Math Solution

Solutions Manual for Basic Engineering Mathematics
Dr. C. K. Chan, Dr. C. W. Chan and Dr. K. F. Hung

August 17, 2007
Contents
1 Complex Numbers 1
2 Linear Algebra 13
3 Innite series, Power series and Fourier series 41
4 Partial Dierentiation 53
5 Multiple Integrals 83
6 Vector Calculus 125
7 Dierential Equations 157
8 Laplace and Fourier Transformations 177
9 Partial Dierential Equations 191
i
Chapter 1
Complex Numbers
(1) z = 2 3i, [z[ =
2
2
+ 3
2
=
13.
(2) By denition,
1
z
=
_
a
a
2
+b
2
_
+i
_
b
a
2
+b
2
_
. Therefore,
z
1
z
= (a +ib)
_
a
a
2
+b
2
+i
b
a
2
+b
2
_
= 1 + 0i = 1.
(3) (a)
3 +i
2 i
=
3 +i
2 i

2 +i
2 +i
=
(6 1) +i(3 + 2)
2
2
+ 1
2
=
5 + 5i
5
= 1 +i.
(b)
2 +
3i
1 4i
=
2 +
3i
1 4i

1 + 4i
1 + 4i
==
_
2 4
3
_
+
_
8 +
3
_
i
17
(c)
1 i
1 +
3i
=
1 i
1 +
3i
3i
1
3i
=
_
1
3
_
_
1 +
3
_
i
4
(4) Let z = a + ib and w = c + id. We have ( z) = (a ib) = a + ib = z. Since (z +w) =
(a +c) +i(b +d) = a+ci(b+d) and z+ w = (aib)+(cid), we have (z +w) = z+ w.
Moreover, observe that
z w = (ac bd) +i(ad +bc) = (ac bd) i(ad +bc)
and
z w = (a ib)(c id) = (ac bd) +i(bc ad).
We thus conclude that z w = z w. Finally, the last result follows from the identity
[z w[
2
= (z w)(z w) = z w z w = z z w w = [z[
2
[w[
2
.
(5) If z = a+ib, then z + z = (a+ib) +(aib) = 2a = 2 Re z and z z = (a+ib) (aib) =
1
CHAPTER 1. COMPLEX NUMBERS
2ib = 2i Imz. Since [Re z[
2
= a
2
a
2
+ b
2
= [z[
2
, we may take square root to obtain
[Re z[ [z[.
(6) [z +w[
2
= (z+w)(z +w) = (z+w)( z+ w) = z z+w w+w z+z w = [z[
2
+[w[
2
+w z+w z =
[z[
2
+ [w[
2
+ 2 Re(w z). Since the earlier results together imply Re(w z) [Re(w z)[
[w z[ = [w[ [ z[ = [w[ [z[, we obtain
[z +w[
2
[z[
2
+[w[
2
+ 2 [z[ [w[ = ([z[ +[w[)
2
.
The triangle inequality thus follows from taking square root of the above inequality.
(7) (a) Distance between
_
1
2
, 1
_
and the center =
_
_
1
2
0
_
2
+ (1 1)
2
=
1
2
Thus,
1
2
+i lies inside the circle.
(b) Distance between
_
1,
i
2
_
and the center =
_
(1 0)
2
+
_
1
2
1
_
2
=
5
2
> 1
Thus, 1 +
i
2
lies outside the circle.
(c) Distance between
_
1
2
,
2
2
i
_
and the center =
_
_
1
2
0
_
2
+
_
2
2
1
_
2
= 0.57947
Thus,
1
2
+
2
2
i lies inside the circle.
(d) Distance between
_
1
2
,
3i
_
and the center =
_
_
1
2
0
_
2
+
_
3 1
_
2
= 0.88651
Thus,
1
2
+
3i lies inside the circle.

(8) For z = cos +i sin, we have z z = cos
2
+ sin
2
= 1. Therefore,
1
z
= z = cos i sin. Therefore, z +
1
z
= z + z = 2 cos . Furthermore, DeMoivres
Theorem implies z
2
= cos 2 +i sin2 and therefore z
2
+
1
z
2
= z
2
+ ( z)
2
= 2 cos 2.
(9) (a) (3+4i)
2
2(xiy) = x+iy 7+24i = 3xiy. Therefore, x =
7
3
and y = 24.
(b) Note that
_
1 +i
1 i
_
2
= 1 and
1
x +iy
=
x iy
x
2
+y
2
. Therefore,
_
1 +i
1 i
_
2
+
1
x +iy
= 1 +i 1 +
_
x
x
2
+y
2
_
i
_
y
x
2
+y
2
_
= 1 +i.
Therefore, we have
x
x
2
+y
2
= 2 and
y
x
2
+y
2
= 1. Solving these equations and
noting that x and y can not be both equal to zero, we conclude that x =
2
5
and
y =
1
5
.
(c) (3 2i)(x + iy) = 2(x 2iy) + 2i 1 x + 2y = 1 and 2x + 7y = 2. Solving
these equations, one obtains x = 1 and y = 0.
2
(10) Since
3 +i = 2
_
cos

6
+i sin

6
_
and 1 i =
2
_
cos
7
4
+i sin
7
4
_
, we conclude that
(
3 +i)
4
(1 i)
3
=
2
4
_
cos
4
6
+i sin
4
6
_
_
2
_
3
_
cos
21
4
+i sin
21
4
_
= 4
2
_
cos
55
12
i sin
55
12
_
= 4
2
_
cos
7
12
i sin
7
12
_
.
(11) (a) Since
1 i
3
2
= cos
4
3
+i sin
4
3
, one concludes from DeMoivres Theorem that
_
1 i
3
2
_
3
=
_
cos
4
3
+i sin
4
3
_
3
= cos
12
3
+i sin
12
3
= 1.
(b)
3 i = 2
_
cos
11
6
+i sin
11
6
_
1 +i =
2
_
cos

4
+i sin

4
_
_
3 i
_
4
(1 +i)
10
=
_
2
_
cos
11
6
+i sin
11
6
__
4 _
2
_
cos

4
+i sin

4
__
10
= 2
9
_
cos
_
4
11
6
+ 10

4
_
+i sin
_
4
11
6
+ 10

4
__
= 2
9
_
cos
59
6
+i sin
59
6
_
= 2
9
_
cos
11
6
+i sin
11
6
_
= 256
3 256i
(c) 1
3i = 2
_
cos
5
3
+i sin
5
3
_
1 +
3i = 2
_
cos

3
+i sin

3
_
_
1
3i
_
4
_
1 +
3i
_
8
=
_
2
_
cos
5
3
+i sin
5
3
__
4 _
2
_
cos

3
+i sin

3
__
8
= 2
12
_
cos
_
4
5
3
+ 8

3
_
+i sin
_
4
5
3
+ 8

3
__
= 2
12
_
cos
28
3
+i sin
28
3
_
= 2
12
_
cos
4
3
+i sin
4
3
_
= 2048 2048
3i
(12) Since 32 = 32 (cos +i sin) and 8i = 8
_
cos

2
+i sin

2
_
, the 5th roots of 32 are given
3
by
z
k
= 2
_
cos(
2k + 1
5
) +i sin(
2k + 1
5
)
_
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4;
while the cubic roots of 8i are given by
z
k
= 2
_
cos(
4k + 1
6
) +i sin(
4k + 1
6
)
_
, k = 0, 1, 2.
(13) (a)
_
8 + 8
3i
_
1/4
=
_
16
_
1
2
+
3
2
i
__
1/4
=
_
16
_
cos
_
2k +
2
3
_
+i sin
_
2k +
2
3
___
1/4
= 2
_
cos
_
k
2
+

6
_
+i sin
_
k
2
+

6
__
, where k = 0, 1, 2 and 3
z
0
= 2
_
cos

6
+i sin

6
_
=
3 +i
z
1
= 2
_
cos
2
3
+i sin
2
3
_
= 1 +
3i
z
2
= 2
_
cos
7
6
+i sin
7
6
_
=
3 i
z
3
= 2
_
cos
5
3
+i sin
5
3
_
= 1
3i
(b)
_
32 + 32
3i
_
1/6
=
_
64
_
1
2
+
3
2
i
__
1/6
=
_
64
_
cos
_
2k +
2
3
_
+i sin
_
2k +
2
3
___
1/6
= 2
_
cos
_
k
3
+

9
_
+i sin
_
k
3
+

9
__
, where k = 0, 1, ..., 5
z
0
= 2
_
cos

9
+i sin

9
_
= 1.8794 + 0.68404i
z
1
= 2
_
cos
4
9
+i sin
4
9
_
= 0.34730 + 1.9696i
z
2
= 2
_
cos
7
9
+i sin
7
9
_
= 1.5321 + 1.2856i
z
3
= 2
_
cos
10
9
+i sin
10
9
_
= 1.8794 0.68404i
z
4
= 2
_
cos
13
9
+i sin
13
9
_
= 0.34730 1.9696i
4
z
5
= 2
_
cos
16
9
+i sin
16
9
_
= 1.5321 1.2856i
(14) If z = x +iy, then
z
z
=
z z
z z
=
( z)
2
[z[
2
.
If z 0 along the real axis, one has z = x +i0 and therefore
z
z
1. On the other hand,
if z 0 along the imaginary axis, then z = 0 + iy and
z
z
1. We thus conclude that
lim
z0
z
z
does not exist. When z
0
,= 0, lim
zz
0
z
z
=
z
0
z
0
.
(15) (a) From DeMoivres theorem, we have
(cos x +i sinx)
5
= cos 5x +i sin5x.
On the other hand, by binomial theorem, we also have
(cos x +i sinx)
5
=
5
k=0
_
5
k
_
cos
k
x(i sinx)
5k
Therefore, comparing the real and imaginary parts yields
cos 5x = cos
5
x 10 cos
3
xsin
2
x + 5 cos xsin
4
x,
sin5x = sin
5
x 10 cos
2
xsin
3
x + 5 cos
4
xsinx
(b)
cos xcos 5x = cos
6
x 10 cos
4
xsin
2
x + 5 cos
2
xsin
4
x
sinxsin5x = sin
6
x 10 cos
2
xsin
4
x + 5 cos
4
xsin
2
x
Adding these equations yields
cos xcos 5x + sinxsin5x = sin
6
x + cos
6
x 5(cos
2
xsin
4
x + cos
4
xsin
2
x)
cos 4x = sin
6
x + cos
6
x 5 cos
2
xsin
2
x
Therefore,
sin
6
x + cos
6
x = cos 4x + 5 sin
2
xcos
2
x = cos 4x +
5
4
sin
2
2x
5
Since cos 4x = 1 2 sin
2
2x, we have
sin
6
x + cos
6
x = cos 4x +
5
8
(1 cos 4x) =
3
8
cos 4x +
5
8
=
3 cos 4x + 5
8
(16) Using the identity
z
z
=
z
2
[z[
2
for any non-zero complex no. z, we have
1 + sinx +i cos x
1 + sinx i cos x
=
(1 + sinx +i cos x)
2
[1 + sinx +i cos x[
2
=
(1 + sinx)
2
cos
2
x + 2i cos x(1 + sinx)
(1 + sinx)
2
+ cos
2
x
=
_
1 + 2 sinx + sin
2
x cos
2
x
_
+ 2i cos x(1 + sinx)
2 (1 + sinx)
= sinx +i cos x
= cos(
2
x) +i sin(
2
x)
= e
i(
2
x)
.
DeMoivres Theorem now gives
_
1 + sinx +i cos x
1 + sinx i cos x
_
n
=
_
e
i(
2
x)
_
n
= e
in(
2
x)
= cos n(
2
x) +i sinn(
2
x).
(17) If the given number is a +bi, we are looking for a number x +yi such that
(x +yi)
2
= a +bi.
This is equivalent to the system of equations
x
2
y
2
= a and 2xy = b.
From these equations we obtain
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
= (x
2
y
2
)
2
+ 4x
2
y
2
= a
2
+b
2
.
Hence we must have
x
2
+y
2
=
_
a
2
+b
2
,
6
where the square root is positive or zero. Together with the equation x
2
y
2
= a we nd
x
2
=
a +
a
2
+b
2
2
and y
2
=
a +
a
2
+b
2
2
.
These equation yield, in general, two opposite value for x and two for y. But these values
cannot be combined arbitrarily, for the equation 2xy = b is not a consequence of these
equation. We must therefore be careful to select x and y so that their product has the
sign of b. This leads to the general equation
a +bi =
_
_
r +a
2
+i(sgn b)
_
r a
2
_
where r =
a
2
+b
2
.
(18) (a) Let w = z
2
. Then the given equation becomes w
2
2w + 4 = 0. The quadratic
formula implies
z
2
= w =
2
4 16
2
= 1
3i.
Case z
2
= 1 +
3i: In polar form, 1 +
3i = 2
_
cos

3
+i sin

3
_
. Therefore,
z =
2
_
cos
_
3
+ 2k
2
_
+i sin
_
3
+ 2k
2
__
, k = 0, 1.
Equivalently, the square root formula with r = 2 and sgnb = 1 implies
z =
_
_
2 + 1
2
+i
_
2 1
2
_
=
_
_
3
2
+i
_
1
2
_
.
Case z
2
= 1
3i: In polar form, 1
3i = 2
_
cos

3
+i sin

3
_
. Therefore,
z =
2
_
cos
_
3
+ 2k
2
_
+i sin
_
3
+ 2k
2
__
, k = 0, 1.
z =
_
_
2 + 1
2
i
_
2 1
2
_
=
_
_
3
2
i
_
1
2
_
.
(b) Let w = z
3
. Then the equation becomes w
2
+ 2w + 2 = 0. Solving the equation
yields
z
3
= w =
2
4 8
2
= 1 i.
7
Case z
3
= 1 +i: In polar form, 1 +i =
2
_
cos
3
4
+i sin
3
4
_
. Therefore,
z = 2
1/6
_
cos
_
3
4
+ 2k
3
_
+i sin
_
3
4
+ 2k
3
__
, k = 0, 1, 2.
Case z
3
= 1 i: In polar form, 1 i =
2
_
cos
3
4
+i sin
3
4
_
. Therefore,
z = 2
1/6
_
cos
_
3
4
+ 2k
3
_
+i sin
_
3
4
+ 2k
3
__
, k = 0, 1, 2.
(c) Let w = z
2
. Then the given equation becomes w
2
+ 4w + 16 = 0. The quadratic
formula implies
z
2
= w =
4
16 64
2
= 2 2
3i.
Case z
2
= 2 + 2
3i: In polar form, 1 +
3i = 4
_
cos
2
3
+i sin
2
3
_
. Therefore,
z = 2
_
cos
_
2
3
+ 2k
2
_
+i sin
_
2
3
+ 2k
2
__
, k = 0, 1.
z =
_
_
4 2
2
+i
_
4 + 2
2
_
=
_
1 +i
3
_
.
Case z
2
= 2 2
3i: In polar form, 2 2
3i = 4
_
cos
2
3
+i sin
2
3
_
. There-
fore,
z = 2
_
cos
_
2
3
+ 2k
2
_
+i sin
_
2
3
+ 2k
2
__
, k = 0, 1.
z =
_
_
4 2
2
i
_
4 + 2
2
_
=
_
1 i
3
_
.
(d) z
4
= 1 = cos +i sin. Therefore,
z = cos
_
+ 2k
4
_
+i sin
_
+ 2k
4
_
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3.
(19) (a) e
i
2
= cos

