Media 287686 en

August2012
2012

AssociationofUniversityRadiation
ProtectionOfficers

GUIDANCEONTHESAFEUSEOFLASERSIN
EDUCATIONANDRESEARCH

AURPOGuidanceNoteNo.7
2012RevisedEdition
PreparedbyTrevorMoseley,UniversityofSheffield
andGusZabierek,UniversityofBirmingham
August2012
ii

FOREWORD

This document represents general guidance on good practice. It is intended to aid in the
identification of the hazards associated with work with lasers, to assist in assessing the risk
andtooutlineappropriatecontrolmeasuresinaneducationandresearchenvironment.The
guidance is not mandatory and each Institution is responsible for detailing their own
anagementstructuresandarrangements,appropriatetolocalcircumstances. m
Thisguidancedrawsfrom,andshouldbeusedtogetherwith,theapplicableBritishStandards
document(s)intheBSEN60825seriesofdocuments(especiallyPDIEC/TR6082514Safetyof
laserproducts,Part14:Ausersguide)andassociatedamendments.Thisrevision,which
replacesthe2007version,hasbeenproducedfollowingareviewoftheguidanceavailable
andchangesmadetostatutoryrequirements.NBthedocumentdoesnotprovidedetailed
guidanceonallaspectsoftheuseoflasersandtheadviceandassistanceofaLaserSafety
dvisershouldbesoughtforworkwithhighpoweredlasers. A
ImportantchangesmadetoBSEN608251:1994in2000included:
Newlaserclasses1M,2Mand3R(Table1showshowthesefitin);
New measurement conditions for classification, which are of particular benefit to high
divergencelasersources;
Overhaul of MPE levels especially values for ultrashort pulses and shorterwavelength
visibleradiationunderlongexposureconditions(retinalphotochemicaldamage);
Improvedtreatmentofextendedsourceviewing;and
Newwordingoflaserwarningsigns
TABLE1
CLASS MEANING
Old
Classification
New
Classification ReasonforChange
Class1
NormallySafe
1M
1Mdiverging/lowpower
densitydevicesthatcould
behazardousifbeam
focussed
Class2 Eyeprotected
byaversion
response
(visibleonly)
2 2
2M
2Mdiverging/lowpower
densitydevicesthatcould
behazardousifbeam
focussed
3A&3B* 3R
Loweyehazard,power
densityrestriction
removed
Class3 Eyehazard
3B** 3B Nosignificantchange
Class4 Eyeandskin
hazard
4 4 Nosignificantchange
On 27 April 2010, the Control of Artificial Optical Radiation at Work Regulations 2010 came
into force with the aim to protect workers from the risks to health fromhazardous sources
ofartificialopticalradiation(AOR)includinglasers.
Itisintendedtoreviewandupdatethisdocumentonaregularbasisandtopublishitonthe
URPOwebsiteat: A
http://www.aurpo.org.uk

August2012

iii

CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. LASERSAFETYPOLICY&ADMINISTRATIVEARRANGEMENTS 2
3. HAZARDCLASSIFICATIONFORLASERS 4
4. GENERALSAFETYPRECAUTIONS 6
5. PRECAUTIONSFORSPECIFICCLASSESOFLASER 8
6. HAZARD/RISKASSESSMENT 9
7. PERSONALPROTECTION 12
8. MEDICALSUPERVISION,EMERGENCYEYEEXAMINATIONSAND 13
ACCIDENTALEXPOSURES
9. LASERPOINTERS 13
10. DISPLAYLASERS 14
11. REFERENCES 15
APPENDIX1LaserInventoryproforma 16
APPENDIX2UserRegistrationForm 17
APPENDIX3UseofClass1M,2/2M,and3Rlasers 18
Hazard/RiskAssessmentproforma
APPENDIX4UseofClass3B/4lasersHazard/RiskAssessmentproforma 19
APPENDIX5ExamplesofLaserSafetySchemesofWork 23
APPENDIX6Summaryofwarningsandprotectivecontrolmeasures 30
APPENDIX7Summaryofmanufacturersanduserrequirements 31
APPENDIX8Thesafeuseoflaserpointers 32
APPENDIX9EmergencyProcedure 33
APPENDIX10LaserSignsandLabels 34
APPENDIX11OpticalHazardsandBiologicalEffectsoflaserradiation 37
APPENDIX12Resourcesandlinks 39
APPENDIX13TrainingRecordForm 41

August2012
1

1.INTRODUCTION
The word laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
Thelightproducedbyalaser,aformofnonionisingopticalradiation,hasauniquecombination
ofspatialcoherence(allthewavesareinphase);monochromaticity(i.e.havejustonecolourora
narrowbandwidth)andusuallyhighcollimation(i.e.lowangulardivergencesuchthatthebeam
does not spread out significantly with distance). This combination of characteristics
istinguisheslaserradiationfromallotherlightsources. d
Lasers come in various shapes and forms. They have many uses in teaching, research,
manufacturing, medicine, dentistry, shop checkouts and most commonly at work in the office.
Lasersemitradiationasnarrowconcentratedbeamsoflight,notnecessarilyvisibletothehuman
eye.Theopticalandskinhazardspresentedbylasersvarymarkedlyaccordingtothewavelength
andpoweroftheoutput.Thehazardsoflasersareoftenassociatedwiththeabilityofthelaser
todamageeyesightorburnskin,butquiteoftentheradiationoropticalhazardsarenottheones
that present the greatest risk, withassociated risks from electrical supplies, cryogenic liquidsor
hemicaldyesbeingmorehazardous. c
Thereisalegalrequirementtoidentifyrisksandtakeappropriateactiontoeliminateorcontrol
those risks (optical and nonoptical). We all have a responsibility under the Health & Safety at
Work etc Act 1974 to ensure that work with lasers is carried out safely. Users have a duty to
protect both themselves and others from the potential hazards involved, particularly when
workingwiththemorepowerfullasers.
Within the EU, the Optical Radiation Directive was published in the Official Journal of the
EuropeanCommunitieson27April2006(Ref:L114)underthetitleofDirective2006/25/ECon
the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks
arisingfromphysicalagents(artificialopticalradiation).Laseropticalradiationisdealtwithin
Annex II of the Directive and Institutions should have access to this as a reference. Within the
UK, the Control of Artificial Optical Radiation at Work Regulations 2010 (AOR) came into force
with the aim to protect workers from the risks to health fromhazardous sources ofartificial
opticalradiation(AOR)includinglasers.TheRegulationsincludetherequirementtoassessand
controlthehazardsfromlightemittedfromallartificialsourcesinallitsformssuchasultraviolet,
infraredandlaserbeams.GuidanceforEmployersontheControlofArtificialOpticalRadiation
atWorkRegulations(AOR)2010hasbeenproducedbytheHealth&SafetyExecutive(HSE).In
addition, the European Commissions publication A nonbinding guide to the Artificial Optical
RadiationDirective2006/25/ECcoversapplicationsposingminimalriskandprovidesguidanceon
others. An assessment methodology is set out and the guide outlines measures to reduce
hazardsandcheckforadversehealtheffects.
Theassessmentofnonopticalhazardsaredealtwithbyanumberofdifferentregulationswhich
may be appropriate; for example, PPE Regulations, Workplace Regulations, Electricity at Work,
andCoSHH.
The safety of laser products is covered by the BSI, BS EN 60825 series of documents. The BS
standard is a `euronorm' based upon the corresponding International Electrotechnical
Commission'sIEC60825documents.The60825standardencompassesarangeofstandardsfor
manufacturers on lasers, fibre optic systems, laser guards and freespace communications
systemsetc.OfparticularimportanceforusersistheTechnicalReportPDIEC/TR6082514:2004
hichisadetaileduser'sguidethatincorporatesariskassessmentapproachtolasersafety. w
ManyInstitutionshaveinternetaccesstoBritishStandardsOnlineandhavelicencesubscriptions
allowingstandardstobedownloaded.EachshouldatleasthaveaccesstoTechnicalReportPD
IEC/TR6082514:2004oritscurrentversion.
August2012
The previous classification system, which was based on five classes (1, 2, 3A, 3B & 4), has been
replacedwithasystemofsevenclasses(1,1M,2,2M,3R,3B&4).Itshouldbenotedhowever
that most of the changes relate to the lower classes of laser and that there has been minimal
changestotherequirementsforClass3BandClass4lasers.
2. LASERSAFETYPOLICYandADMINISTRATIVEARRANGEMENTS
The lowest power laser suitable for the purpose should be used and lasers should be operated
so that individuals are not exposed to levels in excess of the "Maximum Permissible Exposure
Levels" given in the current BS EN document. These levels can often be established by
calculation. In some cases appropriate measurements using specific detectors/instrumentation
may be necessary; if this is the case then a suitably qualified person will be required to
undertake the measurements. Written procedures for the safe operation of lasers should be
rawnupandapplied. d
Each Institution should have their own local arrangements and management structure defined
with the ViceChancellor or Principal or Chief Executive, as appropriate, having overall
responsibility for ensuring the effective management of all health and safety matters including
lasersafety.Allpersonnelinvolvedinlaserworkhavearoletoplayinensuringthehealthand
safetyofthemselvesandotherswhomaybeaffectedbytheirwork.Somekeypersonnelhave
pecialresponsibilitiesrelatedtolasersafetyandthesearedescribedbelow. s
A useful guide to the levels of competency required in laser safety is given in PD CLC/TR
50448:2005 Guide to levels of competence required in laser safety. This guide provides
information and guidance to employers and employees using lasers. It outlines procedures for
the management of laser safety and defines levels of competence for both those who have
responsibilitiesforlasersafetyandthosewhoworkwithlaserequipment.
2.1LaserSafetyAdviser(LSA)/LaserSafetyOfficer(LSO)
The Institution will need the advice and assistance of a Laser Safety Adviser to implement the
requirements of BS EN60825 when Class 3 and Class 4 lasers are being used. Thisrole may be
takenbytheRadiationProtectionAdviser,ifsuitablytrained,orothercompetentpersonwithin
theorganisation,orassistancecouldbeobtainedasandwhenrequiredfromanexternalexpert.
Whatever the arrangements for expert advice the institution will need to appoint an inhouse
LaserSafetyOfficertoperformexecutivedutiesonbehalfoftheViceChancellortoensurethat
theinstitutionproceduresrelatingtolasersafetyarefollowed.Inparticular,theLSOwillneed
toensurethatarrangementsareinplacefor:
thetrainingofnewstaff/students;
identificationoflasersandusersofequipment;
provisionofameasuringservice(whereappropriate);
inspectionofallnewlaserfacilities;and
theroutineauditingoflaserfacilities.
2.2DepartmentalLaserSafetyOfficers(DLSO)
In departments where Class 3B and Class 4 lasers are used the Head of Department in consultation
with the Laser Safety Adviser/Officer should appoint a suitably qualified member of staff as
Departmental Laser Safety Officer who will be responsible for ensuring that all lasers used in the
department are identified and used in compliance with the Institutions Policy/Guidance on laser
safety.AsystemshouldbeinplacesothattheDLSOisawareoflasersbeingacquired,priortothem
arrivingonthepremises,toensurethatadequatefacilitiesareavailablefortheirsafeuse.
August2012
2.2.1DutiesoftheDepartmentalLaserSafetyOfficer
A guide to the duties of a DLSO is given below. In some small Institutions these could well be
lookedonasthedutiesoftheLSOaswell.TheDLSOshouldensurethat:
all lasers except for low power Class 1 devices (and excluding laser printers, DVDs,
Class2laserpointersetc)areidentified;
all lasers are labelled in accordance with Appendix 10 and laser designated areas
clearlyidentified;
schemes of work are drawn up, where necessary, for the safe operation of lasers (see
example in Appendix 5). These will normally be required for all Class 3B and Class 4
laserswhennottotallyenclosed;
personnel intending to work with Class 3R, Class 3B and Class 4 lasers, and others
who may be working with modified Class 1M or Class 2M devices, will need to be
identifiedandreceivetraininginthesafeuseoflasers;
laser safety eyewear are provided and worn (when appropriate) by all people working
withClass3BandClass4laserswhenthebeamisnottotallyenclosedandthattraining
isgivenintheuseandmaintenanceofthiseyewear;
undergraduates working with lasers should use the minimum power laser practicable
andfollowawrittenschemeofwork;
alllasersinthedepartmentareusedinaccordancewiththisguidance;and
routinesurveysareundertakentoensurecompliancewiththisguidance.
AsummaryoftherequirementsplacedonmanufacturersandusersbyBSEN60825isgivenin
Appendix 7 together with a survey form/checklist for new laser installations. More detailed
informationcanbeobtainedbyreferringtothestandardsdirectly.
If a surveyreveals noncompliancewith BS EN60825 and a potentially dangerous situation, the

