Faculty of Engineering

Islamic University of Gaza

Materials & Soil Labs Civil Engineering Department








Materials Testing



Prepared by:

Eng. A.Al Kourd Eng. Adel Hammad




2009 / 2010
Sampling

- Sampling from Roadway (Bases & Subbases)
- Sampling Stockpiles
- Belt sampling
- Tube Sampling
- Quartering or Splitting Samples
- Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures

Sampling
!"#$"% '"()*+,-
-Two random samples shall be obtained from different areas
of the lot and Tested separately.
-The samples shall be a minimum of 30 kg. each.
- The sample shall be Taken for the full depth of the layer
being sampled using a steel sampling ring approved by
The Department. No sample shall be taken from within
(0.6 m) of the edge Of The spread of material.
!"#$%&'"( *&"%+,'-. */0,-'(1
- Obtain the sample from an area that represents material.
-The material should be approximately one loader bucket load.
-The loading unit shall dump the material on the ground .
-Strike off and level to approximately half the original pile height.
-The flat surface shall be divided into four sections.
- Identify sampling areas as A, B, C, and D, as shown below.Opposite quadrants
such as A and D, shall be used To acquire the sample
Material first dumped Material after being
on Ground Leveled off and sectioned
2.-& */0,-'(1
-Two random samples shall be obtained from different
portions of the lot and tested separately .
-The samples shall be taken from the conveyor belt before the
Material has passed through the pug mill.
-The sample is obtained by isolating a cross section of the
belt and removing all material inside of the isolated cross
section.
3$4. */0,-'(1
-Fine aggregate samples may be obtained from the stockpile
using a tube approved by the Department. The tube shall
be a minimum of 1 ! ( 30mm) in diameter by 6 Feet (
2m) in length.
-The tube shall be constructed of aluminum and shall have
square cut ends.
-The sample is obtained by inserting the tube into the
stockpile
-At evenly spaced locations across the load face of the pile. A
minimum of five insertions of the tube shall be made.
-The insertions are to be made at a minimum height of three
feet from the bottom of the pile.
Building Materials Laboratory Manual Fall 2007-2008

Prepared by: B. J. Farid
2

Reducing Field Sample of Aggregate to Test Sample
ASTM C 702, D75

Purpose: To obtain laboratory samples of aggregates from stockpiles.

Equipment: Shovel, scoop , boom.

Procedure:
1-Obtain a sample of aggregate (about 50 kg) from three places in the
stockpile: from the top third, at the midpoint, and from the bottom third
of the volume of the pile.
2- Place the field sample on a hard, clean level surface.
3- Mix the material thoroughly by turning the entire sample three times.
4- Shovel the entire sample into a conical pile.
5- Carefully flatten the conical to a uniform thickness and diameter by
pressing down the apex with a shovel. ( The diameter should be
approximately four to eight times the thickness).
6- Divide the flattened mass into four equal quarters with a shovel.
7- Remove two diagonally opposite quarters. Brush the cleared spaces
clean.
8-Mix and quarter the remaining materials until the sample is reduced to
the desired size.

Note
The sample splitters can be used instead of flattening the mass on a
level surface.















