Q.1 Journalize the following relating to April 2009:
Particulars Rs. 1. R. started business with 1,00,000 2. He purchased furniture for 20,000 3. Paid salary to his clerk 1,000 4. Paid rent 5,000 5. Received interest 2,000
Solution: Date Particulars Ledger Folio Debit Amount (Rs) Credit Amount (Rs) 1 Cash A/c Dr 100,000 To Capital A/c
100,000 2 Furniture A/c Dr 20,000 To Cash A/c
20,000 3 Salary A/c Dr 1,000 To Cash A/c
1,000 4 Rent A/c Dr 5,000 To Cash A/c
5,000 5 Cash A/c Dr 2,000 To Interest A/c
2,000
Q.2 Journalize transactions of M/s X & Co. for the month of March 2009 on the basis of double entry system: 1. X introduced cash Rs. 4,00,000. 2. Cash deposited in the Citibank Rs. 2,00,000. 3. Cash loan of Rs. 50,000 taken from Y. 4. Salaries paid for the month of March 2009, Rs. 30,000 and Rs. 10,000 is still payable for the month of March 2009. 5. Furniture purchased Rs. 50,000.
Solution: Date Particulars Ledger Folio Debit Amount (Rs) Credit Amount (Rs) 1 Cash A/c Dr 400,000 To Captial (X) A/c 400,000 2 Bank A/c Dr 200,000 To Cash A/c 200,000 3 Cash A/c Dr 50,000 To Y A/c 50,000 4 Salary A/c Dr 40,000 To Cash A/c 30,000 To Outstanding Salary A/c 10,000 5 Furniture A/c Dr 50,000 To Cash A/c 50,000
Q.3 Journalize the following transactions. 1. December 1, 2008, Ajit started-business with cash Rs. 4,00,000. 2: December 3, he paid into the bank Rs. 20,000. 3. December 5, he purchased goods for cash Rs. 1,50,000. 4. December 8, he sold goods for cash Rs. 60,000. 5. December 10, he purchased furniture and paid by cheque Rs. 50,000. 6. December 12, he sold goods to Arvind Rs. 40,000. 7. December 14, he purchased goods from Amrit Rs. 1,00,000. 8. December 15, he returned goods to Amrit Rs. 50,000. 9. December 16, he received from Arvind Rs. 39,600 in full settlement. 10. December 18, he withdrew goods for personal use Rs. 10,000. 11. December 20, he withdrew cash from business for personal use Rs. 20,000. 12. December 24, he paid telephone charges Rs. 10,000. 13. December 26, cash paid to Amrit in full settlement Rs. 49,000. 14. December 31, paid for stationery Rs. 2,000, rent Rs. 5,000 and salaries to staff Rs. 20,000. 15. December 31, goods distributed by way of free samples Rs. 10,000. 16. December 31, wages paid for erection of Machinery Rs. 80,000. 17. Personal income tax liability of X of Rs. 17,000 was paid out of petty cash of business. 18. Purchase of goods from Naveen of the list price of Rs. 20,000. He allowed 10% trade discount, Rs. 500 cash discount was also allowed for quick payment.
Solution: Date Particulars Ledger Folio Debit Amount (Rs) Credit Amount (Rs) 1-Dec-08 Cash A/c Dr 400,000 To Capital A/c 400,000 3-Dec-08 Bank A/c Dr 20,000 To Cash A/c 20,000 5-Dec-08 Purchase A/c Dr 150,000 To Cash A/c 150,000 8-Dec-08 Cash A/c Dr 60,000 To Sales A/c 60,000 10-Dec-08 Furniture A/c Dr 50,000 To Bank A/c 50,000 12-Dec-08 Arvind A/c Dr 40,000 To Sales A/c 40,000 14-Dec-08 Purchase A/c Dr 100,000 To Amrit A/c 100,000 15-Dec-08 Amrit A/c Dr 50,000 To Purchase Returns A/c 50,000 16-Dec-08 Cash A/c Dr 39,600 Discount A/c Dr 400 To Arvind A/c 40,000 18-Dec-08 Drawings Dr 10,000 To Purchase A/c 10,000 20-Dec-08 Drawings Dr 20,000 To Cash A/c 20,000 24-Dec-08 Telephone A/c Dr 10,000 To Cash A/c 10,000 26-Dec-08 Amrit A/c Dr 50,000 To Cash A/c 49,000 To Discount A/c 1,000 31-Dec-08 Stationery A/c Dr 2,000 Rent A/c Dr 5,000 Salary A/c Dr 20,000 To Cash A/c 27,000 31-Dec-08 Advertising A/c Dr 10,000 To Purchase A/c 10,000 31-Dec-08 Machinery A/c Dr 80,000 To Cash A/c 80,000 31-Dec-08 Drawings Dr 17,000 To Petty Cash A/c 17,000 31-Dec-08 Purchase A/c Dr 18,000 Discount A/c Dr 500 To Cash A/c 17,500
Q 4 Transactions of Ramesh for April are given below. Journalize them.
2009 Rs. April 1 Ramesh started business with 1,00,000 April 2 Paid into bank 70,000 April 3 Bought goods for cash 5,000 April 5 Drew cash from bank for credit 1,000 April 13 Sold to Krishna goods on credit 1,500 April 20 Bought from Shyam goods on credit 2,250 April 24 Received from Krishna 1,450 Allowed him discount 50 April 28 Paid Shyam cash 2,150 Discount allowed 100 April 30 Cash sales for the month 8,000 Paid Rent 500 Paid Salary 1,000
Solution: Date Particulars Ledger Folio Debit Amount (Rs) Credit Amount (Rs) 1-Apr Cash A/c Dr 100,000 To Capital (X) A/c 100,000 2-Apr Bank A/c Dr 70,000 To Cash A/c 70,000 3-Apr Purchase A/c Dr 5,000 To Cash A/c 5,000 5-Apr Cash A/c Dr 1,000 To Bank A/c 1,000 13-Apr Krishna A/c Dr 1,500 To Sales A/c 1,500 20-Apr Purchase A/c Dr 2,250 To Shyam A/c 2,250 24-Apr Cash A/c Dr 1,450 Discount A/c Dr 50 To Krishna A/c 1,500 28-Apr Shyam A/c Dr 2,250 To Discount A/c 100 To Cash A/c 2,150 30-Apr Cash A/c Dr 8,000 To Sales A/c 8,000 Rent A/c Dr 500 Salary A/c Dr 1,000 To Cash A/c 1,500
Assignment II Ledger
Q. 1 Prepare the Stationery Account of a firm for the year ended December 31, 2008: 2008 Particulars Rs. January 1 Stock in hand 480 April 5 Purchase of stationery by cheque 800 November 15 Purchase of stationery on credit from Five Star Stationery Mart 1,280 December 31 Stock in hand 240
Solution: Stationery A/c Date Particulars
Amount (Rs) Date Particulars Amount (Rs) 1-Jan To Balance b/d
480 5-Apr To Bank A/c
800 15-Nov To Five Star Stationery Mart
1,280
By Profit and Loss A/c 2,320 31-Dec By Balance c/d 240
2,560 2,560
Q.2 Prepare a ledger from the following transactions in the books of a trader Debit Balance on January 1, 2008: Cash in Hand Rs. 8,000, Cash at Bank Rs. 25,000, Stock of Goods Rs. 20,000, Building Rs. 10,000. Sundry Debtors: Vijay Rs. 2,000 and Madhu Rs. 2,000. Credit Balances on January 1, 2008: Sundry Creditors: Anand Rs. 5,000. Following were further transactions in the month of January 2008: January 1 Purchased goods worth Rs. 5,000 for cash less 20% trade discount and 5% cash discount. January 4 Received Rs. 1,980 from Vijay and allowed him Rs. 20 as discount. January 8 Purchased plant from Mukesh for Rs. 5,000 and paid Rs. 100 as cartage for bringing the plant to the factory and another Rs. 200 as installation charges. January 12 Sold goods to Rahim on credit Rs. 600. January 15 Rahim became insolvent and could pay only 50 paise in a rupee. January 18 Sold goods to Ram for cash Rs. 1,000.