2
+i sin

2
= i
8
(b) 4e
i
2
= 4
_
cos
_
2
_
+i sin
_
2
_
= 4i
(c) 8e
i
7
3
= 8
_
cos
7
3
+i sin
7
3
_
= 4 + 4
3i
(d) 2e
i
3
4
= 2
_
cos
_
3
4
_
+i sin
_
3
4
_
=
2i
(e) 6e
i
2
3
e
i
= 6e
i
5
3
= 6
_
cos
5
3
+i sin
5
3
_
= 3 3
3i
(f) e
i
4
e
i
= e
i
3
4
=
_
cos
_
3
4
_
+i sin
_
3
4
_
=
2
2

2
2
i
(20) Let z = x +iy and dene e
z
= e
x
(cos y +i siny).
(a) If z = x + 0i, e
z
= e
x
(cos 0 +i sin0) = e
x
(b) [e
z
[ =
_
(e
x
cos y)
2
+ (e
x
sin y)
2
= e
x
. In particular
e
iy
= e
0
= 1.
(c) e
z
1
+z
2
= e
(x
1
+x
2
)+i(y
1
+y
2
)
= e
x
1
+x
2
(cos (y
1
+y
2
) +i sin(y
1
+y
2
)) = e
z
1
e
z
2
.
(d) [e
z
[ = e
x
,= 0 for any z C. Therefore, e
z
,= 0. Furthermore,
1
e
z
=
1
e
x
(cos y +i siny)
= e
x
(cos y i siny) = e
x+i(y)
= e
z
.
(e) Repeat application of (c) and (d), or by induction, yields e
nz
= (e
z
)
n
for any integer
n.
(f)
d
dt
e
iwt
=
d
dt
cos wt +i
d
dt
sinwt = wsinwt +iwcos wt = iw(cos wt +i sinwt)
= iwe
iwt
.
(21) Since e
i2kt
= cos (2kt) + i sin(2kt), the cosine function is an even function and the
sine function is an odd function, we have
n
k=n
e
i2kt
=
n
k=n
cos (2kt) +i
n
k=n
sin (2kt) = 1 + 2
n
k=1
cos (2kt)
Recall that
1 +z +z
2
+ +z
n
=
1 z
n+1
1 z
.
9
Then
1 +
n
k=1
_
e
i
_
k
=
1
_
e
i
_
n+1
1 (e
i
)
=
1
_
e
i(n+1)
_
1 (e
i
)
=
1 cos(n + 1) i sin(n + 1)
1 cos i sin
=
1 cos(n + 1) i sin(n + 1)
(1 cos )
2
+ sin
2
=
[1 cos(n + 1) i sin(n + 1)] [1 cos i sin]
2(1 cos )
Comparing the real part of this equation yields
1 + cos + cos 2 + + cos n =
(1 cos(n + 1))(1 cos ) + sin(n + 1) sin
4 sin
2
(/2)
.
Simplifying the right hand side of the equation, we have
(1 cos(n + 1))(1 cos ) + sin(n + 1) sin
4 sin
2
(/2)
=
(1 cos(n + 1))(2 sin
2
(/2)) + sin(n + 1)(2 sin(/2) cos(/2))
4 sin
2
(/2)
=
2 sin
2
(/2) 2 sin(/2)[cos(n + 1) sin(/2) sin(n + 1) cos(/2)]
4 sin
2
(/2)
=
1
2
+
sin[(2n + 1)/2]
2 sin(/2)
Hence
n
k=1
cos (k) =
1
2
+
sin[(2n + 1)/2]
2 sin(/2)
.
Finally, by letting = 2t, we have
n
k=n
e
i2kt
= 1 + 2
n
k=1
cos (2kt) = 1 + 2
_
1
2
+
sin[(2n + 1)t]
2 sint
_
=
sin[(2n + 1)t]
sint
.
Integrating this result yields
_
1
0
sin[(2n + 1)t]
sint
dt =
_
1
0
_
1 + 2
n
k=1
cos (2kt)
_
dt = 1 + 2
n
k=1
_
1
0
cos (2kt) dt = 1.
(22) Suppose w is a root of the polynomial P(z) = a
0
+a
1
z +a
2
z
2
+ +a
n
z
n
, i.e., P(w) = 0.
10
Then
P (w) = a
0
+a
1
w +a
2
w
2
+ +a
n
w
n
= a
0
+a
1
w +a
2
w
2
+ +a
n
w
n
= a
0
+a
1
w +a
2
w
2
+ +a
n
w
n
= P(w) = 0.
(23) Let z = x +yi, then
z 3
z + 3
= 2
= [z 3[ = 2 [z + 3[
= [(x 3) +yi[ = 2 [(x + 3) +yi[
=
_
(x 3)
2
+y
2
= 2
_
(x + 3)
2
+y
2
= (x 3)
2
+y
2
= 4
_
(x + 3)
2
+y
2
_
= x
2
+ 10x +y
2
+ 9 = 0
= (x + 5)
2
+y
2
= 16
(24) Let z = x +yi, then
[z + 3[ +[z 3[ = 10
= [(x + 3) +yi[ +[(x 3) +yi[ = 10
=
_
(x + 3)
2
+y
2
+
_
(x 3)
2
+y
2
= 10
= (x + 3)
2
+y
2
+ 2
_
(x + 3)
2
+y
2
_
(x 3)
2
+y
2
+ (x 3)
2
+y
2
= 100
=
_
(x + 3)
2
+y
2
_ _
(x 3)
2
+y
2
_
=
_
41 x
2
y
2
_
2
= 64x
2
+ 100y
2
= 1600
=
x
2
25
+
y
2
16
= 1
(25) If z = a +bi and [z[ = 1, then a
2
+b
2
= 1.
w =
z 1
z + 1
=
(a +bi) 1
(a +bi) + 1
=
(a 1) +bi
(a + 1) +bi
=
(a 1) +bi
(a + 1) +bi
(a + 1) bi
(a + 1) bi
=
(a 1) (a + 1) +b
2
+ 2bi
(a + 1)
2
+b
2
=
_
a
2
+b
2
_
1 + 2bi
(a + 1)
2
+b
2
=
(1) 1 + 2bi
(a + 1)
2
+b
2
=
2bi
(a + 1)
2
+b
2
Therefore, w is a purely imaginary number.
11
Chapter 2
Linear Algebra
(1) (a) A =
_
_
0 1 2
1 0 1
2 1 0
_
_
(b) A =
_
_
1
1
2
1
3
2 1
2
3
3
3
2
1
_
_
(c) A =
_
_
0 1 2
1
2
0
1
2
2
3
1
3
0
_
_
(d) A =
_
_
e e
2
e
3
e
2
e
4
e
6
e
3
e
6
e
9
_
_
(2) The entry at the i-th row and the j-th column of B
T
A
T
is given by the product of i-th
row of B
T
=
_
b
1i
b
2i
b
ni
_
and the j-th column of A
T
=
_
a
j1
a
j2
a
jn
_
T
which
is equal to
b
ki
a
jk
. On the other hand, the entry at the i-th row and the j-th column
of (AB)
T
is the same as the the entry at the j-th row and i-th column of AB, and is
therefore given by
a
jk
b
ki
.
If A
1
exists, the above result A
T
_
A
1
_
T
=
_
A
1
A
_
T
= I
T
= I.
(3) (a)
B
T
=
_
A
_
A
T
A
_
1
A
T
_
T
=
_
A
T
_
T
_
_
A
T
A
_
1
_
T
A
T
= A
_
_
A
T
A
_
T
_
1
A
T
= A
_
A
T
A
_
1
A
T
= B
13
CHAPTER 2. LINEAR ALGEBRA
(b)
B
2
=
_
A
_
A
T
A
_
1
A
T
_
2
=
_
A
_
A
T
A
_
1
A
T
_ _
A
_
A
T
A
_
1
A
T
_
= A
_
A
T
A
_
1
_
A
T
A
_ _
A
T
A
_
1
A
T
= A
_
A
T
A
_
1
A
T
= B
(4) (a) Let A =
_
1 0
1 1
_
and B =
_
1 1
0 1
_
.
(A+B)
2
=
__
1 0
1 1
_
+
_
1 1
0 1
__
2
=
_
5 4
4 5
_
A
2
+ 2AB+B
2
=
_
1 0
1 1
_
2
+ 2
_
1 0
1 1
__
1 1
0 1
_
+
_
1 1
0 1
_
2
=
_
4 4
4 6
_
(b) Let A =
_
1 0
1 1
_
and B =
_
1 1
0 1
_
.
(A+B) (AB) =
__
1 0
1 1
_
+
_
1 1
0 1
____
1 0
1 1
_
_
1 1
0 1
__
=
_
1 2
2 1
_
A
2
B
2
=
_
1 0
1 1
_
2
_
1 1
0 1
_
2
=
_
0 2
2 0
_
(c) Let C =
_
0 1
0 0
_
,= 0.
C
2
=
_
0 1
0 0
__
0 1
0 0
_
=
_
0 0
0 0
_
(5) (a)
_
_
2 6 4 10
4 1 3 2
1 3 4 7
_
_
r
1
r
3
_
1 3 4 7
4 1 3 2
2 6 4 10
_
_
(b)
_
_
1 3 4 7
4 1 3 2
2 6 4 10
_
_
4r
1
+r
2
r
2
_
1 3 4 7
0 13 13 26
2 6 4 10
_
_
(c)
_
_
1 3 4 7
0 13 13 26
2 6 4 10
_
_
1
2
r
3
r
3
_
1 3 4 7
0 13 13 26
1 3 2 5
_
_
(6)
_
_
2x
1
x
2
+ 3x
3
2x
4
= 1 (1)
x
2
2x
3
+ 3x
4
= 2 (2)
4x
3
+ 3x
4
= 3 (3)
4x
4
= 4 (4)
14
From (4), x
4
= 1.
From (3), 4x
3
+ 3 (1) = 3 =x
3
= 0.
From (2), x
2
2 (0) + 3 (1) = 2 =x
2
= 1.
From (1), 2x
1
(1) + 3 (0) 2 (1) = 1 =x
1
= 1.
(7)
_
_
1 2 1 3
3 1 3 1
2 3 1 4
_
_
3r
1
+r
2
r
2
_
1 2 1 3
0 7 6 10
2 3 1 4
_
_
2r
1
+r
3
r
3
_
1 2 1 3
0 7 6 10
0 1 1 2
_
_
r
2
r
3
_
1 2 1 3
0 1 1 2
0 7 6 10
_
_
7r
2
+r
3
r
3
_
1 2 1 3
0 1 1 2
0 0 1 4
_
_
r
2
r
2
_
1 2 1 3
0 1 1 2
0 0 1 4
_
_
r
3
+r
2
r
2
_
1 2 1 3
0 1 0 2
0 0 1 4
_
_
r
3
+r
1
r
1
_
1 2 0 1
0 1 0 2
0 0 1 4
_
_
2r
2
+r
1
r
1
_
1 0 0 3
0 1 0 2
0 0 1 4
_
_
=x =
_
_
x
1
x
2
x
3
_
_
=
_
_
3
2
4
_
_
(8)
A
_
_
0 1 2
0 2 4
1 1 1
0 2 4
_
_
0 1 2
0 0 0
1 1 1
0 0 0
_
_
1 0 1
0 1 2
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
= R.
Therefore, the augmented matrix [A[0] of Ax = 0 is reduced to [R[0]. Rx = 0 is of
the form
_
x
1
x
3
= 0
x
2
+2x
3
= 0
, giving x
1
= x
3
and x
2
= 2x
3
. Therefore, we have
x =
_
t 2t t
_
T
where t is an arbitrary scalar as the solution.
(9) (a) With A =
_
_
1 2 1
2 1 8
1 12 11
_
_
and b =
_
_
1
3
1
_
_
, we may reduce the augmented matrix
15
of Ax = b as follows:
[A[b] =
_
_
1 2 1
2 1 8
1 12 11
1
3
1
_
_
1 2 1
0 5 6
0 10 12
1
1
2
_
_
1 2 1
0 1
6
5
0 0 0
1
1
5
0
_
_
.
We thus have
_
_
x
1
2x
2
+x
3
= 1
x
2
+
6
5
x
3
=
1
5
, giving x
2
=
1
5
6
5
x
3
and x
1
= 1 +2x
2
x
3
.
Putting x
3
= t, one obtains x
2
=
1
5
6
5
t and x
1
= 1+2
_
1
5