laser should not be used until the situation has been remedied by the adoption of additional
controlmeasures.
2.3ResponsibilitiesofResearchSupervisor/PrincipalInvestigator
The daytoday health and safety management of individual research projects is normally the
responsibility of the research supervisor. All work involving hazardous lasers must be covered
by risk assessments and where appropriate by written schemes of work and protocols. There
should also be procedures to ensure that lasers are made safe prior to disposal and dealt with
appropriately if they contain hazardous materials. The research supervisor should also ensure
that their laser workers are effectively trained in the operating techniques required and that
inexperiencedstaffareadequatelysupervised.
2.4ResponsibilitiesofLaserUsers
Laserusersalsohaveresponsibilities:
to observe the Policy/Guidance and Schemes of Work applicable to the lasers that will be
usedandtofollowtheguidanceofsupervisorsandtheDepartmentalLaserSafetyOfficer;
nottoleavealaserexperimentrunningunattendedunlessariskassessmenthasestablished
thatitissafetodoso;
fortheirownsafetyandthatofotherswhomaybeaffectedbytheiractsoromissions;and
when working with Class 3B or Class 4 lasers there is the possibility of stray laser beams
that could damage the eyesight; where required the appropriate laser eyewear MUST BE
WORN.
August2012
3. HAZARDCLASSIFICATIONFORLASERS
Lasers produce electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths extending from 100 nm in the ultra
violet, through the visible (400700 nm), and the near infrared (700 1400 nm), to the far
infrared(1400nm1mm).Thus,thelightemittedcanbeeithervisibleorinvisible.Laserscan
beoperatedinanumberofdifferentmodes.Somelasersproduceacontinuousoutputandare
knownascontinuouswaveorCWlasers.ThepoweroutputsofCWlasersareusuallyexpressed
intermsofwatts(W).Othersoperateinapulsedmodeproducingshortburstsofradiation.The
powerofthelaseroutputcanvaryfromlessthan1mWtomanywattsinsomeCWdevices.The
energyoutputofpulsedlasersisgenerallyexpressedinjoules(J)perpulse.
Becauseofthewiderangespossibleforthewavelength,energycontentandpulsecharacteristics
oflaserbeams,thehazardsarisingfromtheirusevarieswidely.Itisimpossibletoregardlasers
as a single group to which common safety limits can apply. A system of laser classification is
used to indicate the level of laser beam hazardand maximum Accessible Emission Levels (AELs)
have been determined for each class of laser. The previous classification system, which was
basedonfiveclasses(1,2,3A,3B&4),hasbeenreplacedwithasystemofsevenclasses(1,1M,
2,2M,3R,3B&4)andthesearedescribedbelow.
3.1 Class1:Lasersthataresafeunderreasonablyforeseeableconditionsofoperation,either
because of the inherently low emission of the laser itself, or because of its engineering design
such that it is totally enclosed and human access to higher levels is not possible under normal
operation. NB If access panels of a totally enclosed system are removed for servicing etc then
thelaserproductisnolongerClass1andtheprecautionsapplicabletotheembeddedlasermust
beapplieduntilthepanelsarereplaced.
3.2 Class1M:Laserproductsemittinginthewavelengthrange302.5nmto4000nm,whose
totaloutputisinexcessofthatnormallypermittedforClass1laserproductsbutbecauseoftheir
divergingbeamsorverylowpowerdensitydonotposeahazardinnormaluseandcomplywith
the measurement conditions for a Class 1M product. However they may be hazardous to the
yesundercertainconditionsifgatheringopticsareusedwiththem,i.e. e
a) With a diverging beam if optics are placed within 100 mm of the source to
concentrate/collimatethebeam.
b) Withalargediametercollimatedbeamviewedwithbinocularsoratelescope.
3.3 Class 2: Lasers that only emit visible radiation in the wavelength range from 400 nm to
700nmandwhoseoutputislessthantheappropriateAEL.Theyaresafeforaccidentalviewing
aseyeprotectionisaffordedbyaversionresponses,includingtheblinkreflex.Thisreactionmay
be expected to provide adequate protection under reasonably foreseeable conditions of
operationincludingtheuseofopticalinstrumentsforintrabeamviewing.
3.4 Class2M:Laserproductsthatonlyemitvisibleradiationinthewavelengthrange400nm
to700nm,whosetotaloutputisinexcessofthatnormallypermittedforClass2laserproducts
but because of their diverging beams or very low power density are safe for accidental viewing
during normal use and comply with the measurement conditions for a Class 2M product.
Howevertheymaybehazardoustotheeyesundercertainconditionsifgatheringopticsareused
iththem,i.e. w
a) With a diverging beam if optics are placed within 100mm of the source to
concentrate/collimatethebeam.
b) Withalargediametercollimatedbeamviewedwithbinocularsoratelescope.
August2012
3.5 Class 3R: Lasers that emit in the wavelength range from 180 nm to 1 mm where direct
intrabeam viewing is potentially hazardous but the risk is lower than for Class 3B lasers, and
fewer manufacturing requirements and control measures for the user apply. The AEL is
restrictedtonomorethanfivetimestheAELofClass2forvisiblewavelengthsandnomorethan
fivetimestheAELofClass1forotherwavelengths.
3.6 Class3B:Lasersthatarenormallyhazardouswhendirectintrabeamexposureoccurs(i.e.
withintheNominalOcularHazardDistance(NOHD),whichisthedistancewithinwhichthebeam
irradiance or radiant exposure will exceed the appropriate MPE). Viewing diffuse reflections is
normallysafe.OutputlevelsmustbelessthantheappropriateAELsforClass3Bdevices.
3.7 Class 4: High power lasers that exceed the AELs for Class 3B products that are also
capable of producing hazardous diffuse reflections. They may cause skin injuries, could also
constitute a fire hazard and could cause hazardous fumes to be produced as well as being a
hazardtotheeyes.Theiruserequiresextremecaution.
3.8ExampleAELs
TheAELsforHeNelasersemittinganarrowbeaminCWmodeat633nmareasfollows:
Class1and1M 0.39mW
Class2and2M 1mW
Class3R 5mW
Class3B 500mW
These limits will also apply to other narrow beam CW lasers operatingin the wavelength range
400 700 nm except for Class 1 and 1M devices where there are further restrictions for
avelengths<500nm.SeeBSEN608251forfulldetails. w
NBMaximumoutputfromClass1MandClass2MdevicescantakethemwellintoClass3Bifthe
outputiscollimated.

3.9MaximumPermissibleExposures
The main criterion for assessing the optical safety of a given situation is the maximum
permissible exposure (MPE). The MPE is that level of laser radiation to which, under normal
circumstances, persons may be exposed without suffering adverse effects. The MPE levels
representthemaximumleveltowhicheyeorskincanbeexposedwithoutconsequentialinjury
immediately or after a long time and are related to the wavelength of the radiation, the pulse
durationorexposuretime,tissueatriskand,forvisibleandnearinfraredradiationintherange
400 nm to 1400 nm, the size of the retinal image. MPE levels are specified in Safety of Laser
ProductsPart14:Ausersguide,PDIEC/TR6082514.
PlannedocularexposuretolaserradiationshouldnotexceedtheMPEfortheintendedexposure
duration. However, for visible laser beams, subdamage threshold effects, such as distraction,
dazzle,glareandafterimages,alsoshouldbeconsidered.Softwarepackagesareavailablethat
canbeusedtoassessthehazardsofagivensituation(SeeAppendix12).Thesepackagescanbe
usedtocalculatetheMPEandtheNominalOcularHazardDistance(NOHD).However,aword
ofcaution,theoutputoftheseexpertsystemsisonlyasgoodasthedetailandaccuracyofthe
datainputandusersstillneedtohaveagoodunderstandingoftheBSrequirements.
August2012
4.GENERALSAFETYPROCEDURES
4.1IdentificationofLasers/LaserInventory
Asageneralrule,allClass3R,3BandClass4devicesshouldbeidentifiedandalaserinventory
foreachdepartmentmaintained;seeexampleinventoryproformainAppendix1.Theremaybe
occasions when this is not practicable because the laser products are in fact just electrical
components. In circumstances like this it should be the use of particular types of laser device
thatshouldberecorded.ItmaybeusefultoalsonotetheuseofClass1M,Class2MandClass2
productsbutitisnotnecessarytorecordtheuseoflowpoweredClass1devices,Class2laser
pointersortheuseofembeddedlasersinproductssuchasDVDplayersandlaserprinters.The
LSA/LSO should keep a copy of each departmental list. Departments will maintain these lists
and notify the LSA/LSO of changes. Before the operation of any new laser or significant
modificationstheLSA/LSOshouldbeconsulted.
4.2Record/RegistrationofUsersofLasers
Inordertomakepeopleawareofthehazardsoflasersandtoensurethatsafesystemsofwork
arebeingpracticedmanagementarrangementsshouldbeinplacetoidentifyusersoflasers.Risk
assessments should also identify users of lasers and a list/record must be kept up to date in
departments.Institutionsmaychoose,foroperationalreasons,tohavesomeformofregistration
systemanexampleregistrationformisgiveninAppendix2.Allpeopleintendingtoworkwith
any class of laser, except for inherently safe Class 1 or Class 2 devices or embedded laser
productssuchasthoseinlaserprintersorCDplayers,shouldbeidentified.Personswhocould
or are going to modify Class 1M or 2M devices should also be identified, as they will require
instruction/training.

4.3Training
Initialtrainingwillbeabasicinstructioninlaserhazards,risksandtheircontrol.Class3R,Class3B
andClass4 laserworkersshouldattendtrainingbeforecommencinganylaserworkandshould
alsobefamiliarwiththeschemesofwork/protocolsprovided.Arecordofattendanceshouldbe
made.TrainingintheuseofindividuallasersistheresponsibilityoftheResearchSupervisorand
a record of this training must also be made. Appropriate refresher training should also be
providedtoensurethatpeoplearekeptuptodatewiththelatestBritishStandardrequirements.
AnexampleofatrainingrecordformforauthorisedlaserusersisgiveninAppendix13.
PD CLC/TR 50448:2005 Guide to levels of competence required in laser safety details that laser
workersshouldbesufficientlycompetentintheoperationanduseoftheequipmentandshould
understand
thegeneralnatureoflaserradiation;
the health hazards, the tissues of the body at risk, and the severity of harm which can
result;
the different laser classes and the meaning of the warning labels appropriate to the
classes;
the proper use of hazard control procedures and where appropriate the need for
personalprotectiveequipment;
the need for any necessary additional precautions when undertaking nonroutine
activities;and
be familiar with the Institutions procedures and policy governing laser use, including
emergencyactionandaccidentreportingprocedures.