Solution: Cash A/c Date Particulars
Amount (Rs) Date Particulars Amount (Rs) 1-Jan To Balace b/d
8,000 1-Jan By Purchase A/c
3,800 4-Jan To Vijay A/c
1,980 8-Jan To Plant & Machinery A/c
300 15-Jan To Rahim A/c
300 18-Jan To Ram A/c
1,000 31-Jan By Balance c/d
7,780
11,580
11,580
Bank A/c Date Particulars
Amount (Rs) Date Particulars Amount (Rs) 1-Jan To Balance b/d
25,000 31-Jan By Balance c/d
25,000
25,000
25,000
Purchase A/c Date Particulars
Amount (Rs) Date Particulars Amount (Rs) 1-Jan To Balance b/d
20,000 1-Jan To Cash A/c
3,800 1-Jan To Discount A/c
200 31-Jan By Balance c/d
24,000
24,000
24,000
Building A/c Date Particulars
Amount (Rs) Date Particulars Amount (Rs) 1-Jan To Balance b/d
10,000 31-Jan By Balance c/d
10,000
10,000
10,000
Vijay A/c Date Particulars
Amount (Rs) Date Particulars Amount (Rs) 1-Jan To Balance b/d
2,000 4-Jan By Cash A/c
1,980 4-Jan By Discount A/c
20
2,000
2,000
Madhu A/c Date Particulars
Amount (Rs) Date Particulars Amount (Rs) 1-Jan To Balance b/d
2,000 31-Jan By Balance c/d
2,000
2,000
2,000
Anand A/c Date Particulars
Amount (Rs) Date Particulars Amount (Rs) 1-Jan By Balance b/d
5,000 31-Jan To Balance c/d
5,000
5,000
5,000
Discount A/c Date Particulars
Amount (Rs) Date Particulars Amount (Rs) 1-Jan By Purchase A/c
200 4-Jan To Vijay A/c
20 31-Jan To Balance c/d
180
200
200
Mukesh A/c Date Particulars
Amount (Rs) Date Particulars Amount (Rs) 8-Jan By Plant & Machinery A/c
5,000 31-Jan To Balance c/d
5,000
5,000
5,000
Sales A/c Date Particulars
Amount (Rs) Date Particulars Amount (Rs) 12-Jan By Rahim A/c
600 18-Jan By Cash A/c
1,000 31-Jan To Balance c/d
1,600
1,600
1,600
Rahim A/c Date Particulars
Amount (Rs) Date Particulars Amount (Rs) 12-Jan To Sales A/c
600 15-Jan By Cash A/c
300 15-Jan By Bad Debt A/c
300
600
600
Plant & Machinery A/c Date Particulars
Amount (Rs) Date Particulars Amount (Rs) 8-Jan To Mukesh A/c
5,000 8-Jan To Cash A/c
300 31-Jan By Balance c/d
5,300
5,300
5,300
Bad Debt A/c Date Particulars
Amount (Rs) Date Particulars Amount (Rs) 15-Jan To Rahim A/c
300 31-Jan By Balance c/d
300
300
300
Q. 3 The following data is given by Mr. S, the owner, with a request to compile only the two personal accounts of Mr. H and Mr. R, in his ledger, for the month of April 2008. 1 Mr. S owes Mr. R Rs. 15,000; Mr. H owes Mr. S Rs. 20,000. 4 Mr. R sold goods worth Rs. 60,000 @ 10% trade discount to Mr. S. 5 Mr. S sold to Mr. H goods prices at Rs.30,000. 17 Record purchase of Rs. 25,000 net from R, which were sold to H at profit of Rs. 15,000. 18 Mr. S rejected 10% of Mr. Rs goods of 4 th April. 19 Mr. S issued a cash memo for Rs. 10,000 to Mr. H who came personally for this consignment of goods, urgently needed by him. 22 Mr. H cleared half his total dues to Mr. S, enjoying a % cash discount (of the payment received, Rs. 20,000 was by cheque). 26 Rs total dues (less Rs. 10,000 held back) were cleared by cheque, enjoying a cash discount of Rs. 1,000 on the payment made. 29 Close Hs Account to record the fact that all but Rs. 5,000 was cleared by him, by a cheque, because he was declared bankrupt. 30 Balance Rs Account.
Solution:
Mr H A/c Date Particulars
Amount (Rs) Date Particulars Amount (Rs) 1-Apr To Balance b/d
20,000 5-Apr To Sales A/c
30,000 17-Jan To Sales A/c
40,000 22-Apr By Cash A/c
24,775 22-Apr By Discount A/c
225 22-Apr By Bank A/c
20,000 29-Apr By Bank A/c
40,000 29-Apr By Bad Debt A/c
5,000
Mr R A/c Date Particulars
Amount (Rs) Date Particulars Amount (Rs) 1-Apr By Balance b/d
15,000 4-Apr By Purchase A/c
54,000 17-Jan By Purchase A/c
25,000 18-Apr To Purchase returns A/c
5,400 To Bank A/c
77,600 To Discount A/c
1,000 To Balance c/d
10,000
Assignment III Trial Balance
Q. 1 Given below is a ledger extract relating to the business of X and Co. as on March 31, 2009. You are required to prepare the Trial Balance. Cash Account Dr. Cr. Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs. To Capital A/c 10,000 By Furniture A/c 3,000 To Rams A/c 25,000 By Salaries A/c 2,500 To Cash Sales 500 By Shyams A/c 21,000 By Cash Purchases 1,000 By Capital A/c 500 By Balance c/d 7,500 35,500 35,500 Furniture Account Dr. Cr. Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs. To Cash A/c 3,000 By Balance c/d 3,000 3,000 3,000 Salaries Account Dr. Cr. Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs. To Cash A/c 2,500 By Balance c/d 2,500 2,500 2,500 Shyams Account Dr. Cr. Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs. To Cash A/c 21,000 By Purchases A/c (Credit Purchases) 25,000 To Purchase Returns A/c 500 To Balance c/d 3,500 - 25,000 25,000 Purchases Account Dr. Cr. Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs. To Cash A/c (Cash Purchases) 1,000 By Balance c/d 26,000 To Sundries as per Purchases Book (Credit Purchases) 25,000
- 26,000 26,000 Purchases Returns Account Dr. Cr. Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs. To Balance c/d 500 By Sundries as per Purchases Return Book 500 500 500 Rams Account Dr. Cr. Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs. To Sales A/c (Credit Sales) 30,000 By Sales Returns A/c 100 By Cash A/c 25,000 By Balance c/d 4,900 30,000 30,000 Sales Account Dr. Cr. Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs. To Balance c/d 30,500 By Cash A/c (Cash Sales) 500 By Sundries as per Sales Book (Credit sales) 30,000 30,500 30,500 Sales Returns Account Dr. Cr. Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs. To Sundries as per Sales Return Book 100
By Balance c/d 100 100 100 Capital Account Dr. Cr. Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs. To Cash A/c 500 By Cash A/c 10,000 To Balance c/d 9,500 - 10,000 10,000
Solution: Trial Balance X and Co. as on March 31, 2009 S. No. Ledger Account L.F. No. Debit Amount (Total) Rs Credit Amount (Total) Rs 1. Cash Account
7,500 2. Furniture Account
3,000 3. Salaries Account
2,500 4. Shyam's Account
3,500 5. Purchases Account
26,000 6. Purchase Returns Account
500 7. Ram's Account
4,900 8. Sales Account
30,500 9. Sales Returns Account
100 10. Capital Account
9,500
44,000
44,000
