Contents

1 Aim .................................................................................................................................................. 2
2 Theory ............................................................................................................................................. 2
3 Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................ 3
4 Method ........................................................................................................................................... 3
4.1 Experimental Setup ................................................................................................................. 3
4.2 Procedure ................................................................................................................................ 4
5 Results ............................................................................................................................................. 4
6 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................ 6
7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 6
8 References ...................................................................................................................................... 7





















1 Aim
- Was to understand the principle of the heat pump.
- Was to determine the efficiency of the heat pump.
2 Theory
Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical
models for heat pumps and refrigerators. A heat pump is a machine or device that moves heat from
one location at a lower temperature to another location at a higher temperature using mechanical
work or a high-temperature heat source.[1] Thus a heat pump may be thought of as a "heater" if the
objective is to warm the heat sink (as when warming the inside of a home on a cold day), or a
"refrigerator" if the objective is to cool the heat source (as in the normal operation of a freezer). In
either case, the operating principles are identical.[2] Heat is moved from a cold place to a warm
place.
According to the second law of thermodynamics heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder
location to a hotter area; work is required to achieve this.[3] An air conditioner requires work to cool
a living space, moving heat from the cooler interior (the heat source) to the warmer outdoors (the
heat sink). Similarly, a refrigerator moves heat from inside the cold icebox (the heat source) to the
warmer room-temperature air of the kitchen (the heat sink). The operating principle of the
refrigeration cycle was described mathematically by Sadi Carnot in 1824 as a heat engine. A heat
pump can be thought of as heat engine which is operating in reverse. A Heat pump can be
characterized by the efficiency (or performance number) which is greater than one. At first glance,
this seems to contradict the law of conservation of energy as the efficiency is the ratio of the
quantity Q2 which is released by the heat pump to the reservoir with the temperature T2 to the
applied electrical energy W:

Where
efficiency of heat pump (performance number)
Q
2
heat released to the reservoir with T2,
W applied electrical energy to run the process.
The aim of this experiment was to determine the efficiency of the heat pump as a function of the
temperature differential T = (T2 T1). By determining the influence of the temperature differential
between warm and cold reservoirs the importance of the heat reserves on the evaporation side for
the efficiency is shown. The two heat reservoirs are represented by water vessels with the
temperature T1 in the vessel with the cold water and the temperature T2 in the vessel with the
warm water. The heat efficiency Q2/t of the heat pump is given by:

With equation the efficiency is given by:

3 Apparatus
1 Heat pump
1 Joule and Watt Meter
1 Digital Thermometer
2 Temperature Sensor
1 Digital stopwatch
4 Method
4.1 Experimental Setup
The experimental setup of the apparatus is shown in Figure 1.
- The student connected the top and bottom hose nipples of each vessel using the section
tube.
- The student filled each vessel with water up to the 4 liter mark. Folded up the supports (i.e.
trays) for the vessels and placed the water vessels in their experiment positions around the
copper tube windings, then folded the supports again and rest the water vessels on them.
- Attached the thermometer holders to the copper tubes above the liquefier and vaporizer.
Inserted the temperature sensors in the plastic tubes of the thermometer holders.
- Connected the compressor of the heat pump to the Joule and Watt Meter.
- After switching on the Joule and Watt Meter pressed the black button in the output panel to
start experiment. Set the appropriate measuring range by using the toggle buttons U,I,P
and Range.
- Student let the experiment warm up for approximately 10 min bring the compressor up to
its operating temperature. Then disconnected the heat pump from Joule and Watt Meter
and renewed the water in each vessel.