August2012
4.4UndergraduateWork
If reasonably practicable, undergraduate work should be restricted to Class 1/1M, 2/2M or

visible 3R lasers, especially for class experiments. Sometimes it is possible to downgrade a
higherpoweredlaserbytheuseofneutraldensityfiltersorbeamexpanders.
It is important to introduce students to good safety practice and a written Scheme of Work
should be drawn up and posted in the laboratory. In addition, clear written instructions should
beprovidedforeachstudentexperiment.
Studentsinvolvedinprojectworkandworking withClass3BorClass4 lasersshouldbetreated

as laser workers and be subject to the normal registration and training process. The risk
assessment should take into account the inexperience of the users and additional close
supervisionislikelytobenecessary.
4.5 LabellingofLasers
LasersthataresafewithinreasonableforeseeableconditionsofoperationinClass1donotneed
warning labels. Supplementary information describing the laser product as a Totally Enclosed
System' with details of the embedded laser clearly displayed is required in situations where
accesstotheembeddedproductisroutinelyrequired.Allotherlaserproductsshouldcarrythe
appropriate warning labels in accordance with BS EN 608251. Recently manufactured lasers
shouldallconformtothisStandard.ForfulldetailsoflabelsrequiredseeAppendix10.
Where lasers and laser systems are not adequately labelled (some American systems have very
smalllabelsthatarehardtoreadanddonotcomplywithourBS),theywillneedtoberelabelled.
Institutions should note that for mains powered equipment the labelling of lasers in future will
have to comply with European Standards and any Institution obtaining a laser directly from the
U.S.andelsewhereoverseaswillassumetheresponsibilitiesoftheimporterandsupplier.
4.6DesignationofLaserAreas
Alasercontrolledareaisanareawheretheoccupancyandactivityofthosewithinissubjectto
control and supervision for the purpose of protection from the laser radiation hazards. Access
toalasercontrolledareashouldberestrictedtoallexceptauthorisedpersonswhenthelaseris
turnedonandthereisthepossibilityofexposure.Class3Band4lasersshouldbeoperatedina
lasercontrolledareaifengineeringcontrolshavenotentirelyeliminatedtherisks;inthiscasean
interlock system should be fitted (or other means of protecting unauthorised people, e.g. by
controllingaccessbyswipecardorkeyaccess).
ThepointsofaccesstoareasinwhichClass3BandClass4lasersareusedmustbemarkedwith
appropriatewarningsignsseeAppendix10.Theremayalsobeexperimentswhereopenbeam
work with modified Class 1M/Class 2M or Class 3R lasers are used that will also warrant the
displayofappropriatewarningsigns.
4.7 LaboratoryDesign
The following considerations relate mainly to the use of Class 4 lasers but some may be
appropriateforClass3Bdevicesaswell,orasgeneralspecificationsforalaserlaboratory.
Ifpracticablethelaserlaboratoryshouldhaveahighlevelofilluminationthatwillminimisepupil
size and reduce the risk of stray laser light reaching the retina. Windows should be kept to a
minimum and may need to be covered or protected by blinds. These should be nonreflective
andmayneedtobefireproofwherehigherpoweredlasersareused.
August2012
Walls, ceilings and fittings should be painted with a light coloured matt paint to enhance
illumination and minimise specular reflections. Reflecting surfaces such as the use of glass
frontedcupboardsshouldbeavoided.
Ventilation is important especially with higherpowered lasers if cryogens are used, or if toxic
fumesareproducedthatneedtobeextractedandinthiscaseitisimportantthattheextraction
isveryclosetothesource.Facilitiesmayalsobeneededforthehandlingoftoxicchemicalsthat
areassociatedwithsomedyelasers.
Thelaboratoryshouldbeequippedwithappropriatefirefightingequipment.Electricalsupplies,
switchandcontrolgearshouldbesitedinorderto:
enablethelasertobeshutdownbyapersonstandingnexttothelaser;
enablethelasertobemadesafeinanemergencyfromoutsidethelaserareaifreasonably
practicable;
preventaccidentalfiringofalaser;
provideanindicationofthestateofreadinessofthelaser;
enablepersonneltostandinasafeplace;
provide sufficient and adequate power supplies for all ancillary equipment and apparatus
sothattheuseoftrailingleadsisminimised.
4.8 Experimentalsetup
Beforestartingtouseyourlaserthereareanumberofbasicriskreductionmeasuresthatshould
econsidered. b
Canalowerpoweredlaserbeused?
Cantheoutputpowerofthelaserberestrictediffullpowerisnotneeded?
Canintrabeamviewingbepreventedbyengineeringdesign?
Canthelaserbeusedinascreenedoffarealimitingpotentialforotherstobeaffected?
Canworkbecarriedoutinatotalenclosure?
Beam paths should be as short as possible, optical reflections should be minimised and
thebeamterminatedwithanenergyabsorbingnonreflectivebeamstop.
The laser and optical components should be securely fixed to the bench to avoid
displacementandunintendedbeampaths.
Ifpracticablealignpowerfullaserswithlowpowerdevicesthataresafeforaccidental
viewing,orreducethepowerofthelaserbyturningitdownorintroducingneutral
densityfilters.Theaimshouldbetogettheoutputpower<1mW,NBsomekWlaserswill
onlybeabletobeturneddowntoafewwatts.Alternativelyremoteviewingtechniques
canbeused.
Eliminatechanceofstrayreflectionsusecoatedopticalcomponentsorshroudthemso
thatonlytheintendedbeamcanberefractedorreflected.Keepopticalbenchfreefrom
clutterandremovejewellery,wristwatchesetc.
Anddon'tforgettohavethelaserpointingawayfromthelaboratoryentrance!
August2012
5.PRECAUTIONSFORSPECIFICCLASSESOFLASER
5.1 Class 1 laser products/systems do not require any special precautions or formal control
measures. The exception is where such a system consists of a totally enclosed Class 3B/4 laser
and access is required for the purpose of servicing or alignment. In this case, it should be
includedonthelaserinventoryandthereshouldbeaSchemeofWorkforthatactivity.
5.2 Class 1M and 2M products can be hazardous if the output is viewed with optical
instruments.Modificationoftheseproductsneedstobecarefullyassessed,reclassificationmay
benecessaryandtheappropriatecontrolmeasuresdetailed.
5.3 For Class 2 laser products, protection is based on exposure being limited by the natural
aversion response (0.25 sec). Simple measures such as information to users not to deliberately
aim the beam at people, stare into the beam and terminate the beam at the end of its useful
pathwillbesufficient.
5.4 ForClass3Rproducts,thecontrolmeasureswillinclude:
terminatingthebeamattheendofitsusefulpath;
avoidingbeampathsateyelevelandwherepracticableenclosethebeam;
instructionandtrainingtoanappropriatelevel;
takingcaretopreventunintentionalspecularreflections;
where nonvisible wavelengths are used an emission indicator device is to be used to
indicatethelaserisenergised.
5.5 ForClass3Bor4lasers,eachlaserlaboratoryorexperiment,asappropriate,shouldhave
itsownLaserSchemeofWorkbasedupontheconclusionsofariskassessment.
ThenameofthelocalLaserSafetyOfficerandthepermittedauthorisedusers,theextentofany
laserdesignatedareaandreferencetospecificprotocolsthataretobeusedshouldbeincluded
intheschemeofwork.(SeeexampleschemesofworkwithplanningprocedureinAppendix5).
All the above control measures indicated for Class 3R lasers should be used as well as remote
interlocks, safety interlocks, key control, beam stop/shutter and the full list of user precautions
detailedinAppendix7.Areasneedtobedefinedandwarningsignsused.
The Scheme of Work should be displayed in a prominent position or readily available within a
laboratoryfolder.
AsummaryofwarningsandprotectivecontrolmeasuresfromBSEN60825forallclassesoflaser
isgiveninAppendix7.
6.HAZARD/RISKASSESSMENT
Excessiveexposuretolaserradiationwillresultinbiologicaldamage.Themainareasatriskare
theeyeandtheskin.Visibleandnearinfraredlasersareaspecialhazardtotheeyebecausethe
verypropertiesnecessaryfortheeyetobeaneffectivetransduceroflightresultinhighradiant
exposurebeingpresentedtohighlypigmentedtissues.Thebiologicaleffectofirradiationofskin
bylasersoperatinginthevisible(400nmto700nm)andinfrared(greaterthan700nm)spectral
regions may vary from a mild erythema to severe blisters. See Appendix 11 for further
information. This topic is covered in depth in Annex C of PD IEC/TR 6082514:2004. When
carrying out a risk assessment for the optical hazard, it is important to know of the effects of
laserradiationonbiologicaltissue.
August2012

10
Special considerations apply to the use of lasers for medical and dental work, and lasers for
display purposes. Such work must be very carefully planned and controlled and specialist
guidancefollowed.
Before the appropriate controls can be selected and implemented, laser hazards must be
identified and evaluated together with nonbeam hazards that may be present. The laser's
capabilityofinjuringpersonnelandtheenvironmentandthewayinwhichthelaserorlasersare
to be used needs consideration. A risk assessment must be carried out to establish the
significantrisksandwhethersuitableandeffectivecontrolsexist.
6.1 StagesinaRiskAssessment
Therearebasically5stagestoariskassessment:
1. Identifythehazards,i.e.thepotentialforharm;
2. Assessriskfromthesehazardsandwhoisatrisk;
3. Determineandimplementthenecessarycontrolmeasures;
4. Assessresidualriskrepeatingstage3ifnecessary;and
5. Recordthefindings.
To assist in identifying hazards and risk control measures, a proforma has been developed for
Class1M,2/2Mand3Rlasers(Appendix3)andClass3B&4lasersystems(Appendix4).
Class 3B and Class 4 lasers are capable of causing significant eye injury to anyone who looks
directlyintothebeamoritsspecularreflections.Diffusereflectionsofahighpowerlaserbeam
can also cause permanent eye damage. Highpower laser beams can burn exposed skin, ignite
flammable materials and heat materials releasing hazardous fumes, gases or debris. Equipment
and optical apparatus required to produce and control laser energy may also introduce
additionalhazardsassociatedwithhighvoltage,highpressure,cryogenics,noise,otherformsof
radiation, flammable materials and toxic fluids. Each proposed experiment or operation
involvingalasermustbeevaluatedtodeterminethehazardsinvolvedandtheappropriatesafety
measuresandcontrolsrequired.
6.2AssessingRisk
The people who may be at risk need to be identified. These may include cleaning, service
personnel,othercontractors,visitorsandthepublicaswellastrainedoperatives.
Risk can be assessed by using quantitative measures that combine the likelihood of occurrence
withtheseverityofinjury;however,inlasersafetyitisusuallymoreimportanttoeliminatethe
risk of injury by adopting appropriate control measures in all situations where there is the
possibilityofMPEsbeingexceeded.
6.3LaserControlsopticalhazards
The simplest rule to follow to avoid eye injury is not to look directly into a laser beam or its
specular reflection, regardless of the laser's power or classification or the laser eyewear being
worn.AMaximumPermissibleExposure,MPE,shouldbecalculatedforlasersourcespresentin
a laser system based on the radiated wavelength(s), output power(s) or energy(ies), and, if
appropriate,thepulsedurationandpulserepetitionrate.MPEsapplytoaspecificcombination
oftheseparametersandwillusuallychangeifanyoftheparameterschanges.Engineeringand
administrativecontrolsshouldbeusedtokeepexposuresbelowtheMPEwheneverpracticable.
Skin protection and laser eyewear should be used only where engineering and administrative
controlsareimpractical.
August2012

