The wonderful adventures of Bos Indicus across Eurasia

/
I already observed in a previous post that in northern Mesopotamia, in the area of Mitanni, we
find signs of the presence of Bos indicus in the 2nd millennium BC, which could be
a significant clue of the Indian origins of the Mitanni rulers (along with the appearance of the
peacock, as we will tell in a net post!" But we did not epect to find signs of the #ebu even in
$kraine% But this is what I discovered reading a site about Baltic languages and their affinities
with &anskrit" 'here I found a link to a study by (antanen et al" of 2))* about bovine
haplogroups which can be read in a full form" 'his is from the abstract+
,ere, we provide mt-./ information on previously uncharacterised 0urasian breeds and present
the most comprehensive 12chromosomal microsatellite data on domestic cattle to date" 3"""4 'he
mt-./ data indicates that the $krainian and Central /sian regions are #ones where hybrids
between taurine and #ebu (B" indicus! cattle have eisted" 'his #ebu influence appears to have
subse5uently spread into southern and southeastern 0uropean breeds"
It is already an impressive incipit" 'hen, in the introduction, we read+
/nalyses of mitochondrial -./ (mt-./! -2loop se5uences and 12chromosome2specific
polymorphisms (such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertion6deletion mutations and
microsatellites! have indicated that humpless taurine (Bos taurus! and humped #ebu cattle (B.
indicus! have clearly distinguishable mt-./ and 12chromosomal haplotypic profiles (7oftus et
al. , 8**9: Bradley et al. , 8**;: ,anotte et al. , 8**<: Mannen et al. , 2))9: =>therstr>m et al. ,
2))?: 7i et al. , 2))<b!" 'his observation points towards two independent domestication events
from genetically differentiated aurochs (B. primigenius! populations for the two basic taa of
domestic cattle" 'he modern 0uropean and northern /sian domestic cattle are of humpless
taurine type and descend from the aurochs populations domesticated 8) ))) years ago in the
.ear 0astern region ('roy et al. , 2))8: 0dwards et al. , 2))<a!" ,owever, in some areas of the
0urasian continent, phenotypically humpless cattle are known to have been influenced by
historical admiture from #ebu cattle" @ne of such cattle breeds is the Mongolian cattle
/In this contet, we can also cite a study by Chen et al" of 2)8) about the origins of the
#ebu, affirming that Aboth the I8 and I2 haplogroups within the northern part of the Indian
subcontinent is consistent with an origin for all domestic #ebu in this area" Bor haplogroup I8,
genetic diversity was highest within the Indus Calley among the three hypothesi#ed
domestication centers (Indus Calley, =anges, and &outh India!" 'hese data support the Indus
Calley as the most likely center of origin for the I8 haplogroup and a primary center of #ebu
domestication"A In ,arappan sites, remains of Bos indicus are very rich, and also images of its
bull are fre5uent on the seals, like here on the right, and its presence is already attested from the
first period of Mehrgarh, as confirmed by Darrige in an article from Eragdhara 8F+
AOsteological studies as well as clay fgurines indicate that zebu cattle (Bos
indicus) is well attested in Period I and became most probably the dominant
form. Mehrgarh provides us therefore with a clear evidence of an indigenous
domestication of the outh !sian zebu."
#ut let$s go bac% to our article on bovine genetics. &oing into detail' we
discover from (able ) that there are * +,-.! (paternal) haplogroups in Ira/
belonging to the zebu and one in the #ushuev cattle. (he Ira/i haplogroups'
as we have seen' are not surprising' because they can be connected with the
appearance of Bos indicus in Mesopotamia in the second millennium #0' and
probably there were also other occasions in history for the importation of
zebus in Ira/. !bout the #ushuev cattle' it is a recent breed1 it "originated in
the &olodnaya teppe' yr -arya and &ulistan districts of yr -arya region
of the 2zbe% 3. 4...5 (he founder herd was formed at the farms of the
6edens%i and &olodnaya teppe e7perimental station' set up during )89:,);
by M.M. #ushuev. (he local zebu cattle were crossed with -utch and wiss
#rown bulls and some immentals and the best crosses were bred inter se."