Figure 1: Experimental Setup
4.2 Procedure
Connected the heat up again to the Joule and Watt Meter. Noted the temperature of the cold and
warm water vessel every 30 seconds for 20 minutes. Read off the power P of the compressor on the
Joule and Watt Meter. Continuously and slowly stirred the water in the cold and warm vessel during
the experiment.
5 Results
a) Manual Recording
Table 1: Temperature T1 and T2 as function of time t
t(s) T1(C) T2(C)
0 15,5 22,25
30 14,5 22
60 14,25 22
90 14,5 22
120 14,5 21,5
150 14,25 21,25
180 14,25 21,25
210 14,25 21
240 14,25 21
270 14 21
300 13,5 21,25
330 13,5 21,5
360 13 21,75
390 12,75 22
420 12,5 22,5
450 12,25 22,75
480 12 23
510 11,75 23,5
540 11,5 23,75
570 11,25 24
600 11 24,5
630 10,75 24,75
660 10,5 25
690 10 25,25
720 9,75 25,75
750 9,5 26
780 9 26,5
810 9 26,75
840 9 26,5
870 8,5 27,25
900 8,25 27,5
930 8,25 27,75
960 8,25 28
990 7,75 28,25
1020 7,5 28,5
1050 7,5 29
1080 7,25 29,25
1110 7 29
1140 7 29,5
1170 6,75 29,75
1200 6,5 30
b) Manual Recording
With the mass of the water m = 4 kg and specific heat capacity of water c(H2O) = 4.19x10
3
J/kg.K,
the heat efficiency can be calculated using equation (III). With the power P = 125 W the efficiency of
heat pump (performance number) can be calculated using equation 2 and 3.
Table 2: Shows the efficiency as function of the difference between temperature in the vessels
T T2
6,75 0
7,5 -0,25 35,50847
7,75 -0,25 18,34605
7,5 -0,25 11,83616
7 -0,75 8,285311
7 -1 6,628249
7 -1 5,52354
6,75 -1,25 4,565375
6,75 -1,25 3,994703
7 -1,25 3,68236
7,75 -1 3,669209
8 -0,75 3,443246
8,75 -0,5 3,452213
9,25 -0,25 3,368753
10 0,25 3,381759
10,5 0,5 3,314124
11 0,75 3,254944
11,75 1,25 3,27235
12,25 1,5 3,222065
12,75 1,75 3,177074
13,5 2,25 3,195763
14 2,5 3,156309
14,5 2,75 3,120442
15,25 3 3,139155
16 3,5 3,156309
16,5 3,75 3,124746
17,5 4,25 3,186658
17,75 4,5 3,112471
17,5 4,25 2,95904
18,75 5 3,061075
19,25 5,25 3,037947
19,5 5,5 2,97813
19,75 5,75 2,922052
20,5 6 2,941106
21 6,25 2,924227
21,5 6,75 2,908313
22 7 2,893283
22 6,75 2,815086
22,5 7,25 2,803301
23 7,5 2,792119
23,5 7,75 2,781497




6 Discussion
The graph of T (C) v/s t(s) shows the temperature T1 and T2 as function of time. From the graph the
student observed how the temperature of T1 from vessel 1 decreased and T2 from vessel 2
increased with time. In graph of T(K) v/s , the efficiency of the heat pump is plotted as function of
T = (T2 T1).The student observed how the efficiency dropped exponential. The efficiency of the
heat pump (coefficient of performance) ( T) decreases with the increasing temperature difference
T = (T2 T1) between liquefier and vaporizer, because the T2( t) diagram levels off with increasing
temperature difference. At high temperatures, factors contributing to this leveling-off include heat
losses due to water evaporation, heat radiation and conduction of the compressor and the tubes
between compressor and liquefier; their influence cannot be quantitatively determined here.
7 Conclusion
The student was able to successfully complete the practical. The student was able to observed the
principle of the heat pump as it moves heat from one location at a lower temperature to another
location at a higher temperature as seen in graph of T (C) v/s t(s). The student was able to
determine the efficiency of the heat pump and noted how The efficiency of the heat pump
(coefficient of performance) ( T) decreases with the increasing temperature difference T = (T2
T1) between liquefier and vaporizer.

















8 References
[1] The Systems and Equipment volume of the ASHRAE Handbook, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, 2004
[2] Cengel, Yunus A. and Michael A. Boles (2008). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (6th
ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-330537-5.
[3] Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, by Howell and Buckius, McGraw-Hill, New York.