Q.2 From the following ledger balances, prepare a trial balance of Anuradha Traders as on March 31, 2009: Account Head Rs. Capital 1,00,000 Sales 1,66,000 Purchases 1,50,000 Sales return 1,000 Discount allowed 2,000 Expenses 10,000 Debtors 75,000 Creditors 25,000 Investments 15,000 Cash at bank and in hand 37,000 Interest received on investments 1,500 Insurance paid 2,500
Solution: Trial Balance Anuradha Traders as on March 31, 2009 S. No. Ledger Account L.F. No. Debit Amount (Total) Rs Credit Amount (Total) Rs Capital
25,000 Investments 15,000 Cash at bank and in hand 37,000 Interest received on investments
1,500 Insurance paid 2,500
292,500
292,500 Q.3 One of your clients, X has asked you to finalize his accounts for the year ended March 31, 2009. Till date, he himself has recorded the transactions in books of accounts. As a basis for audit, X furnished you with the following statement. Dr. Balance Cr. Balance Xs Capital 1,556 Xs Drawings 564 Leasehold premises 750 Sales 2,750 Due from customers 530 Purchases 1,259 Purchases return 264 Loan from bank 256 Creditors 528 Trade expenses 700 Cash at bank 226 Bills payable 100 Salaries and wages 600 Stock (1.4.2008) 264 Rent and rates 463 Sales return 98 5,454 5,454 The closing stock on March 31, 2009 was valued at Rs. 574. X claims that he has recorded every transaction correctly as the trial balance is tallied. Check the accuracy of the above trial balance.
Solution: Trial Balance of X as on March 31, 2009 S. No. Ledger Account L.F. No. Dr. Balance Cr. Balance Xs Capital 1,556 Xs Drawings 564 Leasehold premises 750 Sales 2,750 Due from customers 530 Purchases 1259 Purchases return
264 Loan from bank 256 Creditors 528 Trade expenses 700 Cash at bank 226 Bills payable 100 Salaries and wages 600 Stock (1.4.2008) 264 Rent and rates 463 Sales return 98
5,454 5,454
Assignment IV Final Accounts
Q.1 From the following information, prepare a Trading Account of M/s. ABC Traders for the year ended March 31, 2009: Rs. Opening Stock 1,00,000 Purchases 6,72,000 Carriage Inwards 30,000 Wages 50,000 Sales 11,00,000 Returns inward 1,00,000 Returns outward 72,000 Closing stock 2,00,000
Solution: Trading Account of M/s. ABC Traders for the year ended March 31, 2009 Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Opening Stock
100,000 Sales
1,100,000 Purchases
672,000 Less: Return Inwards
(100,000) Less: Return Outwards
(72,000) Carriage Inwards
30,000 Wages
50,000 Gross Profit
420,000 Closing Stock
200,000
1,200,000
1,200,000
Q.2 Revenue expenses and gross profit balances of M/s ABC Traders for the year ended on March 31, 2009 were as follows: Gross Profit Rs. 4,20,000, Salaries Rs. 1,10,000, Discount (Cr.), Rs. 18,000, Discount (Dr.) Rs. 19,000, Bad Debts Rs. 17,000, Depreciation Rs. 65,000, Legal Charges Rs. 25,000, Consultancy Fees Rs. 32,000, Audit Fees Rs. 1,000, Electricity Charges Rs. 17,000, Telephone, Postage and Telegrams Rs. 12,000, Stationery Rs. 27,000, Interest paid on Loans Rs. 70,000. Prepare Profit and Loss Account of M/s ABC Traders for the year ended on March 31, 2009.
Solution: P&L Account of M/s ABC Traders for the year ended on March 31, 2009 Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Salaries
110,000 Gross Profit
420,000 Discount (Dr)
19,000 Discount (Cr)
18,000 Bad Debts
17,000 Depreciation
65,000 Legal Charges
25,000 Consultancy Fees
32,000 Audit Fees
1,000 Electricity Charges
17,000 Telephone, Postage & Telegrams
12,000 Stationery
27,000 Interest paid on loans
70,000 Net Profit
43,000
438,000
438,000
Q.3 Mr. X submits you the following information for the year ended March 31, 2009: Rs. Stock as on April 1, 2008 1,50,000 Purchases 4,37,000 Manufacturing expenses 85,000 Expenses on sale 33,000 Expenses on administration 18,000 Financial charges 6,000 Sales 6,25,000 Gross profit is 20% of sales. Compute the net profit of Mr. X for the year ended March 31, 2009. Also prepare Trading & Profit & Loss A/c.
Solution: Trading Account of Mr X for the year ended on March 31, 2009 Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Opening Stock
150,000 Sales
625,000 Purchases
437,000 Manufacturing Expenses
85,000 Gross Profit
125,000 Closing Stock
172,000
797,000
797,000 P&L Account of Mr X for the year ended on March 31, 2009 Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Expenses on Sale
33,000 Gross Profit
125,000 Expenses on administration
18,000 Financial charges
6,000 Net Profit
68,000
125,000
125,000 Q.4 A book keeper has submitted to you the following trial balance of X wherein the total of debit and credit balances is not equal: Particulars Debit Balances Rs. Credit Balances Rs. Capital - 7,670 Cash in hand - 30 Purchases 8,990 - Sales - 11,060 Cash at bank 885 - Fixtures & fittings 225 - Freehold premises 1,500 - Lighting and heating 65 - Bills receivable - 825 Returns inwards - 30 Salaries 1,075 - Creditors - 1,890 Debtors 5,700 - Stock (1.1.2008) 3,000 - Printing 225 - Bills payable 1,875 - Rates, taxes and insurance 190 - Discounts received 445 - Discounts allowed - 200 24,175 21,705 You are required to: (i) Redraft the Trial Balance correctly. (ii) Prepare a Trading and Profit and Loss Account and a Balance Sheet after taking into account the following adjustments: (a) Stock in hand on 31.12.2008 was valued at Rs. 1,800 (b) Depreciate fixtures and fittings by Rs. 25. (c) Rs. 350 was due and unpaid in respect of salaries. (d) Rates and insurance had been in paid in advance to the extent of Rs. 40.
Solution: Trial Balance of X S. No. Ledger Account L.F. No. Dr. Balance Cr. Balance Capital
7,670 Cash in hand
30
Purchases
8,990
Sales
11,060 Cash at bank
885
Fixtures & fittings
225
Freehold premises
1,500
Lighting and heating
65
Bills receivable
825
Returns inwards
30
Salaries
1,075
Creditors
1,890 Debtors
5,700
Stock (1.1.2008)
3,000
Printing
225
Bills payable
1,875 Rates, taxes and insurance
190
Discounts received
445 Discounts allowed
200
22,940
22,940 Trading Account of Mr X for the year ended December 31,2008. Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Stock (1.1.2008.)