11
6.3.1Laseralignment
Aboutsixtypercentoflaseraccidentsinresearchsettingsoccurduringthealignmentprocess.
Laseralignmentguidelinestohelppreventaccidentsshouldinclude:
Restrictedaccess,unauthorisedpersonnelmustbeexcludedfromtheroomorarea.
Thewearingoflaserprotectiveeyewearwhenappropriate.
ThetrainingandinstructionofClass3B/4laserusers.
Instructions to remove watches and reflective jewellery before any alignment activities
begin.
Thelowestpossible/practicalpowermustbeusedduringalignments.
The use of a HeNe or CW diode alignment laser, when possible, for a preliminary
alignment.
Identifying individual responsibilities the individual who moves or places an optical
component on an optical table is responsible for identifying and terminating each and
everystraybeamcomingfromthatcomponent.
Identifyingwhenthebeamisdirectedoutofthehorizontalplane.
Checks on the stability and rigidity of all optical mounts, beam blocks and stray beam
shields.
Useofbeampathsatasafeheight,beloweyelevelwhenstandingorsittingandnotata
levelthattemptsonetobenddownandlookatthebeam.
6.4 ControlofNonopticalhazards
Many hazards (other than from laser radiation) that can be found in the laser area must be
adequately assessed and the risks controlled. The manufacturers safety guidance material
shouldhelpinidentifyingmostoftheassociatedhazards.Themainnonopticalhazardsinclude:
electrical high voltages and capacitors used with pulsed lasers can present a serious
hazardparticularlyduringservicing;
collateralradiationthiscouldincludexrays,UV,RF,visibleandIRradiation;
fumecanbereleasedfromtheactionofhighpowerlasersusedinmaterialsprocessing
andsurgery;
hazardous substances substances used in dye and excimer lasers can be toxic and
carcinogenic,cleaningsolutionsmayalsobehazardous;
cryogenicliquidsusedwithhighpoweredlaserscanpresentaburninghazard,possible
oxygendepletionhazardandpossiblyanexplosionhazardfromoverpressureofgasesin
aclosedsystem;
fireandexplosionhighpowered(class4)laserscanignitematerialsandevenrelatively
lowpoweredlasers(>35mW)cancauseexplosionsincombustiblegasesanddusts;
mechanicalhazardsfromgascylinders,trailingcablesandwaterhoses,cutsfromsharp
objects,handlingdifficultieswithlargeworkpieces;
noise from discharging capacitor banks, from some pulsed lasers and from some air
cooledlasers.
Other hazards may also arise from the environment in which the laser is used adverse
temperature and humidity, low lightlevel conditions, mechanical shock and vibration,
interruptions to the power supply, computer software problems and ergonomic problems
causedbypoordesignofthelayoutofequipment.Issuessuchascleanersormaintenancestaff
inadvertentlydisturbingequipmentorunsupervisedaccessmustalsobeaddressed.
August2012

12
6.5Laseraccidents
Somecommonunsafepracticesthatarecausesofpreventablelaseraccidentsare:
Lackofpreplanningandfailuretofollowsafetyprotocols.
Misalignedopticsandupwardlydirectedbeamspayparticularattentiontoperiscopes,
andreflectionsfromwindowsandbeamsplitters/combiners.
Availableeyeprotectionnotusedparticularlyduringalignmentprocedures.
Wearingthewrongeyewear.
Bypassingofdoorinterlocksandlaserhousinginterlocks.
Insertionofreflectivematerialsintobeampaths.
Lackofprotectionfromnonbeamhazards.
Impropermethodsofhandlinghighvoltage.
Operatingunfamiliarequipment.
6.6 Assessingresidualriskandrecordingtheresults
In most circumstances after introducing control measures one should be able to assess the
residual risk as being low. One then needs to produce written Systems of Work and make it
availabletoalluserssothattheyareawareofallprotectivemeasurestheyshouldbetakingand
theprocedurestheyshouldbefollowing.SeetheexampleriskassessmentinAppendix4.
It should be noted that with the changing nature of experimental work it is important that the
risk assessment and operating procedures are routinely reviewed and, most importantly,
reviewedpriortoanysignificantchange.
7.PERSONALPROTECTION
Whenever there is a risk of laser exposure to levels above the specified MPEs, personal eye
protection is one of the commonest and important elements of personal laser protection.
Personal eyeprotection should be regarded as a last line of defence against exposure to laser
radiation; it can be adopted only after a full safety evaluation has been carried out and other
means of affording protection have been considered and rejected. Its use should not be
regarded as a convenient alternative to proper engineering controls or thorough hazard
assessments.
RequirementsapplywithinEuropecoveringthespecification,markingandtestingoflaser
eyeprotection, using protective effect rather than optical density. Scale numbers which
take into account maximum spectral transmittance and resistance to laser radiation are
used. These are detailed in BS EN 207: 2009 Personal eyeprotection equipment Filters
and eyeprotectors against laser radiation (laser eyeprotectors) and BS EN 208: 2009
PersonaleyeprotectionEyeprotectorsforadjustmentworkonlasersandlasersystems
(laser adjustment eyeprotectors). Annex B of both BS EN 207 and BS EN 208 give
recommendations for the selection of personal eyeprotection depending on the type of
laserradiationandtheoperatingconditions.
When choosing personal eyeprotection, it is important to consider not only the ability of the
eyeweartoattenuatetheincidentradiationbutalsotohaveadamagethresholdhighenoughto
withstand the maximum possible exposure long enough for avoiding action to be taken, and to
take into account comfort and visual light transmission (mean percentage of visible spectrum
that is not filtered by the eyewear). Special consideration needs to be made when selecting
eyewear for femtosecond and picosecond pulsed lasers. Information on specifying eye
protectionisgiveninPDIEC/TR6082514:Ausersguide.
August2012

13
Laser protective eyewear should never be relied on to provide protection against deliberate
exposure to a laser beam but should be regarded as a means of providing some protection
againstaccidentalexposure.
Eye protection which is designed to provide adequate protection against specific laser
wavelengths should be used in all hazard areas where Class 3R laser products emitting energy
outside of the 400 nm to 700 nm wavelength range, Class 3B or Class 4 lasers are in use (see
clause12).Exceptionstothisare:
when engineering and administrative controls are such as to eliminate potential
exposureinexcessoftheapplicableMPE;
when,duetotheunusualoperatingrequirements,theuseofeyeprotectionisnot
practicable.Suchoperatingproceduresshouldonlybeundertakenwiththeapprovalof
theLaserSafetySupervisor/Officer.
WhenworkingwithClass4lasers(andsomeClass3BdevicesemittingintheUV)skinprotection
mayalsoberequired.
Special attention has to be given to the resistance and stability against laser radiation when
choosingeyewearorprotectiveclothingforprotectionagainstClass4lasers.
Personalprotectiveequipmentshouldbepersonal,i.e.,itshouldbeappropriatelycleaned
betweenusers,oreachuserhastheirown.Therearebasicdutiesconcerningtheprovisionand
useofpersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE)andtherequirementsofthePersonalProtective
EquipmentatWorkRegulations1992(asamended).
8. MEDICALSUPERVISION,EMERGENCYEYEEXAMINATIONSand
ACCIDENTALEXPOSURES
Eye examinations for laser users are not recommended as a part of a safety programme. The
value of routine examinations for Class 3B/4 laser users has been reviewed and it is generally
acceptedthatroutineexaminationsareoflittlevalueandthattheonlyreasonforthesemayfor
medicallegalreasons.
What is of more importance is having procedures in place if there has been an apparent or
suspected ocular exposure. A medical examination by a qualified specialist needs to be carried
outassoonaspossible.Intheeventofanaccidentorincidentinvolvingsuspectedinjurytothe
eye(s),anemergencyexaminationshouldbecarriedoutassoonaspossibleandwithin24hours.
ThemostappropriateAccidentandEmergencyDepartmentthatdealswitheyeinjuriesneedsto
beidentified.Theinjuredpartyshouldbetakentothisplace.Suitablearrangementsshouldbe
inplacetoensurethatallpersonsworkingwithClass3B/4lasersareawareoftheactiontotake
intheeventofanaccident/incident.EachClass3B/4lasershouldhaveacardorproformathat
canbetakenwiththecasualtytoHospital.Anexampleofsuchacardandtheinformationthat
willberequiredintheeventofanaccident/incidentisgiveninAppendix9.
Intheeventofaneyeinjurycausedbyanindividualstaringdownthebeamofalowerpowered
lasertheemergencyarrangementsforClass3B/4lasersshouldbefollowed.
Whereanemergencyeyeexaminationisrequired,theLaserSafetyAdviserandlocalLaserSafety
Officerwillcarryoutadetailedinvestigationoftheaccident/incident.
Intheeventofaskininjury,i.e.thermalburn,thiscanbetreatedaswouldanyotherburn.
August2012

14
All accidents and incidents, whether involving an emergency examination or not, must be
reportedpromptlytotheestablishmentsHealthandSafetyOfficeusingtheappropriatecurrent
localAccident/IncidentReportForm.
Depending on whether an injury has been sustained there may be a requirement to notify the
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous
OccurrencesRegulations(RIDDOR).
There is no statutory requirement under the Control of Artificial Optical Radiation at Work
Regulations 2010 (AOR) for medical surveillance for the eye. However, appropriate medical
supervisionisrequiredifsomeoneisexposedtolaserradiationinexcessoftheMPE(termedthe
ExposureLimitValueintheRegulations).
9.LASERPOINTERS
Small lasers are commonly available and some are used forpresentation purposes as pointers.
These laser pointers are normally classified at a level above Class 1 and therefore in some
circumstancescancauseharm,particularlybystaringintothebeam.Inthepasttheywereonly
available in red wavelengths and had output powers up to and sometimes over 5 mW.
Nowadays devices are available emitting green wavelengths where the eye is more sensitive
and lower powers are all that is needed so that laser pointers should now be Class 2 devices
(output < 1 mW). Normally the eye's natural aversion response, including the blink reflex,
affords protection to short duration accidental exposure. Where laser pointers are used
instructions on their safe use should be readily available; Appendix 8 is an example of the
instructionsthatshouldbeprovided.
10. CONTROLLING THE RADIATION SAFETY OF DISPLAY LASER

INSTALLATIONS
Most lasers that are used in entertainment and public exhibition work emit beams that are
powerful enough to cause significant eye injury. In cases where the radiant beam powers
exceed0.5Watt,exposedpeoplemayreceiveskinburns.
GuidanceonlaserdisplaysandshowscanbefoundinIEC/TR608253ed2.0andtheHealthand
SafetyExecutive(HSE)hasalsopublishedguidanceonthistopicinGuidanceNoteHS(G)95.
Organisersofeventsatwhichlasersareusedfordisplayshould:
ensurethatageneralriskassessmenthasbeencarriedouttoidentifyrelevanthazards
andappropriatecontrolmeasuresareinplace,inadvanceofanydisplay;
ensure that requirements of HS(G)95 are complied with and that any statutory
notificationsaremade;
complywithanyarrangementsandconditionssetoutbytheInstitution.
Where the relevant precautions above are not implemented for a particular class of laser, a
justificationneedstobemadeintheappropriatedocumentation/protocolforthedisplay.
It should be noted that deliberate scanning of an audience with laser beams should not be
permitted unless a rigorous assessment of the likely exposure, and any foreseeable fault
conditions, show that the applicable MPE will not be exceeded. When the radiant power of a
visible laser beam exceeds about 10 mW, the MPE for the eye will generally be exceeded even
whenthebeamisscanned.
August2012
15

