100G and Beyond Leigh Wade, Infinera The State of the Market Today 800G 10Gb/s NRZ C-band 80 ch. @ 10G = 800G More channels Higher Data Rates More Spectrum I will propose that photonic integration is an excellent solution to all three capacity challenges Why do we need more than 800G? Lower Cost per Bit More Capacity Higher Speed Services Fiber Exhaust & Network Economics C o s t
p e r
U s a b l e
B i t
Time 10G 40G 100G You want to move to 40G here but what if you hit fiber exhaust here? Excess cost Fiber exhaust can force uneconomic network decisions Double Density Optics Mean Investment Protection and Option Value Conventional 80-96 WDM 1 per 50 GHz At 40% bandwidth growth, double-density optics mean two more years to select the lowest cost transmission. Infinera Double Density WDM 1 per 25 GHz 800G in the C-band 1.6T in the C-band Why doesnt everybody offer Double Density? Two basic reasons: WSS ROADMs designed around 50GHz spacing Operational challenge of 160 discrete transponders on a single fiber!! What are you going to see? Adding a single PIC- based line card, with 10x10Gb/s waves 100Gb/s of capacity for the same effort as one 10Gb/s transponder Optical Spectrum Analyzer Stopwatch Existing 10G waves on the fiber Gaps for additional waves PICs reduce operational burden by 10x But the rest of the optical industry does not have access to PICs so They are under pressure to move to 40G and 100G as soon as possible Not necessarily when its economical! Fiber Capacity Advanced Modulation Coherent Detection High Gain FEC Table Stakes Core Switching & Grooming 3 Large Scale PICs 2 Photonic Integration 1 Differentiators 100G Technology Features Complex modulation requires complex optical circuits Why do I need Complex Modulation? Optical transmission is about: Sending high data rates Over very long distances For very little money
Our biggest problem is optical fiber: Loss Dispersion Modal dispersion Chromatic dispersion Polarization mode dispersion Non-linear effects Self phase modulation Cross phase modulation Four wave mixing If you stress any one of these variables, the others will respond For a given modulation type, the gross magnitude of these impairments scales roughly with the square of the symbol rate Think of a light wave... Oscillating wave Wavelength 1550nm Frequency 193.1 THz State of the shelf electronics can process at ~10GHz Electronics is about 20,000 times too slow for direct detection of wave properties So how do we encode and detect signals on an optical carrier? Historically, used amplitude modulation
Measures the strength of a large number of waves On/Off Keying (OOK) may interpret the presence of a signal as a 1, and the absence of a symbol as a 0 1 bit per symbol: NRZ Modulation Laser Modulator Detector Tx Rx NRZ Simple modulation technique Easy to implement Low power use But very sensitive to fiber impairments as bitrate increases This is what were talking about with the square relationship Increasing power will trigger non-linear effects Phase Shift Keying Phase is fundamental property of waves Two waves in-phase when the peaks & troughs line up We say that such waves are coherent If non-coherent waves combine we see: Reinforcement, cancellation, interference Interference can be used to extract a lower frequency modulation from a high frequency carrier In-phase Out of phase Interference patterns Using Phase to Apply a Signal LD Laser generates a constant carrier The carrier is split into 2 The carriers travel over different paths S Can apply a data signal, S, to vary the delay on one of the arms When the carriers recombine they will contain the data signal encoded as a series of phase changes Tx Rx Q: How do we recover the data signal at the receiver? Hold that thought! MZI Component Complexity Tx Rx Part 1 The Transmitter ODB Modulation (Optical Duo-Binary) Laser MZ Modulator Detector Tx Rx ODB First generation 40G modulation scheme Phase & Amplitude based modulation Requires MZ modulator Can use simple, direct detection Much more tolerant of dispersion Limited reach Widely used by 1st Gen 40G Stratalight, Mintera 1 bit per symbol: DPSK Most basic phase modulation technique Differential technique allows phase slips to be ignored Used by OpNext & Mintera, and their OEMs AKA: BPSK, where local oscillator coherent detection is used Re{Ex} 1 0 2 bits per symbol: Quadrature PSK Advanced modulation, 4 phase states = 2 bits More bits per symbol 2 bits per symbol: Quadrature PSK Advanced modulation, 4 phase states = 2 bits More bits per symbol 0,0 0,1 1,1 1,0 3 bits per symbol: 8-PSK ...And higher orders of modulation 8 phase states = 3 bits Twice as complex, but only 50% more bits 1,0,0 0,0,1 1,1,0 1,0,1 0,0,0 0,1,1 1,1,1 0,1,0 For discrete implementations, 8-PSK seems to be too complex The Law of Diminishing Returns Phase States vs Component Complexity Lets set a circuit complexity factor of 1, to be the equivalent of a simple DPSK transponder DPSK (D)QPSK 8-PSK 16-QAM 32-QAM 64-QAM 16x Bit/Hz 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 C o m p l e x i t y