3,000 Sales
11,060 Purchases
8,990 Less: Return Inwards
(30) Gross Profit
840 Stock (31.12.2008.)
1,800
12,830
12,830 P&L Account of Mr X for the year ended December 31,2008. Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Depreciation F&F
25 Gross Profit
840 Outstanding Salaries
350 Discount received
445 Rates, taxes & Insurance
190 Less: Advance
(40) Lighting & Heating
65 Salaries
1,075 Printing
225 Discount allowed
200 Net Profit
(805)
1,285
1,285 Balance Sheet of Mr X as on December 31,2008. Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Reserves & Capital Fixed Assets Capital
7,670 Fixtures & Fittings
225 Net Profit
(805) Less: Depreciation
(25) Liabilities Freehold premises
1,500 Creditors
1,890 Current Assets Bills Payable
1,875 Cash in hand
30 Outstanding Salaries
350 Cash at bank
885 Bills receivable
825 Debtors
5,700 Stock
1,800
Advance rates & insurance
40
10,980
10,980
Q.5 The following is trial balance extracted from the books of X as on 31 March 2009: Debit Amount Rs. Credit Amount Rs. Capital Account - 1,00,000 Plant and Machinery 78,000 - Furniture 2,000 - Purchases and Sales 60,000 1,27,000 Returns 1,000 750 Opening stock 30,000 - Discount 425 800 Sundry Debtors/Creditors 45,000 25,000 Salaries 7,550 - Manufacturing wages 10,000 - Carriage outwards 1,200 - Provision for doubtful debts - 525 Rent, rates and taxes 10,000 - Advertisements 2,000 - Cash 6,900 - 2,54,075 2,54,075 Prepare trading and profit and loss account for the year ended 31 March 2009 and a balance sheet on that date after taking into account the following adjustments: (a) Closing stock was valued at Rs. 34,220. (b) Provision for doubtful debts is to be kept at Rs. 500 (c) Depreciate plant and machinery @ 10% p.a. (d) The proprietor has taken goods worth Rs. 5,000 for personal use and additionally distributed goods worth Rs. 1,000 as samples. (e) Purchase of furniture Rs. 920 has been passed through purchases book.
Solution: Trading Account of Mr X for the year ended March 31, 2009. Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Opening Stock
30,000 Sales
127,000 Purchases
60,000 Less: Sales Returns
(1,000) Less: Purchase Returns
(750) Provision for doubtful debts
25 Less: Furniture
(920) Less: Drawings
(5,000) Less: Advertisement
(1,000) Manufacturing Wages
10,000 Gross Profit
67,915 Closing Stock
34,220
160,245
160,245 P&L Account of Mr X for the year ended March 31, 2009. Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Dicount allowed
425 Gross Profit
67,915 Salaries
7,550 Discount received
800 Carriage Outwards
1,200 Deprecitation P&M
7,800 Rent, rates & taxes
10,000 Distributed goods
1,000 Advertisements
2,000 Net Profit
38,740
68,715
68,715
Balance Sheet of Mr X as on March 31,2009. Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Reserves & Capital Fixed Assets Capital
100,000 Plant & Machinery
78,000 Net Profit
38,740 Less: Depreciation
(7,800) Less: Drawings
(5,000) Furniture
2,000 Add: Provision
920 Liabilities Current Assets Creditors
25,000 Stock
34,220 Debtors
45,000
Less: Provision for doubtful debts
(500) Cash
6,900
158,740
158,740
Q.6 From the following trial balance and other information prepare profit and loss account for the year ended 31 March 2009 and a balance sheet on that date: Debit Rs. Credit Rs. Xs Capital Account - 10,00,000 Withdrawals of goods for personal use 1,000 - Balance at bank 1,76,000 - Motor Vehicle 1,50,000 - Debtors and Creditors 2,94,000 2,30,000 Printing and stationery 6,600 - Gross Profit - 5,71,400 Provision for doubtful debts - 5,000 Bad debts 11,400 - Freehold premises 8,00,000 - Repairs to Premises 47,600 - General Reserve - 2,00,000 Proprietors remuneration 20,000 - Stock 2,80,000 - Delivery expenses 99,000 - Administrative expenses 1,31,400 - Rates and taxes 15,000 - Drawings 1,00,000 - Unpaid wages - 1,600 Last Year Profit and Loss Account Balance - 1,24,000 21,32,000 21,32,000 Adjustments (i) Depreciation on Motor Vehicles @ 50% (ii) Creditors include a claim for damages of Rs. 30,000 and which was settled by paying Rs. 20,000. (iii) Rates paid in advance Rs. 3,000. (iv) Provision for bad debts is to be reduced to Rs. 3,500. (v) The item of repairs to premises includes Rs. 20,000 for acquisition of capital asset. (vi) Stock of stationery in hand on 31 March 2009 is Rs. 2,200.
Solution: P&L Account for the year ended March 31, 2009. Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Bad Debts
11,400 Gross Profit
571,400 Repair to premises
47,600 Discount for damages paid
10,000 Less: Capital expense
(20,000) Provison for bad debts
1,500 Proprietor's remuneration
20,000 Delivery expenses
99,000 Administrative expenses
131,400 Rates & taxes
15,000 Less: Rates paid in advance
(3,000) Depreciation on Motor Vehicles
75,000 Printing & stationery
6,600 Less: adjustments
(2,200) Net Profit
202,100
582,900
582,900
Balance Sheet as on March 31, 2009. Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Capital
1,000,000 Motor Vehicle
150,000 Less: Drawings
(1,000) Less: Depreciation
(75,000) Less: Drawings
(100,000) Freehold premises
800,000 General Reserve
200,000 Add: Capital asset
20,000 P&L balance
124,000 Balance at Bank
176,000 Net Profit Less: Damage settlement 202,100 (20,000) Creditors
230,000 Stock of Stationery
2,200 Less: damages settlement
(30,000) Stock
280,000 Unpaid Wages
1,600 Debtors
294,000
Less: Provision for doubtful debts
(3,500) Rates paid in advance
3,000
1,626,700
1,626,700
Q.7 The following trial balance has been extracted from the books of Ms. X. Prepare the final accounts for the year ended 31 March 2009 and a balance sheet on that date: Debit Rs. Credit Rs. Drawings 35,000 - Buildings 60,000 - Debtors and creditors 50,000 80,000 Returns 3,500 2,900 Purchases and sales 3,00,000 4,65,000 Discount 7,100 5,100 Life insurance 3,000 - Cash 30,000 - Stock (opening) 12,000 - Bad debts 5,000 - Reserve for bad debts - 17,000 Carriage inwards 6,200 Wages 27,700 Machinery 8,00,000 Furniture 60,000 Salaries 35,000 Bank commission 2,000 Bills receivable/payable 60,000 40,000 Trade expenses/Capital 13,500 9,00,000 15,10,000 15,10,000 Adjustments: (i) Depreciate building by 5%; furniture and machinery by 10% p.a. (ii) Trade expenses Rs. 2,500 and wages Rs. 3,500 have not been paid as yet. (iii) Allow interest on capital at 5% p.a. (iv) Make provision for doubtful debts at 5%. (v) Machinery includes Rs. 2,00,000 of a machine purchased an 31 December 2008. Wages include Rs. 5,700 spent on the installation of machine. Stock on 31 March 2009 was valued at Rs. 50,000.