11.REFERENCES
BSEN608251Safetyoflaserproducts,Part1:Equipmentclassificationand
requirements.
BSEN608252Safetyoflaserproducts,Part2:Safetyofopticalfibre
communicationssystems.
PDIEC/TR608253Safetyoflaserproducts,Part3:Guidanceforlaserdisplaysand
shows.
PDIEC/TR6082514:2004Safetyoflaserproducts,Part14:Ausersguide.
PDCLC/TR50448:2005Guidetolevelsofcompetencerequiredinlasersafety.
ISBN0580467309
BSEN207:1999PersonaleyeprotectionequipmentFiltersandeyeprotectors
againstlaserradiation(lasereyeprotectors)
BSEN208:2009PersonaleyeprotectionEyeprotectorsforadjustmentworkon
lasersandlasersystems(laseradjustmenteyeprotectors)
CVCPSafetyinUniversitiesNotesofGuidancePart2:1Lasers,1992Edition.
TheradiationsafetyoflasersusedfordisplaypurposesHealth&Safety
Executivepublication.HS(G)951996ISBN071760691
TheInternationalCommissiononNonIonisingRadiationProtection(ICNRP)
publications.http://www.icnirp.org/pubOptical.htm
OpticalRadiationDirective,publishedintheOfficialJournaloftheEuropean
Communitieson27April2006(Ref:L114)Directive2006/25/EConthe
minimumhealthandsafetyrequirementsregardingtheexposureofworkersto
therisksarisingfromphysicalagents(artificialopticalradiation)
or
http://europa.eu.int/eurlex/lex/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_114/l_11420060427
en00380059.pdf
ControlofArtificialOpticalRadiationatWorkRegulations2010(AOR)
EuropeanCommissionspublication
AnonbindingguidetotheArtificialOpticalRadiationDirective2006/25/EC
LaserSafetyManagement.KennethBarat.CRC,Taylor&
Francis,2006ISBN:0824723074
http://www.laserinstitute.org/PDF/pubs/pub209toc.pdf
LaserSafety.RoyHenderson&KarlSchulmeister.InstituteofPhysics
ublishing,2003.ISBN:0750308591 P
http://www.laserinstitute.org/store/LSAFPUB/301
NBOtherusefulwebreferencesaregiveninAppendix12.
August2012
16

Appendix1

LASERINVENTORYPROFORMA

Location Manufacturer Type Wavelength PowerOutput Laser
andModel (forCW)or Class
PulsePower,
durationand
repetitionrate

Note:DonotincludeofficebasedClass1laserproductsorequipmentcontaining
themi.e.CompactDisc/DVDplayers,laserprintersetc.
Institution/Department:.
LaserSupervisor/Officer:..
Date: ...
August2012
17

Appendix2
NameofInstitution
REGISTRATIONFORMFORLASERUSERS
Surname: Sex:
Prename(s): DateofBirth:
Title(Mr,Ms,
Dretc)
Status(Lecturer,RA,
Technician,RSetc)
email: Supervisor:
Department:
Laserstobeused:

Experimentstobe
performed:
Labstobeused:

18 August2012

Appendix3

EXAMPLEUSEOFCLASS1M,2Mand3RLASERS
HAZARD&RISKASSESSMENT
Location Assessment
Number

Assessor Dateof
Assessment
Withouttheuseofmagnifyingoptics1Mdevicesdonotposeaneyehazard,neitherdo2M
or Class 2 devices as long as you do not stare into the beam (eye protection is normally
affordedbytheaversionresponses).Aneyehazardispossibleifthereis:exposureinexcess
ofmorethan0.25secondsfromClass2/2Mlasers;exposuretoClass1M/2M;orifClass3R
lasersarevieweddirectly.Riskofeyeinjuryislow.Thereisnoskinorfirehazard.
1 LOCATIONANDVERYBRIEF
DESCRIPTIONOFTHEWORKACTIVITY

2 LASERSPECIFICATION
Model:

MaximumPower

WavelengthRange

3 NONOPTICALHAZARDS
Detailthesignificantrisksand
thecontrolmeasuresnecessary
foranynonopticalhazard
identifiedandanyoptical
hazardfrom1M/2MDevices.
Hazard/Risk ControlMeasure
4 CONTROLMEASURES
Avoideyelevelanddonotexposeusersorotherstothebeam.
N.B.Modified1M/2Mdevicesmayneedtobereassessedasahigherclassifiedlaser.
Followthemanufacturer'ssafetyinstructions.
Takecarewhenoperatingthelasersystem.
Keepthelaser'on'onlywhennecessary.
Restrictunauthoriseduse.
Terminatethebeamattheendofitsusefulpath.
Donotpointatortowardspersonsdeliberately.
Donotpointatmirroredsurfacesthatmaycauseunplanned
reflections.
Neverlookintothelaseraperture.
Neverlookdirectlyorstareintothebeam/beamaperturewhenon.
Neverallowunauthoriseduse.
Donotuseopticalviewingaids.
5 CONTACT
NAME PHONE
August2012
19
Appendix4

USEOFCLASS3B&4LASERSHAZARD&RISKASSESSMENT
Class3BandClass4lasersarecapableofcausingeyeinjurytoanyonewholooksdirectly
intothebeamoritsspecularreflections.Inaddition,diffusereflectionsofahighpower
(Class4)laserbeamcanproducepermanenteyedamage.Highpowerlaserbeams(Class
4) can burn exposed skin, ignite flammable materials, and heat materials that release
hazardous fumes, gases, debris, or radiation. Equipment and optical apparatus required
to produce and control laser energy may also introduce additional hazards associated
with high voltage, high pressure, cryogenics, noise, and other forms of radiation,
flammable materials, and toxic fluids. Thus, each proposed experiment or operation
involving a laser must be evaluated to determine the hazards involved and the
appropriatesafetymeasuresandcontrolsrequired.
School/Dept AssessmentNumber

Assessor DateofAssessment
1
LOCATIONOFTHEWORKACTIVITY

2
LASERIDENTIFICATIONANDSPECIFICATIONS
Completethefollowingchart;listalllasers,includinglowpoweralignmentlasers:
Laser1 Laser2 Laser3
Type:

Manufacturer:

Model:

Serial#

MaximumPower

MaximumPulseEnergy

WavelengthRange

WavelengthUsed

PowerUsed

PulseEnergyUsed

PulseLength

PulseRepetitionRate

BeamDiameters(x,y)

BeamShape(e.g.ellipse,box,
circular)

BeamDivergence(x,y)

LASERCLASSIFICATION

20
3 DESCRIPTIONOFACTIVITYORRESEARCHPROJECT
Provideabriefdescriptionofthelasersetup,itspurposeandoperationalparameters.

DURATIONOFACTIVITY/PROJECT
Istheworkongoingorforalimitedperiod?
4 IDENTIFICATIONOFHAZARDSADDITIONALTOTHELASERHAZARD(S)
ElectricalHazards
Mostlaserscontainhighvoltagepowersuppliesandoftenlargecapacitors/capacitorbanksthatstorelethalamountsof
electricalenergy.
Areanyspecialprecautions/proceduresrequired? Yes/No
LaserDyes
Laserdyesareoftentoxicand/orcarcinogenicchemicalsdissolvedinflammablesolvents
Arelaserdyesused? Yes/No
Givedetails,ifyes.
CompressedandToxicGases
Hazardousgasesmaybeusedinlaserapplications,i.e.,excimerlasers(fluorine,hydrogenchloride).
Arecompressedgasesand/ortoxicgasesused? Yes/No
Givedetails,ifyes.
CryogenicFluids
Cryogenicfluidscancreatehazardoussituations.Adequateventilationmustbeprovided.
Arecryogenicfluidsused? Yes/No
Givedetails,ifyes.
Fumes/Vapours/LaserGeneratedAirContaminantsfromBeam/Target
interaction
Whenlaserbeamsaresufficientlyenergisedtoheatupatarget,thetargetmayvaporise,creatinghazardousfumesor
vapoursthatmayneedtobecapturedorexhausted.
Isthereapotentialforfumes/vapours/LaserGeneratedAirContaminants?
Yes/No

Givedetails,ifyes.
UVandVisibleRadiation/PlasmaEmissions
UVandvisibleradiationmaybegeneratedbylaserdischargetubes,pumplampsorplasmas.Thelevelsproducedmaybean
eyeandskinhazard.
IsthereapotentialforsignificantUV/visibleradiation?Yes/No
ExplosionHazards
Highpressurearclamps,filamentlamps,andcapacitorsmayexplodeiftheyfailduringoperation.Lasertargetsandsome
opticalcomponentsalsomayshatterifheatcannotbedissipatedquicklyenough.
Isthereanexplosionhazard? Yes/No
Givedetails,ifyes.
IonisingRadiation(Xrays)
Xrayscanbeproducedfromtwomainsources,highvoltagevacuumtubesoflaserpowersuppliessuchasrectifiers,
thyratrons,andelectricdischargelasers.Anypowersuppliesthatrequiremorethan15kVmayproducexrays.
Isthereanionisingradiationhazard? Yes/No

Otherhazardsnotidentifiedabove.
Pleasespecify

21
RISKASSESSMENTandCONTROLMEASURES
PERSONSWHOMAYBEATRISK
SpecifiedAuthorisedLaserUsers
ProjectSupervisors
6 MEASURESTOREDUCELEVELOFRISK(LASERHAZARD)
Areopenorpartially
enclosedbeamsusedduring
thefollowing?
1.Initialsettingupandbeam
alignment;
2.Additionofnewoptical
elements/lasers;
3.Daytodayoperation
4.Servicing
YES/NO/n/a
YES/NO/n/a
YES/NO/n/a
YES/NO/n/a
Arethere
protocols/proceduresto
controlrisksfromtheocular
(andifapplicable,skin)
hazard?
1.Initialsettingupandbeam
alignment;
2.Additionofnewoptical
elements/lasers;
3.Daytodayoperation
4.Servicing
YES/NO/n/a
YES/NO/n/a
YES/NO/n/a
YES/NO/n/a
Listtheoperatingprotocolswith
references/dates/location.
ALLOPENBEAMWORKMUSTHAVEAN
APPROPRIATEPROTOCOL/OPERATING
PROCEDURE
INSTRUCTION/TRAINING
Authorisedlaserusersmustreceiveappropriatetrainingandinstruction
Specifytheinstructionandtrainingarrangements.
Alistofauthorisedlaserusersistobedisplayed
8 PERSONALEYEPROTECTION
DetailHowScalenumberwasdetermined

Number
available
Location Manufacturer Scale
number
Wavelength

22
9 ASSESSMENTOFRISK(ASSOCIATEDHAZARDSidentifiedinSection4)
Hazard/Risk ControlMeasure
Detailthesignificantrisks
andthecontrolmeasures
necessary(i.e.by
referenceto
protocols/proceduresor
safetymanual).
Forhazardoussubstances,
specifythelocationofthe
appropriateCOSHH
assessments.
10 MONITORING

Performanceofcontrolmeasures,
Itistheindividualresponsibilityofeachlaseroperatortofollowtheguidelineson
lasersafety.Wherecontrolmeasureshavefailedorhavebeensuspectthenlaser
users should report these. Supervisors should monitor that users are complying
with procedures as should the School and Institution Laser Safety Officers by
carryingoutperiodicchecks.
11 REVIEW

Enterthedateorcircumstancesforreviewofassessment(3yearsorthelengthoftheparticular
project/workerifshorter.)
Wherenewlasersorcomponentsareintroducedthenthesechangesneedtobe
assessed;protocolsmayneedtobemodified.Areviewwouldalsoberequired
whereanewlaserworkerstarts;ensurethattheyareinformedoftherelevant
risksandprotocols.
12 EMERGENCYACTION

TOCONTROL
HAZARDS
Tostabilisesituatione.g.turnoffpowersource,etc.
Turnoffpower.
TOPROTECT
PERSONNEL
Evacuation,protectionforpersonnel,SpecialFirstAid
Oncepowerhasbeenturnedoffthelaserdoesnotpresentanopticalhazardto
personnelinthearea.
TORENDERSITEOFEMERGENCY
SAFE
POWER,VENTILATION
Turnoffpower.
13 EMERGENCYCONTACT
NAME
.
PHONE
June2012
23
Appendix5

