of flight change if the muzzle velocity was doubledP
#xplain how.
C. Dow would the time of flight change if the height from the ground was
quadrupledP #xplain how.
B. Dow would the time of flight change if the mass of the ball was doubledP
#xplain how.
3. )hat force are we able to ignore in this experimentP #xplain.
*. E,PERIMENT SET#P PART : LA#N+IN) AT AN AN)LE
. Clamp the launcher to the edge of a table using the Fniversal &able Clamp
so that the ball launches from and lands at the same elevation 0see photo
below1.
". Ad>ust the angle of the launcher to 3
o
. <ote- )ith the photogate bracket
and photogates attached to the launcher, the lowest angle is approximately
36 | P a g e
"$
o
.
$. !lug the photogate closest to the launcher into port on the /mart &imer.
!lug the other photogate into port ".
%. &urn on the /mart &imer. Fsing the red E/elect 6easurementE button,
choose the E&imeE 6easurement.E
'. !lug the photogate closest to the launcher into port on the /mart &imer.
!lug the time of flight into port ".
,. &urn on the /mart &imer. Fsing the red E/elect 6easurementE button,
choose the E&imeE 6easurement.E
.. Fsing the blue E/elect 6odeE button, choose the E&wo 8ates 6ode.E &his
will measure the time it takes the pro>ectile to travel between the two
photogates.
*.6 PR!E"#RE PART : LA#N+IN) AT AN AN)LE
. Fsing the push rod, push the ball as far as possible into the (auncher. 6ake
sure three clicks are heard. Fsing the string, pull back on the trigger. <ote
the location on the table where the ball lands.
". &ape a sheet of blank paper at this location. !lace carbon paper over the
blank paper.
$. (oad the (auncher.
%. !ress the /tart button on the /mart &imer.
'. (aunch the ball.
,. Fse the tape measure to find the horizontal range.
.. ;ecord the experimental data. #nter the value of the angle in degrees, the
time between photogates, and the horizontal range in meters into the
G6easured ;angeI data table.
C. ;epeat the steps +. for "3, $3, %3, '3, ,3, .3 degrees.
"ata TabCe( 6 Measure0 RanDe
37 | P a g e
Distance Metween !hotogates- SSSSSSSSSS m
AnDCe
$0eDrees%
Time bet.een
PhotoDates $s%
+oriIontaC
RanDe $m%
3
"3
$3
%3
'3
,3
.3
*.3 ANALYSIS PART : LA#N+IN) AT AN AN)LE
. Fsing the distance between the photogates and the time between the
photogates 0Data &able C1, calculate the initial velocities of the ball.
;ecord these values into the *nitial 4elocity Analysis &able.
AnaCysis TabCe 3( InitiaC -eCocity
AnDCe $0eDrees% InitiaC -eCocity $m&s%
3
"3
$3
%3
'3
,3
.3
". Fsing the initial velocity and the angleT calculate the horizontal range in
meters. #nter this value for each angle into the GCalculated ;angeI Analysis
&able. Dint- Calculate the components of the initial velocities. /ee the
G&D#5;9I section.
AnaCysis TabCe 5( aCcuCate0 RanDe
38 | P a g e
AnDCe $0eDrees% +oriIontaC RanDe $m%
3
"3
$3
%3
'3
,3
.3
$. Fse Data/tudio to plot both the 6easured Dorizontal ;ange vs. Angle and the
Calculated Dorizontal ;ange vs. Angle on the same graph.
*.5 PART ( !NL#SI!NS&<#ESTI!NS
. /ketch the tra>ectory of your pro>ectile when it was shot at an angle of "'
o
.
Draw ' qualitative horizontal velocity vectors at different locations on
your sketch. 6ake sure the lengths of the vectors represent the relative
magnitudes of the velocities. *n other words, low velocities should be
represented by short arrows and long arrows should represent large
velocities.
". Draw ' qualitative vertical velocity vectors at the same points on your
sketch. 6ake sure the lengths of the vectors represent the relative
magnitudes of the velocities.
$. Draw another sketch of the tra>ectory of your pro>ectile when it was shot at
"' degrees. Draw ' qualitative horizontal acceleration vectors at different
locations on your sketch. 6ake sure the lengths of the vectors represent
the relative magnitudes of the accelerations.
%. Draw ' qualitative vertical acceleration vectors at the same points on your
sketch. 6ake sure the lengths of the vectors represent the relative
magnitudes of the accelerations.
39 | P a g e
'. Draw a force diagram of the ball as it rests in the (auncher. Draw a force
diagram of the ball as it flies through the air.
,. ;efer to your Angle vs. ;ange graph. )hat angle corresponds to the
maximum rangeP #xplain why this particular angle produces the
maximum range.
.. *n general terms, at what angle is the (auncher the most preciseP #xplain.
40 | P a g e
). PRELIMINARY TAS7
. Draw pro>ection track of pro>ectile motion along with pro>ection
component that work at any highP
". 6ention of components which work in pro>ectile motionP
$. )rite formulas contained in pro>ectile motionP
RE*ERENES
6c7eever, Clarion. !ro>ectil 6otion. !asco - Fnited /tate 5f America
*f you train hard, youOll not only experiencing difficulties, but you will be hard
to beat. 0Derschel )alker1
Congratulations work and hopefully we will all be a reliable technocrats
41 | P a g e