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Chapter 32: An Overview of Animal Diversity

Term Definition
Animal multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues
that develop from embryonic layers
Tissues groups of cells that have a common structure,
function, or both; collections of specialized cells
isolated from other tisues by membranous layers
Cleavage rapid cell division undergone by the zygote after a
sperm fertilizes an egg
Blastula multicellular, hollow; formed from the cleavage
Gastrulation undergone by the blastula; forms a gastrula with
different layers of embryonic tissues
Larva sexually immature and morphologically distinct
from the adult; eventually undergoes
metamorphosis
Juvenile resembles an adult, but is not yet sexually mature
Hox genes that regulate the development of body form;
can produce a wide diversity of animal
morphology
Choanoflagellates may have resemblance to common ancestors of
living animals; protists that are the closest living
relatives of animals
Neoproterozoic Era (1 billion 542 million years ago)
Ediacaran biota included in the early members of the animal fossil
record; dates from 565 to 550 million years ago
Paleozoic Era (542 251 million years ago)
Cambrian explosion (535 to 525 million years ago) marks the earliest
fossil reappearance of many major groups of living
animals

Several hypotheses regarding the cause of the
Cambrian explosion and decline of Ediacaran
biota:

- New predator-prey relationships
- A rise in atmospheric oxygen
- The evolution of the Hox gene complex
Mesozoic Era (251 65.5 million years ago) coral reefs
emerged; ancestors of plesiosaurs were reptiles
that returned to the water; dinosaurs were the
dominant terrestrial vertebrates; the first mammals
emerged; flowering plants and insects diversified
Cenozoic Era (65.5 million years ago to the present) beginning
followed mass extinctions of both terrestrial and
marine animals which included the large, nonflying
dinosaurs and the marine reptiles; mammals
increased in size and exploited vacated ecological
niches; global climate cooled
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Body plan a set of morphological and developmental traits
Radial symmetry no front and back, or left and right
Bilateral symmetry two-sided symmetry; often move actively and
have a central nervous system
Dorsal top
Ventral bottom
Anterior head
Posterior tail
Cephalization development of a head
Sessile planktonic; drifiting or weakly swimming
Ectoderm germ layer covering the embryos surface
Endoderm innermost germ layer and lines the developing
digestive tube (archenteron)
Diploblastic have ectoderm and endoderm; include cnidarians
and comb jellies
Triploblastic have an intervening mesoderm layer; include all
bilaterans
Body cavity possessed by most triploblastic animals
Coelom a true body cavity; derived from mesoderm
Coelomates animals that possess a true coelom
Pseudocoelom a body cavity derived from mesoderm and
endoderm
Pseudocoelomates triploblastic animals that possess a
pseudocoelom; belong to the same grade as
coelomates
Acoelomates triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity
Grade a group whose members share key biological
features; not necessarily a clade. An acestor and
all of its descendants
Protostome development cleavage is spiral and determinate; splitting of
solid masses of mesoderm forms the coelom
Deuterostome development Cleavage is radial and indeterminateeach cell
in the early stages of cleavage retains the
capacity to develop into a complete embryo;
makes possible identical twins, and embryonic
stem cells; mesoderm buds from the wall of the
archenteron to form the coelom
Blastopore forms during gastrulation and connects the
archenteron to the exterior of the gastrula;
becomes the mouth in protosome development;
becomes the anus in deuterosome development
Eumetazoa a clade of animals with true tissues
Bilaterians most animal phyla belonging to the clade Bilateria;
the morphology-based tree divides bilaterians into
deuterostomes and potostomes; molecular studies
indicate bilaterian clades Deuterostomia,
Ecdysozoa, and Lophotrochozoa
Deuterostomia chordates and some other phyla
Ecdysozoans shed their exoskeleton through a process called
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ecdysis
Lophopore feeding structure of some lophotrochozoans
Trochophore larva distinct developmental stage