APPLIED PHYSICS LAB

ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS

JANUARY 6, 2014


[AUTHOR NAME] 1



Contents
Angular Displacement ............................................................................................................................. 3
Angular Velocity ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Angular Acceleration ............................................................................................................................... 4
Angular Momentum ................................................................................................................................ 4
Torque ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
Moment Of Inertia .................................................................................................................................. 5
Law of Conservation Of Energy ............................................................................................................... 6
Example 1 ............................................................................................................................ 7
So we can conclude that total energy remains constant but changes form in different steps in
the motion ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Example 2 ............................................................................................................................ 7
Potential energy into rotational kinetic energy .................................................................................. 7
Deriving the equation to calculate the angular speed ........................................................................ 8
Work-Energy Principle ............................................................................................................................ 9
Example 1 .......................................................................................................................... 10
Example 2 .......................................................................................................................... 10
Meter Rule ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Vernier Caliper ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Test Subjects ......................................................................................................................................... 12
A uniform circular metallic disk ............................................................................................ 12
A uniform Hoop ..................................................................................................................... 12
A uniform metal bar .............................................................................................................. 12
Hanging Bar Weight .............................................................................................................................. 13
PhotoGate ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Smart Timer .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Thread ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Bubble Balance...................................................................................................................................... 14
Pulley ..................................................................................................................................................... 14
Piece of Paper ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Mass Balance ........................................................................................................................................ 14
Assembly ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Experimental Procedure ........................................................................................................................... 15
Setting up the Apparatus ...................................................................................................................... 15
[AUTHOR NAME] 2

Errors and Uncertainty .......................................................................................................................... 16
Improvements ....................................................................................................................................... 16
Safety Precautions ................................................................................................................................ 16
Circular Disc .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Hoop ...................................................................................................................................................... 17
Metal Bar............................................................................................................................................... 18



[AUTHOR NAME] 3

Abstract:
This experiment was performed to determine and measure the moment of inertia of
different masses (a circular disc, hoop and a uniform bar have been discussed in this case)
and observe how changes in mechanical energy effect on the rotational motion of the above
mentioned objects. The moment of inertia, I, is the property of a body moving in rotational
motion that resists change in its motion when torque, , is applied. Moment of inertia
depends on the shape of the body and may be different around different axes of rotation. A
larger moment of inertia around a given axis requires more torque to increase the rotation,
or to stop the rotation, of a body about that axis.
Objectives:
To determine the moment of inertia (of a circular disc, hoop and a uniform bar)
separately with regard to the law of conservation of energy.
Familiarizing ourselves with the concept of moment of inertia and its practicality.
Appreciation of the relationship that exists between linear and angular variables.
Interpretation of Theoretical and Experimental values in order to determine the
uncertainty involved in this procedure.
Learning how to use Photo gate, Bubble Balance, Smart timer and Pulley system.
Introduction:
Angular Displacement The distance an object moves when following a circular path.
It is represented by the length of the arc of a circle drawn to represent the motion of the
object about a fixed point.
SI Unit: Radian
Formula: s=r
Symbol:

Figure 1: representation of angular displacement
Angular Velocity The rate of change of angular displacement with respect to time.
SI Unit: rad/s
Formula: =/t
Symbol:
[AUTHOR NAME] 4


Figure 2: representation of angular velocity
Angular Acceleration The rate of change of angular velocity with respect to time.
SI Unit: rad/s
2

Formula: = /t
Symbol:

Figure 3: representation of angular acceleration
Angular Momentum the product of the moment of inertia of a body about an axis
and its angular velocity with respect to the same axis.
SI Unit: kg m
2
/s
Formula: L = I
Symbol: L
Figure 4: representation of angular momentum
[AUTHOR NAME] 5

Torque Torque is the analog of force. It can be described as the tendency of a force F to
cause an object to rotate about its axis in a circular motion.
SI Unit: Nm
Formula: = r F
Symbol:

Figure 5: force acting on a moment arm along a pivot
Moment Of Inertia For a body rotating about a fixed axis some torque, must be
applied to bring about a change in its angular momentum, L. It primarily depends upon its
mass distribution and its axis of rotation. While studying moment of inertia a comparison
can be made with the property of a mass, m, to resist a change in its motion. The heavier
the mass, m, the greater would be the force F required to bring about a change in its
velocity, direction or both. In mere layman terms moment of inertia is simply resistance to
motion. As moment of inertia is without any directional properties it is scalar in nature.
SI Unit: Kg.m
2

Formula: I=r
2
dm
Symbol: I

Figure 6: Rotation of a body of Figure 7: A circular disc
Mass m about a fixed axis rotating about a fixed axis O.

