PROTA

PROTA 28
th
Anniversary Symposium
Seismic Isolation Methods and Practices
Ankara, Feb. 28 & March 1, 2013

Seismic Isolation Principles and Practice
in the Context of European Standards
Michael N. Fardis
University of Patras, Greece
PROTA
Design standards : The Eurocodes
Material standards (steel,
concrete, etc.)
Product standards
(Structural bearings,
Antiseismic devices, etc.)
ETAs: European Technical
Approvals
(Special isolation or
dissipation devices, FRPs,
prestressing systems, etc.)
Execution standards (e.g., standards for the execution
of concrete or steel structures)

Test standards
European Standards (ENs)
PROTA
THE EN-EUROCODES
EN 1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural design
EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite (steel-concrete)
structures
EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake
resistance
EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
PROTA
EN1990
EN1991
EN1992 EN1993 EN1994
EN1995 EN1996 EN1999
Structural safety,
serviceability and
durability
Actions on
structures
Design and
detailing
EN1997 EN1998
Geotechnical
and seismic
design
INTERRELATION OF EUROCODES
PROTA
FLEXIBILITY IN THE EUROCODE SYSTEM
Eurocodes (ECs) or National Annexes cannot allow design with rules
other than those in the ECs.
National choice can be exercised through the National Annex, only where
the Eurocode itself explicitly allows:
1. Choosing a value for a parameter, for which a symbol or range of
values is given in the Eurocode;
2. Choice among alternative classes or models detailed in the Eurocode.
3. Adopting an Informative Annex or referring to alternative national
document.
Items of national choice in 1-2: Nationally Determined Parameters NDPs
National choice through NDPs:
Wherever agreement on single choice cannot be reached;
On issues controlling safety, durability & economy (national
competence) & where geographic or climatic differences exist (eg.
Seismic Hazard)
For cases 1 & 2, the Eurocode itself recommends (in a Note) a choice.
The European Commission will urge countries to adopt
recommendation(s), to minimize diversity within the EU.
If a National Annex does not exercise national choice for a NDP, designer
will make the choice, depending on conditions of the project.
PROTA
EC8 Parts
EC8 Part Title CEN date
1: EN1998-1 General rules, seismic actions, rules for buildings Dec. 04
2: EN1998-2 Bridges Nov. 05
3: EN1998-3 Assessment and retrofitting of buildings June 05
4: EN1998-4 Silos, tanks, pipelines July 06
5: EN1998-5
Foundations, retaining structures, geotechnical
aspects
Nov. 04
6: EN1998-6 Towers, masts, chimneys June 05
PROTA
EN 1998-1:2004
General rules, seismic actions, rules for buildings
No. of NDPs
1. General _
2. Performance Requirements and Compliance Criteria 2
3. Ground Conditions and Seismic Action 8
4. Design of Buildings 7
5. Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings 11
6. Specific Rules for Steel Buildings 6
7. Specific Rules for Steel-Concrete Composite Buildings 4
8. Specific Rules for Timber Buildings 1
9. Specific Rules for Masonry Buildings 15
10. Base Isolation 1
Annex A (Informative): Elastic Displacement Response Spectrum 1
Annex B (Informative): Determination of the Target Displacement for Nonlinear 1
Static (Pushover) Analysis
Annex C (Normative): Design of the Slab of Steel-Concrete Composite Beams at _
Beam-Column Joints in Moment Resisting Frames
Total: 57
PROTA
EN 1998-2:2005: Bridges
no of NDPs
1. Introduction -
2. Performance Requirements and Compliance Criteria 8
3. Seismic Action 4
4. Analysis 2
5. Strength Verification 3
6. Detailing 6
7. Bridges with Seismic Isolation 4
Annex A (Informative): Probabilities related to the reference seismic action - 1
Guidance for the selection of the design seismic action during construction
Annex B (Informative): Relationship between displacement ductility and curvature 1
ductility factors of plastic hinges in concrete piers
Annex C (Informative): Estimation of the effective stiffness of reinforced concrete 1
ductile members
Annex D (Informative): Spatial variability of earthquake ground motion: Model and 1
methods of analysis
Annex E (Informative): Probable material properties and plastic hinge deformation 1
capacities for non-linear analyses
Annex F (Informative): Added mass of entrained water for immersed piers 1
Annex G (Normative): Calculation of capacity design effects -
Annex H (Informative): Static nonlinear analysis (Pushover) 1
Annex J (Normative): Variation of design properties of seismic isolator units 2
Annex JJ (Informative): -factors for common isolator types 1
Annex K (Informative): Tests for validation of design properties of seismic isolator units1
Total: 38

PROTA
Application of EN1998 rules for seismic isolation
The rules in Section 10 of EN 1998-1:
apply to buildings (and building-like structures).
The rules in Section 7 and Annexes J, JJ & K of EN
1998-2:
apply to bridges only;
are more detailed & up-to-date than those in
EN1998-1.
The parts of Eurocode 8 on tanks, silos, pipelines,
towers, etc:
do not include specific rules for seismic isolation;
for such structures the rules in EN 1998-1, EN
1998-2 on seismic isolation may be applied by
analogy.

PROTA

> >
+ + +
1 1
, , 2 ,
" " " " " "
j i
i k i Ed j k
Q A P G
From EN1990 (Eurocode Basis of structural design):
Seismic design situation:
i k i
Q
, , 2

>1
,
j
j k
G
: Permanent actions (characteristic or nominal values)
: Prestressing
: Quasi-permanent values of variable actions (live loads)
Ek Ed
A A
I
= : Design Seismic action
I

Ek
A : Characteristic Seismic action, : Importance factor of structure
From EN1990:
Ek
A
:Reference Seismic action (Reference exceedance probability
P
R
in design life T
L
of structure,

or Reference return period T
R
).