(see here). &o, from this B/@ site we learn that in the steppes around the &yr -arya, in
present $#bekistan, there is traditionally a Glocal #ebu cattleG" But from the cited study on the
origins of #ebu we learn that #ebu is present in a great part of Central /sia ((a#akhstan,
(yrgy#stan, 'urkmenistan, and /fghanistan!, and also in @man (an area in close commercial
relation with the Indus Calley! and 'urkey, besides Ira5" But from the B/@ site we also discover
that it is present also in 'urkmenistan and 'aHikistan, and we find even their history+
'he Central /sian (or 'urkestan! #eboid is, in fact, a crossbred nearly humpless population that
carries the blood of local cattle in the 'urkmen, $#bek, and 'aHik republics" 'he male has a small
hump and the female is humpless" It was obtained by crossing local cattle with the Iranian #ebu
as early as the <th or Fth century /"-" 'he influence of the Iranian #ebu on local cattle continued
until the 8<th century or even later" /t the same time, in some regions of the 'urkmen &&I
adHacent to Iran, there are some animals with eternal characteristics which are typical of #ebu"
'hese animals have all the traits and 5ualities of the species and are known as the (horosan and
&eistan #ebu breeds"
o' in eastern Iran there are ancient zebus' and archaeology tells us that in
eistan "zebu bones and fgurines are attested in great /uantities at the site
of hahr,i o%hta in the period c. <899,<=99 #0" (see here). >owever' it is
not possible that the zebu arrived in 0entral !sia in the ?th century' because
it is already present in various images of the #M!0 civilization of the <nd
millennium #0' but it was there also earlier' as is proved in the same
@!O page somewhat above1
/ particularly important role in determining the time when #ebu first appeared in Central /sia is
assigned to the archaeological ecavations at (aunchip ($#bekistan!" C"I" =romova (8*9)!
writes+ A.oteworthy is the presence of #ebu, which is confirmed by the finding of the bifid
spinous process of a thoracic vertebra of a young animal: no other ungulate animal ecept #ebu
has such a bifid spinous processA" 'his find permits us to assume that the true #ebu appeared in
Central /sia during J))) to 2?)) years B"C" It also confirms the view once epressed by
Brederiks who believed that #ebu had appeared in 'urkestan before they came to Mesopotamia or
at least they spread into the two regions at the same time"
!nd this page reveals something more about the !zerbaiAani zebu1
'here are grounds for believing that #ebus were raised on the territory of the present2day
/#erbaiHan 9)))29?)) years ago" -uring the ecavations of a stone burial ground in the vicinity
of the city of 7enkoran the Brench archaeologist Dac5ues -e Morgan unearthed and described a
uni5ue round seal of black and grey agate depicting a humped #ebu bull covered with dense hair"
'his he dated to 2?))22))) B"C" 'he ecavations carried out by personnel of the Institute of
,istory (/cademy of &ciences of the /#erbaiHan &&I! at 0ddi 'epe (or &even ,ills! in the
Bea#ulin district have produced numerous finds, including two bron#e figures of a humped #ebu"
/nother rare find unearthed at 0ddi 'epe is an elegant ring made of some precious metal, with a
fine drawing depicting a #ebu" It is currently ehibited in the Museum of /ncient Culture of
/#erbaiHan" 'hese finds, which are believed to date to the middle of the first millennium /"-",
confirm that #ebu with various types of humps were widely spread in the past on the territory of
the present2day /#erbaiHan &&I"
'he same Dac5ues -e Morgan visited the area of =KlLn (see here!, in the &outh Caspian
Iran, which, from a period following the mid22nd millennium BC, has given very clear figurines
of #ebus, particularly at Marlik, as is shown from the image below, including a model of #ebu
oen with yoke and plough" It is interesting that the Iussian archaeologist (urochkin compared
the Marlik royal cemetery with Mitanni and Cedic customs (the use of placing mortar, pestle and
wagon in the tomb!, and even the form of Marlik mortars and pestles with the 7inga and 1oni of
G,indu shrinesG (see here!"