Using the Figure 7 the moment of inertia is calculated by taking a small mass m located a
distance r from the axis through O. The product of mass and distance help us obtain a
value for moment of inertia. The summation allows us to take all parts of the disk into
consideration, thus the total moment is equal to the sum of individual contributions.

I=r
2
m
I=r
2
dm

[AUTHOR NAME] 6

In terms of torque moment of inertia is defined as;
= I x
= torque
I = moment of inertia
= rotational acceleration

Formula for the moment of Inertia also depends upon the shape of the object, Table 2
shows the comparison between the different shapes

Shape Moment of Inertia Shape
(a) Solid cylinder or disk or radius r


(b) Hollow cylinder of radius r


(c) Solid sphere of radius r


(d) Hollow sphere of radius r


(e) Thin rod of length r rotating at its
middle portion



(f) Thin rod of length r rotating about one
end




Table 1: Moment of Inertia of Different Shapes

Law of Conservation Of Energy The law of conservation of energy states: Energy
can neither be created nor destroyed, however energy can be converted from one form to
another. In an isolated system energy is said to be conserved.




[AUTHOR NAME] 7

Example 1
Motion of a simple Pendulum

A simple pendulum consists of a relatively
massive object hung by a string from a fixed
support. It typically hangs vertically in its
equilibrium position. The massive object is
affectionately referred to as the pendulum bob.
When the bob is displaced from equilibrium
and then released, it begins its back and forth
vibration about its fixed equilibrium position.


Figure 8: motion of a simple pendulum
As can be seen in the figure 6 above energy is being converted from potential energy to
kinetic energy with kinetic energy being maximum at the mean M point and the potential
energy being greatest at points A and B
Position of bob Velocity (ms
-1
) Potential Energy
(Joules)
Kinetic Energy
(Joules)
Total Energy
(Joules)
A Zero Maximum Zero KE + PE(0+max)
M Maximum zero Maximum KE + PE(max+0)
B Zero Maximum Zero KE + PE(0+max)
Table 2: Energy at different levels in the motion of a simple pendulum
So we can conclude that total energy remains constant but changes form in different steps
in the motion
Example 2
Potential energy into rotational kinetic energy
Applying the same phenomena the experiment under observation also holds and exhibits a
clear example of conservation of energy.


Figure 9: system to convert gravitational potential energy into rotational motion

[AUTHOR NAME] 8

The mass attached to the body through the string has a potential energy, when the mass is
released it falls freely under the force of gravity its potential energy is converted into kinetic
energy which results in the rotation of the disc.
Kinetic energy is the energy expressed through motion of the body as can be seen by the
equation: KE=mv
2
/2
Here the effect of the friction is assumed constant, therefore the kinetic energy depends on
velocity. Since this equation represents Kinetic energy of a body in linear motion similarly
rotational motion also has a rotational kinetic energy associated with it. It is expressed in an
analogous form as the linear Kinetic energy as follows:
KE=mv
2
/2

V=r
I=Mr
2
(Moment of Inertia)
Therefore we can substitute relevant quantities in the linear equation and derive an
expression for rotational Kinetic energy as follows
KE=I
2
/2
Deriving the equation to calculate the angular speed
From the law of conservation we can write;
E
i
=E
F ,
E=KE+PE => KE
i
+PE
i
=KE
F
+PE
F
= K = KE(linear) + KE(rotational)

The hanging weight and the disk are released from rest, and we measure the final speeds as
the hanging weight reaches the floor