: Residential & office buildings:
2
=0.3;
Shopping or congregation areas in buildings:
2
=0.6;
Storage areas in buildings:
2
=0.8;
Roofs:
2
=0.0 (but
2
=0.2 for snow, at altitudes >1000m or in Scandinavia);
Bridges of motorways/roads of national importance:
2
=0.2 on uniform load;
Bridges for intercity rail links or high speed trains:
2
=0.3;
Other bridges and footbridges:
2
=0.
i

, 2
PROTA
Design seismic action in Eurocode 8
The Reference Return Period of the Reference Seismic action
is a NDP, with recommended value of 475yrs (Reference
Probability of Exceedance in a design life of 50yrs: 10%).

The Reference Seismic action is described (in the national
zonation maps) in terms of a single parameter:
the Reference Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) on Rock, a
gR.

The design ground acceleration on rock, a
g
, is the reference
PGA times the importance factor: a
g
=
I
a
gR

In addition to the Reference Peak Ground Acceleration on
Rock, the Reference Seismic action is defined in terms of the
Elastic Response Spectrum for 5% damping.

PROTA
- Spectral shape: Given in National Annex as NDP as function of:
Ground type (surface layers, a few tens of m)
Earthquake Magnitude
(possibly) deep geology below surface deposits.
- Spectral shape: Has regions of:
Constant response spectral pseudo-acceleration
Constant response spectral pseudo-velocity
Constant response spectral displacement
Recommended: Two types of horiz. spectra from S.European data:
Type 1: High & moderate seismicity (distant EQs, M
s
> 5.5);
Type 2: Low seismicity; local EQs (M
s
< 5.5).
(High amplification at low T; falls-off sooner with T).
- Detailed ground classification (5 standard ground types defined on
the basis of shear-wave velocity in top 30m, plus 2 special ones).
- Site specific spectra required for Importance Class IV isolated
buildings (essential) near potentially active faults giving M
s
>6.5
Elastic Spectra in Eurocode 8
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Standard Ground types
PROTA
Standard elastic response spectral shape
Ranges of constant spectral
pseudo-acceleration,
pseudo-velocity,
displacement, start at
corner periods T
B
, T
C
, T
D
.
Uniform amplification of
spectrum by soil factor S
(including PGA at soil
surface, to Sa
g
).
Damping correction factor:

Constant spectral
acceleration = 2.5 times
PGA at soil surface for
horizontal, 3 times for
vertical.
T
B
, T
C
, T
D
, S: NDPs


PROTA
4
0
1
2
3
1 T
D
3 (s) T
C
S
e
/
a
g

A
B
E
D
C
T
B
max displacement:
d
g
= 0.025 a
g
ST
C
T
D
max velocity:
v
g
= a
g
ST
C
/(2)

Ground motion
max acceleration:
a
g
S

Recommended horizontal elastic spectrum,
Type 1, =5%
PROTA

Corner periods T
B
, T
C
, T
D
: NDPs
Recommended:
Independent of ground type (no
data)
T
B
= 0.05s
T
C
= 0.15s
T
D
= 1.0s
Peak vertical ground acceleration
a
vg
= 0.9a
g
, if Type 1 spectrum used;
a
vg
= 0.45a
g
, if Type 2 spectrum.
Vertical component mandatory:
for all isolated bridges;
if a
vg
> 0.25g in buildings.
.

Recommended vertical elastic spectra, =5%
PROTA
Ground motion records for time-history analysis
Historic or simulated records preferred over artificial ones.
Simulated records: from mathematical model of the source
dominating the seismic hazard (rupture event, wave propagation via
the bedrock to the site and via the subsoil to the ground surface).
Historic records: from seismic events with magnitude, fault distance &
mechanism of rupture consistent with those dominating the hazard for
the design seismic action. Travel path & subsoil conditions of
recording station should resemble those of the site.
Artificial (synthetic) records: mathematically derived from the target
elastic spectrum (unrealistic if rich in all frequencies in the same way
as the target spectrum; perfect matching of spectrum to be avoided).
Component records scaled so that the elastic
spectra values are 90% of the code spectra
(in the range of 1.5x to 20% of the
fundamental period along the component).
For pairs of horiz. components this is applied
to SRSS of spectral values, taking 0.92 ~1.3.
7 independent seismic events (component or
pair time-histories) needed if analysis results
for peak response quantities are averaged;
3-6 if most adverse peak response from all
the analyses is used.
PROTA
Strong discontinuity in heightwise distribution
of lateral stiffness uncouples deformations in
the superstructure from the ground motion
Isolation system @
isolation interface
Substructure
Superstructure
Isolation
device/unit
Isolation
device/unit
PROTA
Isolation strategies to reduce lateral forces
on the superstructure

Period
damping

Period T
Period T
Period T

Period T

a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

damping

damping
d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t


resistance


Period
Flexible isolators
lengthen period &
reduce forces.
Damping reduces
displacements @
isolation interface
Limiting the force
resistance of
isolators reduces
the force input (cf.
capacity design).
Damping reduces
displacements @
isolation interface
PROTA






Spectrum reduction factor for
damping in EC8:

0.55 ( 28%) in buildings.
0.40 ( 57%) in bridges.



