04 Reinforced Concrete

LRFD Bridge Design Workshop
LRFD Bridge Design Workshop

June 12, 2007
June 12, 2007
Angel M. Staples, P.E.
Angel M. Staples, P.E.
Bridge Designer
Bridge Designer
Shrinkage & Temperature Requirements

Crack Control
Crack Control
Minimum Reinforcement (
f
f
r r
)
)
Variable
Variable
factor
factor
Maximum Reinforcement
Slab
Slab
-
-
span Bridges: Exterior Strip Width
Applicable to:
Applicable to:
Any surfaces of concrete exposed to daily
Any surfaces of concrete exposed to daily
temperature changes
temperature changes
AND
AND
Structural Mass Concrete
Structural Mass Concrete
Any large volume of concrete where special
Any large volume of concrete where special
materials or procedures are required to cope with
materials or procedures are required to cope with
the generation of heat of hydration and attendant
the generation of heat of hydration and attendant
volume change to minimize cracking.
volume change to minimize cracking.
Prior to 2006 Interim:

Prior to 2006 Interim:
Bars & welded wire fabric A

Bars & welded wire fabric A
s s

0.11A
0.11A
g g
/f
/f
y y
Limiting area for walls &

Limiting area for walls &
ftgs
ftgs

A
A
b b
= 0.0015A
= 0.0015A
g g
Mass Concrete
Mass Concrete
( )
100
d d 2 s
A
b c
b
Shr i nk age & Temper at ur e
Pr i or t o 2006 I nt er i m (Cont d):
From
From
MnDOT
MnDOT
LRFD Manual
LRFD Manual
Fig. 5.2.6.1
Fig. 5.2.6.1
Shrinkage and Temperature
Reinforcement for Slabs and Decks
Prior to 2006 AASHTO LRFD Interims
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
MEMBER THICKNESS, i nches
M
A
X
I
M
U
M

S
P
A
C
I
N
G
,

i
n
c
h
e
s
#13
#16
#19
PER AASHTO LRFD 5.10.8.2
CONRETE COMPONENTS LESS THAN 48 INCHES THICK
From
From
MnDOT
MnDOT
LRFD Manual
LRFD Manual
Fig. 5.2.6.2
Fig. 5.2.6.2
SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT
FOR MEMBERS OTHER THAN SLABS AND DECKS
Prior to 2006 AASHTO LRFD Interims
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
MEMBER THICKNESS, in
M
A
X
I
M
U
M

S
P
A
C
I
N
G
,

i
n
#13
#16
#19
PER AASHTO LRFD 5.10.8.2 CONCRETE
COMPONENTS LESS THAN 48 INCHES THICK
Prior to 2006 Interims (Contd):

Prior to 2006 Interims (Contd):
From
From
MnDOT
MnDOT
LRFD Manual p 5
LRFD Manual p 5
-
-
16:
16:
Mass Concrete
Mass Concrete
#19 @ 12
#19 @ 12
The Latest Provisions:

The Latest Provisions:
Bars & welded wire fabric

Bars & welded wire fabric
-
-
LRFD
LRFD
eqn
eqn
5.10.8
5.10.8
-
-
1
1
Limiting range
Limiting range
LRFD
LRFD
eqn
eqn
5.10.8
5.10.8
-
-
2
2
A
A
s s
= area of steel in each direction and each face, in
= area of steel in each direction and each face, in
2 2
/ft
/ft
b = least width of component section, in
b = least width of component section, in
h = least thickness of component section, in
h = least thickness of component section, in
y
s
f h) (b 2
bh 30 . 1
A
+
60 . 0 A 11 . 0
s

The Latest Provisions (Contd):

Where the least dimension varies along
Where the least dimension varies along
the length of wall, footing or other
the length of wall, footing or other
component, multiple sections should be
component, multiple sections should be
examined to represent the average
examined to represent the average
condition at each section.
condition at each section.