F a c t o r
Is there a better way to get to more bit/Hz? 32x PM-QPSK, 4 bits per symbol Im{E x } Re{E x } Im{E x } Re{E x } Im{E y } Re{E y } Two Polarizations X-Polarization Y-Polarization Implementing Phase Modulation Using Discrete Optical Components... S S Implementing Phase Modulation Using Discrete Optical Components... This is QPSK... S1 S2 Im{E x } Re{E x } This structure called a Super Mach Zehnder This is a PM-QPSK Transmitter PBS LD X Polarizations Y Polarizations Component Complexity Tx Rx Part 2 The Detector Lets cut to the chase The only practical, long haul 100G implementations will be required to use Coherent Detection
What is it, and why is it useful? What is coherent detection? Physics definition A detection technique that is based on the phase properties of the carrier If you are using a phase-based detector, you could claim to be implementing coherent detection however Practical definition The market has now come to expect a coherent detector to make use of sophisticated, digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms Conventional WDM Detection PD Mixture of waves on fiber wideband detector How do we select the channel we want to detect? Conventional WDM Detection Wavelength demux PD Mixture of waves on fiber wideband detector Direct conversion of photons into electrons that look like bits 11010110 Conventional WDM Detection Wavelength demux PD Summary of Conventional WDM Detection Wideband Photodetector (PD) is used To prevent inter-channel interference, a wavelength demux is used to spatially separate channels Modulation technique allows minimal Rx circuit complexity essentially direct detection No additional signal processing normally required ADC DSP Coherent WDM Detection PD LO We could take a mixed signal that uses a phase-based modulation technique Use a local oscillator to choose the color we want to detect ADC DSP Coherent WDM Detection PD LO 11010110 Convert the photons to electrons Convert the analog electrons into digital electrons Clean it all up! If you need to detect 5 from 1n, then choose a local oscillator tuned to 5 Local oscillator does not carry a signal simply a continuous beam of light But it is non-coherent with the received signal (ie. it is out of phase) Use an array of interferometers to measure the interference patterns Convert the interference patterns into an electronic signal, and process it Why phase-based modulation? The Detector Requires a Complex Optical Circuit Example: For PM-QPSK Modulation PBS LO PBS PD PD PD PD The signals that come out of the PD array are analog and dirty PM-QPSK Signal Two very different functions in the detector Phase state extraction Signal processing Separate the polarization components Create interference against a reference laser (local oscillator) Separate the phase components PD & A/D conversion Compensate for local oscillator instability Compensate for static CD Compensate for dynamic PMD How do we implement these functions? Separate the polarization components Create interference against a reference laser (local oscillator) Separate the phase components PD & A/D conversion Compensate for local oscillator instability Compensate for static CD Compensate for dynamic PMD Sophisticated optical circuit (PIC) Sophisticated digital signal processing (DSP) A Coherent Detector Schematic (For one wavelength only) Incoming carrier (2 polarizations, each with 4 phase states) ADC A/D Converter AMZ Adjustable Mach Zehnder DSP Digital Signal Processor LO Local Oscillator PD Photo Detector PS Polarization Splitter LO PD PD PD PD ADC ADC ADC ADC D S P
AMZ AMZ AMZ AMZ Optical Circuit Electronic Circuit PBS PBS Incoming carrier (2 polarizations, each with 4 phase states) LO PD PD PD PD ADC ADC ADC ADC D S P
AMZ AMZ AMZ AMZ Optical Circuit Electronic Circuit PBS PBS ADC A/D Converter AMZ Adjustable Mach Zehnder DSP Digital Signal Processor LO Local Oscillator PD Photo Detector PS Polarization Splitter 1 Step 1: Take the two optical sources signal and local oscillator A Coherent Detector Schematic (For one wavelength only) Incoming carrier (2 polarizations, each with 4 phase states) LO PD PD PD PD ADC ADC ADC ADC D S P
AMZ AMZ AMZ AMZ Optical Circuit Electronic Circuit PBS PBS ADC A/D Converter AMZ Adjustable Mach Zehnder DSP Digital Signal Processor LO Local Oscillator PD Photo Detector PS Polarization Splitter 2 Step 2: Separate the X and Y polarizations A Coherent Detector Schematic (For one wavelength only) Incoming carrier (2 polarizations, each with 4 phase states) LO PD PD PD PD ADC ADC ADC ADC D S P
AMZ AMZ AMZ AMZ Optical Circuit Electronic Circuit PBS PBS ADC A/D Converter AMZ Adjustable Mach Zehnder DSP Digital Signal Processor LO Local Oscillator PD Photo Detector PS Polarization Splitter 3 Step 3: Generate a set of interference patterns in the SMZ array A Coherent Detector Schematic (For one wavelength only) Incoming carrier (2 polarizations, each with 4 phase states) LO PD PD PD PD ADC ADC ADC ADC D S P