As the linear motion of the hanging weight is related to the spinning rate of the disk .By
using V=r, we then have;


By solving this equation we have;









[AUTHOR NAME] 9

The table below shows some analogous relations between angular and linear motions

Table 3: comparison of linear and rotational motion and variables
Work-Energy Principle
Work is said to be done when a force F acting on a body causes it to displace in the direction
of applied force. Mathematically it is described as the product of applied force and the
displacement (in the direction of applied force). Work has the same units as energy and is a
scalar quantity.
SI Unit: joule
Formula: W=F.d
Symbol: W
We are able to define energy as a bodys ability to do work. Keeping in mind our earlier
description of work we now define work as energy transferred to or from an object by
means of force acting on the object. Energy transferred to the object is positive work, and
energy transferred from the object is negative work. We also assume that the work done on
a body causes it to move therefore the body must have some sort of velocity , expressed as
a function of bodys final velocity and mass we have the kinetic energy: KE=mv
2
/2.
The energy associated with the work done by the net force does not disappear after the net
force is removed (or becomes zero), in fact it is transformed into the Kinetic Energy of the
body by virtue of its motion. We call this the Work-Energy Principle. Simply put we can
define the Work-Energy Principle as a theorem that relates changes in kinetic energy of a
body as being equivalent to the work being done on the body. It is derived from Newtons
Second law of motion.
(Change in kinetic energy) = (net work done)
KE = KE
final
KE
initial
W
NET
= KE
[AUTHOR NAME] 10

If the bodys speed increases, then the work done on the body is positive and we say its
Kinetic Energy has increased. Whereas if the bodys speed decreases then its Kinetic Energy
decreases and the change in Kinetic Energy KE is negative. In this case the body does
positive work on the system slowing it down or alternately the work done on the body is
negative.
Example 1

Figure 10: Work-Energy Principle of a cyclist moving up a hill
The Figure 10 above shows a cyclist moving up by applying force, this causes the cycle to
move in the upward direction. At its initial position the cycle only has Kinetic energy but due
to motion in the upward direction the kinetic energy is converted into Gravitational
Potential Energy the work done by the cyclist to raise the cycle is equal to the net change in
energy.
Example 2

Figure 11: Work-Energy Principle of an object moving up an inclined plane
The man in the figure above applies a force F
P
at an angle to the box of mass m, the
motion of the box is opposed by a frictional force f acting down the ramp. The applied
force moves the box up the ramp and as the box moves in the direction of applied force
(given F
P
>f) work is said to be done which is equal to the net change in energy. In this case
[AUTHOR NAME] 11

the energy would be in the form of Gravitational Potential Energy which would be equal to
the change in Kinetic energy.
Apparatus
Meter Rule
It is used as a scale of measuring the height, length or distance between two objects. In this
experiment we used it to measure the height h of the mass hanging from the pulley. The
measurement is taken as a reading corresponding to the calibration on scale.

Figure 12: Meter rule
Vernier Caliper
The Vernier caliper is an instrument that allows very accurate and precise measurements In
comparison with other measuring devices. Its main use is that of measuring internal and
external diameters. In this experiment we used the Vernier Caliper in order to measure the
internal and external diameter of the Hoop (test subject). It offers accuracy to an extent of
0.01 cm or 0.1 mm known as the least count.

Figure 13: Vernier Caliper
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Test Subjects
For this particular experiment we have 3 different test subjects whose moments of inertia
we calculate. Each was mounted on a spindle base before the beginning of experiment.

We calculated the moment of inertia for:-
A uniform circular metallic disk
A uniform Hoop
A uniform metal bar

Figure 11: Test Subjects

S.NO Test Subject Moment of Inertia
1
Disk

2
Hoop

3
Bar

Table 3: Moment of Inertia Formulas for the given Test Subject
S.NO Test Subject Mass (grams)
1
Disk 848
2
Hoop 668
3
Bar 660
Table 4: Mass of the given Test Subject
[AUTHOR NAME] 13

Hanging Bar Weight
A small uniform mass (100 grams) was used in this experiment. It was hanged from the
pulley and caused the rotation of test subjects by its free fall motion.