Maximum Spacing:
Maximum Spacing:
3.0 x component thickness or 18 3.0 x component thickness or 18
Walls & Footings where thickness > 18 : 12 max spacing Walls & Footings where thickness > 18 : 12 max spacing
Other components where thickness > 36: 12 max spacing Other components where thickness > 36: 12 max spacing
Additional Stuff:
Additional Stuff:
For components where thickness For components where thickness 6: 6: Place in a single layer Place in a single layer

Shall not be required for:
Shall not be required for:
End face of walls 18 or less in thickness

End face of walls 18 or less in thickness
Side face of buried footings 36 or less in thickness

Side face of buried footings 36 or less in thickness
Faces of all other components with dimensions

Faces of all other components with dimensions
18
18
?
?
Comparison of old vs. new provisions for decks

Comparison of old vs. new provisions for decks
Shrinkage and Temperature
Reinforcement for a 40' Wide Deck
COMPARISON
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
MEMBER THICKNESS, inches
M
A
X
I
M
U
M

S
P
A
C
I
N
G
,

i
n
c
h
e
s
#13
#13 now
PER AASHTO LRFD 5.10.8.2
Prior to 2006
Interims
Current
Provisions
Example: High
Example: High
Parapet Abutment
Parapet Abutment
Design
Design
Example (Contd): Abutment Stem

Example (Contd): Abutment Stem
Given dimension
Given dimension
Width of stem = 54
Width of stem = 54
Old method
Old method
Required
Required
#19 @12 on each face for horizontal reinforcement

#19 @12 on each face for horizontal reinforcement
#19 @12 for vertical front face reinforcement

#19 @12 for vertical front face reinforcement
Example (Contd):
Example (Contd):
New method
New method
1.
1.
Calculate A
Calculate A
s s
required
required
2.
2.
Check limiting boundaries
Check limiting boundaries
0.11 0.45 0.60
3.
3.
Note #19@12, A
Note #19@12, A
s s
= 0.44 in
= 0.44 in
2 2
, is close enough!
, is close enough!
ft
in
45 . 0
ksi 60 ) " 183 " 54 ( 2
" 183 " 54 30 . 1
A
2
s
=
+
in each direction
and each face
Conclusion:
Conclusion:
We are using the new provisions
We are using the new provisions
But it is still ok to use the tables in the Manual
But it is still ok to use the tables in the Manual
because they will not change
because they will not change

Crack Control
Crack Control
f
f
r r
)
)
Variable
Variable
factor
factor
Slab
Slab
-
-
Applicable to:
Applicable to:
All concrete components, except deck
All concrete components, except deck
slabs (usually)
slabs (usually)
Prior to the 2005 Interims:

Prior to the 2005 Interims:
Involved the crack width parameter, Z
Involved the crack width parameter, Z
Today:
Today:
Involves
Involves
exposure factor
exposure factor
,
,
e e
and
and
s s
y
c
sa
f 6 . 0
A) (d
Z
f
3
1
=
c
ss s
e
d 2
f
700
s
MnDOT
MnDOT
Bridge Office Policy:
Bridge Office Policy:
We are using the new method with the
We are using the new method with the
following design guidance
following design guidance
Class 1 exposure: abutment
Class 1 exposure: abutment
backwalls
backwalls
Class 2 exposure: everything else
Class 2 exposure: everything else
Do not check footings for crack control
Do not check footings for crack control

Crack Control
Crack Control
f
f
r r
)
)
Variable
Variable
factor
factor
Slab
Slab
-
-
Applies to:
Applies to:
Any flexural component
Any flexural component
Requirements:
Requirements:
No apparent change here
No apparent change here
However, the cracking moment,
However, the cracking moment,
M
M
cr cr
, is a
, is a
function of the modulus of rupture,
function of the modulus of rupture,
f
f
r r
u
cr
r
M 33 . 1
M 2 . 1
min M
f
f
r r
Then & Now:
Then & Now:
LRFD 5.4.2.6
LRFD 5.4.2.6
OLD (prior to the 2005 Interims)
OLD (prior to the 2005 Interims)
For normal weight concrete

For normal weight concrete
NEW
NEW
When used to calculate the cracking

When used to calculate the cracking
moment of a member in
moment of a member in
Article 5.7.3.3.2..
Article 5.7.3.3.2..
' f 24 . 0
c
' f 37 . 0
c
Conclusion:
Conclusion:
Use the new AASHTO provisions

Crack Control
Crack Control
f
f
r r
)
)
Variable
Variable
factor
factor
Slab
Slab
-
-
Applicable to:
Applicable to:
Both
Both
prestressed
prestressed
and
and
nonprestressed
nonprestressed
flexural members
flexural members
Resistance Factors Then & Now:
Resistance Factors Then & Now:
OLD (prior to 2005 Interim)
OLD (prior to 2005 Interim)
Resistance factors shall be taken as:
Resistance factors shall be taken as:
For flexure and tension of reinforced

For flexure and tension of reinforced
concrete. 0.90
concrete. 0.90
For flexure and tension of