6
5
t
_
t =
7
5
17
5
t. (b) With
A =
_
_
3 2 2
2 1 3
1 10 18
_
_
and b =
_
_
4
5
8
_
_
,
[A[b] =
_
_
3 2 2
2 1 3
1 10 18
4
5
8
_
_
0 28 52
0 21 39
1 10 18
28
21
8
_
_
0 28 52
0 1
13
7
1 10 18
28
1
8
_
_
1 10 18
0 1
13
7
0 0 0
8
1
0
_
_
1 0
4
7
0 1
13
7
0 0 0
2
1
0
_
_
.
We thus obtain x =
_
2 +
4
7
t 1 +
13
7
t t
_
T
, where t is an arbitrary scalar.
(c) In this problem, A =
_
_
1 1 p
1 p 1
p 1 1
_
_
, b =
_
_
1
p
p
2
_
_
.
[A[b] =
_
_
1 1 p
1 p 1
p 1 1
1
p
p
2
_
_
1 1 p
0 p 1 1 p
0 1 p 1 p
2
1
p 1
p
2
p
_
_
1 1 p
0 p 1 1 p
0 0 (1 p)(p + 2)
1
p 1
p
2
1
_
_
.
There are 3 cases:
16
(i) If p = 1, the above augmented matrix is reduced to
_
_
1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
1
0
0
_
_
. Hence the sys-
tem of linear equations is reduced to one single equation x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
= 1. Thus
x =
_
1 s t s t
_
T
, where t and s are arbitrary scalars.
(ii) If p = 2, the augmented matrix becomes
_
_
1 1 2
0 3 3
0 0 0
1
3
3
_
_
. Hence the correspond-
ing system of linear equations is inconsistent.
(iii) For p ,= 1, p ,= 2, the augmented matrix may be reduced to
_
_
1 1 p
0 1 1
0 0 1
1
1
1p
2+p
_
_
.
We conclude that the corresponding linear system has one and only one solution given by
x =
_
(1+p)
2
2+p
1
2+p

1+p
2+p
_
T
.
(10) (a)
_
_
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1
2 2 0 0 3 1
0 0 1 1 3 3
1 1 2 2 4 4
_
_
r
1
+r
5
r
5
2r
1
+r
3
r
3
r
1
+r
2
r
2
_
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 2 2 5 3
0 0 1 1 3 3
0 0 1 1 3 3
_
_
r
2
r
5
_
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 3 3
0 0 2 2 5 3
0 0 1 1 3 3
0 0 0 0 2 0
_
_
r
2
+r
4
r
4
2r
2
+r
3
r
3
_
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 3 3
0 0 0 0 1 3
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 0
_
_
r
4
r
5
r
3
r
3
_
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 3 3
0 0 0 0 1 3
0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
_
_
2r
3
+r
4
r
4
_
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 3 3
0 0 0 0 1 3
0 0 0 0 0 6
0 0 0 0 0 0
_
_
(b) The system of linear equations is inconsistent. If it is consistent, then there are
three non-zero equations with ve variables. Therefore, the system has innitely
many solutions.
17
(11)
_
_
1 1 3 0
1 2 0 0
2 3 1 0
1 2 0 0
2 3 1 0
_
_
2r
1
+r
5
r
5
r
1
+r
4
r
4
2r
1
+r
3
r
3
r
1
+r
2
r
2
_
1 1 3 0
0 3 3 0
0 5 5 0
0 3 3 0
0 5 5 0
_
1
5
r
5
r
5
1
3
r
4
r
4
1
5
r
3
r
3
1
3
r
2
r
2
_
1 1 3 0
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0
_
_
r
2
+r
5
r
5
r
2
+r
4
r
4
r
2
+r
3
r
3
_
1 1 3 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
_
_
r
2
+r
1
r
1
_
1 0 2 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
_
_
The reduced system of equations is :
_
x
1
+ 2x
3
= 0 (1)
x
2
+x
3
= 0 (2)
Let x
3
= t, then from (2), x
2
= x
3
= t.
From (1), x
1
= 2x
3
= 2t.
Therefore, x =
_
_
x
1
x
2
x
3
_
_
=
_
_
2t
t
t
_
_
.
(12)
_
_
1 1 1 1
2 3 a 3
1 a 3 2
_
_
r
1
+r
3
r
3
2r
1
+r
2
r
2
_
1 1 1 1
0 1 a + 2 1
0 a 1 4 1
_
_
(a 1) r
2
+r
3
r
3
_
1 1 1 1
0 1 a + 2 1
0 0 (a + 3) (a 2) (a 2)
_
_
(a) If
_
(a + 3) (a 2) = 0
(a 2) = 0
, then the system is consistent with innitely many solu-
tion. Therefore, a = 2.
(b) If (a + 3) (a 2) ,= 0, then the system is consistent with one and only one solution.
Therefore, a ,= 2 or a ,= 3.
(c) If
_
(a + 3) (a 2) = 0
(a 2) ,= 0
, then the system is inconsistent. Therefore, a = 3.
(13)
_
_
1 1 1 2
3 1 4a 1 2
2 a a + 1 2
_
_
2r
1
+r
3
r
3
3r
1
+r
2
r
2
_
1 1 1 2
0 4 4a 4 4
0 a + 2 a 1 2
_
_
1
4
r
2
r
2
18
_
_
1 1 1 2
0 1 a 1 1
0 a + 2 a 1 2
_
_
(a + 2) r
2
+r
3
r
3
_
1 1 1 2
0 1 a 1 1
0 0 (a + 1) (a 1) a
_
_
(a) If
_
(a + 1) (a 1) = 0
a = 0
, then the system is consistent with innitely many so-
lutions. However, the above system has no solution. Therefore, the system is not
possible to have innitely mant solutions.
(b) If (a + 1) (a 1) ,= 0, then the system is consistent with one and only one solution.
Therefore, a ,= 1 or a ,= 1.
(c) If
_
(a + 1) (a 1) = 0
a ,= 0
, then the system is inconsistent. Therefore, a = 1 or
a = 1.
(14) The augmented matrix
_
_
1 1 1
a 1 a
a
2
1 a
b
1
b
2
b
3
_
_
may be reduced to
_
_
1 1 1
0 a 1 0
0 1 a
2
a(a 1)
b
1
b
2
+ab
1
b
3
a
2
b
1
_
_
(*)
(a) If a ,= 0, 1, (*) is reduced to
_
_
1 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
b
1
b
2
+ab
1
a1
b
3
+(a+1)b
2
+ab
1
a(a1)
_
_
, which implies consis-
tency of the linear system. On the other hand, if the system is consistent for any
b
1
, b
2
and b
3
, then it follows from (*) that a ,= 0, 1.
(b) If a = 0, (*) becomes
_
_
1 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 0
b
1
b
3
b
2
+b
3
_
_
. It thus follows that the system is
consistent if and only if b
2
+b
3
= 0.
(c) If a = 1 and b = 0, (*) becomes
_
_
1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
0
0
_
_
. As such, we have one single
equation x
1
+x
2
x
3
= 0, and x =
_
s t t s
_
T
.
19
(15)
[A[b] =
_
_
1 3 2 5
5 8 5 12
3 16 11 28
b
1
b
2
b
3
_
_
1 3 2 5
0 7 5 13
0 7 5 13
b
1
b
2
5b
1
b
3
3b
1
_
_
1 3 2 5
0 1
5
7
13
7
0 0 0 0
b
1
5b
1
b
2
7
b
3
+b
2
8b
1
_
_
.
Therefore, the system is consistent if and only if b
3
+b
2
8b
1
= 0. When b = [1 4 4]
T
,
the system is reduced to one with 2 linear equations in 4 unknowns:
_
_
x
1
+3x
2
2x
3
+5x
4
= 1
x
2

5
7
x
3
+
13
7
x
4
=
1
7
.
Therefore, solutions are x =
_

t
7
+
4s
7
+
4
7
5t
7

13s
7
+
1
7
t s
_
T
.
(16)
_
_
1 1 1

3
1
1
1
_
_
1 1 1

+ + + + + +
3
1
1
3
_
_
1 1 1

0 0 0
3
1
1
3 3( + +)
_
_
1 1 1
0
0
0 0 0
3
1 3
1 3
3 3( + +)
_
_
.
Therefore, if ++ ,= 1, then the system is inconsistent . Assume now that ++ = 1.
20
The augmented matrix now takes the form
_
_
1 1 1
0
0
0 0 0
3
1 3
1 3
0
_
_
.
Case (i) If = = =
1
3
, then the system is reduced to a single equation x
1
+x
2
+x
3
= 3.
Therefore, it has innitely many solutions.
Case (ii) If = ,= , then the above matrix may be reduced to
_
_
1 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
3
13
13
0
_
_
.
In this case, the system has one and only one solution. Similar, we have the same
conclusion if = ,= or if = ,= .
Case (iii) If , and are all distinct, then
_
_
1 1 1
0
0
0 0 0
3
1 3
1 3
0
_
_
1 1 1
0 1

0 0
0 0 0
3
13
0
_
_
,
where =

2
+
2
+
2

and = 1 3 +
(1 3)( )

.
Since =
( )
2
+ ( )
2
+ ( )
2
2( )
,= 0, the system of linear equations has a unique
solution.
21
(17) (a)
_
_
1 a b
0 2 c
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
1 a b
0 1
c
2
0 0 1
1 0 0
0
1
2
0
0 0 1
_
_
1 a b
0 1
c
2
0 0 1
1 0 0
0
1
2
0
0 0 1
_
_
1 a b
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
0
1
2
c
2
0 0 1
_
_
1 a 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 b
0
1
2
c
2
0 0 1
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
a
2
b
ac
2
0
1
2
c
2
0 0 1
_
_
Therefore,
_
_
1 a b
0 2 c
0 0 1
_
_
1
=
_
_
1
a
2
b
ac
2
0
1
2
c
2
0 0 1
_
_
.
(b)
_
_
3 1 2
1 3 4
4 0 5
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
0 10 10
1 3 4
0 12 11
1 3 0
0 1 0
0 4 1
_
_
0 1 1
1 3 4
0 12 11
1
10
3
10
0
0 1 0
0 4 1
_
_
0 1 1
1 0 1
0 0 1
1
10
3
10
0
3
10
1
10
0
12
10
4
10
1
_
_
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
11
10
7
10
1
15
10
5
10
1
12
10
4
10
1
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
15
10

5
10
1
11
10
7
10
1
12
10
4
10
1
_
_
.
22
(c)
_
_
2 3 1
1 2 1
6 9 4
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
0 1 1
1 2 1
0 3 2
1 2 0
0 1 0
0 6 1
_
_
0 1 1
1 0 1
0 0 1
1 2 0
2 3 0
3 0 1
_
_
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
2 2 1
1 3 1
3 0 1
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 3 1
2 2 1
3 0 1
_
_
.
(18) Let = .
Case (1) If ,= 0, a simple calcultion shows that
_

_
_
1

_
1

_
.
If ,= 0, then the last matrix may be reduced to I by two more elementary row operations,
which implies that A is nonsingular. If = 0, then the reduced row echelon form of A
is of the form
_
1

0 0
_
, meaning that A is singular.
Case (2) Suppose = 0. When ,= 0, then both and are non-zero so that
A =
_
0

_
_

0
_
_
1

0
_
_
1

0 1
_
I.
If = 0, then either = 0 or = 0. Hence either A =
_
0
0
_
or A =
_
0 0

_
.
Therefore, A is singular in both cases.
23
(19)
_
_
1 1 1
1 2 4
1 3 9
1 0 0
1 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
1 1 1
0 1 3
1 3 9
1 0 0
1 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
1 1 1
0 1 3
0 2 8
1 0 0
1 1 0
1 0 1
_
_
1 1 1
0 1 3
0 0 2
1 0 0
1 1 0
1 2 1
_
_
1 1 1
0 1 3
0 0 1
1 0 0
1 1 0
1
2
1
1
2
_
_
1 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
5
2
4
3
2
1
2
1
1
2
_
_
1 1 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
2
1
1
2
5
2
4
3
2
1
2
1
1
2
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
3 3 1
5
2
4
3
2
1
2
1
1
2
_
_
.
For 1 j 7, let E
j
be the elementary matrix obtained by applying
j
to I. Let
F
j
= E
1
j
. Since E
7
E
6
E
5
E
4
E
3
E
2
E
1
A = I, we conclude that A
1
= E
7
E
6
E
5
E
4
E
3
E
2
E
1
.
Therefore,
A = (E
7
E
6
E
5
E
4
E
3
E
2
E
1
)
1
= F
1
F
2
F
3
F
4
F
5
F
6
F
7
.
All F
j
can be written down easily. For example,
F
1
=
_
_
1 0 0
1 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
1
=
_
_
1 0 0
1 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
.
(20) (a) 2r
1
+r
2
r
2
: E
1
=
_
_
1 0 0
2 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
r
2
+r
3
r
3
: E
2
=
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 1 1
_
_
r
3
r
3
: E
3
=
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
24
(b)
_
_
1 2 1
0 1 2
0 0 1
_
_
= E
3
E
2
E
1
A
=
_
_
1 2 1
0 1 2
0 0 1
_
_
1
= (E
3
E
2
E
1
A)
1
= A
1
E
1
1
E
1
2
E
1
3
=
_
_
1 2 1
0 1 2
0 0 1
_
_
1
E
3
E
2
E
1
= A
1
E
1
1
E
1
2
E
1
3
E
3
E
2
E
1
= A
1
A
1
=
_
_
1 2 3
0 1 2
0 0 1
_
_
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 1 1
_
_
_
_
1 0 0
2 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
=
_
_
11 5 3
6 3 2
2 1 1
_
_
(21) det(A) =
1 2 3 4
0 4 8 12
0 8 16 24
13 14 15 16
1 2 3 4
0 4 8 12
0 0 0 0
13 14 15 16
= 0.
(22) (a) i. x =
_
_
1 2 3
3 8 11
1 5 7
_
_
1
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
=
_
_
1
2
1
2
1
5 2 1
7
2

3
2
1
_
_
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
=
_
_
1
6
4
_
_
.
ii. =
1 2 3
3 8 11
1 5 7
= 2,
1
=
1 2 3
1 8 11
1 5 7
= 2,
2
=
1 1 3
3 1 11
1 1 7
= 12,
3
=
1 2 1
3 8 1
1 5 1
= 8.
Therefore, x
1
=