Figure 12: Bar Weight
PhotoGate
It is made up of infrared diodes and a photocell and is useful in measuring events which
happen in a very short time making it difficult to measure the time by hand. In this particular
experiment we used photogate in order to time oscillations. Every time the piece of paper
taped to the test subject passed through the photogate and broke the infrared beam
between the diode and photocell it was timed.

Figure 13: Photogate

Smart Timer
Equipped with a memory function it makes it easier to note time. It is used in conjunction
with one or two photogates. In this particular experiment we connected it to the photogate
and timed 10 oscillations. Although a smart timer can serve other purposes as well such as
measuring speed and acceleration.

Figure 14: Smart Timer
[AUTHOR NAME] 14


Thread
A light inextensible thread was used to tie the small mass complete the pulley system
between the test subjects and pulley.

Figure 15: Thread
Bubble Balance
We used bubble balance in this experiment in order to ensure that the setup/base was
stable and horizontally level.

Figure 16: Bubble Balance
Pulley
It was used to hang the small mass with the help of a thread.

Figure 17: Pulley

Piece of Paper
A piece of paper was taped on to the subjects turn by turn. It marked the mean position and
thus made it easier to count number of oscillations/complete rotations. It broke the beam
after every displacement of 2r (circumference of circle).
Mass Balance
It was utilized to determine the mass of our test subjects.
[AUTHOR NAME] 15

Assembly
On a rectangular base with a spindle at its center we mounted a base circular disc attached
the pulley and photogate before beginning the experiment.


Figure 18: Equipment Assembly Components

Figure 19: Assembled and Setup Apparatus
Experimental Procedure
Setting up the Apparatus

i. To check the horizontal level and stability of equipment base we place the bubble
balance on top and made adjustments by screwing and unscrewing the adjustable
supports till the time when the bubble was in the inner most ring of the balance.
ii. We placed the uniform circular disc, hollow hoop and the metal bar (our test
subjects) on a mass balance and noted their respective masses.
iii. We then measured the diameter of the base disc with the help of a measuring ruler;
we need to ensure that our eye level is perpendicular to the calibration on scale so
as to avoid inaccurate readings due to parallax error. A Vernier caliper was used
while performing with the hoop and was placed so as to calculate the inner and
outer diameter. While performing with the hoop we noted the diameter of hoop
with reading from the main scale and Vernier scale of Vernier caliper.
[AUTHOR NAME] 16

iv. We then slid the spindle into the bushing present in the center of our base and slid
on our base disc and screwed it in place.
v. Next we mounted on the pulley to one end of our base.
vi. We then hooked the photogate onto the assembly and connected the smart timer to
it and switched it on.
vii. Next we took a suitable length of thread and tied it to the mass (100 grams) and
passed it through the pulley. We measured the height of hanging mass by placing a
ruler next to it and made sure that our line of sight was perpendicular to the
calibration on the scale to avoid error.
viii. We set the mode on smart timer to calculate and record the time taken for
rotations. Switching it on we pressed on the button marked 1 to select
measurement type, time in this case, we then pressed 2 to select the mode of our
choice which was fence.
ix. We then dropped the mass from its height h and waited for it to hit the ground. As
soon as impact was made we pressed 3 on smart timer to start the recording of
time.
x. Once done we took note of the time corresponding to every rotation (1-10) and
repeated the experiment three times and took average values for time taken for
rotations.
xi. Then the circular disc was replaced with the hoop and the same procedure followed.
xii. The same was done with the metal bar once we finished taking readings with the
hoop for time of rotations.
Errors and Uncertainty
While setting the apparatus we need to ensure that the base is leveled out because in case
it is not our following measurements and calculations will be inaccurate. Another type of
error that can occur is parallax error. If our line of sight is not perpendicular to the
calibration on scale it would then result in an inaccurate reading for h which serves a critical
role in our experimental calculations. Before we begin we must check for systematic errors,
this is important as removal of systematic errors enables us to have more accurate readings.
In this experiment systematic error can occur in the form of zero error of Vernier caliper. It
occurs when 0 of the Vernier scale fails to coincide with 0 of main scale. Another error that
can possibly occur is random error in the form Human reaction time error when the
observer might delay the initiation of timer due to his reaction time.
Improvements
Performing a greater number of experiments for greater accuracy
Observer with the least reaction time would serve as a way to reduce chances of
Human reaction time error.
The mass should be dropped from the same height in all experiments.
The piece of paper should be fastened securely onto the test subject
Safety Precautions
Ensure that the smart timer is plugged in safely and there is no exposed wire.
Making sure that the screw of spindle is tightly in place so it does not fall off.
[AUTHOR NAME] 17