Example1SCHEMEOFWORKWITHPROCEDURE
NameofSchool/Dept: .
Laboratory/Room/Activity: ..
Theseguidelineshavebeenpreparedby ..............................................
Beforecommencing work with Class 3B/4 lasers, you mustread this document,and sign
thesheetattheendtoconfirmthis,thatyouhaveunderstoodthecontentandthatyou
agreetoabidebytheprotocolscontainedherein.
PurposeandStructureofthisdocument
The principal aim of this document is to outline the elements of good laser practice as
they apply specifically to experiments currently being undertaken in the above
laboratory. General aspects of laser safety are covered in sections of the manuals
accompanyingthelasers.
Thedocumentisstructuredasfollows:atthetoplevel(thissheet)anoveralldescription
ismadeoflaserresearchactivityinthislaboratory.Theuseristhenreferredtoanumber
ofaccompanyingdocumentsundertwoheadings:LasertypesinuseandSafetyProtocols.
DescriptionofActivity:
.......Descriptionoftheactivity/experimentanditspurpose........................................
Fourtypesofsituationhavebeenidentifiedwhichrequireseparatesafetyprotocols,
whereappropriate:
settingup;
addingnewelementsto;
daytodayoperationoftheexperiment;and
maintenanceofthelasersystem.
Separatesectionsdealingwitheachofthesearetobeincludedwhereappropriate.
Lasersinuse
.........ReferencetocompletedHazard/RiskAssessmentproforma....................................
As a general rule all Class 3B/4 laser emissions are capable of causing severe eye
damage if viewed directly, or as a specular (i.e. mirrorlike) reflection. Control
measures (careful planning, beam pipes, blocking of reflections, safety eyewear) must
betakentoavoidthis!
Authorisedusersoftheabovelasersare(tobenamed):
Supervisor(s): ...........
Student(s): ...........
Postdoctoralfellow(s): ............
Other(s): ...........
There should be reference to this guidance in particular the General Overview on Laser
Hazard/RiskAssessmentandMaximumPermissibleExposureCalculations.
August2012
24
Lasersafetyprotocol:Settingup
Definition
Setting up applies to the initial installation of a new experiment, and to major changes
suchastheadditionofanewtypeoflasersystem,or,forexample,acompletechangeof
beampaths.
Protocol/SchemeofWork
Planning:
The installation or changes should be discussed with a supervisor prior to operation
ofClass3B/4lasersystems.
In the case of a completely new experiment, the School Laser Safety Officer and/or
theInstitutionLaserSafetyAdvisermustbeconsultedandinvitedtovisitthelab.
The laser beam paths and associated optics should be planned to minimise the
possibilityofstrayreflections.
Terminationofeachmainlaserbeamshouldbeplanned.
Consideration should be made on how alignment is to be carried out. Where
practicable, the use of cameras for viewing and remote adjustment should be
promoted.
Provisionofsuitablelasersafetyeyewearshouldbeaddressedatthisstage.
Initialsafetychecks:
BeforestartingtheClass3B/4lasers,beampathsshouldbeinspectedforanyobjects
thatshouldnotbethere.
Laser warning signs should be activated, where installed and unauthorised persons
excludedanddoorsclosed.
Alignmentmaybecarriedoutbyoneoratmosttwoauthorisedlaseroperators.No
one else may be present in the room during this procedure and watches, bracelets
andotherreflectivejewelleryshouldberemoved.
Appropriatepersonaleyeprotectionshouldbewornwhererequired.

Initialalignmentandsuppressionofstrayreflections:
InitiallaserbeamalignmentshouldbeperformedwithaClass1or2alignmentlaser
(e.g.,HeNeorsmallcwdiodelaser).Rememberthatthefinalbeampathmaydiffer
slightlyduetodispersion(i.e.,thebeampathmaybeslightlywavelengthdependent)
At this stage, each and every optic element in the beam path must be analysed for
stray reflections. Initially this can be done by predicting the likely path of specular
(i.e., nondiffuse) reflections and the actual reflections of the Class 1/2 alignment
lasermayalsobeusedtohelpidentifystrayreflections.
Suitablebeamblocks,opaqueattheappropriatewavelengths,mustthenbeinstalled
toblockallthesestrayreflections.
Beampipesshouldbeinstalledatthisstagetocoverlongerrunsoflaserbeam,and
especially any beams that leave the confines of the laser table. It is recognised that
there may be some places where beam pipes are inappropriate, e.g. when the
distancebetweenopticsisveryshort.Beampipesshouldbedesignedtoallowlimited
accesstothebeamforalignmentcheckingwithoutremoval.
August2012
25
AlignmentusingClass3B/4lasersatlowpower
ThenextstageofalignmentusingtheClass3B/4lasersmaybecarriedoutonlyafter
obtainingtheverbalpermissionofasupervisor.
oneelsemaybepresentintheroomduringthisprocedureandwatches,bracelets
Undernocircumstancesmustdirectviewingofthelaserbeambeattemptedevenif
thebeamhasbeenattenuated.
Allopticsshouldbecheckedfordamage,andthestabilityofopticsmountsverified
priortooperationoflaser.
Thisnextstageinalignmentshouldbecarriedoutusingthelowestpossiblelaser
energy(e.g.operatingaNd:YAGlaseronfixedQ)atwhichitispossibletovisualise
thelaserbeaminanappropriatefashion.Themethodofvisualisationisdependent
onthewavelength:forUVorvisiblelight,thebeamcanbeviewedonafluorescent
card.AninvisibleinfraredbeammaybevisualisedusingLCDheatsensitivepaperor
possiblyusingburnpaperoralaserpowermeter.
InthecaseofUVorIRbeams,appropriatelasersafetyeyewearshouldbeworn
duringthealignmentprocedureatalltimeswhenthelaserpulseenergyexceedsthe
MPE:notethatitshouldnotblockthewavelengthshiftedvisiblefluorescence(UV)or
theheateffectonLCDpaperorburnpaper(IR),whichcanthenbeusedtovisualise
thebeam.
Visibleormultiwavelengthalignmentmayhavetobecarriedoutwithoutlasersafety
eyewear,asitwouldotherwisebeimpossibletovisualisethelaserbeamonacard.In
thiscaseextracautionmustbeexercisedbytheoperator(s)afterappropriate
considerationofalternativesandassessmentofrisks.Thelaser(s)shouldbeoperated
belowtheMPEifpossibleandinanycaseatthelowestpracticablepulseenergy.
Blockingofpossiblestrayreflectionsmustbedoublecheckedpriortocarryingout
thisstage.
Alignmentofeachlaserbeamtovariablediameterapertures(irisdiaphragms)should
beemployedwherepossibletominimisethenecessityformultiwavelength
alignment.
Furtheralignmentatfullpowermaybecarriedoutinaccordancewiththeprotocol
outlinedunderdaytodayoperation.
Lasersafetyprotocol:Addingnewelements
Definition
Addingnewelementsappliestotheintroductionofanynewopticintothebeampathofa
Class4lasersuchasalensorfilter.
Protocol/Schemeofwork
Planning:
Theplacementofadditionalopticsshouldbeplannedtominimisethepossibilityof
strayreflections.
Beamblocksshouldbedevisedtoterminateanyunavoidablestrayreflections.
August2012
26
thatshouldnotbethereandbeampipesshouldbereplacedifnecessary.
Laserwarningsignsshouldbeactivated,unauthorisedpersonsexcludedand
laboratorydoorsclosed.
oneelsemaybepresentintheroomduringthisprocedureandwatches,bracelets
Appropriatelasersafetyeyewearshouldbewornifpracticable.Visibleormulti
wavelengthalignmentmayhavetobecarriedoutwithoutlasersafetyeyewear,asit
mayotherwisebeimpossibletovisualisethelaserbeamonacard.Inthiscaseextra
cautionmustbeexercisedbytheoperator(s).
Allopticsshouldbecheckedfordamage,andstabilityofopticsmountsverified.
Initialalignmentandsuppressionofstrayreflections:
Onceanewopticisinplace,initialalignmentshouldbeperformedwithaClass1or2
alignmentlaser(e.g.,HeNeorsmallcwdiodelaser).Forsimpleopticsitmaybe
judgedsufficienttoproceedtothenextstepwithoutusingaClass1/2alignment
laser.
Thenewopticelementinthebeampathmustbeanalysedforstrayreflections.This
canbedonebypredictingthelikelypathofspecular(i.e.,nondiffuse)reflections.The
actualreflectionsoftheClass1/2alignmentlasermayalsobeusedtohelpidentify
strayreflections.
Suitablebeamblocks,opaqueattheappropriatewavelengths,mustthenbeinstalled
toblockallthesestrayreflections.
Anyeffectdownstreamofthenewopticshouldbechecked.Beampipesshouldbe
reinstalledatthisstage.
AlignmentusingClass3B/4lasersatlowpower:
Thismaynowbecarriedoutinaccordancewiththeprocedureoutlinedunder
settingupwiththeexceptionthatexplicitpermissionofasupervisorisnotdeemed
necessaryforadditionofasimpleopticalelement.(Anythingmorecomplexshouldbe
takenassettingupandtheprotocolfollowedaccordingly.)
Lasersafetyprotocol:Daytodayrunning
Definition
DaytodayrunningappliestotheoperationofClass3B/4lasersunderallcircumstances
exceptsettinguporadditionofanewopticelement.Itincludesinitial,minorrealignment
oflaserbeamsatthebeginningofanexperimentalrunandtweakingofalignments
duringanactualexperiment.
thatshouldnotbethere,andbeampipesshouldbereplacedifnecessary.
August2012
27
Laserwarningsignsshouldbeactivated,unauthorisedpersonsexcluded,and
laboratorydoorsclosed.
Alignmentmaybecarriedoutbyoneoratthemosttwoauthorisedlaseroperators.
Nooneelsemaybepresentintheroomduringthisprocedureandwatches,bracelets
Appropriatelasersafetyeyewearshouldbewornifpracticable.Visibleormulti
wavelengthalignmentmayhavetobecarriedoutwithoutlasersafetyeyewear,asit
wouldotherwisebeimpossibletovisualisethelaserbeamonacard.Inthiscaseextra
cautionmustbeexercisedbytheoperator(s).
Allopticsshouldbecheckedfordamage,andstabilityofopticsmountsverified.
CheckusingClass3B/4lasersatlowpower:
Beforeturningonfullpower,thebeampathofeachlasershouldbeverifiedinturn,
usingthelowestpossiblepulseenergyandvisualisingthebeaminanappropriate
fashion(e.g.,onfluorescentcard).
Undernocircumstancesmustdirectviewingofthelaserbeambeattemptedevenif
thebeamhasbeenattenuated.Theremustbenoexceptionstothisrule.
Minorrealignment(tweaking)withlasersrunningatfullpower:
Duringanexperimentalrun,itwillsometimesbenecessarytoreoptimisethe
alignmenttorecoverlostsignal.Ofnecessity,thiscanonlybecarriedoutatfull
power,withalllaserson.Extracautionshouldthereforebeexercised.
Allbeamguards/pipesandblocksforstrayreflectionsshouldremaininplaceduring
thisprocedure.Beampipesshouldbedesignedtoallowlimitedaccesstothebeam
foralignmentcheckingwithoutremoval.
Itisespeciallyimportanttowearappropriatelasersafetyeyewearwhenvisualising
laserbeamsatfullpower.Asbefore,inavisibleormultiwavelengthexperimentthis
maynotbepracticable,andextracautionshouldthereforebeexercised.
Itmaybepossible(andindeed,preferable)toapplyminortweakstothealignment
usingtheexperimentalsignalasaguide.Inthiscaseitisnotnecessarytovisualise
thelaserbeams.
Camerasforremoteviewingandtheincorporationofremoteadjustmentaidsshould
bepromotedandusedwherereasonablypracticable.
Lasersafetyprotocol:Servicing
Definition
Servicing is the performance of those procedures or adjustments described in the
manufacturers service instructions which may affect any aspect of the products
performance.Itcanincludeactivitiessuchastheremovalandreinstallationofopticsfor
cleaning, the changing of laser dyes, the changing of flash lamps, and the installation of
new optics inside the laser cavity. Entry into the laser enclosure potentially exposes the
laser worker to additional nonoptical hazards, for instance those associated with high
voltages,andtoxicchemicals,inadditiontoaccessinghighenergylaserbeamswhichare
normally enclosed. The activities are very diverse, and specific protocols will need to be
August2012
28
preparedforeachlaser,thisdocumentprovidessomegeneralguidelinesontheplanning
ofMaintenance.
Planning:
Before commencing the work, the manual for the laser system should be consulted,
toidentifytherecommendedprocedure.
In the case of anything other than routine maintenance, and/or when the laser
manualdoesnotgiveaprocedure,theadviceofalasertechnicianshouldbesought.
Someproceduresshouldonlybeconductedbyanexperiencedlasertechnician.
Thehazardsassociatedwiththeprocedureshouldbeassessed,thecontrolmeasures
reviewed, and the conclusions recorded. In the case of some regular maintenance
procedures(suchaschangingthedyesolutioninadyelaser),referencetoanexisting
protocolmaywellsuffice.
Work involving the alignment of a laser beam inside a laser enclosure, for instance
introducing the pump laser into a dye laser, can lead to an increased laser radiation
exposure risk, since part of the beam path of a normally enclosed, and potentially
very high power beam is likely to be open. The protocol for Setting Up should be
consulted.
ASIGNATURESHEETWILLACTASALISTOFAUTHORISEDUSERSANDARECORDTHATPERSONS
HAVEBEENGIVENINFORMATIONANDAGREETOFOLLOWTHEPROCEDURESLAIDOUT.
SignatureSheet
ThissheetmustbesignedbyallworkersbeforecommencingworkwithClass3B/4lasers.
Bysigningbelow,youconfirmthatyouhavereadthisdocument,youunderstandthe
requirementsandthatyouagreetoabidebytheprotocolsandguidelinescontained
herein.
Name(inblockletters) Signature Date