Aggregate Testing
511!.1/&. 3.6&'(1
Physical: Grading, Shape, Relative Density, Bulk Density,
Water Absorption
Strength: Franklin Point Load
Mechanical: Los Angeles Abrasion ,crushing test,impact
Durability: Sulphate Soundness, Frost Heave, Slake Durability
Index.
Chemical: Organic Matter, Chloride, Sulphate or full analysis
Specialist: Petrography, Chemical Test, Mortar Bar and
Accelerated Mortar Bar and Concrete Prism Method
511!.1/&. /(# 7/&.!'/-6 3.6&'(1
Basic Properties
Gradation
Moisture Content
Bulk Specific Gravity
Unit Weight
Dry Rodded Density
Absorption
Organic Content
Clay Lumps
Material Finer than 75 m m by Washing
Sand Equivalent
Flat and Elongated Coarse Aggregate Particles
Crushed Particles Count (one face and two face)
Petrographic Examination of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
Petrographic Number evaluation of Coarse Aggregates
Durability
Magnesium or Sodium Sulphate Soundness Testing on Fine or
Coarse Aggregate
Los Angeles Abrasion of Coarse Aggregate
Aggregate Crushing Value
Slake Durability
Expansion Testing
Freezing and Thawing of Coarse Aggregate
Degredation Test
Durability Index
Sand Equivalent
Alkali-Aggregate Reaction:
Accelerated Mortar Bar Test (ASTM C-1260)
Concrete Prism Expansivity Test (ASTM C-1293
Alkali-Carbonate Reaction (by Chemical Analysis)
Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
(ASTM C-856)
Specific Gravity and Moisture
Aggregate Moisture
Absorbed water (n.) water present in
the pervious pores of porous aggregate
particles.
Aggregate Moisture
Surface water (n.) water present on
the surface of aggregate particles (also
called free water).
Aggregate Moisture
+ =
Absorbed
Water
Total
Water
Surface
Water
CIVL 3137 74
Moisture States of Aggregate
oven-dry
air-dry
SSD
wet
Moisture Content
Total moisture content (n.) the total
weight of water present, expressed as a
percentage of the oven-dry weight.

=



OD agg
OD
m
total MC
m
m
100%
Moisture Content
Surface moisture content (n.) the
weight of water in excess of that needed
to saturate the sample.

=



S agg
OD
SD
m
surface MC 100%
m
m
Moisture Content
Absorption(n.) the weight of water
needed to saturate the sample.

=



OD
D SSD O
m
absorption 100%
m
m
Achieving an SSD State
Coarse aggregateshould be soaked
in room temperature water for 244 h
then rolled in a large absorbent cloth to
remove all visible surface moisture.
Achieving an SSD State
Fine aggregateshould be brought to
a moisture content of at least 6% and
allowed to stand for 244 h. Aggregate
is then spread out on a nonabsorbent
surface and warm air is blown across it
until it attains a free flowing condition.
Question
A 1-ft
3
bucket holds
100 lb of aggregate.
How much of the 1-ft
3
volume is occupied by
the aggregate particles
themselves?
Particle Density
Particle density (n.) the ratio of the mass
of an aggregate particle to its own volume
(also called mass density of solids).
=
part
s
part
m
V
Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity(n.) the mass density
of an object relative to the mass density
of de-aired, distilled water.

= =

part
s
s
w part w
m
G
V
CIVL 3137 84
Specific Gravity
Specific gravity depends on the volume
you assume for the aggregate particles.
Net
Volume
Gross
Volume
CIVL 3137 85
Measuring Specific Gravity
= =

particle in air
s
water displaced in air in water
W W
G
W W W
CIVL 3137 86
Buoyancy

W
displ

W
in water
=
W
in air

CIVL 3137 87
Apparent Specific Gravity
=

OD
in air
in
app
OD
air in water
W
G
W W
net volume
CIVL 3137 88
Bulk Specific Gravity
=

in air
in air
bulk
SS
O
in water
O
D
D
D
W
G
W W
gross volume
CIVL 3137 89
Bulk Specific Gravity
=

SSD
in air
in ai
bulk
SSD
r in water
SSD
W
G
W W
gross volume
Porosity
Porosity (n.) the volume of the pervious
pores expressed as a percentage of the
gross volume.

=
gross volume net volume
n 100%
gross volume
Bulk Density and Voids
Question
A 1-ft
3
bucket holds
100 lb of aggregate.
How much of the 1-ft
3
volume is occupied by
the air between the
aggregate particles?
Void Content
Void Content (n.) the volume of void
spaces between particles expressed as a
percentage of the volume needed to contain
all of the particles.
=
voids
bucket
V
voidcontent 100%
V
CIVL 3137 98
Which Void Content?