/
&o, J)))22?)) BC there were #ebus in $#bekistan, 2*))22?)) BC in &eistan, 2?))22)))
BC (but this date maybe should be confirmed, since it comes from the estimate of -e Morgan at
the beginning of the 2)th century! in /#erbaiHan, Caucasus, after 8<)) BC in northern
Mesopotamia, after 89)) BC in ,ittite /natolia (see here!"
Mho brought these animals out of &outh /sia at such an early ageN Is it only a matter of trade or
should we think to a movement of peopleN Is it a coincidence that the areas of #ebu breeding are
placed in the historical regions of Indo2/ryans and Iranians between .orthern India, Central
/sia and Iran, and in Mest /sia are strongly connected with the Mitanni kingdom ruled by Indo2
/ryansN
But letGs go on with our genetic study by (antanen et al" !bout the mt-.!' @igure I tells
us that there is one haplogroup belonging to zebu in the !la,(au breed' and
one in 2%rainian Bhitehead and #ushuev. Brom the B/@ page, we learn that A/la2'au
cattle were created on farms of the (irgi# and (a#akh Iepublics by crossing local (irgi#
((a#akh! cattle with the &wiss Brown and selection of the crosses" 'he breed was formed in the
piedmont areas of the Oaili /la2'au"A &o, again Central /sia" 'he Bushuev is a repetition, but
what about the $krainian MhiteheadN In the B/@ page, we read+ AIn recent years the distribution
and use of #ebus and #eboids have considerably epanded" 'hey have spread to the $kraine,
=eorgia, the /ltai and (rasnodar territories, -agestan, (a#akhstan and the non2blackearth #one
of the Iussian Bederation"A &o, is this simply a recent arrivalN (antanenGs genetic study has a
different story to tell+
'his study suggests that the $krainian and the Central /sian regions belong to hybrid #ones
where taurine2#ebu crossbreds have eisted" 'he admitured nature of these breeds has not
previously been reported (-mitriev and 0rnst, 8*F*: Belius, 8**?!" 'he indicus mt-./
haplotype found in the modern $krainian Mhitehead cattle may descend from ancient &teppe
cattle, which were upgraded with 0uropean bulls to establish the $krainian Mhitehead breed
(-mitriev and 0rnst, 8*F*!" &imilar kinds of longhorn and grey cattle are found in southeast and
southern 0urope, such as Maremmana, ,ungarian =rey and Modicana, collectively termed as
Eodolian breeds (Belius, 8**?!" &tudies of nuclear genetic markers have suggested that the
genetic influence from #ebu is evident in breeds of the Eodolian group (Eieragostini et al. , 2))):
Cymbron et al. , 2))?!" 'he detected genetic influence from #ebu cattle in the Eodolian cattle
appears to originate, at least partly, from ancient &teppe cattle" /ccording to 0pstein and Mason
(8*F9!, longhorn grey2white cattle populated southern, southeastern and Central 0urope from the
Iussian southern steppe regions more than thousand years ago" Moreover, we postulate that the
globally famous Dersey cattle have an intrinsic origin in these ancient southern Iussian steppe
cattle, which is supported by our 12chromosomal data indicating genetic affinity between the
Dersey and the &erbian Eodolian cattle"
Puite striking" &o, Bos indicus has secretly crossed the Channel and reached Dersey Island
and =reat Britain in the -./ of Dersey cattle""" / study cited above, by Cymbron, reports+
In the present study, B. indicus influence in 0urope was measured systematically using E//s"
'hese were found at low fre5uencies in some 0uropean breeds (figure J!" 'he average fre5uency
of B. indicus E//s is higher in Mediterranean breeds (;"<Q! than in the rest of 0urope (?"8Q
without outliers!" Mithin the Mediterranean, the average fre5uencies of B. indicus E//s in Italy
is the highest (F"8Q!" 'he =reek &ykia breed is intermediate (;"JQ! and the average fre5uency in
Eortugal is ?"9Q" 'he highest absolute values are found in two Italian breeds+ Maremanna (F"8Q!
and Modicana (8)"FQ!" Interestingly, a percentage of individuals of the Modicana breed have
bifid processes in the last thoracic vertebrae, traditionally considered a B. indicus anatomical
characteristic (=rigson 2)))!"