0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Period (sec)
S
a

(
m
/
s
e
c
2
)
Soil A
Soil B
Soil C
Soil D
Soil E
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Period (sec)
S
d

(
m
)
Soil A
Soil B
Soil C
Soil D
Soil E
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
Sd (m)
S
a

(
m
/
s
e
c
2
)
Soil A
Soil B
Soil C
Soil D
Soil E
T=0.25 T=0.50 T=1.0
T=1.5
T=2.0
T=3.0
T=4.0
Acceleration, Displacement & ADRS (Acceleration-Displacement)
Type 1 elastic response spectra recommended in EC8
(for damping = 5% & PGA = 1m/sec
2
on Soil A rock)
%) 5 ( 10 q + =
2
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
T
Sa Sd
PROTA
Flexibility strategy
Force-limitation strategy
b) a)
Common and relatively inexpensive.
Isolators ~elastic and re-centering:
Elastomeric (rubber) bearings:
with low damping (~5%, LDRB), or high damping (10-20%, HDRB).
If damping is low, supplemental damping (eg, fluid viscous dampers) may
be used to reduce the displacements.
Less effective if:
motion is rich in low-frequencies (eg, on soft soils); or
superstructure is flexible (high-rises); or
substructure is flexible (tall/flexible piers, flexible piles).
b) a)
More effective in the cases where flexibility strategy is less effective.
Convenient for retrofitting superstructures with low force resistance.
Isolators with force limitation (eg, flat sliding isolators).
No re-centering.
Supplemental damping may be used to reduce the displacements if
energy dissipation (eg, by friction) is low.
PROTA

Most common in practice.
Possibly more expensive.
Isolators:
Lead-Rubber Bearings (LRB);
Units with spherical sliding surface(s);
Sliding surface with yielding (elasto-plastic) steel device; etc.
Hysteretic energy dissipation after force limit exceeded.
Re-centering depends on details of the hysteretic loop.
Dont need supplemental damping.
Combination: Flexibility after force limit
PROTA
Isolator hysteretic behavior idealized as bilinear
Basic parameters
F
0
: Force at zero displacement
K
e
: elastic stiffness
K
p
: post-elastic stiffness
Derived parameters
F
y
: yield force =
F
0
/(1-K
p
/K
e
)
d
y
: yield displacement =
(F
0
/K
e
)/(1-K
p
/K
e
)
Response (& design) values
d
d
(or d
bd
): design displacement
F
max
: maximum force = F
0
+K
p
d
d
E
D
: dissipated energy/cycle at displacement d
d
(area inside hysteresis
loop) = 4F
0
(d
d
-d
y
)

eff
: damping =(2/)(F
y
/F
max
-d
y
/d
d
)

(
(

=
d
max
D
eff
2
1
d F
E

PROTA
Analysis methods in EN 1998
Reference method (always applicable):
Non-linear time-history analysis in 3D.
Simplifications (subject to certain conditions):
Equivalent-linear analysis:
Multi-modal equivalent-linear spectral analysis;
Simplified equivalent linear ("fundamental mode" spectral)
In bridges, the displacements & forces from any
analysis are scaled up to reach at least 80% of the
displacement at center of isolation system & of the
total base shear from a fundamental mode analysis
(per hor. direction, if the piers are tall or the
longitudinal eccentricity of deck mass to the stiffness
center of isolation system is > 0.1L).

PROTA
Non-linear time-history analysis
0.0%
2.5%
5.0%
7.5%
10.0%
12.5%
15.0%
17.5%
20.0%
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Period (sec)
D
a
m
p
i
n
g

Only the isolators are modelled as nonlinear.
Two concurrent horizontal components, considering interaction
of response in the two horizontal directions and the effects of
overturning moments; masses moved by accidental
eccentricities.
The effects of the vertical component may be computed
separately and linearly - with the response spectrum approach -
and combined to those of the horizontal via the 1:0.3:0.3 rule.
Raleigh damping (C = + ) should not interfere with the
hysteretic damping of the isolated modes (with longest T); it
should dampen-out very short periods:
= 0;
> T/ = 0.1x0.05/ = 0.0016
give >5% for T<0.1 s

PROTA
Equivalent linear analysis
Linear static or modal analysis with:
the total effective stiffness K
eff
& damping
eff
of the system computed from
the secant stiffness and dissipated energy of the individual devices at their
displacement which corresponds to the design displacement d
d
at the
stiffness center of the isolation system,
=5% for higher modes in modal,
torsional response due to accidental eccentricity computed statically.
Applicability condition:

eff
30%;
Additional condition for bridges (EN1998-2):
Ground types A, B, C, E (not D, S1, S2).
Additional conditions for buildings & structures bridges (EN1998-1):
Isolators: LDEB, HDEB, elastoplastic with bilinear hysteresis;
K
eff
(at d
d
) 0.5K
eff
(at 0.2d
d
);
force-displacement features of isolation system do not vary by >10% due
to loading rate or vertical load variations in the range of the design values;
when displacement of isolation system increases from 0.5d
d
to d
d
, its force
increases > 2.5% of total superstructure gravity (for certain recentering).

PROTA
Iterative equivalent linear analysis
Assume d
cd,a
d
bd,i
From device i monotonic F-d relation:
F
max,i
K
eff,i
=F
max,i
/d
bd,i
,
E
D
: dissipated energy/cycle at d
bd,i

Effective period & damping:



d
cd,r
from displacement spectrum:
0.55 in buildings
0.40 in bridges



Iterations till d
cd,r
d
cd,a
.
Nb: ~const. for

K
e

K
eff

K
p

F
0

F
y

F
max

d
bd

E
D

d
y

bd,i max,i
D,i
eff
eff,i
eff
2
1
,.. 2
d F
E

K
M
T = =
E
(%)
eff
eff
5
10

+
=
) p(
) p)( (

eff
1 1
1 1 1 2
+

=
p=K
p
/K
e
:
PROTA
Multi-modal equivalent linear spectral analysis
Full modal analysis of complete structural system, separately in
the two horizontal directions (also separately for the vertical).
to capture possibly significant contributions of higher modes.

Isolators i with their effective stiffness, K
eff,i
, from the
fundamental mode method in the direction considered.
The substructure & superstructure w/ their normal stiffness
(uncracked in bridges, 50% of uncracked in buildings).
Modal damping = 5% in all modes with T < 0.8T
eff

T
eff
from fundamental mode method;

eff
of that mode for all modes w/ T >0.8T
eff
.
Torsional response due to accidental eccentricities computed
statically and superimposed to results of modal analysis.


