PROBLEM 13.

111
K

NOWN: Diameters and temperatures of a heated tube and a radiation shield.
F

IND: (a) Total heat loss per unit length of tube, (b) Effect of shield diameter on heat rate.
SCHEMATIC:



A

SSUMPTIONS: (1) Opaque, diffuse-gray surfaces, (2) Negligible end effects.
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (T
f
=77.5C 350 K): k =0.030 W/mK, Pr =0.70, =20.92 10
-6

m

2
/s, =29.9 10
-6
m
2
/s, =0.00286 K
-1
.
A

NALYSIS: (a) Heat loss from the tube is by radiation and free convection

rad conv
q q q = +

From Eq. (13.20)
( )
( )
4 4
i o
i
rad
o i
i o o
D T T
q
1 1 r
r

=

+




o

r

( )
( )
8 4 4 4
2 4
rad
W
5.67 10 0.1m 393 308 K
W
m K
q 30.2
1 0.9 0.05 m
0.8 0.1 0.06

= =

+

The convection heat rate is given by Eqs. 9.58 through 9.60. The length scale is L
c
=
2[ln(0.12/0.10)]
4/3
/(0.05 m
-3/5
+0.05 m
-3/5
)
5/3
=0.0036 m. The Rayleigh number is Ra
c
=g(T
i
-
T
o
)L
c
3
/ =9.8 m/s
2
(0.00286 K
-1
)(120 - 35) K (0.0036 m)
3
/(20.92 10
-6
m
2
/s 29.9 10
-6
m
2
/s) =
171.6. Also, k
eff
/k =0.386[0.700/(0.861 +0.700)]
1/4
(171.6)
1/4
=1.14. Therefore, keff =1.14 0.030
W/mK =0.0343 W/mK. From Eq. 9.58,


' eff i o
conv
i o
2 k (T T ) 2 0.0343W/ m K (120 35)K
q 100.5W/ m
ln(D / D ) ln(0.12/0.10)

= =

( )
W W
q 30.2 100.5 130.7
m m
= + =


Continued...
Excerpts fromthis work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in
courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976
United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
PROBLEM 13.111 (Cont.)


(b) As shown below, both convection and radiation, and hence the total heat rate, increase with
increasing shield diameter. In the limit as D
o
, the radiation rate approaches that corresponding to
net transfer between a small surface and large surroundings at T
o
. The rate is independent of .


0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Shield diameter, Do(m)
0
50
100
150
200
H
e
a
t

r
a
t
e
s

(
W
/
m
)
Radiation heat rate (W/m)
Convection heat rate (W/m)
Total heat rate (W/m)
















COMMENTS: Designation of a shield temperature is arbitrary. The temperature depends on the
nature of the environment external to the shield.
Excerpts fromthis work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in
courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976
United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.