Voids + Pores Voids Alone
Question
What determines the
void content of a given
aggregate sample?
CIVL 3137 100
Effects of Particle Size
Void content = 48% Void content = 48%
CIVL 3137 101
Effects of Particle Gradation
Void content = 48% Void content = 41%
CIVL 3137 102
Effects of Particle Gradation
Void content = 48% Void content = 48% Void content = 41%
100% CA 100% FA CA:FA Blend
CIVL 3137 103
Effects of Particle Gradation
20
30
40
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percentage of Sand in Blend
V
o
i
d

C
o
n
t
e
n
t

(
%
)
Aggregate Gradation
CIVL 3137 27
Gradation Analysis

percent coarser
or
percent retained

percent finer
or
percent passing
Percentages
are calculated
by mass
Sieves
Shakers
Gilson Shaker
Mary Ann Shaker
Gradation Analysis - Sieve
Analysis (ASTM D 422)
Gradation Analysis - Sieve Analysis (ASTM D 422)
1- Apparatus and Equipments
2- Weigh out about 500g of sandy soil.
Note: The size of the sample depends on the maximum grain size. Check Table in ASTM standards
3- Determine the masses of the sieves.
4- Assemble sieves, with the sieves with the larger openings on top and a pan at
the bottom. Place the soil on top
5- Place lid on top. Tighten down on to sieving machine
6- Run sieving machine for 4 minutes. Inspect sieves, and visually
assess the masses retained in the sieves
7- Determine the masses of the sieves including the retained soil
8- Calculate percent passing for each sieve aperture, and draw plot on graph. Determine Cu and
Cc of the soil
FINENESS MODULUS
CIVL 3137 30
Gradation Chart
0
20
40
60
80
100
Opening Size (mm)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

P
a
s
s
i
n
g

Total mass percent passing each sieve
Gradation Example
CIVL 3137 32
Coarse Aggregate Sieves
Sieve
Designation
Opening
(in)
Opening
(mm)
3 in 3.00 75.0
2 in 2.00 50.0
1 in 1.50 37.5
1 in 1.00 25.0
3/4 in 0.75 19.0
1/2 in 0.50 12.5
3/8 in 0.375 9.50
Bold = Full sieves
CIVL 3137 33
Fine Aggregate Sieves
Sieve
Designation
Opening
(in)
Opening
(mm)
No. 4 0.187 4.75
No. 8 0.0937 2.36
No. 16 0.0469 1.18
No. 30 0.0234 0.60
No. 50 0.0117 0.30
No. 100 0.0059 0.15
No. 200 0.0030 0.075


Bold = Full sieves
Aggregate Size
Gravel Sand Silt & Clay
4.75 2.36 1.18 0.60 0.30 0.15 0.075 mm
Coarse Fine
Coarse Fine Filler
Soil Mechanics
Concrete
Asphalt
No. 4 No. 8 No. 16 No. 30 No. 50 No. 100 No. 200
CIVL 3137 35
Range of Sieve Sizes
Sieve
Designation
Opening
(in)
Opening
(mm)
3 in 3.00 75.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
No. 200 0.0030 0.075
CIVL 3137 36
Gradation Chart
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Opening Size (mm)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

P
a
s
s
i
n
g

(
%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Opening Size (mm)
1" "
3
/
8
" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
CIVL 3137 37
Open-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Opening Size (mm)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

P
a
s
s
i
n
g

1" "
3
/
8
" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
open
graded
CIVL 3137 38
Open-Graded Aggregate
Grain-to-grain contact
High void content
Low but variable density
High stability if confined
Low stability unconfined
Difficult to compact
CIVL 3137 39
Dense-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Opening Size (mm)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

P
a
s
s
i
n
g

1" "
3
/
8
" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
open
graded
dense
graded
CIVL 3137 40
Dense-Graded Aggregate
Grain-to-grain contact
Low void content
High density
High stability if confined
High stability unconfined
Difficult to compact
CIVL 3137 41
Gap-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Opening Size (mm)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

P
a
s
s
i
n
g

1" "
3
/
8
" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
open
graded
dense
graded
gap
graded
CIVL 3137 42
Gap-Graded Aggregate
No grain-to-grain contact
Higher void content
Lower density
Low stability if confined
Low stability unconfined
Easy to compact
CIVL 3137 43
Uniformly-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Opening Size (mm)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