PROTA
Simplified equivalent linear analysis
("fundamental mode" spectral in EN1998-2)
Superstructure rigid (forces on it proportional to spectral acceleration & mass)
Buildings & structures bridges:
2 DOFs: uncoupled horiz. translations of isolation system stiffness center,
with static torsional effects (about the vertical) on isolation system due to
natural & accidental eccentricities, but neglecting overturning effects .
If horiz. eccentricities e
x
, e
y
between mass center & isolation stiffness
center (incl. accidental) s 7.5% of plan dimensions:
Torsional effects of eccentricities e
x
, e
y
(natural & accidental) by
multiplying isolator displacements by:
(r
x
, r
y
: torsional radius of isolation system in x, y)
Consider vertical component & DOF (separately) only if a
vg
> 0.25g.
Bridges:
3 DOFs: 2 uncoupled horiz. translations & one vertical;
static torsional effects (about the vertical) on isolation system due to
longitudinal eccentricity e
x
(natural & accidental) of transverse earthquake
(y) by multiplying transverse isolator displacements etc by:
(r: radius of gyration of superstructure mass about vertical).
Combination of components w/ SRSS or 1:0.3(:0.3) rule.
2
,..
2
/ 1 / 1
x i x yi y i y xi
r x e r y e + = + =
i
x
x
yi
x
e

rr
+ =1
PROTA
Applicability of simplified equivalent linear analysis
("fundamental mode" spectral, in EN1998-2)
Conditions for bridges (EN1998-2)
Distance >10km from potentially active faults.

Conditions for structures bridges (EN1998-1)
Distance >15km from potentially active faults producing M
s
> 6.5
Max plan dimension s 50 m
Rigid substructure
All isolators: above substructure elements supporting vertical load
Effective period T
eff
s3s & 3-times1st mode period on fixed base.
Additionally, for buildings (EN1998-1):
Superstructure stiffness regular & symmetric in plan
Negligible rocking at the base of the substructure
Vertical-to-horizontal stiffness ratio of isolation system K
v
/K
eff
>150
1st vertical vibration period: T
v
s 0.1 s PROTA
Low Damping Elastomeric Bearings (LDEB) in EN1998-2
Normal laminated elastomeric
Bearings per EN 1337-3
(rubber layers & bonded steel plates)
Narrow hysteresis loops, ~elastic.
Damping not much larger than 5%.








Horizontal stiffness K
b
=G
b
A
b
/t
b
A
b
: plan area, t
b
: elastomer thickness
G
b
: shear modulus ( 0.9 to 1.3 MPa, scragging if G
b
<0.6MPa)
Normal LDEB cheap; not manufactured specifically for seismic use:
in strong earthquakes they may not sustain the large shear strains.
Accept some damage & replace, or combine with viscous dampers
-150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
Displacement (mm)
R
u
b
b
e
r

B
e
a
r
i
n
g

F
o
r
c
e
(
k
N
)

PGA:25% (#5 Couple)
PGA:25% (#1 Couple)
PGA:20% (#4 Couple)
PGA:20% (#1 Couple)
PGA:15% (#4 Couple)
PGA:15% (#1 Couple)
PGA:7.5% (#1 Couple)
PGA:7.5% (#1 Couple)
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Strain (%)
E
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t

V
i
s
c
o
u
s

D
a
m
p
i
n
g

(
%
)

7.5% KM
15% KM
20% KM
20% 10KM
20% 0.1KM
20% 0.5KM
20% 2KM
20% 2KM (repeated)
25% KM
25% KM (repeated)
25% 10KM
25% 0.5KM
25% 2KM
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Strain (%)
G

(
M
P
a
)

7.5% KM
15% KM
20% KM
20% 10KM
20% 0.1KM
20% 0.5KM
20% 2KM
20% 2KM(repeated)
25% KM
25% KM(repeated)
25% 10KM
25% 0.5KM
25% 2KM
F
b
d
b
PROTA
Per EN 15129 (Antiseismic devices)
Broader hysteresis loops, thanks to special elastomer mixed with
special aggregates:
Damping = 10 to 20%
Impact of deformation history (scragging), esp. for low-G elastomer:
Significant drop in shear stiffness after 1
st
cycle at peak strain.
Initial stiffness ~fully recovered with time (months-years).
Risk: underestimate G by testing scragged bearings.
EC8-2: Test unscragged bearings, use average G in first 3 cycles.
High Damping Elastomeric Bearings (HDEB) in EN1998-2
PROTA
Lead Rubber Bearings (LRB) in EN1998-2
Stiffness, LDE: K
R
=G
R
A
R
/h
R
; Lead core: K
L
=G
L
A
L
/h
Stiffness LRB: elastic: K
e
=K
R
+K
L
, post-elastic: K
p
=K
R
Yield force LRB: F
y
=F
Ly
(1+K
R
/K
L
)
Parameters A
R
, A
L
: wide range
of bilinear loops
-140 -105 -70 -35 0 35 70 105 140
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Displacement (mm)
F
o
r
c
e

(
k
N
)

25% 2M
25% 0.5M
25% M
-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Strain (%)
F
o
r
c
e

(
k
N
)

25% 2M
25% 0.5M
25% M
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Strain (%)
E
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t

V
i
s
c
o
u
s

D
a
m
p
i
n
g

(
%
)

15% KM
15% 10KM
15% 01KM
15% 05KM
15% 2KM
20% KM
25% KM
25% 10KM
25% 01KM
25% 05KM
25% 2KM
20% KMsecond
25% KMunscragged
30% KMsecond
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
4000
Strain (%)
K
e
f
f
(
k
N
/
m
)

