ONLINE ASSIGNMENT

ON
SCIENCE LAB




Submitted By:
Anupama C. T.
Physical Science
Register No:13371002







INTRODUCTION
No course in science can be considered as complete without including
some practical work in it. The practical work is to be carried out by individual
in a physical science laboratory. Most of the application of the experimental
method. At school age, practical work is even more important because of the
fact that are born by doing. Scientific principles and applications are thus
rendered more meaningful. It is a well known fact that an object handled
impresses itself more firmly on the mind than as object merely seen from a
distance or in an illustrations .Centuries of purely deductive work did not
produce the some utilitarian results as a few decades of experimental work
practical class-room experiments help in broadening pupils experience and
develop initiative, resourcefulness and co-operation. Because of the reasons
discussed above practical work forms a prominent feature in any source course.
Science lab
Science cannot be taught only through books. Observation and
experimentation are the essential ingredients of science. Experiments in
laboratory go a long way to increase the power of observation of students.
Unless the student is able to test the knowledge of principles and theories
through practical work, be cannot say that be has acquired proper knowledge.
Hence we can say that he has acquired proper knowledge. Hence we can say
that science teaching cannot be properly conducted in the absence of a library.
Any course of science which does not provide opportunity for practical work is
incomplete .It is in the laboratory that practical; work can be done. That is why
in science teaching there is great importance and necessity of a good laboratory.
There are several advantages of laboratory in science teaching.


1. laboratory real and stable knowledge of science can be provided to
students.
2. When the students work in the laboratory, they get an opportunity to
think, observe, apply, reason and to arrive at a decision independently. This
opportunity develops in them the quality of independent thinking, observation
etc.
3. Through practical work, the student acquire the knowledge of science
in real perspective.
Organisation of science lab
Two types of plans for the establishment of laboratories are
1. Lecture room-cum laboratory.
2. All purpose science room.
In a senior secondary school the arrangements are made to provide
education in chemistry as elective subjects in addition to teaching of general
science. Each laboratory is provided with a preparation cum store room attached
to it. The size of the laboratory call depend on the number of people likely to
work in it at a time. If space is provided for each students, the size is about 30
sq. feet.
i. Laboratories and classrooms should not be mixed on the same corridor.
ii. laboratories be situated as for as possible away from crafts room,
music room, playfields, mangate etc.
iii. The consideration be given to proximity of stores, preparation room
balance room, green houses etc.
While planning individual laboratories the points to be kept in consideration are


i. Each student must be easily accessible to the teacher
ii. There should be minimum is movement.
iii. Each student has a cupbnoard, bottles, heating point and a sink near
him.
iv. Teacher can easily see demonstration.
v. Each student can easily see the demonstration.
vi. There is enough space between two laboratory tables.
vii. Master switches be provided to control electricity, gas water etc. in
each laboratory.
Lighting
Proper lighting arrangements be made for laboratory tables and class
rooms. Special attention be given to the lighting of demonstration table and
blackboard. Preference is for electrical lights over tables through pulleys so that
the height may be varied from2 to 8 ft. Two way scowl ches be provided for
controlling the man lighting from doors and preparation rooms. Dark blands or
certain must be provided for each laboratory.
Ventilation:
If possible each laboratory to surrounded by 6 verandah on all sides to
keep away the direct heat of sun ventilators be provided as usual. For chemistry
laboratory, ceiling should be high and exhaust fans must be provided.
Water Supply


Provision of water supply be made in every laboratory proper
arrangement of waterlaps and sink is must. A water storage tank having a
capacity of 1000 to 5000 litres be kept at the roof of the room.
Sinks
Provision of sinks in each laboratory is an essential requirement. For a
laboratory of ordinary size, generally four sinks of 15x12x10 are sufficient.
These sinks be filled on sidewalls. There shoul be another sink provided along
with demonstration table.
In laboratories kitchen type sinks are preferred to wash basin type.
Waste disposal
For disposal of liquid wastes, use of lead pipes or earthen ware pipes is
considered as most suitable.
For disposal of solid wastes, metal boxes or wooden boxes be provided.
They can be kept in the corners of laboratory or centre the sink.
Pipe Lines
Installation of water pipes and gas pipes is an important aspect of
furnishing science laboratory.
The points to be kept in mind while installing pipelines are
i. Not more than 4 or 5 half inches pipes be led from any pipes for
purpose of supply of water or drainage of water.
ii. In case of physics laboratory all efforts be made to avoid iron pipes.
iii. Pipes should never be placed on the laboratory tables.
iv. It will be convenient if pipe fittings are not underground.


Gas Supply
For adequate supply of fuel gas to the laboratory, any one of the
following arrangements is made.
i. Kerosene oil-gas plant is installed
ii. Coal gas plant is installed.
iii. Petrol gas plant is installed.
iv. Gobar gas plant is installed.
Petrol gas plant is preferred as it is essential and available in various
capacities. Only a small room is needed for housing of petrol gas plant. In
physics laboratory brass pipes are preferred.
Laboratory Tables
The provision of laboratory tables is a must in laboratory. The tops of
laboratory tables be preferably made of teak wood. Plywood or hardboard can
be used for drawers.
Layout
Provision be made for one laboratory for chemistry in every higher
secondary school.
A floor space of 30 sq ft per student be provided in each laboratory.
Adjacent store room be provided with each laboratory.
A part of store room may be earmarked for use as preparation room.
A science wing, some suitable place for work benches with tools be
provided.