P
a
s
s
i
n
g

1" "
3
/
8
" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
uniformly
graded
Aggregate for Concrete
Source: Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures (PCA, 2007)
Source: Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures (PCA, 2007)
Size
Percent By Weight Passing Each Laboratory Sieve
Number 4" 3" 3" 2" 2" 1" 1" " " 3/8" No. 4 No. 8 No. 16 No. 50 No. 100
1 100 90100 2560 015 05
2 100 90100 3570 015 05
24 100 90100 2560 010 05
3 100 90100 3570 015 05
357 100 95100 3570 1030 05
4 100 90100 2055 015 05
467 100 95100 3570 1030 05
5 100 90100 2055 010 05
56 100 90100 4085 1040 015 05
57 100 95100 2560 010 05
6 100 90100 2055 015 05
67 100 90100 2055 010 05
68 100 90100 3065 525 010 05
7 100 90100 4070 015 05
78 100 90100 4075 525 010 05
8 100 85100 1030 010 05
89 100 90100 2055 530 010 05
9 100 85100 1040 010 05
10 100 85100 1030
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (ASTM C-33)
Size
Midpoint Percent By Weight Passing Each Laboratory Sieve
Number 4" 3" 3" 2" 2" 1" 1" " " 3/8" No. 4 No. 8 No. 16 No. 50 No. 100
1 100 95 42.5 7.5 2.5
2 100 95 52.5 7.5 2.5
24 100 95 42.5 5 2.5
3 100 95 52.5 7.5 2.5
357 100 97.5 52.5 20 2.5
4 100 95 37.5 7.5 2.5
467 100 97.5 52.5 20 2.5
5 100 95 37.5 5 2.5
56 100 95 62.5 25 7.5 2.5
57 100 97.5 42.5 5 2.5
6 100 95 37.5 7.5 2.5
67 100 95 37.5 5 2.5
68 100 95 47.5 15 5 2.5
7 100 95 55 7.5 2.5
78 100 95 57.5 15 5 2.5
8 100 92.5 20 5 2.5
89 100 95 37.5 17.5 5 2.5
9 100 92.5 25 5 2.5
10 100 92.5 20
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (ASTM C-33)
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 10 100
GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS
P
E
R
C
E
N
T

P
A
S
S
I
N
1" " " 4 8 3" 16
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (ASTM C-33)
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (ASTM C-33)
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 10 100
GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS
P
E
R
C
E
N
T

P
A
S
S
I
N
1" " " 4 8 3" 16
5 6 7
56 67
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (ASTM C-33)
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 10 100
GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS
P
E
R
C
E
N
T

P
A
S
S
I
N
1" " " 4 8 3" 16
5 7
57
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (ASTM C-33)
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 10 100
GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS
P
E
R
C
E
N
T

P
A
S
S
I
N
1" " " 4 8 3" 16
57
3
357
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (ASTM C-33)
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 10 100
GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS
P
E
R
C
E
N
T

P
A
S
S
I
N
1" " " 4 8 3" 16
67
4
467
CIVL 3137 54
Fineness Modulus
Fineness modulus (n.) an index of the
coarseness or fineness of an aggregate;
it is computed as the sum of the fraction
retained on each full series sieve starting
from the No. 100 sieve.
CIVL 3137 55
Fineness Modulus
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Opening Size (mm)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

P
a
s
s
i
n
g

1" "
3
/
8
" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
+ + + + +
= =
94 80 58 32 10 0
FM 2.74
100
CIVL 3137 56
Fineness Modulus
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Opening Size (mm)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

P
a
s
s
i
n
g

1" "
3
/
8
" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
FM
= FM 2.74
CIVL 3137 57
ASTM C-33 Sand
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Opening Size (mm)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

P
a
s
s
i
n
g

1" "
3
/
8
" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
Coarse Sand
Fine Sand
CIVL 3137 58
ASTM C-33 Coarse Sand
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Opening Size (mm)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

P
a
s
s
i
n
g

1" "
3
/
8
" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
= FM 3.45
Coarse Sand
CIVL 3137 59
ASTM C-33 Fine Sand
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Opening Size (mm)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

P
a
s
s
i
n
g

1" "
3
/
8
" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
Fine Sand
= FM 2.15
Aggregate for Asphalt
CIVL 3137 61
Dense-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Opening Size (mm)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

P
a
s
s
i
n
g

1" "
3
/
8
" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
CIVL 3137 62
Fullers Curve
Fuller, W.B. and Thompson, S.E. The laws of
proportioning concrete," Transactions of the
ASCE, v. 159, 1907.