1
= 1, x
2
=

2
= 6, x
3
=

3
= 4.
25
(b) i. A
1
=
_
_
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1
_
_
1
=
_
_
0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 2 1
_
_
x =
_
_
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
_
_
= A
1
b =
_
_
0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 2 1
_
_
_
_
1
1
1
0
_
_
=
_
_
2
1
1
2
_
_
ii. det A =
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1
= 1, det A
1
=
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1
= 2,
det A
2
=
1 1 1 0
1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1
= 1, det A
3
=
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
= 1,
det A
4
=
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
= 2
Therefore, x
1
=
A
1
A
=
2
1
= 2, x
2
=
A
2
A
= 1, x
3
=
A
3
A
= 1 and
x
4
=
A
4
A
= 2.
(c) i. A
1
=
_
_
1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
_
_
1
=
_
_
1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
2 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
_
_
x =
_
_
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
_
_
= A
1
b =
_
_
1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
2 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
_
_
_
_
1
1
1
1
_
_
=
_
_
1
0
1
1
_
_
ii. A =
1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
= 1, A
1
=
1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
= 1
26
A
2
=
1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1
= 0, A
3
=
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0
1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1
= 1
A
4
=
1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
= 1
Therefore, x
1
=
A
1
A
=
1
1
= 1, x
2
=
A
2
A
= 0, x
3
=
A
3
A
= 1 and x
4
=
A
4
A
= 1.
(23) (a) By Kirchos Law, one obtains the circuit equations
_
_
i
1
i
2
i
3
= 0
(R
1
+R
2
+R
3
) i
1
+R
4
i
2
= E
1
+E
2
R
4
i
2
R
5
i
3
= E
2
.
Cramers rule then yields
i
1
=
E
1
(R
4
+R
5
) E
2
R
5
, i
2
=
E
1
R
5
E
2
(R
1
+R
2
+R
3
+R
5
)
and
i
3
=
E
1
R
4
+E
2
(R
1
+R
2
+R
3
)
,
where = R
1
R
4
R
1
R
5
R
2
R
4
R
2
R
5
R
3
R
4
R
3
R
5
R
4
R
5
.
(b) Using Kirchos Law, currents in the circuit satisfy
_
_
i
1
i
2
i
3
= 0
R
2
i
2
R
3
i
3
= 0
(R
1
+R
4
) i
1
+R
3
i
3
= E
0
.
Using Cramers rule, we obtain
i
3
=
E
0
R
2
R
, i
2
=
E
0
R
3
R
and i
1
=
E
0
(R
2
+R
3
)
R
,
where R = R
1
R
2
+R
1
R
3
+R
2
R
3
+R
2
R
4
+R
3
R
4
.
(24) Let x
1
, x
2
and x
3
be the numbers of batches of Milky, Extra Milky and Supreme respec-
27
tively. We therefore obtain
_
_
x
1
+x
2
+x
3
= 6
x
1
+2x
2
+3x
3
= 14
x
1
+4x
2
+9x
3
= 36
.
Therefore x
1
= 1, x
2
= 2, x
3
= 3.
(25) x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
satisfy
_
_
x
1
+x
4
= 100
x
1
x
2
= 300
x
3
+x
4
= 500
x
2
x
3
= 100
.
Solving the system, we obtain x
1
= x
4
100, x
2
= x
4
400, x
3
= x
4
500, where x
4
is
any integer 500.
(26) (a) The matrices are
_
0.8 0.37
0.2 0.63
_
and
_
0.75 0.15
0.25 0.85
_
. The combined network is repre-
sented by
_
0.75 0.15
0.25 0.85
__
0.8 0.37
0.2 0.63
_
=
_
0.63 0.372
0.37 0.628
_
.
(b)
_
v
w
_
=
_
0.75 0.15
0.25 0.85
__
0.8 0.37
0.2 0.63
__
x
y
_
=
_
0.63x + 0.372y
0.37x + 0.628y
_
.
(27) The system may be re-written as
_
_
R
3
+R
4
+R
6
R
3
R
4
R
3
R
2
+R
3
+R
5
R
5
R
4
R
5
R
1
+R
4
+R
5
_
_
_
_
i
1
i
2
i
3
_
_
=
_
_
E
0
0
0
_
_
.
Using Cramers rule, one has i
2
=

2
and i
3
=

3
, where is the determinant of the

coecient matrix,
2
= E
0
(R
1
R
3
+R
3
R
4
+R
3
R
5
+R
4
R
5
) ,
3
= E
0
(R
2
R
4
+R
3
R
4
+R
3
R
5
+R
4
R
5
) .
Therefore, i
2
= i
3

2
=
3
R
1
R
3
= R
2
R
4
.
28
(28) Consider the homogeneous systems in 3 unknowns
_
_
a
1
b
1
c
1
a
2
b
2
c
2
a
3
b
3
c
3
_
_
_
_
x
1
x
2
x
3
_
_
=
_
_
0
0
0
_
_
and the non-homogeneous system in 2 unknowns
_
_
a
1
b
1
a
2
b
2
a
3
b
3
_
_
_
y
1
y
2
_
=
_
_
c
1
c
2
c
3
_
_
If y =
_

_
T
is a solution of the nonhomogeneous system, then x =
_
1
_
T
is
a solution of the homogeneous system. Therefore, consistency of the nonhomogeneous
system implies existence of nontrivial solutions of the homogeneous system, which also
implies the coecient matrix of the homogeneous system has zero determinant, i.e.,
det
_
_
_
_
_
_
a
1
b
1
c
1
a
2
b
2
c
2
a
3
b
3
c
3
_
_
_
_
_
_
= 0.
(29) Elementary row operations give
_
_
1 3 2 5
4 1 3 2
1 3 4 7
0
0
0
_
_
1 0 1 1
0 1 1 2
0 0 0 0
0
0
0
_
_
.
Solutions of the homogeneous system are
_
s +t s 2t s t
_
T
, where s and t are arbi-
trary scalars. Taking s = 3, t = 1, we have
2
_
_
1
4
1
_
_
+
_
_
3
1
3
_
_
+ 3
_
_
2
3
4
_
_
+
_
_
5
2
7
_
_
= 0.
Hence the given vectors are linearly dependent.
(30) Since |u v|
2
= u v, u v) = u, u) + v, v) 2 u, v), we deduce that |u +v|
2
+
|u v|
2
= 2 u, u) + 2 v, v) = 2 |u|
2
+ 2 |v|
2
.
29
(31)
w =
_
v, u)
|u|
2
_
u =
(4) 1 + 5 (2) + 6 3
1
2
+ (2)
2
+ 3
2
_
_
1
2
3
_
_
=
_
_
2
7
4
7
6
7
_
_
.
Furthermore,
v w, u) =
_
_
4 5 6
_
T
_
2
7

4
7
6
7
_
T
,
_
1 2 3
_
T
_
=
_
_

30
7
39
7
36
7
_
T
,
_
1 2 3
_
T
_
=
30
7

78
7
+
108
7
= 0.
(32) The jth row of Q
T
is the same as the transpose of the jth column of Q. Therefore, the
entry at the jth row and the kth column of the product Q
T
Q is just
n
i=1
q
ij
q
ik
. This
implies (a) (b). The equivalence of (a) and (c) may be similarily proved by considering
the product QQ
T
.
(33) det (AI) =
2 2 3
2 1 6
1 0
=
3
2
+ 9 + 9 = ( + 3) ( 3) ( + 1)
Therefore, the eigenvalues of A are = 3, = 1 and = 3.
(34)
det (AI) =
1 2 1
0 3 1
0 5 1
=
3
+ 3
2
+ 6 8
= ( 1) ( + 2) ( 4)
Therefore, the eigenvalues of A are = 1, = 4 and = 2.
(35) When = 0, (AI) v = 0 =
_
_
3 1 2 0
2 0 2 0
2 1 1 0
_
_
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0
_
_
and v =
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
r, where r R.
30
When = 1, (AI) v = 0 =
_
_
2 1 2 0
2 1 2 0
2 1 2 0
_
_
1
1
2
1 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
_
_
and v =
_
_
1
2
s +t
s
t
_
_
=
_
_
1
2
1
0
_
_
s +
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
t, where s, t R.
Thus, the eigenvectors are
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
,
_
_
1
2
1
0
_
_
and
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
.
Therefore, D =
_
_
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
and P =
_
_
1
1
2
1
1 1 0
1 0 1
_
_
.
AP =
_
_
3 1 2
2 0 2
2 1 1
_
_
_
_
1
1
2
1
1 1 0
1 0 1
_
_
=
_
_
0
1
2
1
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
PD =
_
_
1
1
2
1
1 1 0
1 0 1
_
_
_
_
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
=
_
_
0
1
2
1
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
= AP
(36) When = 2, (AI) v = 0 =
_
_
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 2 0
_
_
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0
_
_
and v =
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
r, where r R.
When = 1, (AI) v = 0 =
_
_
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
_
_
1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
_
_
and v =
_
_
s +t
s
t
_
_
=
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
s +
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
t, where s, t R.
Thus, the eigenvectors are
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
,
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
and
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
.
31
Therefore, D =
_
_
2 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
and P =
_
_
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
_
_
.
AP =
_
_
2 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 0
_
_
_
_
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
_
_
=
_
_
2 1 1
2 1 0
2 0 1
_
_
PD =
_
_
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
_
_
_
_
2 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
=
_
_
2 1 1
2 1 0
2 0 1
_
_
= A
(37) (a) The characteristic polynomial
f() = det
_
_
1 2 3
2 2 6
1 2 1
_
_
=
3
+ 2
2
+ 20 + 24 = (6 ) ( + 2)
2
.
Eigenvalues are = 6 and = 2(double root).
(i) For = 2, (A I) =
_
_
1 2 3
2 4 6
1 2 3
_
_
. We use Gaussian elimination to solve
the homogeneous system
_
_
1 2 3
2 4 6
1 2 3
_
_
v = 0 and conclude that v
1
= [3 0 1]
T
and
v
2
= [2 1 0]
T
are corresponding eigenvectors.
(ii) For = 6, (AI) =
_
_
7 2 3
2 4 6
1 2 5
_
_
. Use Gaussian elimination to solve the homo-
geneous system
_
_
7 2 3
2 4 6
1 2 5
_
_
v = 0 to obtain v
3
= [1 2 1]
T
as an eigenvector.
Finally, P =
_
_
3 2 1
0 1 2
1 0 1
_
_
diagonalizes A, i.e., P
1
AP =
_
_
2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 6
_
_
.
32
(b)
f() = det
_
_
0 2 0
2 1 2
0 2 2
_
_
=
3
+ 3
2
+ 6 8 = (1 )( + 2)( 4).
Eigenvalues are = 1, = 2, = 4.
(i) For = 1, (A I) =
_
_
1 2 0
2 0 2
0 2 1
_
_
. Solving (A I)v = 0, we obtain v
1
=
[2 1 2]
T
as a corresponding eigenvector.
(ii) For = 2, (A I) =
_
_
2 2 0
2 3 2
0 2 4
_
_
. Gaussian elimination when applied to the
homogeneous system (AI)v = 0 gives v
2
= [2 2 1]
T
as a corresponding eigenvector.
(iii) For = 4, (A I) =
_
_
4 2 0
2 3 2
0 2 2
_
_
. We now solve the homogeneous system
(A I)v = 0 and obtain the third eigenvector v
3
= [1 2 2]
T
. Therefore, P =
_
_
2 2 1
1 2 2
2 1 2
_
_
diagonalizes A, i.e., P
1
AP =
_
_
1 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 4
_
_
.
(c)
f() = det
_
_
4 2 2
2 1 4
2 4 1
_
_
=
3
+ 6
2
+ 15 100 = ( + 4) ( 5)
2
.
Eigenvalues of A are = 5 (double root), 4.
For = 5, (A I) =
_
_
1 2 2
2 4 4
2 4 4
_
_
. We thus obtain two linearly independent
eigenvectors v
1
= [2 0 1]
T
and v
2
= [2 1 0]
T
by solving the homogeneous system
(AI)v = 0.
For = 4, (AI) =
_
_
8 2 2
2 5 4
2 4 5
_
_
. Therefore, v
3
= [1 2 2]
T
is a correspond-
33
ing eigenvector.
Furthermore, putting P =
_
_
2 2 1
0 1 2
1 0 2
_
_
, we have P
1
AP =
_
_
5 0 0
0 5 0
0 0 4
_
_
.
(38) (i) (a) det (AI) =
2 3
1 6
=
2
8 + 15 = ( 3) ( 5) = 0
Thus, the eigenvalues of A are = 3 and = 5.
When = 3, (AI) v = 0 =
_
1 3 0
1 3 0
_
_
1 3 0
0 0 0
_
and v =
_
3
1
_
s, where s R.
When = 5, (AI) v = 0 =
_
3 3 0
1 1 0
_
_
1 1 0
0 0 0
_
and v =
_
1
1
_
t, where t R.
(b) Using the eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Therefore,
D =
_
3 0
0 5
_
and P =
_
3 1
1 1
_
AP =
_
2 3
1 6
__
3 1
1 1
_
=
_
9 5
3 5
_
PD =
_
3 1
1 1
__
3 0
0 5
_
=
_
9 5
3 5
_
= AP
(c) D
n
=
_
n
1
0
0
n
2
_
P
1
=
_
3 1
1 1
_
1
=
_
1
2

1
2
1
2
3
2
_
A
6
6A
4
+ 11A
2
= PD
6
P
1
6PD
4
P
1
+ 11PD
2
P
1
= P
_
D
6
6D
4
+ 11D
2
_
P
1
=
_
3 1
1 1
___
3
6
0
0 5
6
_
6
_
3
4
0
0 5
4
_
+ 11
_
3
2
0
0 5
2
___
1
2

1
2
1
2
3
2
_
=
_
5562 17712
5904 18054
_
34
(ii) (a)
det (AI) =
1 2 0
1 1 0
0 0 1
=
3
+
2
+ 3 3
= ( 1)
_