Solution: Trading Account of Mr X for the year ended March 31, 2009. Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Opening Stock
12,000 Sales
465,000 Purchases
300,000 Less: Sales Returns
(3,500) Less: Purchase Returns
(2,900) Reserve for bad debt
14,500 Trade expenses
13,500 Unpaid trade expenses
2,500 Wages
27,700 Less: Installation charges
(5,700) Carriage Inwards
6,200 Unpaid wages
3,500 Gross Profit
169,200 Closing Stock
50,000
526,000
526,000 P&L Account of Mr X for the year ended March 31, 2009. Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Dicount allowed
7,100 Gross Profit
169,200 Salaries
35,000 Discount received
5,100 Depreciation building
3,000 Depreciation furniture
6,000 Depreciation machinery
65,143 Bank Commission
2,000 Interest on Capital
45,000 Bad Debts 5,000 Net Profit
6,058
174,300
174,300 Balance Sheet of Mr X as on March 31, 2009. Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Capital
900,000 Buildings
60,000 Less: Drawings
(35,000) Less: Depreciation
(3,000) Less: Life Insurance
(3,000) Machinery
800,000 Interest on Capital
45,000 Add: Provision
5,700 Less: Depreciation
(65,143) Net Profit
6,058 Furniture
60,000 Less: Depreciation
(6,000) Creditors
80,000 Stock
50,000 Bills Payable
40,000 Debtors
50,000
Less: Provision for bad debts
(2,500) Unpaid Trade expenses
2,500 Bills Receivable
60,000 Unpaid wages
3,500 Cash
30,000
1,039,058
1,039,058
Q.8 The following is the Trial Balance of X on 31 March 2009: Debit Rs. Credit Rs. Capital - 8,00,000 Drawings 60,000 - Opening Stock 75,000 - Purchases 15,95,000 - Freight on Purchases 25,000 - Wages (11 months upto 28-2-2009) 66,000 - Sales - 23,10,000 Salaries 1,40,000 - Postage, Telegrams, Telephones 12,000 - Printing and Stationery 18,000 - Miscellaneous Expenses 30,000 - Creditors - 3,00,000 Investments 1,00,000 - Discounts Received - 15,000 Debtors 2,50,000 - Bad Debts 15,000 - Provision for Bad Debts - 8,000 Building 3,00,000 - Machinery 5,00,000 - Furniture 40,000 - Commission on Sales 45,000 - Interest on Investments - 12,000 Insurance (Year up to 31-7-2009) 24,000 - Bank Balance 1,50,000 - 34,45,000 34,45,000 Adjustments: (i) Closing Stock Rs. 2,25,000. (ii) Machinery worth Rs. 45,000 purchased on 1-10-08 was shown as Purchases. Freight paid on the Machinery was Rs. 5,000, which is included in Freight on Purchases. (iii)Commission is payable at 2% on Sales. (iv) Investments were sold at 10% profit, but the entire sales proceeds have been taken as Sales. (v) Write off Bad Debts Rs. 10,000 and create a provision for Doubtful Debts at 5% of Debtors. (vi) Depreciate Building by 2% p.a. and Machinery and Furniture at 10% p.a. Prepare Trading and Profit and Loss Account for the year ending 31 March 2009 and a Balance Sheet as on that date.
Solution: Trading Account of Mr X for the year ended March 31, 2009. Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Opening Stock
75,000 Sales
2,310,000 Purchases
1,595,000 Less: Proceeds from investments
(110,000) Less: Purchase of Machinery
(45,000) Freight on purchases
25,000 Less: Freight on purchase of machinery
(5,000) Wages
66,000 Outstanding wages
6,000 Gross Profit
708,000 Closing Stock
225,000
2,425,000
2,425,000 P&L Account of Mr X for the year ended March 31, 2009. Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Depreciation: Building
7,500 Gross Profit
708,000 Depreciation: Furniture
4,000 Discount Received
15,000 Depreciation: Machinery
52,500 Intereset on investments
12,000 Salaries
140,000 Proceeds from investments
10,000 Postage, telegrams & telephones
12,000 Printing & Stationery
18,000 Miscellaneous Expenses
30,000 Insurance 24,000 Less: Prepaid Insurance
(8,000) Commission on Sales
45,000 Outstanding commission on Sales
10,000 Bad Debts
15,000 Add: Write off
10,000 Provision for bad debts
4,000 Net Profit
381,000
745,000
745,000 Balance Sheet of Mr X as on March 31, 2009. Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Capital
800,000 Machinery
500,000 Less: Drawings
(60,000) Add: Purchase of machinery
45,000 Net Profit
381,000 Add: Freight on purchase of machinery
5,000 Less: Depreciation
(52,500) Building
300,000 Less: Depreciation
(7,500) Furniture
40,000 Less: Depreciation
(4,000) Bank Balance
150,000 Stock
225,000 Investments
100,000 Outstanding commission on Sales
10,000 Less: Sale of investments
(100,000) Outstanding wages
6,000 Debtors
250,000 Less: Write off bad debts
(10,000) Creditors
300,000 Less: Provision for bad debts
(12,000) Prepaid Insurance
8,000
1,437,000
1,437,000
Assignment V - Financial Statement Analysis Q.1 From the following particulars relating to AB Co. prepare a Balance Sheet as on 31.12.2009: Fixed assets / turnover ratio 1:2 Debt collection period Two months Gross profit 25% Consumption of raw materials 40% of cost Stock of Raw materials 4 months consumption Finished goods 20% of turnover at cost Fixed Assets to Current Assets 1:1 Current Ratio 2:1 Long Term loan to current Liability 1:3 Capital to Reserve 5:2 Value of Fixed Assets Rs. 10,50,000 Solution: Fixed Assets = Rs. 10,50,000 Fixed assets / turnover ratio = Fixed assets / Sales =1:2 Sales = Rs 21,00,000 Fixed assets / current assets = 1:1 Current assets = Rs 10,50,000 Gross Profit = 25% * Sales Gross Profit = Rs 5,25,000 Cost of Goods Sold = Sales Gross Profit Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) = Rs 15,75,000 Consumption of raw material = 40% * COGS Consumption of raw material = Rs 6,30,000 Stock of raw material = COGS /12 *4 Stock of raw material = Rs 2,10,000 Finished goods = 20% * COGS Finished goods = Rs 3,15,000 Debt Collection Period = Average debtors * 12 / Net Credit Sales Average Debtors = Net credit Sales/12 * debt collection period Average debtors = Rs 21,00,000 * 2/12 Average debtors = Rs 3,50,000 Current ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities = 2 :1 Current Liabilities = Rs 5,25,000 Long term loan to current liability = 1: 3 Long term loan = Rs 1,75,000 Total Assets = Fixed Assets + Current Assets = Rs 21,00,000 Total Liabilities = Rs 21,00,000 Networth = ESC + R&S = Total Liabilities Current Liabilities Long Term Debt Networth = 21,00,000 - 5,25,000 - 1,75,000 Capital + Reserves & Surplus = Rs 14,00,000 Capital to Reserves = 5:2 Capital = Rs 10,00,000 Reserves = Rs 4,00,000 Balance Sheet of AB Co. as on 31.12.2009 Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Shareholders Funds Capital Reserves Current Liabilities Long Term Debt Rs 14,00,000
Current Assets Debtors Stock of raw material Finished Goods Cash (B.f.) Rs 10,50,000
Rs 10,50,000 Rs 3,50,000 Rs 2,10, 000
Rs 3,15,000 Rs 1,75,000 Total Liabilities Rs 21,00,000 Total Assets Rs 21,00,000
Q.2 From the following particulars prepare the Balance Sheet of A Ltd.: Current Ratio 1.50 Current Assets/Fixed Assets 1:2 Fixed Assets to turnover 1:1 Gross Profit 25% Debtors Velocity 2 months Creditors Velocity 2 months Stock Velocity 3 months Debt equity ratio 2:5 Working Capital Rs. 2,00,000 Solution: Working Capital = Current Assets Current Liabilities = Rs 2,00,000 Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities => Current Assets = Rs 6,00,000 => Current Liabilities = Rs 4,00,000 Current Assets to Fixed Assets = 1: 2 Fixed Assets = Rs 12,00,000 Total Assets = Total Liabilities = Rs 18,00,000 Fixed Assets to Turnover = 1:1 Turnover = Sales = Rs 12,00,000 Gross Profit = 25* Sales = Rs 4,00,000 Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) = Rs 9,00,000 Debtors Velocity = 2 months Debtors = 12,00,000 /12 *2 = Rs 2,00,000 Creditors Velocity = 2 months Creditors = Rs 9,00,000 /12 * 2 = Rs 1,50,000 Stock Velocity = 3 months Stock = Rs 9,00,000 /12 * 3 = Rs 2,25,000 Debt to Equity Ratio = 2: 5 & Debt + Equity = Total Liabilities Creditors = 18,00,000 4,00,000 = 14,00,000 Debt = Rs 4,00,000 Equity = Rs 10,00,000 Balance Sheet of A Limited Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Equity Rs 10,00,000 Fixed Assets Rs 12,00,000 Current Liabilities Long Term Debt Rs 4,00,000 Rs 4,00,000
Current Assets Debtors Stock Cash (B.f.)