=


0.50
i
i
d
p
D
p
i
= percent passing i
th
sieve
d
i
= opening size of i
th
sieve
D = maximum particle size
CIVL 3137 63
Fullers Curves
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Opening Size (mm)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

P
a
s
s
i
n
g

1" "
3
/
8
" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
CIVL 3137 64
Fullers Curve
In 1962 FHWA published a modified version of
Fullers equation with a different exponent.

=


0.45
0.50
i
i
d
p
D
p
i
= percent passing i
th
sieve
d
i
= opening size of i
th
sieve
D = maximum particle size
CIVL 3137 65
0.45 Power Chart
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5
Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45 Power
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

P
a
s
s
i
n
g

"
3
/
8
" 4 8 30 200
CIVL 3137 66
0.45 Power Chart
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5
Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45 Power
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

P
a
s
s
i
n
g

"
3
/
8
" 4 8 30 200
Aggregate Blending
Aggregate Blending Example
Aggregate Particle Shape
Crushing Concrete Slabs Making Recycled
Aggregate
Recycled Aggregate Crushed PC Concrete
Effects of Particle Shape and Surface Texture
of Aggregate on Concrete
# Rough textured and angular aggregates give better bond
between the aggregate and the cement paste and thus higher
strength for the same water cement ratio.
# However, rough and angular aggregates requires more water
to produce the same workability in a fresh concrete.
# The two effects offset one another. With satisfactory
gradation, both crushed and noncrushed aggregates (of the
same rock type) generally give about the same strength for
the same cement content.
# It is undesirable to have flaky & elongated particles.
."/01 21!3+*01
LASS, UT Austin
Automated Quality Assessment Automated Quality Assessment
Image creation
Wavelet Analysis
Classification

Aggregates
Quality report
Laser profiling
4"56-1!7,# 89!,:;#<
3D Image
of Particles
(20 ~35 mm)
=> ?("-0 '0-(0,:":+!, 89!,:;#<
Segmented
Image
Canny Edges
With Liberal
Threshold Values
Original
Particle
Picture
@"+, A0":710/
-- Volume Calculation Volume Calculation
Flat and Elongated Ratio Flat and Elongated Ratio
Particle Size Particle Size DDistribution (Gradation) istribution (Gradation)
Angularity Angularity
Surface Texture Surface Texture
Surface Area Surface Area
# Conveyor speed of 3 in./second
# Particles placed 10 in. apart
# Images captured within
0.1 second in succession
Progressive Scan Progressive Scan
Video Camera Video Camera
B,+C01/+:% !3 ?**+,!+/ D--10-":0
?("-0 D,"*%E01 F B?D?D
Fiber Optic Motion Sensor
'713"50 D10" 8'D< 9!()7:":+!,
p
i
x
e
l
Z
Y
X
O
(0, b, c)
(a, b, 0)
(a, 0,
c)
b
c

= dxdydz dV
(a, b, c)