Experimental Observations
Circular Disc
Number of rotations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(1)Time of
rotations/seconds
0.6098 0.6147 0.6198 0.6247 0.6298 0.6349 0.6402 0.6455 0.6511 0.6566
(2) Time of
rotations/seconds
0.7622 0.7578 0.7899 0.7862 0.7946 0.8035 0.8124 0.8216 0.8312 0.841
Average
Time of
rotations/seconds
0.686 0.6863 0.7049 0.7055 0.7122 0.7192 0.7263 0.7336 0.7412 0.7488


Hoop
Number of
rotations
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(1)Time of
rotations/seconds
1.2267 1.2495 1.2730 1.3027 1.3232 1.3499 1.3785 1.4104 1.4408 1.4742
(2)Time of
rotations/seconds
1.5111 1.5501 1.5914 1.6359 1.6832 1.7336 1.7878 1.8453 1.9089 1.9782
Average
Time of
rotations/seconds
1.3689 1.3998 1.4322 1.4693 1.5032 1.5418 1.5832 1.6279 1.6749 1.7262
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
TIME/S
NUMBER OF ROTATIONS
Time/s
[AUTHOR NAME] 18


Metal Bar
Number of
rotations
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(1)Time of
rotations/seconds
1.0572 1.0723 1.0879 1.1041 1.1210 1.1379 1.1932 1.1365 1.1933 1.2129
(2)Time of
rotations/seconds
1.6264 1.6699 1.7164 1.7647 1.8174 1.8747 1.9358 2.0023 2.0754 2.1545
Average
Time of
rotations/seconds
1.3418 1.3711 1.4022 1.4344 1.4692 1.5063 1.5645 1.5362 1.5978 1.6837



0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
TIME/S
NUMBER OF ROTATIONS
Time/s
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
TIME/S
NUMBER OF ROTATIONS
Time/s
[AUTHOR NAME] 19

Equations
The angular velocity in this experiment is found by the relationship between linear and
angular variables, in this case velocity as
v=r (1)
We also have the linear equation for velocity by definition as;
v=s/t.. (2)
By comparing equations (1) and (2) we derive an expression for as: =2/t
From law of conservation of energy we know that;
Gravitational potential energy = Kinetic energy
mgh=mv
2
/2 (3)
Now substituting equation (1) in (3) we have KEY:
mgh= (m)(r)
2
/2
This simplifies into
mgh=mr
2

2
/2 (we know that I=mr
2
)

mgh =

I
2



Calculations
Circular Disc
Number of rotations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(1)Time of
rotations/seconds
0.6098 0.6147 0.6198 0.6247 0.6298 0.6349 0.6402 0.6455 0.6511 0.6566
(2) Time of
rotations/seconds
0.7622 0.7578 0.7899 0.7862 0.7946 0.8035 0.8124 0.8216 0.8312 0.841
Average
Time of
rotations/seconds
0.686 0.6863 0.7049 0.7055 0.7122 0.7192 0.7263 0.7336 0.7412 0.7488
Average time for each rotation =

Average time for each rotation = 0.7164

v Linear velocity
s Linear
displacement
r radius
Angular velocity
t time
m Mass of body
g Gravitational
acceleration
h Height
I Moment of
inertia
[AUTHOR NAME] 20