August2012
29
Appendix5
EXAMPLE2SCHEMEOFWORK(SimpleSetup)
LaserSchemeofWork Class4,3W,635nmDiodeLaser(CW)
inLocation,Department,Premises
Experiments: Photodynamictherapyinvitroandvivo.
Personresponsible: ProfANOther
Authorisedoperatives: ProfANOther
DrLAser
GeneralPrecautions
1. Only the above named personnel are permitted to use this laser. They must be
familiar with the manufacturer's and the Institution's safety information (including
thisSchemeofWork).
2. Whennotinusethekeytothelaser(orothermeansofcontrollingaccess)shouldbe
keptseparatelyfromthelaser,topreventunauthoriseduse.
3. Allbeampathsshallbekeptasshortaspossibleandenclosedwheneverreasonably
practicable.
4. The area in which this laser is used should be a designated laser area, and have the
appropriatewarningnoticeonthedoor.
Specificconsiderationsrelatingtothisexperiment
Thelasershouldbesitedatleast1.1mawayfromthewindow,(NOHDis1.09m)andthe
blindsshouldbeclosed.
Beforeswitchingthelaseron:
1) Thefibreopticheadmustbesecurelymountedandpointingverticallydownontoa
nonreflectivesurface.
2) TheappropriatesafetyeyewearshouldbewornthatgivesatleastOD2.3(L3)at635
nm.Onlythosewearingsafetyeyeweararepermittedintheoperatingarea.
3) The'LaserinUseDoNotEnter'signshouldbepostedontheentrancedoor.
Thelasermustbealignedusingthelowestpracticablepowersetting.
Thelasershouldnotbeleftunattendedunlessaremoteinterlockconnectorlinkedtothe
doorpreventsunauthorisedaccess.
Because of the diverging nature of the beam the eye and skin hazard from these laser
experimentsislow.Theonlyotherhazardidentifiedwiththisworkisfromthecabling.All
cabling should be tied/taped backaway from the operating area to prevent any tripping
hazardanddamagetothealignmentofthefibreoptic.
Copies of this Scheme of Work should be issued to all personnel using the laser, and
shouldalsobepostedinthelaboratory.
DepartmentalLaserSafetyOfficer Date........
August2012
30
Appendix6
SUMMARYOFWARNINGS&PROTECTIVECONTROLMEASURES

CLASS PROTECTIVECONTROLMEASURES
1 Noprotectivecontrolmeasuresfornormaluse(NBspecialprecautionsmay
beneededforserviceworkonembeddedlaserproducts).
1M Prevent direct viewing with magnifying optics. (NB fitting external optics
thatdecreasebeamdivergencemayaffectclassification)+seefootnote
2 Donotstareintobeam.
Donotdirectthebeamatotherpeopleorintopublicareas.
2M Donotstareintobeam
Donotdirectthebeamatotherpeopleorintopublicareas.
Terminatebeamatendofusefulpathwithanonspecularbeamstop.
Prevent direct viewing with magnifying optics. (NB fitting external optics
thatdecreasebeamdivergencemayaffectclassification)+seefootnote
3R Preventdirecteyeexposuretothebeam.
Donotdirectthebeamatotherpeopleorintopublicareas.+seefootnote
3Band4 Class3BandClass4laserproductsshouldnotbeusedwithoutfirstcarrying
out a risk assessment to determine the protective control measures
necessary to ensure safe operation. Where reasonably practicable
engineering means should be used reduce the laser class to a totally
enclosedClass1laserproduct.
TheuseofanyClass3BorClass4laserwithoutaninterlockedenclosurewill
require a written Scheme of Work. Even with an enclosure written
procedures will be necessary if the user is involved in any alignment
proceduresthatrequireoverridingofinterlocks.
Class3BandClass4laserproductsrequirethecontrolofaccesstothearea
wherethelaserisoperatedbytheuseofaremoteinterlock,theuseofkey
control, emission indicators, beam shutters, removal of reflecting surfaces
that could be struck by an errant beam, beam enclosures wherever
practical, the use of eye protection and protective clothing as appropriate,
trainingofstaffandtheappointmentofaLaserSafetyOfficer.
+ Classes 1M, 2M and 3R may also require training of staff, care with beam paths and
specularreflectionsseeBSEN608251andPDIEC/TR6082514formoredetails.
Specialattentionshouldalsobegiventoothernonopticalhazardssuchasriskofelectric
shock,hazardouschemicals,cryogenicliquidsandflyingdebrisfromtargetstonamebut
afew.Itisoftenthenonopticalhazardsthatposethegreatestriskonecouldbeblinded
in one eye from a powerful laser but electrocution could be fatal. Some nonoptical
hazardsmaybepresentwithevenClass1laserproducts.
August2012
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Appendix7
SUMMARYOFBSEN608251
MANUFACTURER'SANDUSERREQUIREMENTS
1 Remoteinterlock
connectionprovidedbythemanufacturerfordooror
enclosureinterlockforClass3BandClass4lasers
2 Safetyinterlocks
requiredforaccesspanelsonClass3R,3Band4laser
systems
3 Keycontrol
akeyorsimilardeviceisrequiredtocontrolunauthorised
operationofClass3BandClass4lasers
4 Emissionindicator
anaudibleorvisibleindicatorshouldbeprovidedbythe
manufacturerforeachClass3Rlaser(exceptwavelengths
400700nm)andeachClass3BandClass4lasersystem
5 Beamstopor
attenuator/shutter
shouldbeprovidedbythemanufacturerforeachClass3B
orClass4lasersystem
6 Beamtermination
theusershouldensurethatallbeampathsareterminated
attheendoftheirusefulpath.(DoesnotapplytoClass1
devices)
7 Beamlevel
avoideyelevel
8 Beamenclosure
toguardagainstspecularreflectionsfromClass3R,Class
3BandClass4laserscanmeananythingfromscreening
theexperimentalareaorpipingthebeamuptoatotal
enclosure.
9 Eyeprotection
requiredforopenbeamworkwithinvisiblebeamClass3R
andallClass3BandClass4devices.
10 Protectiveclothing
mainlyrequiredforClass4lasersbutbecarefulwithClass
3BUVlasersaswell,mayneedfireresistantmaterialfor
somelasers
11 Eyeexaminations
onlyrequiredafteranaccidentbutmaybeimportantto
peoplewithpooreyesightworkingwithClass3BorClass4
lasers
12 Training
requiredforpeopleworkingwithanyClass3orClass4
laserandanymodifiedClass1MorClass2Mdevices.
13 Laserlabels
requiredforalllasersexceptlowpowerClass1(though
neednotbedirectlyaffixedifthesizeofthelaserproduct
doesnotpermitthis)
14 Door/Areasigns
requiredforClass3BandClass4lasersindoorsandalso
forClass1M,2Mand3Rifusedoutdoors
August2012
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APPENDIX8
THESAFEUSEOFLASERPOINTERS
Small lasers are commonly available and some are used for presentation purposes as
pointers.Inthepastlaserpointerswereonlyavailableinredwavelengthsandhadoutput
powersuptoandsometimesover5mW.Nowadaysdevicesareavailableemittinggreen
wavelengths,wheretheeyeismoresensitiveandlowerpowersareallthatisneeded,so
thatlaserpointersnowonlyneedtobeClass2devices(output<1mW).
NB Class1laserproductsarenormallysafe.
Class 2 and Class 3R products are not hazardous under certain conditions,
howevertheycancauseharmtotheeyesparticularlyifthebeamisstaredinto.
Class3Blaserpointersmustnotbeused.
Normally the eye's natural aversion response affords protection to short duration
accidental exposure to Class 2. Class 1 or Class 2 laser pointers are the recommended
choice where a laser pointer is necessary and are the only type that should now be
purchased.
Laserpointersshouldonlybeusedasapointingdeviceandsecurelystoredwhennotin
use. Persons who use laser pointers should ensure that they are aware of potential
hazardsandtheyshouldcomplywiththebasicinstructionsbelow.
Instructionsforuse
Whenoperatinglaserpointers,usersmustensurethattheyusetheminasafemanner
anddonotexposethemselvesorotherstothebeam.Laserpointersarenottobe
modifiedinanyway.

Followthemanufacturer'ssafetyinstructions.
Takecarewhenoperatingthelaserpointer.
Keeptheonbuttondepressedonlywhennecessary.
Donotkeepthe'on'buttondepressedwhennotpointingatthescreen.
Donotpointatortowardstheaudience.
Donotpointatmirroredsurfaces.
Neverlookintothelaseraperture.
Neverlookdirectlyorstareintothebeam/beamaperturewhenon.
Neverallowunauthoriseduse,especiallybychildren.