=
dxdydz dA
Particle
Surface
Particle
Domain
Summation of the 2-D S
i
contained invoxels forming the particle surfacegives
the surface area of the particle in units of voxels (pixel cuboids)
Angularity Index
Round vs. Angular
33D Particle Descriptors D Particle Descriptors
0
50 0
100 0
150 0
200 0
250 0
300 0
350 0
400 0
450 0
450
200
0
Angular
Angularity Index
Round
33D Particle Descriptors D Particle Descriptors
33D Particle Descriptors D Particle Descriptors
Texture Index
Smooth vs. Rough
0
50 0
1 00 0
1 50 0
2 00 0
2 50 0
3 00 0
3 50 0
4 00 0
4 50 0
5 00 0
500
200
0
Rough
Texture Index
Smooth
33D Particle Descriptors D Particle Descriptors
56,8/-& 9!$0 -/(&
Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
Volumetric Properties
HMA Volumetric Terms
l Bulk specific gravity (BSG) of compacted
HMA
l Maximum specific gravity
l Air voids
l Effective specific gravity of aggregate
l Voids in mineral aggregate, VMA
l Voids filled with asphalt, VFA
Volumetric Relationships
V
mb
V
sb
V
ba
V
b
V
se
V
mm
V
a
VMA
BSG of Compacted HMA
l AC mixed with agg. and compacted
into sample
Mass agg. and AC
Vol. agg., AC, air voids
G
mb
=
Testing
l Mixing of asphalt and aggregate
l Compaction of sample
l Mass of dry sample
l Mass under water
l Mass saturated surface dry (SSD)
Testing
Obtain mass of dry
compacted sample
Testing
Obtain mass of
specimen at SSD
Calculations
l G
mb
= A / ( B - C )
Where:
A = mass of dry sample
B = mass of SSD sample
C = mass of sample under water
Maximum Specific Gravity
l Loose (uncompacted) mixture
Mass agg. and AC
Vol. agg. and AC
G
mm
=
Testing
l Mixing of asphalt and aggregate
l Mass in air
l Mass under water
Testing
Loose Mix at
Room
Temperature
Testing
Vacuum Pump
Residual
Manometer
Metal Bowl with Lid
Shaker Table
Calculations
l G
mm
= A / ( A - C )
Where:
A = mass of dry sample
C = mass of sample under water
Percent Air Voids
l Calculated using both specific gravities
G
mb
G
mm
Air voids = ( 1 - ) 100
Mass agg + AC
Vol. agg, AC, Air Voids
Mass agg + AC
Vol. agg, AC
=
Vol. agg, AC
Vol. agg, AC, Air Voids
Example Calculations
l Air voids:
G
mb
= 2.222
G
mm
= 2.423
( 1 - 2.222 / 2.423 ) 100 = 8.3 %
Effective volume = volume of solid aggregate particle +
volume of surface voids not filled with asphalt
G
se
=
Mass, dry
Effective Specific Gravity
Effective Volume
Absorbed asphalt
Vol. of water-perm. voids
not filled with asphalt
Surface Voids
Solid Agg.
Particle
Effective Specific Gravity
G
se
is an aggregate property
G
se
=
100 - P
b
100 - P
b
G
mm
G
b
Example Calculations
l Mixed with 5 % asphalt cement
l G
mm
= 2.535
l G
b
= 1.03
100 - 5
100 - 5
2.535 1.03
G
se
=
= 2. 770
Voids in Mineral Aggregate
VMA is an indication of film thickness on
the surface of the aggregate
VMA =
100 -
G
mb
P
s
G
sb
Example Calculations
l Given that G
mb
= 2.455, P
s
= 95%, and
G
sb
= 2.703
VMA = 100 -
(2.455) (95)
2.703
= 13.7
Voids Filled with Asphalt
VFA is the percent of VMA that
is filled with asphalt cement
VFA =
100 x
VMA - V
a
VMA
Mass Relationships
M
b
= P
b
M
T
M
a
= 0
M
s
= P
s
M
T
M
T
= M
b
+ M
s
Percent Binder Absorbed
P
ba
is the percent of absorbed
asphalt by mass of aggregate
P
ba
=
100 (
G
se
- G
sb
G
sb
G
se
) G
b