/

'he Modicana breed is in 0astern &icily, the Maremmana (photo above! in &outhern 'uscany,
and it is connected with the 0truscans, who, according to ,erodotus and recent genetic
studies, came from /natolia" 'here is even a genetic study showing that five bovine breeds
which can be connected with 0truscans, and one of &icily (Cinisara!, have strong affinities with
/natolian and .ear 0astern breeds" &trangely, from that study the Modicana breed and other
Italian Eodolian breeds appear as 5uite far from .ear 0astern breeds, and close to Mestern breeds
like Charolais and &immenthal" /ctually, there is the theory that the Modicana breed was brought
by the .ormans from continental 0urope" Maybe, it comes from a crossbreed between a
previous #eboid breed of /natolian or =reek or /rab origin and a Brench breed"
'he study by Cymbron et al" tries to eplain all the #ebu -./ in 0urope as coming from
/natolia, but it is not necessary+ it may also come from Central /sian &teppes in different
periods+ the first period could be the arrival of Indo20uropeans through $kraine" In this contet,
archaeology should give more details"
'hen, the presence of #ebu genes and representations in /sia and 0urope seems to be a
promising ground of research, and certainly a confirmation that there was an
important movement from &outh /sia to the Mest" It is difficult to think that this movement was
only of cattle without herders, particularly where we find strong archaeological and historical
signs of a common culture" / very recent genetic study on the human populations of /fghanistan
has shown a high presence (around 2)Q! of surely Indian 12-./ haplogroups (72M2), ,2M;*,
and I2a2M829! in Eashtun and 'aHiks there, not to speak of I8a8a which can also come
from India and Indus Calley" It has also shown that AB/'MI.= results indicate that the /fghan
populations split from Iranians, Indians and 0ast 0uropeans at about 8)"; kya (*?Q CI <,8))6
8?,F2?!, which marks the start of the .eolithic revolution and the establishment of the farming
communities"A /nd we know that in Mehrgarh, Baluchistan, Bos indicus was domesticated from
the beginning of .eolithic"

/ctually, scholars have always thought of Indo20uropeans as the people of the horse and
searched for horses in order to find Indo20uropeans" But they were also, and I would say
more, the people of the cow and the o, as is shown from the root g
uu
au/2g
uu
ou-+ &anskrit go-,
/vestan gu-, 'ocharian keu /ko, /rmenian kov, 7ithuanian govs, =erman Kuh, Irish b, all for
GcowG, /lbanian ka/kau, =reek RS T, Go, cowG, 7atin bs, bovis, Croatian and &erbian vo, GoG"
'herefore, letGs look more at Bos indicus and taurus for finding the traces of Indo20uropeans%


Eosted by =iacomo Benedetti at 8?+J9 //
7abels+ ,arappan archaeology, indo2europeans
18 comments:
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Anonmous8J /pril 2)82 28+9F
'his is a shocker% .o one i think before this post have tried to reveal the gravity of Cows
among Indo2european cultures in such manner"
Certainly the spread of Oebu across whole eurasia is very significant as it again signals
the highly probable migration out of &outh /sia to the whole 0urasia and other parts%
1es we were most fond of ,orse2Indoeuropean connection but as we have found before
the emergence of &cythians UF))b"c" ,orses were probably only used as a mode of
transportation and as food%
'he Iikved have no verse describing people riding horses% 'hey only gave that
impression to the devas like /swins, &urya,Indra etc% &o the warification of the mammal
for humans was a far fetch in Iikvedic times which happend many generations after and
ofcourse how can we forget the clear notion of ,orses having uncanny J9 ribs in Iikved,
the notion which can only be connected with the /rabian horse domesticated from
.eolithic times"
Many gratitudes for Hoining the dots"
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!iacomo Benedetti 89 /pril 2)82 8)+J8
1ouGre welcome%+! In the Bron#e age horses were used mainly with chariots, also in
Mycenean =reece for instance" 'he myth of the Centaurs has been eplained as a foreign
(nomadic! population riding horses, who were seen like a monstrous unity of man and
horse""" 'his is also the situation in the Iigveda" /ccording to the Cedic Inde, riding in
battle is not mentioned, however riding is mentioned in few passages (I"8;J"*: C";8"2!"