15% KM
15% 10KM
15% 01KM
15% 05KM
15% 2KM
20% KM
25% KM
25% 10KM
25% 01KM
25% 05KM
25% 2KM
20% KMsecond
25% KMunscragged
30% KMsecond
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Displacement (mm)
F
o
r
c
e

(
k
N
)
High stiffness &
damping at shear
strains < 30%: good for
frequent actions (wind);
Minimum stiffness &
damping for shear
strains of 100-150%
(~design earthquake)
PROTA
Fluid viscous dampers (supplemental damping) in EN1998-2
Velocity governed: F = Cv

) (2
) 0.5 (1
2 ) (
2
2



+
+
=
+
Force Vs. Velocity Constitutive Law
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
Velocity (m/s)
F
o
r
c
e

(
k
N
)
At max displacement:
v=0, F=0, K
eff
=0
(no contribution damper to the
stiffness of the isolation system)
For sinusoidal motion:
d
b
=d
bd
sin(t) with =2/T
F=Cv

=F
max
(cos(t))

F
max
=C(d
bd
)

E
D
=()F
max
d
bd

, I( ): gamma function
If <<1: F
max
C, ()4
=0.15, C=3000kN/(m/sec)

0.01 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.50 2.00
() 3.988 3.882 3.774 3.675 3.582 3.496 3.416 3.341 3.270 3.204 2.876 2.667
Depend strongly
on if >>0
}
PROTA
Fluid viscous dampers & LDEBs,
approach viaduct of Rio-Antirio
bridge, GR (design PGA 0.48g)
PROTA
286 560
2252
560 560 286
Rio-Antirio main bridge: fluid viscous dampers in transverse
direction, between deck (suspended from pylon tops) & piers
Characteristics Pylons Transition Piers Prototype
Damper Series OTP350/3500 OTP350/5200 OTP350/1800
Stroke (mm) -1650/+1850 2600 900
Pin-to-Pin Length (mm) 10520 11320 6140
Total Length (mm) 11310 12025 6930
Max. Diameter (mm) 500 550 500
Damper Weight (kg) 6500 8500 3300
Total Weight (kg) 9000 11000 5500
Courtesy of GEFYRA SA
PROTA
Courtesy of GEFYRA SA
PROTA
Tests of prototype: Caltrans
SRMD facility, UCSD
Courtesy of GEFYRA SA
PROTA
Flat sliding bearings in EN1998-2
(
bd
)
-
d
-
d
bd

Frictional behavior with limiting force:
F
max
=
d
N
Sd
sign

d
: dynamic friction coefficient
static or breakaway
N
Sd
:

vertical force
:

velocity

No restoring capability:
Need to combine in isolation system with
fully re-centering components (eg, LDEBs).
Commonly: Lubricated PTFE on stainless steel
with very low min
d
0.005-0.02.
If PTFE unlubricated:
d
0.05-0.1.
Conformity to EN1337-2 gives controlled upper
bound of
d
, but no reliable lower limit.
Device damping =2/, but
Energy dissipation: E
D
=4
d
N
sd
d
bd
0.

PROTA
Example: Flat sliding bearings used with
elastomeric bearings for restoring force

Twin bridges over
Corinth Canal (GR):
Flat sliding bearings
on top of the piers;
Elastomeric bearings
at the abutments
PROTA

Two pairs of
elastomeric bearings
per abutment
One flat sliding bearing
at the top of each pier
PROTA
Bearings with spherical sliding surface in EN1998-2

= +
Sd
max bd d Sd
b
N
F d N sign
R
(
bd
)
-
d
Significant restoring force
Stainless steel surfaces; special
surfacing material for low friction

d
=0.05-0.10
Device damping:
=(2/)/(1+
d
d
bd
/R
b
)
Energy dissipation:
E
D
=4
d
N
sd
d
bd
.
PROTA
424 units w/ spherical sliding surface under 2 LNG tanks
Revithousa island, Greece
PROTA
Bearings with two spherical sliding surfaces


Covered by EN 15129, not mentioned in EN1998-2.
Equivalent radius: R
b
=R
1
+R
2
-h
1
-h
2

Displacement capacity:
d
1
(1-h
1
/R
1
)+d
2
(1-h
2
/R
1
)
No other difference in behavior w.r.to single spherical surface.
PROTA
Bearings with 3 spherical sliding surfaces (not in EN15129 or EN1998)

1
=
4
=
d

2
=
3
<
d

Regimes III & IV: design earthquake.
d
y
*
d
lim
. Motion within d
1
& d
4
.
Regimes I & II:
minor earthquakes,
-d
y
*
d d
y
*
, F
2
N
sd

Motion in d
2
, d
3
.
High stiffness,
good re-centering
Regime V: >design
earthquake, d>d
lim
,
Motion in remaining
part of d
2
, d
3
.


Photo of Triple Pendulum
TM
Bearing Schematic Cross Section


Concaves and Slider Assembly Concaves and Slider Components



Photo of Triple Pendulum
TM
Bearing Schematic Cross Section


Concaves and Slider Assembly Concaves and Slider Components



Photo of Triple Pendulum
TM
Bearing Schematic Cross Section


Concaves and Slider Assembly Concaves and Slider Components

PROTA
Properties of isolation systems exclusively of sliding
isolators (normally with spherical sliding surface)
For bearing i: F
bi
=N
Sd,i
(d
b,i
/R
b
+
d
) = k
i
N
Sd.i

If the isolation system:
is supported on a rigid diaphragm; and
supports the superstucture via a rigid diaphragm (or the
superstucture is horizontally rigid)
all d
b.i
are equal all k
i
are equal no twisting about the vertical.
[Strictly speaking this is always the case for flat sliders, which
have R
b
= but are never used alone in an isolation system].