Effective Asphalt Content
The effective asphalt content is the
total asphalt content minus the
percent lost to absorption
(based on mass of total mix).
P
be
=
P
b
-
P
ba
100
P
s
Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
Volumetric Properties
Using
Phase Diagrams
GG
mb mb
= = 22..329 329
air air
asphalt asphalt
GG
bb
= = 11..015 015
PP
bb
= = 55% % by mix by mix
aggregate aggregate
GG
sb sb
= = 22..705 705
GG
se se
= = 22..731 731
absorbed asph absorbed asph
VOL (cm VOL (cm
3 3
)) MASS (g) MASS (g)
11..000 000
GG
mb mb
== 22..329 329
air air
asphalt asphalt
GG
bb
= = 11..015 015
PP
bb
= = 55% by mix % by mix
aggregate aggregate
GG
sb sb
== 22..705 705
GG
se se
== 22..731 731
absorbed asph absorbed asph
VOL (cm VOL (cm
3 3
)) MASS (g) MASS (g)
11..000 000
MM
aa
= = 00
MM
mm
= = 11..0 0 x x 22..329 329 x x 11..0 0 = = 22..329 329
M = M = V x V x G x G x 1 1..000 000
GG
mb mb
== 22..329 329
air air
asphalt asphalt
GG
bb
= = 11..015 015
PP
bb
= = 55% % by mix by mix
aggregate aggregate
GG
sb sb
= = 22..705 705
GG
se se
= = 22..731 731
absorbed asph absorbed asph
VOL (cm VOL (cm
3 3
)) MASS (g) MASS (g)
11..000 000
00
22..329 329
00..116 116 MM
bb
= = 00..05 05 x x 22..329 329 ==
MM
ss
= = 22..329 329 -- 00..116 116 = = 22..213 213
air air
asphalt asphalt
GG
bb
= = 11..015 015
aggregate aggregate
GG
sb sb
== 22..705 705
GG
se se
== 22..731 731
absorbed asph absorbed asph
22..329 329
11..000 000
00
00..116 116
22..213 213
VOL (cm VOL (cm
3 3
)) MASS (g) MASS (g)
00..818 818
V = V =
MM
G x G x 1 1..000 000
VV
se se
= = 22..213 213 == 0 0..810 810
22..731 731x x 11..00
00..810 810
VV
sb sb
= = 22..213 213 = = 00..818 818
22..705 705x x 1 1..00
air air
asphalt asphalt
GG
bb
= = 11..015 015
aggregate aggregate
GG
sb sb
= = 22..705 705
GG
se se
= = 22..731 731
absorbed asph absorbed asph
22..329 329
11..000 000
00
00..116 116
22..213 213
VOL (cm VOL (cm
3 3
)) MASS (g) MASS (g)
00..818 818
00..114 114
00..810 810
00..008 008
V = V =
MM
G x G x 1 1..000 000
VV
b b
= = 00..116 116 == 0 0..114 114
11..015 015 x x 1 1..00
VV
ba ba
= = 00..818 818 -- 00..810 810 = = 00..008 008
air air
asphalt asphalt
GG
bb
= = 11..015 015
aggregate aggregate
GG
sb sb
= = 22..705 705
GG
se se
= = 22..731 731
absorbed asph absorbed asph
22..329 329
11..000 000
00
00..116 116
22..213 213
VOL (cm VOL (cm
3 3
)) MASS (g) MASS (g)
00..818 818
00..076 076
00..106 106
00..114 114
00..810 810
00..008 008
VV
be be
== 00..114 114 -- 0 0..008 008 = = 00..106 106
VV
a a
== 11..000 000 - - 0 0..114 114 -- 0 0..810 810 = = 00..076 076
air air
asphalt asphalt
GG
bb
= = 11..015 015
aggregate aggregate
GG
sb sb
== 22..705 705
GG
se se
== 22..731 731
absorbed asph absorbed asph
22..329 329
11..000 000
00
00..108 108
00..008 008
00..116 116
22..213 213
VOL (cm VOL (cm
3 3
)) MASS (g) MASS (g)
00..818 818
00..076 076
00..106 106
00..114 114
00..810 810
00..008 008
M = M = V x V x G x G x 1 1..000 000
MM
be be
= = 00..106 106 x x 11..015 015 x x 11..000 000 = = 00..108 108
MM
ba ba
= = 00..116 116 -- 00..108 108 = = 00..008 008
air air
asphalt asphalt
GG
bb
= = 11..015 015
aggregate aggregate
GG
sb sb
= = 22..705 705
GG
se se
= = 22..731 731
absorbed asph absorbed asph
22..329 329
11..000 000