/nyway, one of the passages cited, I"8;2"8<, is probably wrong, since the word (pLrs VnVi!
translated as GheelG by =riffith, as something that can have hurt the horse, in the
Mahabharata is Gthe etremity of the fore2ale to which the outside horses of a four2horse
chariot are attachedG" &o, horses were normally used with chariots, for races and battles,
and this kind of use of the horse spread in the .ear 0ast in the II mill" BC, particularly
with the Indo2/ryan GMaryanniG warriors"""
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"ir#har$$% 8* Duly 2)82 );+22
=iacomo, / maHor paper on Iranian y2dna by =rugni et al"
http+//www"plosone"org/article/infoQJ/doi
Q2B8)"8J<8Q2BHournal"pone"))982?2:HsessionidW9*/</00J);;J?/J2FC<B/0
?JJ</*))B)
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Anonmous2J /pril 2)82 )2+9?
&o are you suggesting that horses in Middle2east were introduced as ridable and as a war
weapon by Cedic similar MitanniansN 7ike the trainer (ikkuliN If its the case then
&cythians canGt be credited as originators of its warification by riding them in wars"
'here is a nother thing and it is about the cow, as you know many /rya scripts like
Mahabharata, Manu, Iikved etc mentions Cow as a valuable food% But today its a taboo
as the cow is holy and symbol of /himsa% though cow from Iikvedic times were
precious and if i am not wrong there is a verse also in IC which says to protect and to not
eat the animal%
&o what is the dealN Is no2beef of todays aryas was a direct effect from brother cultures
like Dainism and Buddhisms atmost support on nonviolence or the thought was there from
the seed and overcame the otherN
E"s" Dainism is a mysterious religion and also 5uite ancient isnGt itN+2-"
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!iacomo Benedetti 2J /pril 2)82 89+J9
/bout the first 5uestion, no, I donGt suggest that horses were used for riding by the
Mitanni and Maryanni, but with chariots, also in war" 'he &cythians instead had to ride
because in the steppes and prairies itGs more practical+ actually, it is 5uite difficult to
accept that the light chariot could be brought from the steppes, since it needs roads and
clean ground%
/bout the cow, already in the Iigveda she was called X2ghnyL Gnot to be killedG" But in
Cedic tets there are often mentions of eating of bovine meat (including the cow, dhenu,
see the Cedic Inde! and bovine sacrifice, but probably the o was used normally and not
the cow (when there is mention of go2 it is ambiguous!" In ,arappan sites we have many
bovine bones as eating remains"
&o, probably the taboo of killing the cow was already there from Cedic times, because it
was seen as the mother, source of milk, but surely not of oen" 'here is a significant &utta
(Brahmanadhammikasutta, &uttanipata! in Eali verses, where the Buddha says to old
Brahmins that in ancient times cows where not sacrificed, but when Brahmins started to
desire to eat their meat, they asked the king @kkaku (Ikshvaku! to sacrifice them" Brom
the contet it seems implicit that the old Brahmins knew the concept of the sanctity of the
cow, but that it was commonly sacrificed at that time"
I have now found a book visible online on the subHect of the Gholy cowG
(http+//books"google"fr/booksN
idWCP)9;MF'<IkCYprintsecWfrontcoverYhlWitZvWonepageY5YfWfalse!, but probably
you know it"
In Dainism and Buddhism the principle of /himsa anyway is not particularly for cows"
,istorical Dainism arose at the time of the Buddha, ,e was a younger contemporary of
Mahavira, but Hain traditions about previous 'irthankaras like Earshva and .emi may