If d
b,i
/R
b
>>
d
the period is T 2(R
b
/g) ~ independent of the
mass of the superstucture.

PROTA
Layout of isolators per EN1998
To minimize twisting: effective stiffness center of
isolation system as close as possible to the horizontal
projection of the center of mass of the superstructure
(met automatically for sliding isolators).
To minimize differential behavior of isolators: they
should share ~uniformly the gravity loads of the
superstructure.
Rigid diaphragm above isolation interface - in
buildings, below it as well.
Sufficient space around isolating devices for
inspection, maintenance, replacement.
Use dampers, shock-absorbers, etc., if shocks is an
issue.

PROTA
Design properties of isolators used in analysis
Nominal (mean) design properties are determined via tests of
prototype devices, to confirm the range specified in the design.
The variation of design properties due to aging, temperature,
contamination, cumulative travel/wear, scragging, etc, considered;
design is carried out using both:
Upper Bound Design Properties (UBDP), for maximum forces
in the superstructure & substructure; and
Lower Bound Design Properties (LBDP), for maximum
displacements of the isolators & the superstructure.
The Bounds of Design Properties from tests, or modification ()
factors (Annex J of EN15129, J & JJ of EN1998-2, from AASHTO
Guide Specs).
Properties obtained for the quasi-permanent variable actions, but
for temperature the frequent value is taken into account.
In bridges, multimode spectral or nonlinear time-history analysis
may be based just on nominal design properties, if the
displacements from Fundamental mode analyses with UBDPs &
LBDPs differ from those for the nominal ones by < 15%.
PROTA
Increased reliability required of the isolation system
Why?
The superstructure and the substructure have safety margins,
because their ULS resistance is calculated from characteristic
(5%-fractile) values of material strengths divided by the material
partial safety factors (1.5 for concrete, 1.15 for steel).
By contrast, the ULS of isolators is defined by their nominal
displacement capacity, without margins.
Thanks to redundancies in the superstructure and the
substructure, attainment locally of their ULS resistance does not
have catastrophic consequences.
By contrast, failure of isolators may be catastrophic for the
superstructure.
How?
Multiplicative factor applied on the seismic displacement of the
isolators from the analysis, d
E
, with recommended values:

x
= 1.2 in buildings;

IS
= 1.5 in bridges.
d
E,a
= (
x
or
IS
) d
E

PROTA
Verifications Full isolation
Superstructure:
Verified at the ULS for forces from the analysis reduced by (behavior
factor) q=1.5 for overstrength - even for nonlinear time-history analysis.
Foundations & substructure:
Verified at the ULS for forces from the analysis (reduction or behavior
factor q=1), except for bridges, where the piers are designed in flexure
for q=1.5 & detailed as "limited ductile(but in shear, q=1).
No detailing for ductility (except in bridge piers) or capacity design
Horiz. clearance between superstructure & surrounding elements
d
Ed
= d
E
+d
G
+0.5d
T
d
G
: due to permanent & quasi-permanent actions (shrinkage, creep)
d
T
: due to design thermal actions.
Isolating system:
Accommodate total displacement:
d
Ed
= d
E,a
+d
G
+0.5d
T
[d
E,a
=(
x
or
IS
)d
E
]
Interstory drifts in buildings for damage limitation earthquake:
<0.5% for non-structural partitions, <1% if only structural frame.

PROTA
Product Standards for the devices
1. EN 15129:2009 Antiseismic devices.
2. EN 1337-3:2005 Structural bearings - Part 3: Elastomeric
bearings
3. EN 1337-2:2000 Structural bearings - Part 2: Sliding elements
4. etc.
Specify:
functional requirements and design criteria for the devices
(2 & 3: for non-seismic actions),
material characteristics,
manufacturing and conformity,
installation and maintenance requirements,
etc.


PROTA
Additional requirements in EN1998-2 for devices
For elastomeric bearings:
Shear strain in elastomer < 200% under resultant of horizontal
displacements of bearing (SRSS or 1:0.3 combination for d
E,x
d
E,y
):
d
Ed,x
=
IS
d
E,x
+d
G,x
+0.5d
T,x
, d
Ed,y
=
IS
d
E,y
+d
G,y
+0.5d
T,y
Restoring capability of isolation system:
Option 1:


Option 2:

Design displacement at stiffness center of
isolation system: d
cd
0.5d
r
= 0.5F
0
/K
p


Displacement capacity
of isolator:
d
G
+0.5d
T
+(
du

d
)(
IS
d
E
)




( )
( )
1. 5
r c d
0. 6
c d y
d
du
/ 80 1
/ 1
1.35 1
1.20
d d
d d

,
+

+ =
=
d
cd
/d
r

PROTA
d
cd
/d
r

d
d
y
/d
cd
( )
( )
1. 5
r c d
0. 6
c d y
d
/ 80 1
/ 1
1.35 1
d d
d d

+ =
1.20
du
=
d
m
d
G
+0.5d
T
+(
IS
d
Ei
)(

du

d
)
Factor for displacement capacity of isolator, against 80%-fractile
accumulated residual displacements in sequence of earthquakes
PROTA

Application example to a bridge
http://www.aces.upatras.gr/node/191
PROTA
EXAMPLE: bridge with composite (steel-concrete) deck
and seismic isolation
Deck cross-section
Elevation
Piers in elevation
Piers - transverse section
Pier head & bearings PROTA
Seismic design spectra Ground Motions
Ordinary importance:

=1.0
High Seismicity: a
gR
=0.40g , a
g
=
I
a
gR
= 0.40g
Ground Type B
Horizontal spectrum Vertical spectrum
S=1.2, T
B
=0.15s, T
C
=0.5s, T
D
=2.5s S=1 a
vg
=0.9a
g
, T
B
=0.05s, T
C
=0.15s, T
D
=1s