3
__
+
3
_
= 0
Thus, the eigenvalues of A are = 1, =
3, and =
3.
When = 1, (AI) v = 0 = v =
_
_
0
0
1
_
_
r, where r R.
When =
3, (AI) v = 0 = v =
_
3 1
1
0
_
_
s, where s R.
When =
3, (AI) v = 0 = v =
_
3 1
1
0
_
_
t, where t R.
(b) Using the eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Therefore,
D =
_
_
1 0 0
0
3 0
0 0
3
_
_
and P =
_
_
0
3 1
3 1
0 1 1
1 0 0
_
_
AP =
_
_
1 2 0
1 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
_
_
0
3 1
3 1
0 1 1
1 0 0
_
_
=
_
_
0 3
3 3 +
3
0
3
1 0 0
_
_
PD =
_
_
0
3 1
3 1
0 1 1
1 0 0
_
_
_
_
1 0 0
0
3 0
0 0
3
_
_
=
_
_
0 3
3 3 +
3
0
3
1 0 0
_
_
35
(c) P
1
=
_
_
0
3 1
3 1
0 1 1
1 0 0
_
_
1
=
_
_
0 0 1
3
6
3+
3
6
0
3
6
3
3
6
0
_
_
A
6
6A
4
+ 11A
2
= P
_
D
6
6D
4
+ 11D
2
_
P
1
=
_
_
0
3 1
3 1
0 1 1
1 0 0
_
_
_
_
6 0 0
0 6 0
0 0 6
_
_
_
_
0 0 1
3
6
3+
3
6
0
3
6
3
3
6
0
_
_
=
_
_
6 0 0
0 6 0
0 0 6
_
_
(39)
det (AI) =
4 2 0 4
0 2 1 0
0 0 3 3
0 4 0 7
=
4
16
3
+ 89
2
194 + 120
= ( 1) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) = 0.
Thus, the fourth eigenvalue of A is = 5.
When = 5, (AI) v = 0 =
_
_
1 2 0 4 0
0 3 1 0 0
0 0 2 3 0
0 4 0 2 0
_
_
1 0 0 3 0
0 1 0
1
2
0
0 0 1
3
2
0
0 0 0 0 0
_
_
. There-
fore, v =
_
_
3
1
2
3
2
1
_
_
s, where s R. and, the eigenvector associated with = 5 is
_
_
6
1
3
2
_
_
.
36
(40)
det (AI) =
1 2 0 2
0 2 1 0
0 0 3 3
0 0 0 1
=
4
3
7
2
+ + 6
= ( 1) ( 3) ( + 2) ( + 1) = 0
Thus, the eigenvalues of A are = 1, = 3, = 1, and = 2.
When = 1, v =
_
_
1
0
0
0
_
_
. When = 3, v =
_
_
1
1
5
0
_
_
. When = 1, v =
_
_
7
3
3
4
_
_
.
When = 2, v =
_
_
2
3
0
0
_
_
.
(41) Assume A is a matrix with eigenvalue and eigenvector x, i.e., Ax = x.
A
2
x = A(Ax) = A(x) = (Ax) = (x) =
2
x
(42) (a) For A =
_
0.7 0.4
0.3 0.6
_
, f() = ( 0.3)( 1). Therefore, eigenvalues are
1
= 0.3
and
2
= 1, with eigenvectors v
1
=
_
1 1
_
T
and v
2
=
_
4 3
_
T
respectively.
Taking P =
_
1 4
1 3
_
, we have A = P
_
0.3 0
0 1
_
P
1
. Therefore,
A
k
= P
_
0.3
k
0
0 1
_
P
1
=
_
1 4
1 3
__
0.3
k
0
0 1
__
3
7

4
7
1
7
1
7
_
=
1
7
_
4 + 3 0.3
k
4 4 0.3
k
3 3 0.3
k
3 + 4 0.3
k
_
.
(b) If the Red Party is in power now, the probability that it is to be in power after k
elections is
_
1 0
_
A
k
_
1
0
_
=
4 + 3 0.3
k
7
.
If the Red Party is not in power now, the probability that it is to be in power after
k elections is
_
0 1
_
A
k
_
0
1
_
3 3 0.3
k
7
.
37
When k , the respective probabilities are
4
7
and
3
7
.
(43) (a)
_
1 2
1 0
__
a
n1
a
n2
_
=
_
a
n1
+ 2a
n2
a
n1
_
=
_
a
n
a
n1
_
for n 3.
(b) A =
_
1 2
1 0
_
has eigenvalues
1
= 2 and
2
= 1, with eigenvectors v
1
=
_
2
1
_
and v
2
=
_
1
1
_
respectively. Therefore, one obtains
A =
_
2 1
1 1
__
2 0
0 1
__
2 1
1 1
_
1
and
A
k
=
_
2 1
1 1
__
2
k
0
0 (1)
k
__
1
3
1
3
1
3
2
3
_
=
1
3
_
2
k+1
+ (1)
k
2
k+1
2 (1)
k
2
k
(1)
k
2
k
+ 2 (1)
k
_
.
(c)
_
a
n
a
n1
_
=
_
1 2
1 0
__
a
n1
a
n2
_
=
_
1 2
1 0
_
2
_
a
n2
a
n3
_
= . . . =
_
1 2
1 0
_
n2
_
a
2
a
1
_
Therefore, a
n
=
2
n
(1)
n
3
for n 3.
(44) (a)
Eigenvalues Eigenvectors Orthonormal eigenvectors
= 3
_
1 1 1
_
T
_
1
3
1
3
1
3
_
T
= 6
_
1 1 2
_
T
_
1
6
1
6

2
6
_
T
= 8
_
1 1 0
_
T
_
1
2

1
2
0
_
T
Therefore, Q =
_
_
1
3
1
6
1
2
1
3
1
6
1
2
1
3
2
6
0
_
_
and D =
_
_
3 0 0
0 6 0
0 0 8
_
_
(b)
Eigenvalues Eigenvectors
= 7 (double root)
_
1 2 0
_
T
and
_
0 2 1
_
T
= 2
_
2 1 2
_
T
38
_
1 2 0
_
T
and
_
0 2 1
_
T
are not orthogonal to each other, although each of them
is orthogonal to
_
2 1 2
_
T
. Using Gram Schmidt Process, one obtains 3 orthonor-
mal eigenvectors w
1
=
_
1
5

2
5
0
_
T
, w
2
=
_
4
3
5
2
3
5
5
3
5
_
T
, w
3
=
_
2
3
1
3

2
3
_
T
.
Therefore, Q =
_
_
1
5
4
3
5
2
3
5
2
3
5
1
3
0
5
3
5

2
3
_
_
and D =
_
_
7 0 0
0 7 0
0 0 2
_
_
39
Chapter 3
Innite series, Power series and
Fourier series
(1) (a) Convergent, Comparison with
1
n
3/2
.
1
_
n(n
2
+ 1)
=
n
3
+n
n
3
.
(b) Divergent, Comparison with
1
n
.
/4
n

tan
1
n
n
(c) Convergent, Comparison with
1
n
2
.
lnn
n
3

n
n
3
=
1
n
2
(d) Convergent, Comparison with
1
n
3
.
1
(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)

1
n
3
(e) Convergent, ratio test
((n+1)!)
2
(2(n+1))!
(n!)
2
(2n)!
=
(2n)!((n + 1)!)
2
(2(n + 1))!(n!)
2
=
(n + 1)
2
(2n + 1)(2n + 2)
=
n + 1
4n + 2

1
4
41
CHAPTER 3. INFINITE SERIES, POWER SERIES AND FOURIER SERIES
(f) Convergent, ratio test
(n+1)!
(n+1)
n+1
n!
n
n
=
(n + 1)!n
n
n!(n + 1)
n+1
=
n
n
(n + 1)
n
=
1
_
n+1
n
_
n
=
1
_
1 +
1
n
_
n

1
e
(g) Convergent, ratio test
x
n+1
(n+1)
n+1
x
n
n
n
=
x
n+1
n
n
x
n
(n + 1)
n+1
=
xn
n
(n + 1)
n+1
=
n
n
(n + 1)
n
x
n + 1
0
(h) Divergent, integral test
_

a
dx
xlnxln(lnx)
= [ln(ln(lnx))]
a
(i) Convergent, integral test
_

a
e
n
9 +e
2n
dx =
_
1
3
tan
1
_
e
x
3
__
a
(j) Divergent, integral test
_

a
2
ln(ln n)
nlnn
dx =
_
2
ln(ln x)
ln2
_
a
(2) (a) Conditionally.
The series is not absolutely convergent because x < sin
1
x for 0 < x 1 , i.e.
1
n
sin
1
_
1
n
_
.
Since sin
1
x is an increasing continuous function, we have
sin
1
_
1
n
_
> sin
1
_
1
n + 1
_
n
0.
By Leibniz test, the series converges conditionally.
(b) Absolutely
(1)
n
n
3
e
n
n
3
e
n
,
which converges by ratio test.
42
(c) Absolutely
(1)
n
2 + 2n +n
2
1
2 + 2n +n
2

1
n
2
,
which converges by Comparison test.
(d) Conditionally
(1)
n
nlnn
1
nlnn
,
which diverges by Integral test. Since xlnx is an increasing function for x > 1,
1
nlnn
>
1
(n + 1) ln(n + 1)
n
0.
By Leibniz test, the series converges conditionally.
(3) Consider the k-th partial sum:
s
k
=
k
n=1
1
(4n 1)(4n + 3)
=
k
n=1
_
1
4(4n 1)

1
4(4n + 3)
_
=
_
1
12

1
28
_
+
_
1
28

1
44
_
+ +
_
1
4(4n 1)

1
4(4n + 3)
_
=
1
12

1
4(4k + 3)
1
12
(4) (a) [1, 1), 0 < s 1; [1, 1], s > 1
R = lim
n
a
n
a
n+1
= lim
n
1
n
s
1
(n+1)
s
= lim
n
_
1 +
1
n
_
s
= 1
At x = 1, the series becomes
1
n
s
which converges if s > 1 and diverges if s 1.
At x = 1, the series becomes the alternating series
(1)
n
n
s
, which converges
absolutely if s > 1 and conditionally if s 1.
(b) (e, e)
R = lim
n
a
n
a
n+1
= lim
n
n!
n
n
(n+1)!
(n+1)
n+1
= lim
n
_
n + 1
n
_
n
= e
43
At x = e, the series becomes
n!e
n
n
n
, which diverges because
a
n
=
n!e
n
n
n
=
n!
n
n
_
1 +n + +
n
n
n!
+
_
> 1
and therefore a
n
does not converges to 0.
Similarly, at x = e, the series becomes the alternating series
(1)
n
n!e
n
n
n
, which
diverges because b
n
=
(1)
n
n!e
n
n
n
does not converge to 0.
(c) (1, 1)
R = lim
n
a
n
a
n+1
= lim
n
n
n + 1
= 1
At x = 1 or x = 1, the terms of the series are (1)
n
n and n respectively, and do
not converge to 0.
(d) (2, 0]
R = lim
n
a
n
a
n+1
= lim
n
(1)
n1
n
(1)
n
n+1
= lim
n
n + 1
n
= 1
Translating to the left by 1 units, we are interested in the interval (2, 0)
(1)
2n1
n
=
1
n
, which is the negative harmonic
series and diverges.
(1)
n1
n
, which is the alternating harmonic series and
converges.
(e) (4, 0)
R = lim
n
a
n
a
n+1
= lim
n
n
2
2
n
(n+1)
2
2
n+1
= lim
n
2n
2
(n + 1)
2
= 2
Translating to the left by 2 units, we are interested in the interval (4, 0).
At x = 4 or x = 1, the terms of the series are (1)
2
n
2
and n
2
respectively, and do
not converge to 0.
(5) The Maclaurin Series of a function f(x) is given by
f(x) = f(0) +f
(0)x +
f
(0)
2!
x
2
+
f
(0)
3!
x
3
+
f
(4)
(0)
4!
x
4
+
(a) 1 2x + 2x
2
4
3
x
3
+
2
3
x
4
Note:
e
2x
=
n=0
(2x)
n
n!
=
n=0
(2)
n
n!
x
n
44
(b) 2x
4
3
x
3
Note
sin(2x) =
n=0
(1)
n
(2x)
2n+1
(2n + 1)!
(c) x
2
+x
3
+
x
4
2!
+
x
5
3!
Note
x
2
e
x
= x
2
n=0
x
n
n!
=
n=0
x
n+2
n!
(d) ln3 +
2
3
x
2
9
x
2
+
8
81
x
3
4
81
x
4
Note
ln(3 + 2x) = ln(1 + 2(1 +x)) =
n=1
(1)
n1
n
[2(1 +x)]
n
(6) (a) Let z = ax. Then
e
z
=
n=0
z
n
n!
=
n=0
(ax)
n
n!
(b) Let z =
x
2
. Then
cos z =
n=0
(1)
n
z
2n
(2n)!
=
n=0
(1)
n
x
2n
4
n
(2n)!
(c)
e
x
= 1 +x +
x
2
2!
+
x
3
3!
+ +
x
n
n!
+
e
x
= 1 x +
x
2
2!

x
3
3!
+ +
x
n
n!
+
cosh x =
e
x
+e
x
2
=
n=0
x
2n
(2n)!
(d)
ln[1 +x[ = x
1
2
x
2
+
1
3
x
3
1
4
x
4
+ +
(1)
n1
n
x
n
+
ln[1 x[ = x +
1
2
x
2
1
3
x
3
+
1
4
x
4
+ +
(1)
n
n
x
n
+
1
2
ln
1 +x
1 x
=
1
2
(ln[1 +x[ ln[1 x[) =
n=1
x
2n1
2n 1
45
(7) (a)
n=1
(1)
n+1
n
(x 1)
n
lnx = ln(1 + (x 1)) =
n=1
(1)
n+1
n
(x 1)
n
(b)
n=0
(1)(x + 1)
n
1
x
=
1
1 (x + 1)
=
n=0
(x + 1)
n
=
n=0
(1)(x + 1)
n
(c)
n=0
(1)
n
2n
(2n)!
_
x
1
2
_
2n
sinx = cos
_
_
x
1
2
__
=
n=0
(1)
n
(2n)!
_
_
x
1
2
__
2n
(8) (a) Since [x[ is an even function, all b
n
= 0.
a
0
=
1
[x[ dx =
1
_

0
xdx +
1
_
0
xdx =
a
n
=
1
[x[ cos nxdx = 2

1
_

0
xcos nxdx =
2
1 + cos n
n
2
=
2
(1)
n
1
n
2
Hence,
f (x) =

2
+
2
n=1
(1)
n
1
n
2
cos nx
Note: Choose f = x, g
= cos nx and use integration by parts, we get

_
xcos nxdx = x
sinnx
n

_
sinnx
n
dx = x
sinnx
n
+
cos nx
n
2
(b)
f (x) = sin
2
x 2 cos
3
x =
1
2
(1 cos 2x) 2
_
cos
2
x
_
cos x
=
1
2
(1 cos 2x) (1 + cos 2x) cos x
=
1
2
(1 cos 2x) cos x cos 2xcos x
=
1
2
(1 cos 2x) cos x
1
2
(cos 3x + cos x)
=
1
2

3
2
cos x
1
2
cos 2x
1
2
cos 3x
46
Note:
cos 2x = 1 2 sin
2
x = 2 cos
2
x 1
cos mxcos nx =
1
2
[cos (m+n) x + cos (mn) x]
(c)
a
0
=
1
_

0
sin tdt =
2
For n ,= 1,
b
n
=
1
_

0
sin t sinntdt
=
1
_

0
1
2
[cos (1 +n) t cos (1 n) t] dt
=
_
1
2
sin(1 +n) t
1 +n
+
1
2
sin (1 n) t
1 n
_
0
= 0
For n = 1,
b
1
=
1
_