have some bases"
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Anonmous2J /pril 2)82 28+99
&plendid% &eeing your vast gyaan of our culture i clearly say you deserve the title of
A=uru of 'ruthful IndologyA (no kidding!, so its confirmed that the holy cow concept and
not eating the beef has its origins from the seed the Iikved" /bout Dainism some say It is
old as to the time of &&C/ICC do you agreeN
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&cogitation 29 /pril 2)82 2)+9<
/nother thought + it would be interesting to know
how #ebu traveled to europe"" from south of the caspian and black sea or from north of itN
If it traveled from south most likely it is through trade, if north"""then there is possibility
that people migrated with it, spreading new agricultural technology"
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!iacomo Benedetti 2? /pril 2)82 )J+2<
-ear /nonymous, thank you for the flattering epithet :!, about beef eating I didnGt say itGs
already prohibited in the Iigveda, in the Cedas it seems that there is not such a
prohibition at all" 1ou can see here the Cedic Inde, at the entry GMLmVsaG+
http+//archive"org/details/vedicindeofname)2macduoft
/bout Dainism, I think we donGt have bases for saying that it is old as the &&C, and I have
the impression that it is rooted in the area of Bihar, although .eminath is connected by
Dain tradition with (athiawar and (rishna, who is, for me, at the end of the 7ate
,arappan period" /ctually, the ascetic movement to which Dainism belongs appears to be
connected with the age of the $panishads, but itGs true that already in the late Iigveda
(["8J;! we have the Muni (with long hair, not like Dains!, and in the Mahabharata a Muni
and 1ogin like Daigishavya, adherent of Mokshadharma, is placed some generations
before the battle, so maybe in the [CI century BC"
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!iacomo Benedetti 2? /pril 2)82 89+J?
/bout the 5uestion of [cogitation, I find that it is well posed" But we could not eclude
that also from /natolia there were migrations towards the west, the case of the 0truscans
is significant, and also the Iomans had the myth of /eneas migrating from 'roy to
7atium" /ctually, around the 82)) BC there were probably many migrations in the
Mediterranean, because of the crisis of the states of the .ear 0ast, particularly the ,ittite
0mpire+ itGs the age of the G&ea EeoplesG" In Italy we have the Eroto2villanovan culture
connected with metals+ populations from /natolia, advanced in metalurgy, came in Italy
in search of metals, and they could bring with them /natolian cattle"
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&cogitation 2; /pril 2)82 8J+22
1ou mentioned about (ampilya and it seems that its city plan is similar to -holvira"""this
is ama#ing" Interactions with you are really letting me know many new things"
/lso another thought that come to mind from sea people" 'here could be three routes of
connections across indo2european languages"
&outh of the the two inland seas ( Caspian, black sea!, .orth of it""""""
or may be across it"
Mhat are the possibilities that similar to Mediterranean sea, Black &ea and Caspian sea
would be hub of intercultural trade"
If Banana cultivation could spread from south east asia to africa, then what role these
inland seas were playing in ancient tradesN
.o matter what indo2european homeland theory one may profess, these seas come right
in the middle of activity with many historically important rivers flowing in them ( volga,
dniper, -anube, historically amu daryaN !
