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Ancient Indian Educat ion: Brah. .. X A History of Ancient Sanskrit li... X / A History of Ancient Sanskri t li... X
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Salir A Hi story of Ancient Sanskrit Lit erat ure - Friedrich Max Muller
TBE INTRODUCTION OF WRITmG. 503
.
How then was the Veda learnt? It was learnt by
every Brahman during twelve years of his student-
ship or Brahmacharyft.. This, according to Gautama,
was the shortest period, sanctioned only for men
who wanted to marry, and to become Grihasthas.
Brahmans who did not wish to marry were allowed
t.o spend forty-eight years as students. The PrA.-
tiSAkhyO. gives us a glimpse into the lecture-rooms of
the Brahmanic colleges. "The Guru," it is said
1
, "who
has himself formerly been a student, should make his
pupils read. He himself takes his seat either to the
east, or the north, or the north-east. If he has no
more than one or two pupils, they at his right
hand. If he has more, they place themselves accord
ing as there is room. They then embrace their
master, and say, ' Sir, read I' The master gravely
says 'Om,' i.e. 'Yes.' He then begins to say a
prnlma (a question}, which consists of three verses.
2
In order that no word may escape the attention of
his pupils, he pronounces all with the high accent
3
,
1
PrAtibAkhyn du Rig-vcdn, par A. R<!gnicr, Journal Asiatique,
1856. Cbapitrc XV.
t If the metre is pankti, the pra.Bua may consist of two or threo
verses ; if tbe metre is longer than pankti, two verses only consti
tuta " nriiBna: If a hvmn consists of one verse. tbnt hv itself form
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A Hi story of Ancient Sanskr it literature - Coogl e Libros
Ancient Indian Educat ion: Brah. .. X / A History of Ancient Sanskrit li. .. X A History of Ancient Sanskrit li... x
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C:J LinguisticSurvey... r::J lndianEtchings ModernYogaRes. .. m SAHeritage Sites HuntingtonEduc ... lndo-Eurasian_r ...
Salir A Hi story of Ancient Sanskrit Literature - Friedrich Max Muller
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has himself formerly been a student, should make his
pupils read. He himself takes his seat either to the
east, or the north, or the north-east. If he has no
more than one or two pupils, they at his right
hand. If he has more, they place themselves accord
ing as there is room. They then embrace their
master, and say, ' Sir, read I' The master gravely
says 'Om,' i.e. 'Yes.' He then begins to say a
prulmu. (o. question}, which consists of three verses.
2
In order that no word may escape the attention of
his pupils, he pronounces all with the high accent
3
,
1
PrAtibAkhyn du Rig-vcdn, par A. R<!gnicr, Journal Asiatique,
1856. Cbapitre XV.
t If the metre is pankti, the pra.Bua may consist of two or threo
verses; if the metre is longer than pankti, two verses only consti
tote a pra.Sna; If a hymn consists of one verse, that by itself forms
a pra.Bna. Samayas, ;. e. passages which.}lnve occurred before
are sometimes left out in the .MSS.), are counted, if they coruist
of a complete verse. Two Dvipadns are counted 88 one verse, and,
as the Commentator adds (v. 12.), the two half-verses of each Dvi
padil-line are to be joined in recitation, and only if there is one odd
Dvipnda-line remaining, a pauae 1$ to be at the end of tbe
first half-verse. If there are some verses remaining at the end cf a
hymn, they mny be joined to the last pra.Sna; if there are more
than two verses, this is optional.
3 Tho only words which, in the Sanhitil.piitbn, would be likely
to esi:ape the pupil's attention are monosyllables consisting of
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A Hi story of Ancient Sanskr it Literature - Coogl e Libros
Ancient Indian Educat ion: Brah. .. X / A History of Ancient Sanskrit li... X A History of Ancient Sanskri t li... x
8B I a hnps://play.google.com{bookstreader?id=cHCe48QSZaUC&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=O&hl=es&pg=GBS.PA506
c:J LinguisticSurvey. . . r::J l ndianEtchings ModernYogaRes. .. m SAHerit age Si tes HuntingtonEduc ... lndo-Eurasian_r . . .
Salir A Hi story of Ancient Sanskrit Literature - Friedrich Max Muller
tutor, and is allowed to withdraw .
. These rules speak for themselves. They show that
at the t.ime when such rules were neccsstrry, and when
young Brahmans bad to spend from twelve to forty-
eight years of their life in doing nothing but learning
and rehearsing the Veda 1, such a system must have
bad an object worthy of such efforts. Such an object
existed, if, in the absence of writing, the sacred songs,
which were believed to be the.enly means to salvation
were to be preserved and guarded against and cor-
ruption. at the time of the Pr!l.tisakhyas, writing
had been known, some mention of a book as a sacred
object would surely have occurred somewhere. We
know from the Grihya-siltras every event in the life of
a Brahman, from his birth to his death. Not a word
is ever said about his learning to write.
. The earliest allusion to this system of oral teaching
occurs in a hymn of the Rig-veda which must be as-
cribed to the Mantra period. In the primitive poetry
of the Chhandas period there is no men.tion either of
writing or teaching. But in a satirical hymn of the
V (vii. 103. 5 ), in which the frogs are com-
pared with Brahmans teaching their pupils, it is said:
"One frog repeats the words of another, like a pupil
who repeats the words of his teacher." (See p. 49 5.)
No similar allusion to writing is to be found even
in the latest hvmns. the so-called Khilas. If writ-
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Ancient Indian Education:
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lethargy and (6) Sleepiness (nidra).
Description ol actual Teachi.ag in a Vedic School. Details
of the methods of oral instruction pursued by the.o;e ancient
teachers are furnished by a Pratillkhya of the Rigveda [cited
by !\fax Miiller in his Hisll')) of Ancient Sa11sl<rit Literature
(pp. 503-6)]. They show bow the teaching of the Vedic Texts
was conducted i n the Lecture-rooms of these Brnhmanic colleges:
"The Guru, who has himself fonnerly been a student, should
make his pupils read. He himself takes his sent either to the east,
or the north, or the north-east. II he has no more than one or
two pupils, they sit at his right hand. If he has more, they
place themselves according as there is room. They then embrace
the feet of their master, and say, ' Sir, read I ' The master
gravely says, ' Om,' i.e. ' Yes'. He then begins to say a Prana
(Question) which consists of three verses. In order that no word
may escape the attention of his pupils, he pronounces nil with
the high accent and repeats certain words twice, or he says
' so' (iJi) after these words.
"The c.bief difficulties in the pronunciation of the Veda
are changes of the final and initial letters. The pupils are instructed
in these euphonic rules independently (the SiksJul), but whenever
a difficult case of sandhi occurs, the Guru examines his audience
and explains the difficulties. And here the method followed is
this. After the Guru bas pronounced a group of words, consis ting
of three or sometimes (in long compounds) of more words, the
first pupil repeats the first word, and when anything is to be
explained, the teacher stops him, and says, ' Nirvachyetu.'
'explain it.' After it has been explained by the pupil who is
at the head of the class, the permission to continue is given with
the words, ' Well, Sir.' After the words of the teacher have thus
been repeated by one, the next pupil has to apply to him with the
p
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