=

=8.7704 rad/s
From the law of conservation of energy we have KEY
mgh =

I
E

2

I
E
=

I
E
=

I
E
= 0.0182 kg/m
2

In order to determine the theoretical value of
moment of inertia we have
I
T
=

mr
2

I
T
=

(0.848)(0.25)
2

I
T
= 0.265 kg/m
2

To calculate the percentage error in our readings we use
%error = (I
E
/I
T
)x 100%
Substituting our values we have;
(0.0182/0.265) x 100
6.87%


Hoop
Number of
rotations
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(1)Time of
rotations/seconds
1.2267 1.2495 1.2730 1.3027 1.3232 1.3499 1.3785 1.4104 1.4408 1.4742
(2)Time of
rotations/seconds
1.5111 1.5501 1.5914 1.6359 1.6832 1.7336 1.7878 1.8453 1.9089 1.9782
Average
Time of
rotations/seconds
1.3689 1.3998 1.4322 1.4693 1.5032 1.5418 1.5832 1.6279 1.6749 1.7262
Average time for each rotation =

Average time for each rotation = 1.53274
I
E
Experimental Moment of
inertia
I
T
Theoretical moment of
inertia
a Width of slab
b Length of slab
[AUTHOR NAME] 21

=

= 4.0993 rad/s
From the law of conservation of energy;
mgh =

I
P

2

I
E
=

I
E
=

I
E
= 0.04186
In order to determine the theoretical value of moment of inertia we have;
I
T
= mr
2
I
T
= 0.768(0.0637)
2

I
T
= 0.0032 kg/m
2
The percentage error in our calculation is determined by;
%error = (I
E
/I
T
)x 100%
(0.04186/0.0032) x 100
1308.2%
Slab
Number of
rotations
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(1)Time of
rotations/seconds
1.0572 1.0723 1.0879 1.1041 1.1210 1.1379 1.1932 1.1365 1.1933 1.2129
(2)Time of
rotations/seconds
1.6264 1.6699 1.7164 1.7647 1.8174 1.8747 1.9358 2.0023 2.0754 2.1545
Average
Time of
rotations/seconds
1.3418 1.3711 1.4022 1.4344 1.4692 1.5063 1.5645 1.5362 1.5978 1.6837
Average time for each rotation =

Average time for each rotation = 1.49072 s
=

= 4.2148 rad/s

[AUTHOR NAME] 22

From law of conservation of energy we have
mgh =

I
E

2

I
E
=

I
E
=

I
E
= 0.07896 kg/m
2
In order to determine the theoretical value of moment of inertia we have;
Width of slab= 5 cm= 0.05 m
Length of slab = 22.5cm=0.225m
Using the given values in the formula we calculate the theoretical value for moment of
inertia.
I
T
=

M(a
2
+b
2
)
I
T
=

(0.66)(0.051
2
+0.225
2
)
I
T
= 2.92x10
-3
kg/m
2

The percentage error in our calculation is determined by
%error = (I
E
/I
T
)x 100%
(0.07896 /2.92x10
-3
) x 100
2704.4%
Results and discussions
The experiment was used to examine and investigate the relationship that exists between
linear and angular quantities and to observe the effect of energy changes on the rotational
motion of three different test subjects namely circular disc, hoop and the uniform metallic
bar. We saw that the gravitational potential energy of our sample mass was converted into
its kinetic energy by virtue of its free fall motion which caused torque to be applied on the
disc under inspection.
We saw that although the experiment was performed with care and accuracy we observed
considerable difference between our experimental and theoretical calculations due to the
neglecting of frictional losses and pulleys rotational inertia. Some discrepancy is also due to
the random error in the form of personal delay in starting the timer, and it can be accounted
for by repeating our procedure to obtain more than one value and averaging out.

[AUTHOR NAME] 23

Conclusion
After the analysis of the data and information which we collected we would like to conclude
that to get accurate and precise readings we need to include frictional losses and pulleys
rotational inertia. We proved that the moment of inertia depends upon mass distribution
and the moment arm. To conclude we saw effects of energy changes and linked them with
the rotational motion of specimen under test.
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http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-moment-of-inertia.htm
Ch.7 / Fundamentals of Physics/Resnick-Halliday-Krane/Volume 1