Furtherguidanceonlaserpointerscanbefoundat:
OntheHPAswebsite
http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733794576
June2012
33
APPENDIX9
EXAMPLEOFEMERGENCYPROCEDURE
FOREXPOSURETOCLASS3BOR4LASER
ReporttoNAMEandADDRESSofagreedA&ECentre(EyeInjuries)assoonaspossibleand
within24hoursoftheincident.
Donotdriveyourself;getafriendorcolleaguetotakeyou.
Outofhours: ContactlocalSecurityorEmergencyServices
i.StateBuildingandDepartment
ii.Locationandnatureofincident/accident
iii.Requestassistancetotakethecasualtytothe****(asabove)
iv.TakethecardbelowtotheHospital
EMERGENCYOPHTHALMICEXAMINATION
LASERExposure
Reportto:
AccidentandEmergencyDepartment,******
Address
Tel:**************
LASERDETAILS:
i.Type: ContinuousWave/Pulsed*
ii.Wavelength: nm
ii.PowerOutput(CW): .
orPulseEnergy,Duration,andRate(pulsed): .
iv.LaserClassification: .
INSTITUTIONNAME
School/Department
.
EXPOSUREDETAILS:
i.Circumstancesofaccident/injury:
ii.Time/DateofInjury
iii.Eyeaffected: Left/Right/Both*
iv.Wereprotectivegogglesbeingworn? Yes/No*
*deleteasappropriate
REPORTACCIDENT/INCIDENTtolocalHEALTHandSAFETYOffice
Ext*******duringnormalhours
Allaccidentsandincidents,whetherinvolvinganemergencyexaminationornot,mustbe
reportedpromptlytotheHealthandSafetyOfficeusingthecurrentInstitution
Accident/IncidentReportForm.
TheLaserSafetyAdviserandSchool/DepartmentalLaserSupervisor/Officermustalsocarry
outadetailedinvestigationoftheaccident/incident.
TheReportingofInjuries,DiseasesandDangerousOccurrences(Amendment)Regulations
2012(SI2012/199)amendtheReportingofInjuries,DiseasesandDangerousOccurrences
Regulations1995(RIDDOR95).Theperiodofincapacitybeforeanemployerisrequiredto
reportaninjuryarisingfromanaccidentatworktotheenforcingauthorityisnow7daysand
theperiodwithinwhichanemployerisrequiredtomakethereportis15days.
August2012
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Appendix10
LASERSIGNSANDLABELS
DESIGNATEDLASERAREAS
ThepointsofaccesstoareasinwhichClass3BorClass4laserproductsareusedmustbe
markedwithwarningsignscomplyingwiththeHealth&Safety(SafetySignsandSignals)
Regulations1996. BSISO38641:2011,Graphicalsymbols.Safetycoloursandsafetysigns.
DesignprinciplesforsafetysignsandsafetymarkingspublishedSeptember2011hasreplaced
BS54991:2002.
Thesignsshallincorporatethefollowinginformation:
1)hazardwarningsymbol
Fortheareasignsthespecificationsarequite
simple 50% of the area should be yellow and the width
oftheblackborderis0.06xthelengthoftheside.
Amoredetailedspecificationisgivenforthesymbolused
inlabels,seespeconinBSEN608251
2)highestclassoflaserinthearea
3)responsiblepersonwithcontactdetails

LASERLABELS
LaserlabelsarerequiredforalllaserproductsexceptforlowpowerClass1devices.Theyare
designed to give a warning of laser radiation, the class of laser, basic precautions and the
laser'scharacteristics.
The laser warning uses the same symbol as for the door sign in an appropriate size for the
lasertobelabelledandshouldbeclearlyvisible.Supplementaryinformationshouldbeblack
textonayellowbackgroundinaccordancewithBSEN608251.
Wherethesizeofthelaserproductdoesnotpermittheaffixingofareasonablysizedlabel,a
sign should be displayed in close proximity to the laser with all appropriate information on.
Information over and above that specified by BS EN 608251 is required for Class 1 products
that are Class 1 by engineering design. For these types of laser product we specify that they
aretotallyenclosedsystemsandgivedetailsofthelaserenclosed.TheBSrequirementisjust
todescribethemontheoutsideasaClass1laserproduct.
Detailsofwordingrequiredonexplanatorylabelsaregivenbelow.
Class1(byengineeringdesign)
Nohazardwarninglabel.
Explanatorylabelbearingthewords: CLASS1LASERPRODUCT
ATOTALLYENCLOSEDLASERSYSTEM
CONTAININGACLASS.....LASER
Inadditioneachaccesspanelorprotectivehousingshallbearthewords:
CAUTIONCLASS....LASERRADIATIONWHENOPEN
withtheappropriateclassinsertedandthenfollowedbythehazardwarningassociatedwith
thatclassoflaser(seewarningstatementsinfollowinglabels).
August2012
35

Class1M
Nohazardwarninglabel.
Explanatorylabelbearingthewords:

NB'OpticalInstruments'canbesupplementedwitheither'BinocularsorTelescopes'(fora
LASER RADIATION
DO NOT VIEW DIRECTLY
WITH OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
CLASS 1M LASER PRODUCT
largediametercollimatedbeam)or'Magnifiers'(forahighlydivergingbeam).
LASER RADIATION
DO NOT STARE INTO BEAM
CLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT
Class2
Labelwithhazardwarningsymbol.

Class2M
LASER RADIATION
DO NOT STARE INTO BEAM OR VIEW
DIRECTLY WITH OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
CLASS 2M LASER PRODUCT
NB'OpticalInstruments'canbesupplementedwitheither'BinocularsorTelescopes'(fora
largediametercollimatedbeam)or'Magnifiers'(forahighlydivergingbeam).
Class3R
For400nm1400nmONLY.
NBForotherreplace'AVOIDDIRECTEYEEXPOSURE'with'AVOIDEXPOSURE
LASER RADIATION
AVOID DIRECT EYE EXPOSURE
CLASS 3R LASER PRODUCT
TOBEAM'

Class3B
LASER RADIATION
AVOID EXPOSURE TO BEAM
CLASS 3B LASER PRODUCT

August2012
36

LASER RADIATION
AVOID EYE OR SKIN EXPOSURE
TO DIRECT OR SCATTERED RADIATION
CLASS 4 LASER PRODUCT
Class4

ApertureLabelsforClass3R,Class3B&Class4lasers
EachClass3R,Class3BandClass4laserproductshalldisplayalabelclosetowherethebeam
is emitted bearing the words 'LASER APERTURE' or 'AVOID EXPOSURE LASER RADIATION IS
EMITTED FROM THIS APERTURE'. This label can take the form of an arrow if this displays
moremeaning:

RadiationOutputandStandardsInformation
LASER
APERTURE
Alllaserproducts,exceptforlowpowerClass1devices,shallbedescribedonanexplanatory
labelwithdetailsof:
maximumoutput
emittedwavelength
whetherlaserbeamisvisible,invisibleorboth
pulseduration(ifappropriate)
nameandpublicationdateofclassificationstandard
Itmaybefoundusefultoalsoputonthelabelsdetailsofthetypeoflaserandthelasing
medium,althoughthisisnotaBSrequirement.
Informationputonexplanatorylabelsmaybecombined.
August2012
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Appendix11
OPTICALHAZARDSANDBIOLOGICALEFFECTSOFLASERRADIATION
Penetrationoflaserradiationintotheeye

NB Short pulsed high peakpower laser beams are particularly hazardous to the eye,
especially at wavelengths that reach the retina, as they deliver a lot of energy in a short
periodoftimethatcancauseirreversibledamage.Nearinfraredlasersarealsoparticularly
hazardous because you can't see the beam but it could be focused on the retina and you
wouldonlybeawareofitafterdamagehasbeencaused.
Penetrationoflaserradiationintotheskin

August2012
38
Ingeneral,theskincantolerateagreatdealmoreexposurethantheeyeandlessresearchhas
been done on damage mechanisms. All wavelengths of laser output with sufficient power
densitycancausesurfaceburnsoftheskinandwithhighpoweredClass4laserstherecould
benowarningofthisoccurring.Nearinfraredlasersareagainofparticularconcernbecause
they are more penetrating and can reach the subcutaneous layer and UV lasers are also of
concernbecauseofthelongtermriskofdevelopingskincancer.

Summaryofbiologicaleffectsassociatedwithexcessiveexposuretoopticalradiation
CIESpectralRegion+EyeSkin

CIESpectralregion
+ Eye Skin
UltravioletC
(180 280 )
UltravioletB
(280nmto315nm)
Photokeratitis
Erythema(sunburn)
Acceleratedskinageingprocess
Increasedpigmentation
UltravioletA
(31 00 )
Photochemical
Visible
(400nmto780nm)
Photochemicaland
thermalretinal
Pigmentdarkening
Photosensitivereactions
InfraredA
(780nmto1400nm)
Cataract,retinal
burn
InfraredB
(1.4mto3.0m)
Aqueousflare,
cataractcorneal
burn
InfraredC
(3.0mto1mm)
Cornealburnonly
Skinburn
+
The spectral regions defined by the CIE are shorthand notations useful in describing
biological effects and may not agree perfectly with spectral breakpoints in the MPE
tables.

MoredetailedinformationonbiologicaleffectscanbefoundinAnnexBtoBSEN608251.
ThisisalsorepeatedasAnnexCtoPDIEC/TR6082514:2004.
August2012
39
Appendix12
RESOURCES&LINKS
Informationsources
FurtherinformationonlasersafetycanbefoundfromaccessingtheHealthProtectionAgency
website.LookforthebroadsheetLasersatWorkwhichmakesausefulposter.
HPAHomeTopicsRadiationUnderstandingRadiationInformationSheetsLaserPointers
GuidanceonlaserpointersfromtheHPAwebsite.
TheInternationalCommissiononNonIonisingRadiationProtection(ICNRP)hasauseful
bibliographyofrecentpublicationsonopticalsafetymanyofwhichcanbefreelydownloaded.
http://www.icnirp.org/pubOptical.htm
IfitisintendedtouselasersoutdoorsonemustconsulttheCivilAviationAuthority(CAA)
guidelines:
http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP736.PDF
Health&SafetyExecutive(HSE)informationandguidanceonnonionisingradiation:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/radiation/nonionising/index.htm
Health&SafetyExecutive(HSE)hasproducedguidancetohelpdutyholdersdecidewhether
theyarealreadyprotectingtheirworkersorwhethertheyneedtodomoreunderthenew
regulations.
GuidanceforEmployersontheControlofArtificialOpticalRadiationatWorkRegulations
(AOR)2010
Inaddition,theEuropeanCommissionnonbindingguidetogoodpracticeforimplementing
Directive2006/25/ECcoversapplicationsposingminimalriskandprovidesguidanceon
others.Anassessmentmethodologyissetoutandoutlinesmeasurestoreducehazardsand
checkforadversehealtheffects.ThispublicationisavailableinelectronicformatinallEU
officiallanguages.
AnonbindingguidetotheArtificialOpticalRadiationDirective2006/25/EC
Personalprotectiveequipmentatwork(Secondedition)
PersonalProtectiveEquipmentatWorkRegulations1992(asamended).Guidanceon
Regulations.L25.Publisher:HSEBooks,2005.

August2012
40
LaserSafetyEquipmentandSoftware
BFiOptilasmarketarangeoflasers,powermeters,opticalcomponents,lasersafetyeyewear,
laserguardsetcandalsoofferanadviceservice.Informationontheirproductscanbefound
at:http://www.bfioptilas.com/
Lasermetsellanextensiverangeoflasersafetyproductsandlasersafetysoftware.Theyalso
offeradesignandsafetyconsultancyservice.Alotofusefulinformationcanbefoundon
theirsiteat:http://www.lasersafety.co.uk/
LaserPhysicsUKmarketarangeoflasersafetyeyewear,powermeters,opticalcomponents,
safetybarriers,curtainsandblindsandlasersafetysoftware.
Detailscanbefoundat:http://www.laserphysicsuk.com
Thisisnotanexhaustivelistandmembersmaywishtorecommendotherentriesforthis
section.
August2012
41
Appendix13
TRAININGRECORDFORMAUTHORISEDLASERUSER
Researcher
Roomnumber
Lasersused ....
....
....
...

___________________________________________________________________

AttendedInstitutiontraininglecture
RegisteredasInstitutionlaseruser
ReadInstitutionPolicy/Guidanceforlasersafety
Familiarwithallhazardswithinthelaboratoryandthelaboratory'sriskassessment
Trainedinuseoflasersnamedabove
FamiliarwithlaserSchemesofWork
___________________________________________________________________________
SIGNED
Researcher Date
Supervisor Date
RETURNTHISFORMTOYOURDLSO

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If a surveyreveals noncompliancewith BS EN60825 and a potentially dangerous situation, the

If reasonably practicable, undergraduate work should be restricted to Class 1/1M, 2/2M or

Studentsinvolvedinprojectworkandworking withClass3BorClass4 lasersshouldbetreated

10. CONTROLLING THE RADIATION SAFETY OF DISPLAY LASER

Laser1 Laser2 Laser3

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