Registers
A proper record of the apparatus, material, etc. has to be maintained in
the laboratory. Separate stock register must be maintained for consumable and
non consumable items.
The following stock registers are generally maintained in schools.
i. Stock resister for non breakable articles.
ii. Stock register for breakable article.
iii. Stock register for consumable article.
iv. Stock register for permanent article.
In addition to these order register and requirement register are
maintained.
Order Register
Order register is meant for orders sent for the purchase of new apparatus.
Entries in this register should indicate the serial number and date of order, name
of the firm to whom the order has been placed, details of articles ordered,
articled received, cost of articles received. For convenience, a copy of the order
be posted on the left hand page of this register and a copy of the supply order be
pasted on the right hand page.
Requirement register
This register is maintained makes the task of placing orders easier.
Teacher will enter in this register the items whose absence is felt at the time of
demonstration of experiment during the practical class.
Maintenance of stock register


The outer cover of the stock register should indicate the name of the
register, name of the school, date of opening and closing of the register etc.
i) A certificate be gives on the first page of the register indicating the
total number of pages in the register. All the pages be numbered
serially and the above certificate be counter signed by the head of the
institution.
ii) Either separate stock registers be maintained or the same stock register
be divided into a number of portions under various heads such as
mechanics Heat Light, Sound, Electricity, Magnetism etc.
iii) An effort be made to make entries alphabetically.
iv) An index be gives at the beginning of the stock register.
v) Each receipt entry should be entered with date of receipt and the items
consumed or broken be shown in the columns meant for this purpose.
All these entries be initialed be chemistry teacher and countersigned
by head of institution.
Apparatus and equipment
Equipment
The list of equipment for each laboratory as recommended at the Tara
Devi (Simla) seminar is given below.
Science Room
Science room should be provided with
i) Galleried seats.
ii) One demonstration table (8x4) having cupboards, gas and water
fillings
iii) A black board or wall board.
iv) Black certain for covering doors, windows and ventilators.


General Science Laboratory
It must have the following equipment
i) Working tables (ordinary) with drawers
ii) Demonstration table (8x4) provided with gas and water points
iii) A minimum of two sinks be provided at the corner of the laboratory.
iv) A well or blackboard.
v) Stools. (in two sizes)
vi) Almirahs (wooden or steel)
Chemistry Laboratory
The equipment for chemistry laboratory is as under.
i) Almrahs 9wooden and steel
ii) Wall board or blackboard
iii) Demonstration table (8x4) with cupboards, water and gas points.
iv) Working tables with cupboards, shelves, water and gas points.
v) Balance room should be attached to the laboratory
vi) Sinks an each working table or atleast two large sinks at the corners of
the laboratory.
vii) A cupboard
viii) A wooden box half filled with sand for use as waste material box.
ix) Acid proof drainage system
x) Shelves for reagent bottle on each working table and wall shelves for
storage of reagent bottles.
Physics Laboratory
i) Physical laboratory should have the following equipment:


ii) Atleast one table having gas point fitted to it. This may be used for
experiments on heat.
iii) Projected Platform for balances
iv) Almirahs
v) Demonstration table having drawers, water and gas points.
vi) Wall board or blackboard.
vii) Two large sinks at the corners of the laboratory
viii) Stools (in two sizes)
ix) Physics laboratory should have an attached dark room.
Laboratory Rule
Laboratory instructions-Instructions to pupils.
When a group comes to laboratory for practical work, it should be given a
guidance for the experiements to be performed. Such guidance can be given by.
1. Laboratory Instructions
Laboratory instructions should be given in a clear and simple language. It
should give a precise but systematic method of performing the experiment.
Special emphasis be given on how the record is to be kept and number of
observations to be taken. Calculations be clearly explained and precautions to
be observed be specifically emphasized.
2. Laboratory Manuals
Any laboratory manual should contain the following
a) It should contain full and complete directions about the experiment.
Such direction should clearly give the procedure to be followed and
precautions to be observed.
b) It should give the method of recoding observations be clearly given.


It should give clear directions about the writing and completing of
practical notebook. Important equations, diagrams etc. be given in it.
Instruction Card
In some laboratories instruction cards are used for providing guidance for
laboratory WORK. Each student is given a card containing instructions about
the experiment he has to perform.
Usually cards of 6x4 are used.
The use of cards saves time as also wrong of teacher. By this system
different students can perform different experiments but the system is stereo
typed and makes no allowance for individuals.
Pupils practical note books
For keeping a true and faithful record of practical work each pupil is
required to have a practical note-book. Plan notebooks help the teacher make his
students follow any suitable method of keeping record of the experiment.
As a general practice description is given on the right hand page and
observations are recorded on the left hand page.
Discipline in laboratory
By maintenance of discipline in the laboratory we mean that students
should work according to the rules and should abbey the directions of the
teacher.
The teacher should have attractive and impressive personal by and behave
in such a manner that students may willingly follow him.
The seat of every student should be fixed. They should not be allowed to
move here and there with out the permission of teacher.