Rs 6,00,000 Rs 1,50,000 Rs 2,25, 000 Rs 2,75,000 Total Liabilities Rs 18,00,000 Total Assets Rs 18,00,000
Q.3 From the following information, you are required to prepare a Balance Sheet: Current Ratio 1.75 Liquid Ratio 1.25 Stock Turnover ratio (Closing Stock) 9 Gross profit ratio 25% Debt collection period 1.50 months Reserves and surplus to capital 0.20 Turnover to fixed assets 1.20 Fixed assets to net worth 1.25 Sales for the year Rs. 12,00,000 Solution: Sales (Turnover) = Rs 12,00,000 Turnover to Fixed Assets = 1.2 Fixed Assets = Rs 10,00,000 Fixed Assets to Networth = 1.25 Networth = Rs 8,00,000 = Reserves & Surplus + Capital Gross Profit = 25 * Sales = Rs 3,00,000 Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) = Sales Gross Profit Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) = Rs 9,00,000 Stock Turnover ratio = 9 Stock = 9,00,000/9 = Rs 1,00,000 Debt Collection Period = 1.5 Months Debtors = 12,00,000/12*1.5 = Rs 1,50,000 Reserves & Surplus to Capital = 0.2 Capital = Rs 6,66,667 Reserves & Surplus = Rs 1,33,333 Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities = 1.75 Liquid Ratio = (Current Assets Stock ) / Current Liabilities = 1.25 (1.75 CL 1,00,000) / CL =1.25 Current Liabilities = Rs 2,00,000 Current Assets = Rs 3,50,000 Total Assets = Fixed Assets + Current Assets = Rs 13,50,000 Long Term Liabilities = Total Liabilities Current Liabilities Networth Long Term Liabilities = 13,50,000 2,00,000 8,00,000 = Rs 3,50,000 Balance Sheet Particulars Credit Amount (Rs) Particulars Debit Amount (Rs) Networth Capital Reserves & Surplus Current Liabilities Long Term Debt Rs 8,00,000 Rs 6,66,667 Rs 1,33,333
Rs 2,00,000 Rs 3,50,000 Fixed Assets
Current Assets Debtors Stock Cash (B.f.) Rs 10,00,000
Rs 3,50,000 Rs 1,50,000 Rs 1,00, 000 Rs 1,00,000 Total Liabilities Rs 13,50,000 Total Assets Rs 13,50,000
Q. 4 Mr. Desai intends to supply goods on credit to A Ltd. and B Ltd. The relevant financial data relating to the companies for the year ended 30 th June, 2009 are as under: A Ltd. B Ltd. Stock 8,00,000 1,00,000 Debtors 1,70,000 1,40,000 Cash 30,000 60,000 Trade Creditors 3,00,000 1,60,000 Bank overdraft 40,000 30,000 Creditors for expenses 60,000 10,000 Total purchases 9,30,000 6,60,000 Cash purchases 30,000 20,000 Advice with reasons, as to which of the companies he should prefer to deal with Solution: Financ ial Ratio A Ltd B Ltd Credit Turnov er =(9,30,000-30,000)/3,00,000 =3 =(6,60,000-20,000)/1,60,000 =4 Credit Payme nt Period 4 Months 3 Months Curren t Ratio =(8,00,000+1,70,000+30,000)/(3,00,000+ 40,000+60,000) =2.5 =(1,00,000+1,40,000+60,000)/(1,60,000+ 30,000+10,000) =1.5 Quick Ratio =(1,70,000+30,000)/( 3,00,000+60,000) =0.56 =(1,40,000+60,000)/(1,60,000+10,000) =1.18 Mr Desai should prefer to deal with B Ltd. Reasons are mentioned below: - 1. Quick ratio of 1.18 of B Ltd is better than .56 of A Ltd. 2. Credit Payment Period of 3 months of B Ltd is better than 4 months of A Ltd. 3. Current ratio of 2.5 of A Ltd is better than 1.5 of B Ltd. Since stock can not be converted into cash quickly, quick ratio and credit payment period of B Ltd are more important in view of requirement of Mr Desai. Therefore, he must choose B Ltd for dealing. Q.5 The following is the Trading & Profit & Loss A/c of X Ltd. As on December 31, 2008: Trading & P&L Account (31.12.2008) Opening Stock 1,30,000 Cash Sales 80,000 Purchases 4,20,000 Credit Sales 3,20,000 G.P. 60,000 Stock 2,10,000 Depreciation 13,100 G.P. 60,000 G. Expenses 20,900 Directors Fees 10,000 N.P. 16,000 60,000 60,000 Balance Sheet as at 31 st December, 2008 Share Capital 3,60,000 Fixed Assets 2,05,600 Profit & Loss A/c 24,600 Stock 2,10,000 Creditors 1,40,000 Debtors 1,60,000 Bank overdraft 51,000 5,75,000 5,75,000 1. The rate of stock turnover is to be doubled. 2. Stock is to be reduced by Rs. 60,000 by the end of the financial year. 3. The ratio of cash sales to Credit sales is to be doubled. 4. Directors remuneration are to be increased by Rs. 15,000. 5. Rate of gross profit to sales is to be increased by 33 1 / 3 %. 6. The ratio of trade creditors to closing stock and the ratio of debtors to credit sales will remain the same as in the year just ended. 7. General expenses and depreciation are to remain the same. Draft budgeted Trading and Profit and loss account and balance sheet, assuming that the objectives had been achieved. Solution: Financial figure/ ratio Existing figure / ratio (2008) Desired figure / ratio (2009) Stock turnover =3,40,000*2/(2,10,000+1,30,000) =2 4 Stock 2,10,000 1,50,000 Cash Sales / Credit Sales 1:4 1:2 Directors Remuneration 10,000 25,000 Gross Profit to Sales 15% 20% Trade Creditors to Closing Stock =1,40,000/2,10,000 =66.67% 66.67% Debtors to Credit Sales 1:2 1:2 General Expenses 20,900 20,900 Depreciation 13,100 13,100 Solution: Since Stock in 2009 = Rs 1,50,000 Cost of goods sold = Rs (2,10,000+1,50,000)/2 * 4 = Rs 7,20,000 Let Sales be x => 20%x = x 7,20,000 => Sales = Rs 9,00,000 => GP = Rs 1,80,000 => Cash Sales = Rs 3,00,000 => Credit Sales = Rs 6,00,000 => Debtors = Rs 3,00,000 Trade Creditors = 1,50,000 *66.67% = Rs 1,00,000 7,20,000 = 2,10,000 + Purchases 1,50,000 => Purchases = Rs 6,60,000 Drafted Trading & Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet: - Trading & P&L Account (31.12.2009) Opening Stock 2,10,000 Cash Sales 3,00,000 Purchases 6,60,000 Credit Sales 6,00,000 G.P. 1,80,000 Stock 1,50,000 Depreciation 13,100 G.P. 1,80,000 G. Expenses 20,900 Directors Fees 25,000 N.P. 1,21,000 1,80,000 1,80,000 Balance Sheet as at 31 st December, 2009 Share Capital 3,60,000 Fixed Assets 2,05,600 Profit & Loss A/c 24,600 Stock 1,50,000 Net Profit 1,21,000 Debtors 3,00,000 Bank overdraft 36,900 Less : Depreciation -13,100 Creditors 1,00,000 6,42,500 6,42,500 Q.6 You are given the following figures worked