0
sint sintdt =
1
2
_

0
(1 cos 2t) dt =
_
1
2
_
t
1
2
sin2t
__
0
=
1
2
a
n
=
1
_

0
sint cos ntdt =
1
_

0
1
2
[sin(1 +n) t + sin(1 n) t] dt
=
_
1
1
2
cos (1 +n) t
1 +n

1
2
cos (1 n) t
1 n
__
0
=
1
cos n + 1
n
2
1
=
1
(1)
n
+ 1
n
2
1
Hence, if n is even, i.e. n = 2m, a
2m
=
1
2
4m
2
1
if n is odd a
n
= 0
f (x) =
1
+
1
2
sint
1
m=1
2
4m
2
1
cos 2mt
Note:
sin mxsinnx =
1
2
[cos (m+n) x cos (mn) x]
sinmxcos nx =
1
2
[sin(m+n) x + sin (mn) x]
47
(9) (a)
a
0
=
2
_

0
x( x) dx =

2
3
a
n
=
2
_

0
x( x) cos nxdx = 2
cos n + 1
n
2
= 2
(1)
n
+ 1
n
2
b
n
=
2
_

0
x( x) sinnxdx =
4
cos n 1
n
3
=
4
1 (1)
n
n
3
The half range cosine series of f (x) is
f (x) =

2
6
2
n=1
(1)
n
+ 1
n
2
cos nx
=

2
3
2
m=1
(1)
2m
+ 1
4m
2
cos 2mx
=

2
6

m=1
1
m
2
cos 2mx
The half range sine series of f (x) is
f (x) =
4
n=1
1 (1)
n
n
3
sinnx =
8
m=1
1
(2m1)
3
sin(2m1) x
(b)
a
0
=
4
_
/2
0
cos xdx =
4
a
n
=
4
_
/2
0
cos xcos 2nxdx =
4
cos n
4n
2
1
=
4
(1)
n1
4n
2
1
f (x) =
2
+
4
m=1
(1)
n1
4n
2
1
cos 2nx
(10) (a) Since [sinx[ is an even function, all b
n
= 0.
a
0
=
1
[sinx[ dx =
1
_

0
sinxdx +
1
_
0
sinxdx =
4
a
n
=
1
[sinx[ cos nxdx = 2

1
_

0
sinxcos nxdx =
2
cos n + 1
1 +n
2
=
2
1 + (1)
n
n
2
1
48
Hence,
f (x) =
2
m=1
1
4m
2
1
cos 2mx
(b)
a
0
=
1
e
x
dx =
1
_
e
_
a
n
=
1
e
x
cos nxdx
=
1
__
n
2
n
2
+ 1
__
e
x
sinnx
n
e
x
cos nx
n
2
__
=
1
_
n
2
n
2
+ 1
_
e
cos n
n
2
e
cos n
n
2
_
_
=
1
_
(1)
n
n
2
+ 1
_
e
_
_
b
n
=
1
e
x
sinnxdx
=
_
e
x
sinnx
n
2
n
2
1
_
e
x
sinnx
n
e
x
cos nx
n
2
__
0
=
n
_
(1)
n
n
2
+ 1
_
e
_
_
f (x) =
1
2
_
e
_
+
n=1
1
_
(1)
n
n
2
+ 1
_
e
_
cos nx
_
+
n=1
n
_
(1)
n
n
2
+ 1
_
e
_
sinnx
_
=
1
_
e
_
_
1
2
+
n=1
(1)
n
n
2
+ 1
(cos nx nsinnx)
_
=
2 sinh
_
1
2
+
n=1
(1)
n
n
2
+ 1
(cos nx nsinnx)
_
_
e
x
cos nxdx = e
x
sinnx
n

_
e
x
sinnx
n
dx
= e
x
sinnx
n
+e
x
cos nx
n
2
+
_
_
e
x
cos nx
n
2
_
dx
49
Therefore,
_
e
x
cos nxdx =
_
n
2
n
2
1
__
e
x
sinnx
n
e
x
cos nx
n
2
_
_
e
x
sinnx
n
dx = e
x
sinnx
n

_
e
x
cos nxdx
= e
x
sinnx
_
n
n
2
1
__
e
x
sin nx
n
e
x
cos nx
n
2
_
Note:
sinhx =
e
x
e
x
2
(11)
a
0
=
1
_

0
(x )
2
dx +
1
_
2
2
dx =
1
3
2
+
2
=
4
3
2
a
n
=
1
_

0
(x )
2
cos nxdx +
1
_
2
2
cos nxdx
=
2
sinn +n
n
3
+
_
sin nx
n
_
2
=
2
n
2
b
n
=
1
_

0
(x )
2
sinnxdx +
1
_
2
2
sinnxdx
=
1
2 cos n 2 +n
2
2
n
3

_
cos nx
n
_
2
=
2
(1)
n
1
n
3
+

n

n
+
(1)
n
n
=
2
(1)
n
1
n
3
+
(1)
n
n
f (x) =
2
3
2
+
n=1
2
n
2
cos nx +
n=1
_
2
(1)
n
1
n
3
+
(1)
n
n
_
sinnx
50
Put x = 0
2
=
2
3
2
+ 2
n=1
1
n
2
2
3
= 2
n=1
1
n
2
n=1
1
n
2
=

2
6
Put x = ,
2
2
=
1
2
_
f
_
_
+f
_
+
__
=
2
2
3
+ 2
n=1
cos n
n
2
2
6
= 2
n=1
(1)
n
n
2
n=1
(1)
n1
n
2
=

2
12
Note:
_
(x )
2
cos nxdx = (x )
2
sinnx
n

_
(2x 2)
sinnx
n
dx
= (x )
2
sinnx
n
+ (2x 2)
cos nx
n
2

_
_
2
cos nx
n
2
_
dx
= (x )
2
sinnx
n
+ (2x 2)
cos nx
n
2
+ 2
sin nx
n
3
_
(x )
2
sinnxdx = (x )
2
cos nx
n
+
_
_
(2x 2)
cos nx
n
_
dx
= (x )
2
cos nx
n
+ (2x 2)
sin nx
n
2

_
2
sinnx
n
2
dx
= (x )
2
cos nx
n
+ (2x 2)
sin nx
n
2
2
cos nx
n
3
(12) (a)
a
0
=
1
_
0
1dx = 1
a
n
=
1
_
0
cos nxdx =
sinn
n
= 0
b
n
=
1
_
0
sinnxdx =
1 cos n
n
=
1 (1)
n
n
51
f (x) =
1
2
+
n=1
1 (1)
n
n
sinnx
(b) Since x
2
is an even function, all b
n
= 0.
a
0
=
_
1
1
x
2
dx =
2
3
a
n
=
_
1
1
x
2
cos nxdx =
_
x
2
sinnx
n
+ 2x
cos nx
n
2
2
+ 2
sinnx
n
3
3
_
1
1
=
(1)
n
4
n
2
2
Therefore,
f (x) =
1
3
+
n=1
4
n
2
2
(1)
n
cos nx
Note: Choose f = x
2
and g
= cos nx,
_
x
2
cos nxdx = x
2
sinnx
n

_
2x
sinnx
n
dx.
Choose f = 2x and g
= sinnx,
_
2x
sinnx
n
dx = 2x
cos nx
n
2
2

_
_
2
cos nx
n
2
2
_
dx
= 2x
cos nx
n
2
2
2
sinnx
n
3
3
Hence,
_
x
2
cos nxdx = x
2
sin nx
n
+ 2x
cos nx
n
2
2
+ 2
sin nx
n
3
3
52
Chapter 4
Partial Dierentiation
(1) f (x, y) =
2x3y
x+y
Suppose that (x, y) approaches (0, 0) along the x-axis. Then
lim
x0
y=0
f (x, y) = lim
x0
2x
x
= 2.
Suppose that (x, y) approaches (0, 0) along the y-axis. Then
lim
y0
x=0
f (x, y) = lim
x0
3y
y
= 3.
Since the limits are not equal, then the limit does not exist.
(2) w =
_
x
2
+y
2
w
x
=
x
2
+y
2
_
x
=
_
1
2
_ _
x
2
+y
2
_
1
2
(2x) =
x
x
2
+y
2
w
y
=
y
x
2
+y
2
Using polar coordinates of the point (x, y), i.e., x = r cos and y = r sin ,
lim
r0
r=
x
2
+y
2
x
_
x
2
+y
2
= lim
r0
r cos
_
(r cos )
2
+ (r sin )
2
= cos
and
lim
r0
r=
x
2
+y
2
y
_
x
2
+y
2
= lim
r0
r sin
_
(r cos )
2
+ (r sin )
2
= sin.
53
CHAPTER 4. PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
Since both of the limits are dependent on , then there is no unique value for the derivatives
for w at (0, 0). Therefore, the derivatives do not exist.
(3) By the product formula, we have
w
t
= e
x
2
4t
_
1
2
t
3
2
+
x
2
4
t
5
2
_
=

2
w
x
2
.
(4) (a)
w
x
= e
x
cos y + 2x + y,
w
y
= e
x
siny + x 2y,

2
w
x
2
= e
x
cos y + 2,

2
w
y
2
=
e
x
cos y 2y,

2
w
yx
= e
x
sin y + 1 =

2
w
xy
.
(b)
w
x
=
2x
x
2
+y
2
z
2
,
w
y
=
2y
x
2
+y
2
z
2
,
w
z
=
2z
x
2
+y
2
z
2
,

2
w
x
2
=
2(y
2
x
2
z
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
z
2
)
2
,

2
w
y
2
=
2(x
2
y
2
z
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
z
2
)
2
,

2
w
z
2
=
2(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
z
2
)
2
,

2
w
xy
=
4xy
(x
2
+y
2
z
2
)
2
,

2
w
zy
=
4yz
(x
2
+y
2
z
2
)
2
,

2
w
zx
=
4zx
(x
2
+y
2
z
2
)
2
.
(c)
w
x
= e
2x+y
cos (x y) + 2e
2x+y
sin(x y) = e
2x+y
[cos (x y) + 2 sin(x y)]
w
y
= e
2x+y
cos (x y) +e
2x+y
sin(x y) = e
2x+y
[sin(x y) cos (x y)]
2
w
x
2
= 2e
2x+y
[cos (x y) + 2 sin(x y)] +e
2x+y
[sin(x y) + 2 cos (x y)]
= e
2x+y
[4 cos (x y) + 3 sin(x y)]
2
w
y
2
= e
2x+y
[sin(x y) cos (x y)] +e
2x+y
[cos (x y) sin(x y)]
= 2e
2x+y
cos (x y)
2
w
xy
= 2e
2x+y
[sin(x y) cos (x y)] +e
2x+y
[cos (x y) + sin(x y)]
= e
2x+y
[3 sin(x y) cos (x y)]
2
w
yx
= e
2x+y
[cos (x y) + 2 sin (x y)] +e
2x+y
[sin(x y) 2 cos (x y)]
= e
2x+y
[3 sin(x y) cos (x y)]
54
(d)
w
x
=
1
x
2
+2y
2
_
1
2
_ _
x
2
+ 2y
2
_
1/2
(2x) =
x
x
2
+2y
2
w
y
=
1
x
2
+2y
2
_
1
2
_ _
x
2
+ 2y
2
_
1/2
(4y) =
2y
x
2
+2y
2
2
w
x
2
=
(x
2
+2y
2
)x(2x)
(x
2
+2y
2
)
2
=
2y
2
x
2
(x
2
+2y
2
)
2
2
w
y
2
=
2(x
2
+2y
2
)2y(4y)
(x
2
+2y
2
)
2
=
2x
2
4y
2
(x
2
+2y
2
)
2
2
w
xy
=
2y(2x)
(x
2
+2y
2
)
2
=
4xy
(x
2
+2y
2
)
2
2
w
yx
=
x(4y)
(x
2
+2y
2
)
2
=
4xy
(x
2
+2y
2
)
2
(e)
w
x
= 2e
2xy
2
sin(x +y) +e
2xy
2
cos(x +y) = e
2xy
2
[2 sin(x +y) + cos(x +y)]
w
y
= 2ye
2xy
2
sin(x +y) +e
2xy
2
cos(x +y) = e
2xy
2
[cos(x +y) 2y sin(x +y)]
2
w
x
2
= 2e
2xy
2
[2 sin(x +y) + cos(x +y)] +e
2xy
2
[2 cos(x +y) sin(x +y)]
= e
2xy
2
[4 cos (x +y) + 3 sin (x +y)]
2
w
y
2
= 2ye
2xy
2
[cos(x +y) 2y sin(x +y)]
+e
2xy
2
[sin(x +y) 2 sin(x +y) 2y cos (x +y)]
= e
2xy
2
_
4y cos (x +y) +
_
4y
2
3
_
sin (x +y)
2
w
xy
= 2e
2xy
2
[cos(x +y) 2y sin(x +y)] +e
2xy
2
[sin(x +y) 2y cos(x +y)]
= e
2xy
2
[(2 2y) cos (x +y) (4y + 1) sin (x +y)]
2
w
yx
= 2ye
2xy
2
[2 sin(x +y) + cos(x +y)] +e
2xy
2
[2 cos(x +y) sin(x +y)]
= e
2xy
2
[(2 2y) cos (x +y) (4y + 1) sin (x +y)] =

2
w
xy
(f)
w
x
= y
x
lny +ye
xy
lny
55
w
y
= xy
x1
+xe
xy
lny +
1
y
e
xy
2
w
x
2
= (lny)
2
y
x
+y
2
e
xy
lny
2
w
y
2
= x(x 1) y
x2
+x
2
e
xy
lny + 2
x
y
e
xy
1
y
2
e
xy
2
w
xy
= y
x1
+xy
x1
lny +e
xy
lny +xye
xy
lny +e
xy
2
w
yx
= xy
x1
lny +y
x1
+e
xy
(lny + 1) +xye
xy
lny =