Nobody should be allowed to enter the laboratory in the absence of the
teacher.
Before entering the laboratory, every student should know as to what
experiment he has to make.
Before the start of the experiment the teacher should give necessary
directions and should explain to the students about the precautions they have to
take while making experiments.
There should be separate and fixed ways for coming in and going out of
the library.
Before starting the work, the teacher should be closed about five minutes
before the raising of the bell so that all the apparatus may be cleaned and kept at
proper places.
Accidents in the laboratory, precautions and first aid
In laboratory, there are many such substances which may cause accidents.
Students should be asked to take every sort of precaution while making
experiments because prevention is better than cure.
Precuations to avoid accidents
i) The possibility of an accident should always be kept in view even
before making experiments. It should also be considered as to what
things would be required in case of an accident and whether those
things are available or not.
ii) No substance should be touched with bare hands.
iii) Every sort of precaution should be observed while using different
types of acids.


iv) Before using apparatus they should be checked. Great patience
should be observed while making experiments.
v) Experiments should not be made on the table where there are many
apparatuses.
First Aid Box
A first aid box should be provided in every laboratory. It should contain
the following materials.
Bandages (3-4 rolls of different sizes), gaize, lint, cotton, wool leucoplast.
A pair of forceps, a pair of scissors, safety pins, Glass dropper, two eye-
glasses.
Vaseline, boric acid powder, sodium bicarbonate powder, a tube of
burnol.
Sarson oil, olive oil, glyserine.
Picric acid solution, Tannic acid solution 1% acetic acid, 1% boric acid
1% sodium bicarbonate.
Methylated spirit, rectified spirit, Dttol.
Purchase and maintenance of chemicals
Order register is meant for orders sent for the purchase of new apparatus.
Entries in this register should indicate the serial number and date of order, name
of the firm to whom the order has been placed, details of articles ordered,
articled received, cost of articles received. For convenience, a copy of the order
be posted on the left hand page of this register and a copy of the supply order be
pasted on the right hand page.
The method of procurement.


After preparing the list of items to be purchased, the chemistry teacher
should make purchase from firms approved by the controller of stores or from
some other approved source. If no such source is available, the he should send a
list of his requirements to repeated firms for quotations. After receiving
quotation the teacher can select the dealers and firms for placing orders the
criterion being lower price and better quality.
It is always wise to get insured against breakage and loss of the fragile
apparatus ordered from out station firms.
On receiving the apparatus, it should be carefully unpacked and after
proper checking, all the items of purchase be cataloued and received in stock
register then the goods received be properly stocked.
Storage of chemicals
The methods adapted are
i) Grouping the chemicals in a systematic way.
ii) Arranging the elements in alphabetic order.
iii) Arranging the elements and their components in which they occur in
provide table.
iv) Grouping all elements and their similar components together.
v) Numbering each bottle and jar and keeping an index book.
vi) Storing similar types of solutions at one place.
vii) Using coloured bottles with spots of coloured paint.
viii) Using some type of bottles for a particular type of regent.
ix) While storing Winchester bottles of concentrated acids, they be kept in
brackets with sand.
x) Bottles containing inflammable liquids be stored in a cool place
outside the laboratory.


xi) While phosphorus be stored under water and sodium be stored under
kerosene oil.
xii) Hydrogen peroxide be stored in an air tight tin.
Records kept in the laboratory
For the smooth functioning of science laboratory, the science teacher will
have to keep records of different items in the laboratory.
Permanent stock register
This register should list all articles, apparatus, equipment, specimen etc.
which are non breakable or non consumable and thus are permanent in nature.
The list may be prepared in the alphabetic order with he details such as date of
purchse , number or quality, name of manufacturer, etc.
Stock register of chemicals
This register should contain the name of chemicals listed in the
alphabetic order. The current stock of each chemical should be indicated in
appropriate units. This is the register for consumables and the register should
be checked on a weekly or monthly basis to infer the current stock of the
frequently used chemicals.
Stock register for breakable articles.
This register lists all articles made of glass ,china, silica and such other
breakable materials. The items should be listed in the alphabetic order with
brand names so as to facilitate replacement and collection of dues from
students.
Conclusion


From the above knowledge of the importance and requirements for the
organization of science lab it is clear that enough planning is to be done before
setting up a science lab. Enough care has to be done in the purchase and
maintenance of chemicals. The science lab work involves some elements of
danger. Therefore precautionary measures must be taken and there should be a
first aid box in the laboratory.In fact the science laboratory must be organized
only after enough planning is done.
References
1) Methods of teaching physics- M Vanaja
D Bhaskara Rao
2) Teaching of physical science
Theory,prospectives and practice- K M Rajan, Josen George,Sajan R K,
Sindhu B S,Sibu G Netto