out from the profit and loss account and balance sheet of Z Ltd. relating to the year 2008. Prepare the balance sheet. Fixed Assets (net after writing off 30%) Rs. 10,50,000 Fixed Assets Turnover ratio 2 Finished goods turnover ratio 6 Rate of gross profit to sales 25% Net profit (before interest) to sale 8% Fixed charges cover (debenture interest 7%) 8 Debt collection period 1 months Material consumed to sales 30% Stock of raw materials (in terms of number of months consumption) 8 Current ratio 2.4 Quick ratio 1.0 Reserves to capital 0.20 Solution: Fixed Assets = Rs 10,50,000 Sales (Turnover) = Rs 21,00,000 Gross Profit = Rs 5,25,000 Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) = Rs 15,75,000 Finished Goods = Rs 2,62,500 Net Profit before interest = Rs 1,68,000 Annual Interest Payments = Rs 21,000 Net Profit after interest = Rs 1,47,000 Debentures (7%) = Rs 3,00,000 Debtors = Rs 2,62,500 Material Consumed = Rs 6,30,000 Stock of Raw Material = Rs 4,20,000 Current Ratio Quick Ratio = Stock / Current Liabilities = 1.4 Stock = 2,62,500 + 4,20,000 = 6,82,500 Current Liabilities = Rs 4,87,500 Current Assets = Rs 11,70,000 Capital + Reserves & Surplus = 22,20,000 4,87,500 -3,00,000 = Rs 14,32,500 Capital = Rs 11,93,750 Reserves & Surplus = Rs 2,38,750 Balance Sheet of Z Ltd as at 31 st December, 2008 Capital 11,93,750 Fixed Assets 10,50,000 Reserves & Surplus Current Assets 11,70,000 Profit & Loss A/c b/d 91,750 Net Profit after interest 1,47,000 Debtors 2,62,500 7% Debentures 3,00,000 Stock of Raw Materials 4,20,000 Finished Goods 2,62,500 Current Liabilities 4,87,500 Cash (B. f.) 2,25,000 22,20,000 22,20,000
Net Profit is part of Reserves & Surplus. Q.7 The summarized Balance Sheet of X Ltd. as at 31 st December 2008 and its summarized Profit and Loss Account for the year ended on that date, are as follows. The corresponding figures of the previous year are also shown: Balance Sheet Liabilities 2008 2007 Assets 2008 2007 (Rs. in lakhs ) (Rs. in lakhs) Share capital 60,000 shares of Rs. 100 each 60.00 60.00 Fixed Assets At cost less Depreciation: Reserve & Surplus 29.25 24.00 Property Plant 21.00 61.50 18.00 48.00 8% Debenture 15.00 15.00 82.50 66.00 Current Liabilities & Provisions : Current Assets -
85.50 9.00 Total : 168.00 136.50 168.00 136.50 Trading & Profit and Loss Account 2008 2007 2008 2007 (Rs. in lakhs) (Rs. in lakhs) Cost of Sales 162.00 135.00 Sales (all credit) 225.00 180.00 Gross Profit C/d 63.00 45.00 225.00 180.00 225.00 180.00 Overhead Expenses 43.50 30.00 Gross Profit b/d 63.00 45.00 Net Profit before taxation 19.50 15.00 63.00 45.00 63.00 45.00 Provision for taxation 8.25 6.30 Net profit b/d 19.50 15.00 Dividend-paid and Proposed 6.00 4.50
Surplus for the year carried to Balance Sheet 5.25 4.20
19.50 15.00 19.50 15.00 You are required to interpret the above statement using significant accounting ratios. Solution: Following are the five steps in examining the performance of the company in the year 2008 as compared to the year 2007. Step 1: Calculation of the ratios Financial Ratio 2008 2007 Return on Capital Employed (RoCE) =(19.5+1.2)/(60+29.25+15) =19.86 % =(15+1.2)/(60+24+15) =16.36% Net Profit Ratio (NPR) =19.5/225*100% =8.67% =15/180*100% =8.34% Capital Employed Turnover Ratio (CETR) =225/(60+29.25+15) =2.16 =180/(60+24+15) =1.82 Current Ratio (CR) =85.5/63.75 =1.34 =70.5/37.5 =1.88 Stock Turnover Ratio (STR) =162/42.75 =3.79 =135/31.5 =4.29 Average Collection Period (ACP) =41.25/225*365 =66.91 Days= ~67 days =30/180*365 =60.83 Days = ~61 days Debt / Equity Ratio (D/E) =15/89.25 =.17 =15/84 =.18 Earning per share (EPS) =11,25,000/60,000 =18.75 =8,70,000/60,000 =14.5 Dividend payout ratio (DPS / EPS) =(6,00,000/60,000)/18.75*100% =53.33% =(4,50,000/60,000)/14.5*100% =51.72% Gross Profit Ratio (GPR) =63/225*100% =28% =45/180*100% =25%
2. Comment on Individual Ratios: - 1. Return on Capital Employed (RoCE) has increased from 16.36% in 2007 to 19.86% in 2008. This is achieved with the help of increased profitability on sales and more efficient utilization of capital employed. 2. Net Profit Ratio (NPR) has increased from 8.34% in 2007 to 8.67% in 2008. This is achieved with the help of increased profitability on sales. 3. Capital employed turnover ratio (CETR) has increased from 1.82 in 2007 to 2.16 in 2008. This is increased with the help of more efficient use of capital employed. 4. Current ratio (CR) has decrease to 1.34 in 2008 from 1.88 in 2007. This indicates that Working Capital Management (WC Mgt) of the company is not showing healthy signs. The reason for decline in CR is financing fixed assets out of working capital (WC). During the year, there is substantial increase in fixed assets without any efforts to raise long term funds. Long term funds have increased by 5.25 lacs on account of retained profits. 5. Stock Turnover ratio (STR) has decreased from 4.29 in 2007 to 3.79 in 2008. This indicates that Stock is not being efficiently utilized. 6. Average Collection Period (ACP) has increased to 67 days in 2008 from 61 days in 2007. This indicates poor collection as compared to previous year. 7. There is no noticeable change in debt/equity ratio. The debt/equity ratio (.18) of the company is low which indicates presence of less long term debt as compared to equity capital. 8. Earning per share (EPS) has increased to 18.75 in 2008 from 14.5 in 2007 (growth of 29.31% over previous year) indicates healthy growth of EPS. 9. Dividend payout ratio (DPR) has increased to 53.33% in 2008 from 51.72% in 2007 which is not a healthy sign in view of difficult working capital situation of the company. Dividend per share (DPS) has increased to 10 in 2008 from 7.5 in 2007. 10. Gross profit ratio (GPR) has increase to 28% in 2008 from 25% in 2007 which indicates 12% y/y growth in gross profit ratio.