7 ground motion triplets
(2 horizontal, one vertical component)
Artificial records by modulating
historic ones to fit the spectra


0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Period (sec)
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
g
)
Damping 5%
Average SRSS spectrum
of ensemble of earthquakes
1.3 x Elastic spectrum
PROTA
Plan layout and properties of isolators
Bearings with spherical sliding surface
Two bearings per abutment, size 0.9m x 0.9m x 0.4m
Two bearings per pier, size 1.2m x 1.2m x 0.4m

d
= effective friction coefficient = 0.061 16% = 0.051 - 0.071
R = effective radius =1.83m
D
y
= effective yield displacement = 0.005m





Triple FPS
C0_L
C0_R
P1_L
P1_R
P2_L
P2_R
C3_L
C3_R
X
Y
Triple FPS
Triple FPS
Triple FPS
Plan:
Abutment C0
Elevation:
Pier P1 Pier P2
Abutment C3
60m 60m 80m
PROTA
Isolator Upper & Lower Bound Design Properties (UBDP, LBDP)
Force at zero displacement F
0
/W - nominal value range: 0.06116%=0.051~0.071
LBDP: (F
0
/W)
min
= minDP
nom
= 0.051
UBDP: per EN 1998-2 Annex J & JJ
Minimum temperature for seismic design: T
min,b
=
2
T
min
+
1
=0.5x(-20
o
C)+5
o
C
=-5
o
C (
2
=0.5: combination factor for thermal actions, T
min
=-20
o
C: minimum
shade air temperature @ site,
1
=5
o
C for composite deck)

max
factors:
f1-ageing:
max,f1
=1.1 (Table JJ.1, for normal environment, unlubricated
PTFE, protective seal)
f2-temperature:
max,f2
=1.15 (Table JJ.2 for T
min,b
=-10
o
C, unlubric. PTFE)
f3-contamination:
max,f3
=1.1 (Table JJ.3 unlubr. PTFE, sliding surface
facing both upwards & downwards)
f4-cumulative travel
max,f4
=1 (Table JJ.4 - unlubr. PTFE , cum.travel 1km)
Combination factor
fi
:
fi
=0.7 for Importance Class Ordinary (Table J.2)
Combination value of
max
factors:
U,fi
=1+(
max,fi
-1)
fi

f1 - ageing:
U,f1
=1+(1.1-1)x0.7=1.07
f2 - temperature:
U,f2
=1+(1.15-1)x0.7=1.105
f3 - contamination
U,f3
=1+(1.1-1)x0.7=1.07
f4 - cumulative travel
U,f4
=1+(1.0-1)x0.7=1.0
Effective UBDP:
UBDP =maxDP
nom

U,f1

U,f2

U,f3

U,f4
: (F
0
/W)
max
=0.071x1.07x1.105x1.07x1=0.09

PROTA
Fundamental Mode analysis with LBDP - 1
st
iteration
Weight: W= 36751kN
Assumed value for design displacement: d
cd
=0.15m
Effective Stiffness of Isolation System (ignoring the piers):
K
eff
=F/d
cd
=W(F
0
/W+d
cd
/R)/d
cd
=36751x(0.051+0.15/1.83]/0.15=32578kN/m
Effective period of Isolation System:

Dissipated energy per cycle:
E
D
=4W(F
0
/W)(d
cd
-d
y
)= 4x36751kNx(0.051)x(0.15-0.005)=1087kNm
Effective damping:

eff
=E
D,i
/(2K
eff
d
cd
2
)=1087/(2 x 32578 x 0.15
2
)=0.236
=[0.1 /(0.05+
eff
)]=0.591
Design displacement d
cd

d
cd
=(0.625/
2
)a
g
ST
eff
T
C
=
(0.625/
2
)x(0.4x9.81)x1.2x0.591x2.13x0.5=0.188m
Check assumed displacement
Assumed displacement 0.15m;
Calculated 0.188m Another iteration

s 2.13
32578
36751/9.81
2
K
m
2 T
eff
eff
= = =
PROTA
Fundamental Mode analysis with LBDP 2
nd
iteration
Assume new value for design displacement: d
cd
=0.22m
Effective Stiffness of Isolation System:
K
eff
=F/d
cd
=W(F
0
/W+d
cd
/R)/d
cd
=36751x(0.051+0.22/1.83)/0.22=28602kN/m
Effective period of Isolation System:

Dissipated energy per cycle:
E
D
=4W(F
0
/W)(d
cd
-d
y
)= 4x36751kNx(0.051)x(0.22-0.005)=1612kNm
Effective damping:

eff
=E
D,i
/(2K
eff
d
cd
2
)=1612/(2 x 28602 x 0.22
2
)=0.185
=[0.1 /(0.05+
eff
)]=0.652
Design displacement d
cd

d
cd
=(0.625/
2
)a
g
ST
eff
T
C
=
(0.625/
2
)x(0.4x9.81)x1.2x0.652x2.27x0.5=0.22m Converged.
Spectral acceleration S
e

S
e
=2.5(T
C
/T
eff
)a
g
S=2.5x(0.5/2.27)x 0.652x0.4x1.2= 0.172g
Seismic shear force
V
d
=K
eff
d
cd
=28602x0.22=6292kN

s 2.27
28602
36751/9.81
2
K
m
2 T
eff
eff
= = =
PROTA
Fundamental Mode analysis with UBDP Final results
Assumed design displacement: d
cd
=0.14m
Effective Stiffness of Isolation System:
K
eff
=F/d
cd
=W(F
0
/W+d
cd
/R)/d
cd
=36751x(0.09+0.14/1.83)/0.14=43708kN/m
Effective period of Isolation System:

Dissipated energy per cycle:
E
D
=4W(F
0
/W)(d
cd
-d
y
)= 4x36751kNx(0.09)x(0.14-0.005)=1799kNm
Effective damping:

eff
=E
D,i
/(2K
eff
d
cd
2
)=1799/(2 x 43708 x 0.14
2
)=0.33
=[0.1 /(0.05+
eff
)]=0.512
Design displacement d
cd

d
cd
=(0.625/
2
)a
g
ST
eff
T
C
=
(0.625/
2
)x(0.4x9.81)x1.2x0.512x1.84x0.5=0.14m Convergence.
Spectral acceleration S
e

S
e
=2.5(T
C
/T
eff
)a
g
S=2.5x(0.5/1.84)x 0.512x0.4x1.2= 0.166g
Seismic shear force
V
d
=K
eff
d
cd
=43708x0.14=6119kN,
Per abutment: V
d
= 569kN; per pier: V
d
= 2479kN

s 1.84
43708
36751/9.81
2
K
m
2 T
eff
eff
= = =
PROTA
Non-linear time-history analysis
PROTA
Hysteresis loops for abutment bearing, time-history analysis
EQ6
EQ7
EQ1
EQ2
EQ3
EQ4
Direction X Direction Y
EQ5
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
-0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-400
-200
0
200
400
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
-0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
-0.250 -0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
-0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
-0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
EQ6
EQ7
EQ1
EQ2
EQ3
EQ4
Direction X Direction Y
EQ5
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
-0.300 -0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
-0.300 -0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
-0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
-0.300 -0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-400
-200
0
200
400
-0.300 -0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
-0.300 -0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
-0.300 -0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
-0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
-0.300 -0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
-0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
-0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
-0.300 -0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
LBDP UBDP

PROTA
Hysteresis loops for abutment bearing, time-history analysis
EQ6
EQ7
EQ1
EQ2
EQ3
EQ4
Direction X Direction Y
EQ5
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
-0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.250 -0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
EQ6
EQ7
EQ1
EQ2
EQ3
EQ4
Direction X Direction Y
EQ5
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
-0.300 -0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
-0.300 -0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
-0.300 -0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.300 -0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
-0.300 -0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.300 -0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
-0.300 -0.200 -0.100 0.000 0.100 0.200
Displ. (m)
F
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
)
LBDP UBDP

PROTA
Global seismic action effects - check of 80% lower limit
Mean peak action effects from t-history LBDP analyses (design
displacement d
cd
, seismic shear force V
d
):
Peak displacement in X: d
cdx
= 193 mm (concurrent d
cdy
=63 mm)
Peak displacement in Y: d
cdy
= 207 mm (concurrent d
cdy
=57 mm)
Peak seismic shear in X: V
dx
= 6929 kN.
Peak seismic shear in Y: V
dy
= 6652 kN.
Action effects from t-history analysis 80% of Fundamental Mode
results ?
Displacement in X: d
cdx
/d
fx
=193/220=0.88 >0.8 OK.
Displacement in Y: d
cdy
/d
fy
=207/220=0.94 >0.8 OK.
Total shear in X: V
dx
/V
fx
=6929/6292=1.10 >0.8 OK.
Total shear in Y: V
dy
/V
fy
=6652/6292=1.06 >0.8 OK.

PROTA
Displacement demand on isolators: d
Ed
=d
E,a
+d
G
+0.5d
T

Design uniform : 45
o
C/+55
o
C.
Fixed point of thermal expansion/contraction at one pier:
Expansion/contraction L
T
: 140 m for abutments, 80 m for pier bearings.
Thermal movement 0.5d
T
at pier (+ towards abutment, - towards bridge center):
0.5L
T
=0.5800001.010
5
(-45) or (+55)= -18 mm or 22 mm
0.5d
T
at the abutments:
0.5L
T
=0.51400001.010
5
(-45) or (+55)= -31.5 mm or 38.5 mm
Displacements d
G
due to (quasi-)permanent actions (shrinkage, creep):
At the piers: -3 mm
At the abutments: -8 mm
Offset displacements d
G
+0.5d
T
at the piers:
Towards bridge center: -3-18=-21 mm
Towards abutments: +22 mm
d
G
+0.5d
T
at abutments:
Towards bridge center: -8-31.5=-39.5 mm
Towards abutment: +38.5 mm
Total resultant displacement for combined components

- LBDP analysis:
Longitudinal, pier bearings: d
m
=[(1.5x193+22)
2
+(1.5x63)
2
] = 325 mm
Longitudinal, abutment units: d
m
=[(1.5x193+39.5)
2
+(1.5x63)
2
] =342mm
Transverse, pier bearings: d
m
=[(1.5x57+22)
2
+(1.5x207)
2
] = 329 mm
Transverse, abutment units: d
m
=[(1.5x57+39.5)
2
+(1.5x207)
2
] = 335 mm
PROTA
Restoring capability of isolation system
Ratio d
cd
/d
r
0.5 ?
Maximum static residual displacement d
r
=F
0
/K
p

Post-elastic stiffness K
p
=W/R
d
r
=F
0
/K
p
=Wx(F
0
/W)/(W/R)=(F
0
/W)xR
Longitudinal direction - LBDP: d
cd
/d
r
=0.193/(0.051x1.83)=2.07>0.5.
Transverse direction - LBDP: d
cd
/d
r
=0.207/(0.051x1.83)=2.22>0.5.
Longitudinal direction - UBDP: d
cd
/d
r
=0.149/(0.09x1.83)=0.90>0.5.
Transverse direction - UBDP: d
cd
/d
r
=0.138/(0.09x1.83)=0.84>0.5.
UBDP more unfavorable, as d
r
larger and d
cd
smaller.
Sufficient restoring capability without increasing the
displacement capability of devices


PROTA
Thank you !
PROTA