2
w
xy
(5) (a)
w
x
= sin(2y 3z
2
),
w
y
= 2xcos(2y 3z
2
),
w
z
= 6xz cos(2y 3z
2
).
(b)
w
x
= 2Ax +Dy +Fz,
w
y
= 2By +Dx +Ez,
w
z
= 2Cz +Ey +Fx.
(c)
w
x
=
(2y)sin x)
(y+cos x)
2
=
2y sin x
(y+cos x)
2
,
w
y
=
2(y+cos x)(2y)(1)
(y+cos x)
2
=
2 cos x
(y+cos x)
2
.
(d)
w
x
= ye
x
2
+y
2
+ 2x
2
ye
x
2
+y
2
,
w
y
= xe
x
2
+y
2
+ 2xy
2
e
x
2
+y
2
.
(e)
w
x
=
(x
2
+2y
2
)(xy)(2x)
(x
2
+2y
2
)
2
=
x
2
+2y
2
2x
2
+2xy
(x
2
+2y
2
)
2
=
2y
2
x
2
+2xy
(x
2
+2y
2
)
2
,
w
y
=
(x
2
+2y
2
)(1)(xy)(4y)
(x
2
+2y
2
)
2
=
x
2
2y
2
4xy+4y
2
(x
2
+2y
2
)
2
=
2y
2
x
2
4xy
(x
2
+2y
2
)
2
.
(6)
1
R
=
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
=
R
2
R
3
+R
1
R
3
+R
1
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R =
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
2
R
3
+R
1
R
3
+R
1
R
2
R
R
1
=
(R
2
R
3
+R
1
R
3
+R
1
R
2
)(R
2
R
3
)(R
1
R
2
R
3
)(R
3
+R
2
)
(R
2
R
3
+R
1
R
3
+R
1
R
2
)
2
=
(R
2
R
3
)
2
(R
2
R
3
+R
1
R
3
+R
1
R
2
)
2
,
R
R
2
=
(R
1
R
3
)
2
(R
2
R
3
+R
1
R
3
+R
1
R
2
)
2
,
R
R
3
=
(R
1
R
2
)
2
(R
2
R
3
+R
1
R
3
+R
1
R
2
)
2
.
(7) (a) a
2
= c
2
+b
2
2bc cos A =cos A =
c
2
+b
2
a
2
2bc
or A = cos
1
_
c
2
+b
2
a
2
2bc
_
a
(cos A) =

a
_
c
2
+b
2
a
2
2bc
_
=sinA
A
a
=
a
bc
=
A
a
=
a
bc sin A
,
A
b
=
c
2
a
2
b
2
2b
2
c sin A
,
A
c
=
b
2
a
2
c
2
2bc
2
sin A
.
(b)
sin A
a
=
sin B
b
=
sin C
c
= a =
b sin A
sin B
a
A
=
b cos A
sin B
,
a
B
=
b sin Acos B
(sin B)
2
.
(8) (a)
w
x
= 2xy + 2y
2
sinxy +y cos x,
w
y
= x
2
2 cos xy + 2xy sin xy + sinx,
2
w
x
2
= 2y + 2y
3
cos xy y sinx,

2
w
y
2
= 4xsin xy 2x
2
y cos xy,
2
w
xy
=

x
_
w
y
_
= 2x + 4y sin xy + 2xy
2
cos xy + cos x,
2
w
yx
=

y
_
w
x
_
= 2x + 4y sinxy + 2xy
2
cos xy + cos x.
(b)
w
x
=
x
x
2
+y
2
,
w
y
=
y
x
2
+y
2
,

2
w
x
2
=
y
2
x
2
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
,

2
w
y
2
=
x
2
y
2
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
,
2
w
xy
=

x
_
w
y
_
=
2xy
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
,

2
w
yx
=

y
_
w
x
_
=
2xy
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
.
(c)
w
x
= yx
y1
,
w
y
= x
y
lnx,

2
w
x
2
= y (y 1) x
y2
,

2
w
y
2
= (lnx)
2
x
y
2
w
xy
=

x
_
w
y
_
= x
y1
(1 +y lnx),

2
w
yx
=

y
_
w
x
_
= x
y1
(1 +y lnx).
56
(d) w = xsin
2
y +e
xy
=
1
2
x(1 cos 2y) +e
xy
w
x
= sin
2
y +ye
xy
=
1
2
(1 cos 2y) +ye
xy
,
w
y
= xsin2y +xe
xy
,
2
w
x
2
= y
2
e
xy
,

2
w
y
2
= 2xcos 2y +x
2
e
xy
,
2
w
xy
=

x
_
w
y
_
= sin2y +e
xy
+xye
xy
,
2
w
yx
=

y
_
w
x
_
= sin2y +e
xy
+xye
xy
.
(e)
w
x
=
(y
2
+sin x+1)(2y2x)(2xyx
2
)(cos x)
(y
2
+sin x+1)
2
,
w
y
=
(y
2
+sin x+1)(2x)(2xyx
2
)(2y)
(y
2
+sin x+1)
2
,
2
w
x
2
=
2 cos
2
x(2xyx
2
)
(y
2
+sin x+1)
3
+
sin x(2xyx
2
)+4(xy) cos x
(y
2
+sin x+1)
2

2
y
2
+sin x+1
,
2
w
y
2
=
8y
2
(2xyx
2
)
(y
2
+sin x+1)
3
+
2x
2
12xy
(y
2
+sin x+1)
2
,
2
w
xy
=

x
_
w
y
_
=
4y cos x(2xyx
2
)
(y
2
+sin x+1)
3

(4y
2
4xy)+2xcos x
(y
2
+sin x+1)
2
+
2
y
2
+sin x+1
,
2
w
yx
=

y
_
w
x
_
=
4y cos x(2xyx
2
)
(y
2
+sin x+1)
3

(4y
2
4xy)+2xcos x
(y
2
+sin x+1)
2
+
2
y
2
+sin x+1
.
(9) f (x, y, z) = cos
_
2xy +z
2
_
f
x
= 2y sin(2xy +z
2
)
f
xy
= 2
_
sin(2xy +z
2
) + 2xy cos(2xy +z
2
)
= 2 sin(2xy +z
2
) 4xy cos(2xy +z
2
)
f
xyz
= 4z cos(2xy +z
2
) + 8xyz sin(2xy +z
2
)
f
z
= 2z sin(2xy +z
2
)
f
zz
= 4z
2
cos(2xy +z
2
) 2 sin(2xy +z
2
)
f
zzx
= 8yz
2
sin(2xy +z
2
) 4y cos(2xy +z
2
)
(10)
w
x
=
x
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
3
2
,

2
w
x
2
=
2x
2
y
2
z
2
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
5
2
,
w
y
=
y
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
3
2
,

2
w
y
2
=
2y
2
x
2
z
2
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
5
2
,
w
z
=
z
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
3
2
,

2
w
z
2
=
2z
2
x
2
y
2
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
5
2
.
2
w
x
2
+

2
w
y
2
+

2
w
z
2
=
2x
2
y
2
z
2
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
5
2
+
2y
2
x
2
z
2
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
5
2
+
2z
2
x
2
y
2
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
5
2
=
0
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
5
2
= 0
(11) (a)
w
x
= A(Ct +D),

2
w
x
2
= 0,
w
t
= C (Ax +B),

2
w
t
2
= 0
2
w
t
2
c
2
2
w
x
2
= (0) c
2
(0) = 0
57
(b)
w
x
=
_
Ake
kx
Bke
kx
__
Ce
ckt
+De
ckt
_
,
2
w
x
2
=
_
Ak
2
e
kx
+Bk
2
e
kx
__
Ce
ckt
+De
ckt
_
= k
2
_
Ae
kx
+Be
kx
__
Ce
ckt
+De
ckt
_
,
w
t
=
_
Ae
kx
+Be
kx
__
Ccke
ckt
Dcke
ckt
_
,
2
w
t
2
=
_
Ae
kx
+Be
kx
__
Cc
2
k
2
e
ckt
+Dc
2
k
2
e
ckt
_
= c
2
k
2
_
Ae
kx
+Be
kx
__
Ce
ckt
+De
ckt
_
,
2
w
t
2
c
2
2
w
x
2
= c
2
k
2
_
Ae
kx
+Be
kx
__
Ce
ckt
+De
ckt
_
_
c
2
_
k
2
_
Ae
kx
+Be
kx
__
Ce
ckt
+De
ckt
_
= 0
(c)
w
x
= g
(x +ct),

2
w
x
2
= g
(x +ct),
w
t
= cg
(x +ct),

2
w
t
2
= c
2
g
(x +ct)
2
w
t
2
c
2
2
w
x
2
=
_
c
2
g
(x +ct)
c
2
[g
(x +ct)] = 0
(12)
w
x
=
2x
x
2
+y
2
,
w
y
=
2y
x
2
+y
2
,

2
w
x
2
=
2(y
2
x
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
,

2
w
y
2
=
2(x
2
y
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
2
w
x
2
+

2
w
y
2
=
2(y
2
x
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
+
2(x
2
y
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
= 0
(13) (a) f
x
(x, y) =
(x+3y)(2)(2xy)(1)
(x+3y)
2
=
7y
(x+3y)
2
, f
y
(x, y) =
7x
(x+3y)
2
L.H.S. = xf
x
(x, y) +yf
y
(x, y) = (x)
_
7y
(x+3y)
2
_
+ (y)
_
7x
(x+3y)
2
_
= 0 = R.H.S.
(b) f
xx
(x, y) =
14y
(x+3y)
3
, f
yy
(x, y) =
42x
(x+3y)
3
, f
xy
(x, y) =
7x21y
(x+3y)
3
L.H.S. = x
2 14y
(x+3y)
3
+ 2xy
7x21y
(x+3y)
3
+y
2 42x
(x+3y)
3
= 0 = R.H.S.
or
x
[xf
x
(x, y) +yf
y
(x, y)] = 0 =f
x
(x, y) +xf
xx
(x, y) +yf
yx
(x, y) = 0 ... (1)
y
[xf
x
(x, y) +yf
y
(x, y)] = 0 =xf
xy
(x, y) +f
y
(x, y) +yf
yy
(x, y) = 0 ... (2)
x (1) +y (2) :
xf
x
(x, y) +x
2
f
xx
(x, y) +xyf
yx
(x, y) +xyf
xy
(x, y) +yf
y
(x, y) +y
2
f
yy
(x, y) = 0
[xf
x
(x, y) +yf
y
(x, y)] +x
2
f
xx
(x, y) +xyf
yx
(x, y) +xyf
xy
(x, y) +y
2
f
yy
(x, y) = 0
x
2
f
xx
(x, y) +xyf
yx
(x, y) +xyf
xy
(x, y) +y
2
f
yy
(x, y) = 0
58
(14)
F
u
=
f
x
x
u
+
f
y
y
u
=
f
x
(2u) +
f
y
(2v) = 2u
f
x
+ 2v
f
y
F
v
=
f
x
x
v
+
f
y
y
v
=
f
x
(2v) +
f
y
(2u) = 2v
f
x
+ 2u
f
y
_
F
u
_
2
+
_
F
v
_
2
=
_
2u
f
x
+ 2v
f
y
_
2
+
_
2v
f
x
+ 2u
f
y
_
2
= 4u
2
_
f
x
_
2
+ 4v
2
_
f
y
_
2
+ 4v
2
_
f
x
_
2
+ 4u
2
_
f
y
_
2
= 4
_
u
2
+v
2
_
_
_
f
x
_
2
+
_
f
y
_
2
_
If u
F
u
v
F
v
= 0, then u
_
2u
f
x
+ 2v
f
y
_
v
_
2v
f
x
+ 2u
f
y
_
= 0
=2
_
u
2
+v
2
_
f
x
= 0 =
f
x
= 0 or u = 0 or v = 0.
f (x, y) = g (y), which is dependent on y only. Therefore, f (x, y) is independent of x.
(15) Since
w
x
=
y(y
2
x
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
and
w
y
=
x(x
2
y
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
, therefore x
w
x
+y
w
y
= 0.
Since
2
w
x
2
=
2xy (x
2
3y
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
3
,

2
w
y
2
=
2xy (y
2
3x
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
3
and

2
w
xy
=
x
4
y
4
+ 6x
2
y
2
(x
2
+y
2
)
3
,
therefore, x
2
2
w
x
2
+ 2xy

2
w
xy
+y
2
2
w
y
2
= 0.
(16) Let w = g (u, v) with u =
x
y
and v =
z
y
.
w
x
=
w
u
u
x
+
w
v
v
x
= g
u
(u, v)
_
1
y
_
+g
v
(u, v) (0) =
1
y
g
u
(u, v)
w
y
=
w
u
u
y
+
w
v
v
y
= g
u
(u, v)
_
x
y
2
_
+g
v
(u, v)
_
z
y
2
_
=
1
y
2
[xg
u
(u, v) +zg
v
(u, v)]
w
z
=
w
u
u
z
+
w
v
v
z
= g
u
(u, v) (0) +g
v
(u, v)
_
1
y
_
=
1
y
g
v
(u, v)
x
w
x
+y
w
y
+z
w
z
=
x
y
g
u
(u, v)
1
y
[xg
u
(u, v) +zg
v
(u, v)] +
z
y
g
v
(u, v) = 0
(17)
w
x
=
w
u
u
x
+
w
v
v
x
=
w
u
(1) +
w
v
(1) =
w
u
+
w
v
w
t
=
w
u
u
t
+
w
v
v
t
=
w
u
(c) +
w
v
(c) = c
w
u
c
w
v
2
w
x
2
=

x
w
u
+

x
w
v
=
_
2
w
u
2
u
x
+
w
vu
v
x
_
+
_

2
w
uv
u
x
+

2
w
v
2
v
x
_
=
_
2
w
u
2
+

2
w
vu
_
+
_
2
w
v
2
+

2
w
uv
_
=

2
w
u
2
+ 2

2
w
uv
+

2
w
v
2
59
2
w
t
2
= c

t
w
u
c

t
w
v
= c
_
2
w
u
2
u
t
+
w
vu
v
t
_
c
_

2
w
uv
u
t
+

2
w
v
2
v
t
_
= c
_
c
2
w
u
2
c

2
w
vu
_
c
_
c

2
w
uv
c
2
w
v
2
_
= c
2
2
w
u
2
2c
2

2
w
uv
+c
2
2
w
v
2
If c
2
2
w
x
2
=

2
w
t
2
, then c
2
_
2
w
u
2
+ 2

2
w
uv
+

2
w
v
2
_
= c
2
2
w
u
2
2c
2
2
w
uv
+c
2
2
w
v
2
=4c
2
2
w
uv
= 0 =

2
w
uv
= 0.
(18)
w
x
=
dw
du
u
x
= f
(u) (2x)
w
y
=
dw
du
u
y
= f
(u) (2y)
y
w
x
= 2xyf
(u)
x
w
y
= 2xyf
(u) = y
w
x
(19)
w
x
=
w
u
u
x
+
w
v
v
x
=
w
u
(1) +
w
v
(1) =
w
u
+
w
v
w
y
=
w
u
u
y
+
w
v
v
y
=
w
u
(1) +
w
v
(1) =
w
u
+
w
v
Thus,
_
w
x
_
_
w
y
_
=
_
w
u
+
w
v
_ _
w
u
+
w
v
_
=
_
w
u
_
2
+
_
w
v
_
2
.
(20)
f
x
=
f
u