Step 3: Critical Appraisal The profitability of the company increased in account of increase in sales. Overheads have increased considerably. Working capital management is not satisfactory. Dividend payout should not have been so high in view of working capital problems.
Step 4: Overall Performance Overall performance of the company is satisfactory (RoCE has improved)
Step 5: Suggestion for the future 1. Try to improve working capital situation. 2. Try to control the overheads. 3. Funds may be raised through debentures, long term loans etc as the companys debt/equity ratio is low. Such funds may be used to improve working capital situation and also for expansion and diversification of the business.
Q.8 X Ltd. has been existence for two years. Summarized Balance Sheets as on 31 st
December, 2007 and 31 st December, 2008 are given below: Balance Sheet (Figures in lakhs of rupees) Liabilities 2008 2007 Assets 2008 2007 Equity shares of Rs. 100 each 2 2 Fixed Assets (Less Dep.) 4.16 3.96 Reserves .20 .40 Stock .60 1.20 Profit & Loss A/c .28 .04 Debtors .80 1.60 Loans on Mortgage 2.20 1.60 Cash and Bank Balances .60 .04 Bank overdraft .40 Creditors .60 1.80 Provision for Taxation .68 .26 Proposed Dividend .20 .30 6.16 6.80 6.16 6.80 You are also given the Profit and Loss Account of the Company for the two years. Profit & Loss Account (Figures in lakhs of rupees) 2008 2007 2008 2007 Interest on Loan .048 .096 Balance B/F - .28 Directors Remuneration .20 .60 Profit for the year after running costs & Depreciation 1.608 1.216 Provision for Taxation .68 .26 Dividends .20 .30 Transfer to Reserve .20 .20 Balance C/F .28 .04 1.608 1.496 1.608 1.496 Total Sales amounted to Rs. 12 lakhs in 2007 and Rs. 10 lakhs in 2008. Make a through overall analysis of this company. Solution: Step 1: Calculation of Financial Ratios S. No. Financial ratio 2008 2007 1 Return on Capital Employed (RoCE) =(1.608- .2)/(2+.2+.28+2.2) =30.09% =(1.216-.3)/(2+.4+.04+1.6) =22.67% 2 Net Profit Ratio (NPR) =.68/10*100% =6.8% =.54/12*100% =4.5% 3 Capital Employed Turnover Ratio (CETR) =10/(2+.2+.28+2.2) =2.14 =12/(2+.4+.04+1.6) =2.97 4 Current Ratio (CR) =(.6+.8+.6)/(.6+.68+.2) =1.35 =(1.2+1.6+.04)/(1.8+.26+.3) =1.20 5 Stock Turnover Ratio (STR) =(10-1.608)/.6 =13.99 =(12-1.216)/1.2 =8.99 6 Average Collection Period (ACP) =.8/10*365 =29.2 Days =1.6/12*365 =48.67 Days 7 Debt / Equity Ratio (D/E) =2.20/2.48 =.89 =1.6/2.44 =.66 8 Earning per share (EPS) =68,000/2000 =34 =54,000/2000 =27 9 Dividend payout ratio (DPS / EPS) =.2/.68 =29.41% =.3/.54 =55.56% 10 Gross Profit Ratio (GPR) =.1.608/10*100% =16.08% =1.216/12*100% =10.13%
Step 2: Comments on individual ratios 1. Sales have decreased to 10 lacs in 2008 from 12 lacs in 2007. This is not a positive signal since topline has decreased by 16.67% y/y. 2. Return of Capital Employed (RoCE) has increased by 32.73% to 30.09% in 2008 from 22.67% in 2007. This is attributed to higher return on sales and but less efficient utilization of capital employed. 3. Net Profit Ratio (NPR) has increased to 6.8% in 2008 from 4.5% in 2007. This is a healthy signal since profitability on sales has increased 51.11% y/y basis. 4. Capital Employed Turnover Ratio (CETR) has decreased to 2.14 in 2008 from 2.97 in 2007. This is not a healthy signal since CETR has decreased by 28%. 5. Current Ratio has increased by 12.5% to 1.35 in 2008 from 1.20 in 2007.. This indicates that current assets have increased more w.r.t. current liabilities and is a healthy signal. 6. Stock Turnover Ratio (STR) has increased to 13.99 in 2008 from 7.08 in 2007 which is a healthy signal since stock activity has improved compared to cost of goods sold. 7. Average Collection Period (ACP) has decreased to 29.2 days from 48.67 days which indicates that collection of credit sales has improved as compared to previous year and cash is collected faster. 8. Debt / Equity Ratio has increased to .88 in 2008 from .66 in 2007 which indicates that company has raised long term debt (Mortgage debt) to finance its activities in the year 2008. 9. Earning per share (EPS) has increased to 34 in 2008 from 27 in 2007 which is a healthy sign since EPS growth is a strong signal for investors and creditors for the business. 10. Dividend payout ratio (DPR) has decreased to 29.41% in 2008 from 55.56% in 2007 which indicates that company prefers to retain its profits for future expansions. 11. Gross Profit Ratio (GPR) has increased to 16.08% in 2008 from 10.13% in 2007 which is 58.74% increase on y/y basis. This indicates that overall profitability of the business has significantly improved.
Step 3: Critical Appraisal It is noticed that sales have decreased but all other performance indicators for the company have significantly improved over previous year. 32.73% increase in RoCE is surely a very good performance indicator of increased profitability. CETR decreased indicates less efficient utilization of resources. Improved current ratio, lower collection period and higher stock turnover ratio indicated enhanced activity in many aspects of the business. It seems that the firm is poised for rapid growth path.
Step 4: Overall Performance The overall performance of the company is good. Since all major indicators are better but sales and CETR have decreased over previous year.
Step 5: Suggestions for the future The company should improve the utilization of resources. It is required to improve turnover to increase topline growth.