AMZ AMZ AMZ AMZ Optical Circuit Electronic Circuit PBS PBS ADC A/D Converter AMZ Adjustable Mach Zehnder DSP Digital Signal Processor LO Local Oscillator PD Photo Detector PS Polarization Splitter 4 Step 4: Convert optical signals to analog electronic signals A Coherent Detector Schematic (For one wavelength only) Incoming carrier (2 polarizations, each with 4 phase states) LO PD PD PD PD ADC ADC ADC ADC D S P
AMZ AMZ AMZ AMZ Optical Circuit Electronic Circuit PBS PBS ADC A/D Converter AMZ Adjustable Mach Zehnder DSP Digital Signal Processor LO Local Oscillator PD Photo Detector PS Polarization Splitter 5 Step 5: Convert analog to digital and process A Coherent Detector Schematic (For one wavelength only) Coherent Detection Pros and Cons Pros: Operates over the existing fiber plant and amp chains Outstanding reach performance Closest thing to achieving 40G and 100G with same reach as 10G NRZ Significant pilot test results indicate it really does work! Cons: Potential non-linear interaction with 10G NRZ in same fiber The cure is managing launch power Probably represents the practical complexity limit for discretes State of the shelf DSP technology draws too much power to allow for large scale implementations (ie. multiple waves in one modules) Solution is to use emerging 40m DSP technology DSP operation probably eliminates the chance of future line side interop Complex modulation requires complex optical circuits So remember Where have we seen this problem before? In the 1950s computers were made from individual transistors, resistors and capacitors...
today? The electronics industry controlled component complexity with large scale integration We know the same thing works for optical components we did it 5 years ago! Small Scale vs Large Scale Photonic Integration Small Scale Operates on a single wavelength Primarily used to address manufacturing cost If it works for one wave, why not CPUs with 2-8 cores GPUs with 200-800 cores!! Infinera 100G Transmission Differentiators 500G, Large Scale, Monolithic PIC Implementation 500G Tx PIC 500G Rx PIC Number of channels 5 x 100G Monolithic InP Chips 2 Optical elements > 600 Gold Box Replacements > 100 Fiber Replacements > 400 COST SIZE POWER CAPACITY RELIABILITY 54 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary How much capacity can actually be used? Fat Pipes Are Not Enough 100 Gb/s Transmit 100 Gb/s Receive PICs enable cost-effective OEO 100Gb/s to 1Tb/s WDM system on a chip Affordable access to digital domain Photonic Integration 56 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary Infinera 100G Transmission Differentiators PICs Enable Pervasive Digital Switching 1001 0101 0101 1010 1101 0101 0101 1010 1101 0101 Enables digital functionality Integrated switching at every node High functionality Digital ROADM Dramatic network simplification 100101011101010000101011 100101010101101011010101 110101000010101110010101 001010111011010110010101 I n t e g r a t e d
P h o t o n i c s
I n t e g r a t e d
P h o t o n i c s
Optical (O) Electrical (E) Optical (O) Trib Integrated Switching + WDM Photonic Integration 57 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary Infinera 100G Transmission Differentiators PICs Enable Pervasive Digital Switching 1001 0101 0101 1010 1101 0101 0101 1010 1101 0101 100101011101010000101011 100101010101101011010101 110101000010101110010101 001010111011010110010101 I n t e g r a t e d
P h o t o n i c s
I n t e g r a t e d
P h o t o n i c s
Pervasive Digital Switching Integrated Switching + WDM Photonic Integration 10010101110101010000 10010101010110101011 10010101110101010000 10010101010110101011 end-end service Software-based Ease-of-Use Digital OTN switching at every node Unconstrained bandwidth everywhere Lowest cost per switched Gb/s 58 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary Infinera 100G Transmission Differentiators PICs Enable Pervasive Digital Switching Solving The 100G Muxponder Tax The Problem: Backbone waves move to 100G, but service demands still 10G or lower All-optical ROADMs have no inter-wavelength, or sub-wavelength grooming capability 100G muxponders! How big is the Muxponder Tax in a real 100G network? A B All services must go A B 10GbE 10GbE 10GbE M u x p o n d e r
10GbE M u x p o n d e r
ROADM Network A C A D B C B D Require Extra, Partially Filled Muxponder Pairs Service Demands: 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary 59 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 D e p l o y e d
C a p a c i t y
( % )
R e v e n u e
G e n e r a t i n g
( % )