&o similar to port facing the arabian sea ( dholvira, dwaraka etc!"""one need to find what
important cities are there related to these inland seas"
If historically mahabharata, ramayana are reliable, then probably &hahnameh wouldd also
throw some light"
$ndersea archeology of these seas would probably in future , one may find new things"
e" Bamous city of -arbent ( daraband ! in Iussian dagestan or &ari the port city in
iran""""
also ,ow is Diroft civili#ation/ shahr2e 2sokhta is related to &hahnamehN
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"ir#har$$% 2; /pril 2)82 28+8<
1es that is true but later aryas thought that Ais it really needed to eat the meat of a noble
and valuable animalNA the answer was no"
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!iacomo Benedetti 2< /pril 2)82 89+)8
&hahnameh is certainly a very rich poem, but it is 5uite late, around 8))) C0, then I think
that it should be compared with the /vestan sources, which are the first we have for Iran,
and certainly very interesting for reconstructing their ancient history" &ome figures of
/vesta and &hahnameh can be easily compared with Cedic figures, like 1ama, 'rita and
(avi" /bout Diroft and &hahr2e2sokhta, it is possible that they are part of the Iranian
civili#ation, it is interesting that on Diroft vases we have clearly #ebus""" but are you
somewhat connected with Iranian culture, [cogitationN
/bout the Black and Caspian sea, it is a good 5uestion, but I donGt know the
archaeological situation" /bout the black &ea, I could say that it was an area of diffusion
of =reek civili#ation in the age of the second coloni#ation (F))2;)) BC!" But it doesnGt
seem that big movements of people happened through that sea" 'here is also an important
theory that the Black sea appeared 5uite late (?;)) BC! due to the overflow of the
Mediterranean sea, submerging many settlements and forcing people to flee to other areas
like the -anube valley and Mesopotamia"
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!iacomo Benedetti 2< /pril 2)82 89+)F
/bout .irHharGs comment, it is interesting that it seems that also for Iomans beef was not
normally eaten, someone says because it was sacred and only used for sacrifices, others
say because oen were used for agriculture"
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2F /pril 2)82 22+J8
Monderful article and comments"
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"ir#har$$% 2F /pril 2)82 ))+8*
1es the case of the Iomans is interesting and some also suggest that due to the hot
climate a big mammals meat was 5uite difficult to obtain"
http+//www"classicsunveiled"com/romel/html/romefood"html
.ot Hust ,indus their fellow Ooroastrians also donGt prefer it much due to the legend of
Cow saving their master at childhood and some Chinese also disagrees to kill the
mammal for meat as for its agricultural importance"
http+//en"wikipedia"org/wiki/'aboo\food\and\drinkZCattle
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89"
AnonmousJ) /pril 2)82 )8+2J
/ good deal of work in a neglected but vital area of research" More detailed studies of bos
indicus dna in europe and India may also tell us when the dna arrived" was it a historical
roman era, copper/bron#e age or neolithic"
'he latest commercial tests on human I8a y haplogroup reveal a more apparently
parsimonious distribution of r8a in europe vs south asia" /s usual south asia is
inade5uately sampled so the picture remains ha#y" 'here appears to be deep split between
the r8a clades of europe and India ruling out recent migration"
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8?"
"ir#har$$% < May 2)82 28+)8
'here is a very recent and interesting paper on the horse domestication issue%+
http+//www"pnas"org/content/early/2)82/)?/)2/88888228)*"abstractNsidW2?ccba;;2cJ;a2
9d<;2ba822e)eda*?f9e;d
http+//www"eurekalert"org/pub\releases/2)822)?/uoc2mot)?)982"php
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8;"
pconro 2< Dune 2)82 89+)*
'here is also the Italian breed known as Iomagnola, see here+
https+//encrypted2tbn8"google"com/imagesN5Wtbn+/.d*=cIHb2
sm-i*.\okBdi?t<y1;Mwnyn.*r9OF=t@7(l9OFB7c,I2ln*/
'he breed was formed by crossing .orthern Italian cattle with those brought by the
invading @strogoths, originally in the Crimean area and &outh Mest $kraine+
http+//www"ansi"okstate"edu/breeds/cattle/romagnola/inde"htm
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http1CCnew,indology.blogspot.inC<9)<C9*Cwonderful,adventures,of,bos,indicus.html