13.

Directional Derivatives and Gradients

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(gradient)


Directional Derivative


()


z = f(x, y)

yy
xx


z = f(x, y) P(x0, y0) f

u = cos i + sin j x
u

Figure 13.43


u
Pu
z = f(x, y)C
(x0, y0, f(x0, y0))
uC
(x0, y0, f(x0, y0))

Figure 13.44


P (x0, y0)Q (x, y) L:
x = x0 + t cos

y = y0 + t sin

t Q(x, y)L
PQ
(x0, y0, f(x0, y0))
(x, y, f(x, y))

Point above P
Point above Q
8


PQ

(x0, y0, f(x0, y0)) (x, y, f(x, y))

t 0
9


: (Directional Derivative)
f(x,y) u = cos i + sin j

f ( x0 + t cos , y0 + t sin ) f ( x0 , y0 )
lim

t 0
t

f u Du f

10

11

13.9 (Directional Derivative)

f(x,y) f
u = cos i + sin j

Du f ( x, y ) = f x ( x, y ) cos + f y ( x, y ) sin

12

13

14


fx fy

15

(1, 2)

:
fx fy f 13.9

16

= /3 x = 1 y = 2

17


f ( x, y ) = x sin 2 y (1, /2)

:
v = 3i 4 j

u=

v = 3i 4 j

v
3 4
= i j = cos i + sin j
v
5 5

13.9

=8/5
18


f (x, y) = arcsin(xy)(1, 0) v = i + 5j

:
13.9

19


f (x, y) = arcsin(xy)(1, 0) v = i + 5j

:
13.9

20


The Gradient of a Function of Two Variables

21

: (Gradient of a Function of Two Variables)

f(x,y)fx fy f
( f )

f ( x, y ) = f x ( x, y ) i + f y ( x, y ) j

22


f
xy

Figure 13.48

23


f(x, y) = y ln x + xy2 (1, 2)
:

(1, 2)

24


f(x, y) = ln x2y (1, 1)
:

25


f(x, y) = ln x2y (1, 1)
:

(1, 1)
26

Du f ( x, y ) = f x ( x, y ) cos + f y ( x, y ) sin

Du f ( x , y ) = f x ( x, y ) i + f y ( x, y ) j [ cos i + sin j
]
: (Alternative Form Directional Derivative)
f(x, y) f u

Du f ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) u
27


f(x, y) = 3x2 2y2

28

contd

f(x, y) = fx(x, y)i + fy(x, y)j = 6xi 4yj

f

29

contd

30


Applications of the Gradient

31


13.11 (Properties of the Gradient)
f (x, y)
1. f ( x, y ) = 0 Du f ( x, y ) 0
2. f ( x, y )
Du f ( x, y ) f ( x, y )
3.
Du f ( x, y ) f ( x, y )

32


:
f ( x, y ) = 0

Du f ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) u = 0 u = 0

f ( x, y ) 0 f ( x, y ) u

Du f ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) u
= f ( x, y ) u cos
= f ( x, y ) cos
cos = 1Du f ( x, y ) = 0uf ( x, y )
cos = 1Du f ( x, y )
= uf ( x, y )

33

T(x, y) = 20 4x2 y2
x y (2, 3)
?
:

T(x, y) = Tx(x, y)i + Ty(x, y)j

= 8xi 2yj

34

contd

T(2, 3) = 16i + 6j

||T(2, 3)||

35


h (x, y)= 4000 0.001x2 0.004y2
(500,300)
:

36


h (x, y)= 4000 0.001x2 0.004y2
(500,300)
:

37


(2, 3)
T(x, y) = 20 4x2 y2
?
:

(x(t), y(t))

38

k t

39

x=Cy4

(2, 3) C=2/81
x=2y4 /81

40


13.12 Gradient is Normal to Level Curves
f (x0,y0) f ( x0 , y0 ) 0 f ( x0 , y0 )
(x0,y0)(Level curve)(normal)

41


f(x, y) = y sin xc = 0

:
c = 0
0 = y sin x
y = sin x

42

contd

f (x, y)
f(x, y) = fx(x, y)i + fy(x, y)j
= cos xi + j
13.12

43

contd

44


f(x, y) = 4 + 2x2 y c = 0

:
c = 0

45


f(x, y) = 4 + 2x2 y c = 0

:
c = 0
0 = 4 + 2x2 y
y = 4 + 2x2

f(x, y) = fx(x, y)i + fy(x, y)j

= 4 xi j
46

47


Functions of Three Variables

48

49


f(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 4z f(x, y, z) (2, 1, 1)

f(x, y, z) = fx(x, y, z)i + fy(x, y, z)j + fz(x, y, z)k

= 2xi + 2yj 4k

50

contd

(2, 1, 1)
f(2, 1, 1) = 4i 2j 4k

51


f(x, y, z) = x3 + y + 3z2 f(x, y, z)(1, 2, 1)

f(x, y, z) = fx(x, y, z)i + fy(x, y, z)j + fz(x, y, z)k

= 3x2i + j + 6zk
(1 , 2, 1)
f(1 , 2, 1) = 3i + j + 6k
52