For flexure and tension of
prestressed
prestressed
concrete. 1.0
concrete. 1.0
NEW Equations for computing
NEW Equations for computing
:
:
0 . 1 1
c
d
0.25 0.583 75 . 0
t
+ = 0.9 1
c
d
0.15 0.65 0.75
t
+ =
Prestressed
Prestressed
Members
Members
Nonprestressed
Nonprestressed
Members
Members
Eqn
Eqn
5.5.4.2.1
5.5.4.2.1
-
-
1
1
Eqn
Eqn
5.5.4.2.1
5.5.4.2.1
-
-
2
2
c = distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral a c = distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis, in xis, in
d d
t t
= distance from the extreme compression fiber to the = distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid centroid of the of the
extreme tension steel element, in extreme tension steel element, in
Figure C5.5.4.2.1
Figure C5.5.4.2.1
-
-
1
1
Variation of net tensile strain
Variation of net tensile strain
t t
and
and
d
d
t t
/c
/c
for Grade 60 reinforcement and for
for Grade 60 reinforcement and for
prestressing
prestressing
steel
steel

Crack Control
Crack Control
f
f
r r
)
)
Variable
Variable
factor
factor
Slab
Slab
-
-
Provision deleted in 2005

Provision deleted in 2005
See LRFD C5.7.3.3.1
See LRFD C5.7.3.3.1

Crack Control
Crack Control
f
f
r r
)
)
Variable
Variable
factor
factor
Slab
Slab
-
-
Sl ab
Sl ab
-
-
span Br i dges:
span Br i dges:
Ex t er i or St r i p Wi dt h
LRFD 4.6.2.1.4
LRFD 4.6.2.1.4
Calculating Effective Strip Widths for

Calculating Effective Strip Widths for
Longitudinal Edges
Longitudinal Edges
Old(Prior
Old(Prior
to 2005 interim)
to 2005 interim)
Where Where
w w
eb eb
: distance between the edge of the deck and the inside : distance between the edge of the deck and the inside
face of the barrier face of the barrier
LW 5.0 10.0 E + =
+ +
" 72
E
min E
2
1
" 12 w
eb
LRFD eqn 4.6.2.3-1
Sl ab
Sl ab
-
-
span Br i dges:
span Br i dges:
Current AASHTO provisions

Current AASHTO provisions
The change will ensure that longitudinal

The change will ensure that longitudinal
edge beams are at least as strong as the
edge beams are at least as strong as the
interior portions of the deck
interior portions of the deck
+ +
" 72
E
2
1
min E
4
1
" 12 w
eb
Example from
Example from
MnDOT
MnDOT
LRFD Manual
LRFD Manual
Three
Three
-
-
span R/C slab bridge: 44
span R/C slab bridge: 44
-
-
55
55
-
-
44
44
Consider Span 1
Consider Span 1
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd)
L = 44
L = 44
W = 47.33
W = 47.33
30.0
30.0
w
w
eb eb
= 20
= 20
B
B
effective effective
old
old
B
B
effective effective
new
new
w
w
eb eb
+12+0.5E = 127.9
+12+0.5E = 127.9
w
w
eb eb
+12+0.25E = 79.9
+12+0.25E = 79.9
72
72

72
72
E = 191.7
E = 191.7
E = 95.9
E = 95.9
Sl ab
Sl ab
-
-
span Br i dges:
span Br i dges:
Conclusion
Conclusion
Questions?
Questions?

04 Reinforced Concrete

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04 Reinforced Concrete

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LRFD Bridge Design Workshop

LRFD Bridge Design Workshop

Shrinkage & Temperature Requirements

Prior to 2006 Interim:

Bars & welded wire fabric A

Limiting area for walls &

Prior to 2006 Interims (Contd):

The Latest Provisions:

Bars & welded wire fabric

The Latest Provisions (Contd):

The Latest Provisions (Contd):

The Latest Provisions (Contd):

End face of walls 18 or less in thickness

Side face of buried footings 36 or less in thickness

Faces of all other components with dimensions

Comparison of old vs. new provisions for decks

Example (Contd): Abutment Stem

#19 @12 on each face for horizontal reinforcement

#19 @12 for vertical front face reinforcement

Shrinkage & Temperature Requirements

Prior to the 2005 Interims:

Shrinkage & Temperature Requirements

For normal weight concrete

When used to calculate the cracking

Shrinkage & Temperature Requirements

For flexure and tension of reinforced

For flexure and tension of

Shrinkage & Temperature Requirements

Provision deleted in 2005

Shrinkage & Temperature Requirements

Calculating Effective Strip Widths for

Current AASHTO provisions

The change will ensure that longitudinal

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