00
00..108 108
00..008 008
00..116 116
22..213 213
00..182 182
VOL (cm VOL (cm
3 3
)) MASS (g) MASS (g)
00..818 818
00..076 076
00..106 106
00..114 114
00..810 810
00..008 008
VMA = V VMA = V
be be
+ V + V
aa
== ( ( 00..106 106 + + 00..076 076 ) x ) x 100 100 = = 18 18..2 2 %%
Air Voids = Air Voids = 00..076 076 x x 100 100 = = 77..6 6 % %
air air
asphalt asphalt
GG
bb
= = 11..015 015
aggregate aggregate
GG
sb sb
== 22..705 705
GG
se se
== 22..731 731
absorbed asph absorbed asph
22..329 329
11..000 000
00
00..108 108
00..008 008
00..116 116
22..213 213
00..182 182
VOL (cm VOL (cm
3 3
)) MASS (g) MASS (g)
00..818 818
00..076 076
00..106 106
00..114 114
00..810 810
00..008 008
Air Voids = Air Voids = 77..6 6 % %
VMA = VMA = 18 18..2 2 %%
VFA = VFA = ( ( 00..106 106 / / 00..182 182 ) x ) x 100 100 = = 58 58. .2 2 %%
air air
asphalt asphalt
GG
bb
= = 11..015 015
aggregate aggregate
GG
sb sb
== 22..705 705
GG
se se
== 22..731 731
absorbed asph absorbed asph
22..329 329
11..000 000
00
00..108 108
00..008 008
00..116 116
22..213 213
00..182 182
VOL (cm VOL (cm
3 3
)) MASS (g) MASS (g)
00..818 818
00..076 076
00..106 106
00..114 114
00..810 810
00..008 008
Air Voids = Air Voids = 77..6 6 %% Eff. Asp. Eff. Asp. Cont. = ( Cont. = ( 0 0..108 108 / / 22..329 329 ) x ) x 100 100 = = 44..6 6 %%
VMA = VMA = 18 18..2 2 %%
VFA = VFA = 58 58..2 2 %%
air air
asphalt asphalt
GG
bb
= = 11..015 015
aggregate aggregate
GG
sb sb
== 22..705 705
GG
se se
== 22..731 731
absorbed asph absorbed asph
22..329 329
11..000 000
00
00..108 108
00..008 008
00..116 116
22..213 213
00..182 182
VOL (cm VOL (cm
3 3
)) MASS (g) MASS (g)
00..818 818
00..076 076
00..106 106
00..114 114
00..810 810
00..008 008
Air Voids = Air Voids = 77..66%% Effective Asphalt Content = Effective Asphalt Content = 4 4..66%%
VMA = VMA = 18 18..2 2 %% Abs. Asph. Abs. Asph. Cont. = ( Cont. = ( 00..008 008 / / 22..213 213 ) x ) x 100 100 = = 00..44%%
VFA = VFA = 58 58..2 2 %%
air air
asphalt asphalt
GG
bb
= = 11..015 015
aggregate aggregate
GG
sb sb
== 22..705 705
GG
se se
== 22..731 731
absorbed asph absorbed asph
22..329 329
11..000 000
00
00..108 108
00..008 008
00..116 116
22..213 213
00..182 182
VOL (cm VOL (cm
3 3
)) MASS (g) MASS (g)
00..818 818
00..076 076
00..106 106
00..114 114
00..810 810
00..008 008
Air Voids = Air Voids = 7 7..66%% Max Theo Sp Grav = Max Theo Sp Grav = 22..329 329 = = 22..521 521
VMA = VMA = 18 18..2 2 %%
VFA = VFA = 58 58..2 2 %%
11..000 000 -- 00..076 076
11..000 000
air air
asphalt asphalt
GG
bb
= = 11..015 015
aggregate aggregate
GG
sb sb
== 22..705 705
GG
se se
== 22..731 731
absorbed asph absorbed asph
22..329 329
11..000 000
00
00..108 108
00..008 008
00..116 116
22..213 213
00..182 182
VOL (cm VOL (cm
3 3
)) MASS (g) MASS (g)
00..818 818
00..076 076
00..106 106
00..114 114
00..810 810
00..008 008
Air Voids = Air Voids = 77..66%% Effective Asphalt Content = Effective Asphalt Content = 44..66%%
VMA = VMA = 18 18..2 2 %% Absorbed Asphalt Content = Absorbed Asphalt Content = 0 0..44%%
VFA = VFA = 58 58..2 2 %% Max Theo Sp Grav = Max Theo Sp Grav = 2 2..521 521
Woodrow Wilson Bridge Project
Concrete Testing
Common Tests
Slump Air Content Compressive Strength
Questions - ?