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 100G Muxponder 50% 40G Muxponder 66% Infinera Digital ROADM 92% Infinera National Network Model Summary Large N. Am. Network Model: 33,084 route km, 47 core WDM links About 10 Tb/s of customer service demands (network traffic volume) 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary 60 Summary of Network Efficiency A Perfect Storm is emerging in terms of network bandwidth efficiency: Wavelength speeds moving to 100Gbit/s Majority of services demands remaining at 10Gbit/s or less for near-term All-optical ROADMs have no effective way to offer contentionless wavelength conversion and sub-wavelength grooming in the core Muxponders are simply point-point aggregators and do not do grooming The result is that a Service Provider may need to purchase 2X Network Capacity for 1X Service Revenue The solution is an Integrated Digital OTN Network with: End to End, Any to Any service capability Integrated OTN switching and grooming in the core End to End intelligent optical control plane Bandwidth Virtualization 8Tb/s More channels Higher Data Rates More Spectrum Beyond 8Tb/s? Gridless Super- Channels Even more complex modulation! L-Band S-Band E-Band O-Band Outside the scope of this discussion Whats changed so far Since the advent of DWDM now Phase Modulation Coherent Detection ITU Frequency Grid Intensity Modulation Direct Detection ITU Frequency Grid 63 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary What Comes Next For Terabit Transport? Since the advent of DWDM so what has to change Phase Modulation Coherent Detection ITU Frequency Grid Intensity Modulation Direct Detection ITU Frequency Grid Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Coherent Wave Combining and Separation Grid-less FlexChannels 64 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary Advanced Modulation Formats Pol-Mux QPSK Pol-Mux 8-QAM Pol-Mux 16-QAM IM-DD PM- BPSK 1.6 8 12 16 24 C-Band Capacity (Tb/s) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 C a p a c i t y
*
R e a c h
P r o d u c t
65 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary Since the advent of DWDM so what has to change Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Coherent Wave Separation Grid-less FlexChannels On-Off Keyed Modulation Direct Detection ITU Frequency Grid What Comes Next For Terabit Transport? 66 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary 67 Single Carrier vs Multi-Carrier Goal: Create a 1Tb/s unit of transmission capacity How? Option 1: Build a single- carrier 1Tb/s channel Option 2: Build a multi- carrier 1Tb/s super-channel 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary 68 1Tb/s Single Carrier: The A/D Converter Problem 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 O S N R
P e n a l t y
( d B )
Number of bits per symbol PM-BPSK 640GBaud PM-QPSK 320GBaud PM-8QAM 210GBaud PM-16QAM 160GBaud PM-32QAM 128GBaud PM-64QAM 105GBaud By 2014 commercial ADCs are expected to operate at ~64GBaud wavelength demux DWDM Direct Detection PD Spacing on the fiber needed between waves: Guard Bands Spatially separate the channels using a wavelength demux 69 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary wavelength demux Spatially separate the channels using a wavelength demux DWDM Coherent Detection Spacing on the fiber needed between waves: Guard Bands ADC DSP PD LO Use a local oscillator to choose the color we want to detect to match the demux port color 70 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary How 1Tb/s Might Look Conventional WDM vs FlexChannels Guard bands to allow for individual wavelength demux
Fewer guard-bands 25% increase in useable amplifier spectrum Conventional Per-Channel WDM Filtering 1Tb/s Multi-Carrier FlexChannel 1Tb/s 71 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary What Comes Next For Terabit Transport? Since the advent of DWDM so what has to change Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Coherent Wave Separation Grid-less FlexChannels On-Off Keyed Modulation Direct Detection ITU Frequency Grid 72 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary FlexChannels Increase Total Fiber Capacity More complex modulation more capacity per fiber PM-QPSK 8-QAM 16-QAM 1Tb/s 12 Tb/s 18 Tb/s 25 Tb/s 73 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary Reach, Spectral Efficiency, and Co-Existence 1Tb/s PM-8QAM FlexChannel 1Tb/s PM-16QAM FlexChannel 10x100G PM-QPSK 1Tb/s PM-QPSK FlexChannel or A E B C D 74 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary Summary: The Key Technologies For 1Tb/s Are Well Understood But the implementation of those technologies will be critical to allowing service providers to differentiate their products and services Advanced Modulation Coherent Processing Advanced FEC Foundation Features Large Scale PICs 1 FlexCoherent Modulation 2 Pervasive, Switched DWDM 3 Differentiators 75 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary Thank You! lwade@infinera.com 2011 Infinera Corporation Confidential & Proprietary 76