u
x
+
f
v

v
x
+
f
w

w
x
=
f
u

f
w
f
y
=
f
u

u
y
+
f
v

v
y
+
f
w

w
y
=
f
u
+
f
v
f
z
=
f
u

u
z
+
f
v

v
z
+
f
w

w
z
=
f
v
+
f
w
Thus,
f
x
+
f
y
+
f
z
=
_
f
u

f
w
_
+
_
f
u
+
f
v
_
+
_
f
v
+
f
w
_
= 0.
(21)
w
x
= g
_
x
y
_

x
xy +
xy

x
g
_
x
y
_
=
1
2
_
y
x
g
_
x
y
_
+
_
x
y
g
_
x
y
_
w
y
= g
_
x
y
_

y
xy +
xy

y
g
_
x
y
_
=
1
2
_
x
y
g
_
x
y
_
_
x
3
y
3
g
_
x
y
_
Thus,
x
w
x
+y
w
y
w
= x
_
1
2
_
y
x
g
_
x
y
_
+
_
x
y
g
_
x
y
__
+y
_
1
2
_
x
y
g
_
x
y
_
x
3
y
3
g
_
x
y
_
_
xyg
_
x
y
__
= 0.
(22) With w = g(u) and u = x ct, one has
w
x
=
dw
du
u
x
= g
(u),
60
w
t
=
dw
du
u
t
= c g
(u),
2
w
x
2
=

x
_
w
x
_
=

x
_
g
(u)
_
=
d
du
_
g
(u)
_
u
x
= g
(u)
and
2
w
t
2
=

t
_
w
t
_
=

t
_
cg
(u)
_
= (c)
d
du
_
g
(u)
_
u
t
= (c)
2
g
(u).
We therefore conclude that
2
w
t
2
= c
2
2
w
x
2
.
(23) With w = g(u) and u = x
2
t, one has
w
x
=
dw
du
u
x
= g
(u)2x
w
t
=
dw
du
u
t
= g
(u)(1)
2
w
x
2
x
_
w
x
_
= 2

x
_
xg
(u)
_
= 2g
(u) + 2x

x
_
g
(u)
_
= 2g
(u) + 4x
2
g
(u)
and
2
w
t
2
=

t
_
w
t
_
=

t
_
g
(u)
_
= (1)
2
g
(u).
Hence the result.
(24)
w
s
=
w
x
x
s
+
w
y
y
s
= 4xy
3
s + 6x
2
y
2
s,
w
t
=
w
x
x
t
+
w
y
y
t
= 4xy
3
t 6x
2
y
2
t.
(25) (a) f(x, y) =
_
9x
2
+y
2
f
f
x(x
0
,y
0
)
x +
f
y
(x
0
,y
0
)
y
f
x
=
_
1
2
_ _
9x
2
+y
2
_
1
2
(9) (2x) =
9x
9x
2
+y
2
f
y
=
_
1
2
_ _
9x
2
+y
2
_
1
2
(2y) =
y
9x
2
+y
2
f(1.95, 8.1) f(2, 8) +f = f(2, 8) +
f
x(x
0
,y
0
)
x +
f
y
(x
0
,y
0
)
y
= 10 + (1.8)(0.05) + (0.8)(0.1) = 9.99
Note:
_
9 (1.95)
2
+ (8.1)
2
= 9.9916.
(b) Let z = f (x, y) =
1
3
x
2
+y
2
. z
x
=
2x
3(x
2
+y
2
)
4/3
and z
y
=
2y
3(x
2
+y
2
)
4/3
.
dz =
2(xx+yy)
3(x
2
+y
2
)
4/3
=
2[(2)(0.1)+(2)(0.04)]
3[(2)
2
+(2)
2
]
4/3
= 0.005
61
f (1.9, 2.04) f (2, 2) +dz =
1
2
+ 0.005 = 0.505
Note:
1
3
1.9
2
+2.04
2
= 0.50485.
(c) Let z = f (x, y) =
1
(x
2
+y
2
)
3/2
, then
z
x
=
3x
(x
2
+y
2
)
5/2
and
z
y
=
3y
(x
2
+y
2
)
5/2
.
1
(4.10
2
+ 2.95
2
)
3/2
= f (4.10, 2.95) = f (4 + 0.1, 3 0.05)
f (4, 3) +
z
x(4,3)
x +
z
y
(4,3)
y
=
1
125
+
_
12
3125
_
(0.1) +
_
9
3125
_
(0.05) = 0.00776
Note:
1
(4.10
2
+2.95
2
)
3/2
= 0.0077602.
(d) f (x, y, z) =
3
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
f
x
=
2x
3(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
2/3
, f
y
=
2y
3(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
2/3
, f
z
=
2z
3(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
2/3
3
_
4.98
2
+ 1.05
2
+ 0.96
2
= f (4.98, 1.05, 0.96) = f (5 0.02, 1 + 0.05, 1 0.04)
f (5, 1, 1) +
f
x(5,1,1)
x +
f
y
(5,1,1)
y +
f
z (5,1,1)
z
= 3 +
2 [(5) (0.02) + (1) (0.05) + (1) (0.04)]
27
= 2.9933
Note:
3
4.98
2
+ 1.05
2
+ 0.96
2
= 2.9935.
(26) f
x
(x, y) = 2x + 2y 4
f
y
(x, y) = 2x
f(0.99, 2.04) f(1, 2) +f = f(1, 2) +f
x
(x
0
, y
0
) x +f
y
(x
0
, y
0
) y
= (1) + (2) (0.01) + (2) (0.04) = 1.06
Note: f(0.99, 2.04) = 1. 0593.
(27) (a)
w
=
w
x
x
+
w
y
y
+
w
z
z
= (2x) (sincos ) + (2y) (sinsin) + (2z) (cos )

= 2 ( sincos ) (sincos ) + 2 ( sinsin) (sinsin ) 2 ( cos ) (cos )
= 2 sin
2
cos
2
+ 2 sin
2
sin
2
2 cos
2
= 2
_
cos
2
sin
2
_
= 2 cos 2
62
(b)
w
=
w
x
x
+
w
y
y
+
w
z
z
= (2x) ( sinsin ) + (2y) ( sincos ) + (2z) (0)

= 2 ( sincos ) ( sinsin ) + 2 ( sinsin) ( sincos )
= 2
2
sin
2
sin cos + 2
2
sin
2
sin cos = 0
(28) Let f (x, y) =
1
1+xy
, then f
x
=
1
(1+xy)
2
and f
x
=
1
(1+xy)
2
.
f (0, 0) = 1, f
x
(0, 0) = 1 and f
y
(0, 0) = 1
Using the Taylors formula,
f (x, y) f (x
0
, y
0
) + [(x x
0
) f
x
(x
0
, y
0
) + (y y
0
) f
y
(x
0
, y
0
)]
= 1 + [(x 0) (1) + (y 0) (1)] = 1 x +y.
(29) w
w
x
x +
w
y
y +
w
z
z. With w = x
2
ye
3z
, we have
w
x
= 2,
w
y
= 1 and
w
z
= 3 at the point (1, 1, 0). When x = 0.01, y = 0.03 and z = 0.02, the linear
approximation formula gives w 0.11.
(30) Let f (x, y) =
_
x
2
+y
2
, then f
x
(x, y) =
x
x
2
+y
2
and f
y
(x, y) =
y
x
2
+y
2
.
f f
x
(x, y) x +f
y
(x, y) y =
x(x)+y(y)
x
2
+y
2
f
f
x(x)+y(y)
x
2
+y
2
1
x
2
+y
2
x(x)+y(y)
x
2
+y
2
=
x
2
|x/x|+y
2
|y/y|
x
2
+y
2
=
(0.005)x
2
+(0.005)y
2
x
2
+y
2
=
0.005 = 0.5%
(31) T dT =
T
l (l
0
,g
0
)
[l[ +
T
g
(l
0
,g
0
)
[g[
T
l
= 2
_
1
g
_
1
2
l
_
=

gl
,
T
g
= 2
l
_
1
2g
3/2
_
=
_
l
g
3
T dT =

(3.5)(9.79)
(0.05) +
_
(3.5)
(9.79)
3
(0.05) = 0.036428
(32)
1
R
=
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
R =
R
1
R
2
R
1
+R
2
and
R
R
R
1
R
1
+
R
R
2
R
2
=
R
2
2
(R
1
+R
2
)
2
R
1
+
R
2
1
(R
1
+R
2
)
2
R
2
.
When R
1
= 3, R
1
= 0.2, R
2
= 8 and R
2
= 0.5, we obtain
R
64
121
0.2 +
9
121
(0.5) = 0.0686.
63
(33) A
=
A
a
a +
A
b
b +
A
=
b sin
2
a +
a sin
2
b +
ab cos
2
. Therefore, one has
[A[
200
2
sin

3
[a[ +
150
2
sin

3
[b[ +
150 200
2
cos

3
[[
43.75
3 + 7500 1.5

180
272.1
(34) Let S = f (x, y) =
x
xy
, then
S
x
=
y
(xy)
2
and
S
y
=
x
(xy)
2
.
[S[ [dS[ =
f
x(9,5)
[x[ +
f
y(9,5)
[y[
=
5
(9 5)
2
[0.05[ +
9
(9 5)
2
[0.1[ = 0.071875 0.072

(35) Let Q = f (P, R, V, L) =
PR
4
5V L
, then
Q
P
=
R
4
5V L
=
Q
P
,
Q
R
= 4
PR
3
5V L
= 4
Q
R
,
Q
V
=
1
V
PR
4
5V L
=
Q
V
, and
Q
L
=
1
L
PR
4
5V L
=
Q
L
Q
Q
dQ
Q
=
1
Q
__
Q
P
_
P +
_
4
Q
R
_
R +
_
Q
V
_
V +
_
Q
L
_
L
_
=
P
P
+ 4
R
R
V
V
L
L
= (0.5%) + 4 (0.25%) + (0.15%) + (0.3%) = 1.95%

(36) (a) f
x
(x, y) = 2xcos
_
y
2
x
2
_
f
x
(1, 1) = 2
f
y
(x, y) = 2y cos
_
y
2
x
2
_
f
y
(1, 1) = 2
(b)
f (x, y) f (1, 1) + [(x 1) f
x
(1, 1) + (y 1) f
y
(1, 1)]
= (0) + (x 1) (2) + (y 1) (2) = 2x + 2y
f
_
0,
1
2
_
2 (0) + 2
_
1
2
_
= 1
(c) f
xx
(x, y) = 2 cos
_
y
2
x
2
_
4x
2
sin
_
y
2
x
2
_
f
xx
(1, 1) = 2
f
yy
(x, y) = 2 cos
_
y
2
x
2
_
4y
2
sin
_
y
2
x
2
_
f
yy
(1, 1) = 2
f
xy
(x, y) = 4xy sin
_
y
2
x
2
_
f
yx
(x, y) = 4xy sin
_
y
2
x
2
_
= f
xy
(x, y)
64
f
xy
(1, 1) = 0
f (x, y) f (1, 1) + [(x 1) f
x
(1, 1) + (y 1) f
y
(1, 1)]
+
1
2!
_
(x 1)
2
f
xx
(1, 1) + 2 (x 1) (y 1) f
xy
(1, 1) + (y 1)
2
f
yy
(1, 1)
_
= (0) + (x 1) (2) + (y 1) (2) +
1
2
_
(x 1)
2
(2) + 0 + (y 1)
2
(2)
_
= 2x + 2y (x 1)
2
+ (y 1)
2
f
_
0,
1
2
_
2 (0) + 2
_
1
2
_
(0 1)
2
+
_
1
2
1
_
2
=
1
4
Note: f
_
0,
1
2
_
= sin
_
1
4
_
= 0.2474.
(37) We calculate the partial derivatives of f(x, y) at (0, 1) as follows:
f
x
(0, 1) =
1
4
, f
y
(0, 1) =
1
4
, f
xx
(0, 1) =
1
4
, f
yy
(0, 1) =
1
4
, f
xy
(0, 1) =
1
4
.
Since f(0, 1) =
1
2
, Taylors Formula then yields
f(x, y)
=
1
2
+
1
4
x
1
4
(y 1) +
1
2
_
1
4
x
2
1
2
x(y 1) +
1
4
(y 1)
2
_
.
(38) (a) Solving the equations f
x
= 4x
3
4y = 0 and f
y
= 4y
3
4x = 0, one obtains
(0, 0), (1, 1) and (1, 1) as the critical points of the function. Using the second
order derivative test with f
xx
= 12x
2
, f
xy
= 4 and f
yy
= 12y
2
, we conclude that
H = f
xx
f
yy
f
2
xy
= 144x
2
y
2
16. At (0, 0), H = 16 < 0. We therefore conclude
that (0, 0) is a saddle point. At (1, 1) and (1, 1), H = 128 > 0 and A = 12 > 0.
As such, both are relative minimum points.
(b) Solving the equations f
x
= 12x + 6y 6x
2
= 0 and f
y
= 6x + 6y = 0, one obtains
(0, 0) and (1, 1) as the critical points. Since f
xx
= 12 12x, f
xy
= 6 and f
yy
= 6,
we conclude that H = f
xx
f
yy
f
2
xy
= 72(1 x) 36. At (0, 0), H = 36 > 0 and
f
xx
= 12 > 0. Thus (0, 0) is a relative minimum. At (1, 1), H = 36 < 0 and
therefore (1, 1) is a saddle point.
(c) f (x, y) = 9x
3
4xy +
1
3
y
3
f
x
= 27x
2
4y f
y
= 4x +y
2
f
xx
= 54x f
yy
= 2y f
xy
= f
yx
= 4
_
f
x
= 0 =y =
27
4
x
2
f
y
= 0 =x =
1
4
y
2
=(x, y) = (0, 0) or
_
4
9
,
4
3
_
At (0, 0), H = (0) (0) (4)
2
= 16 < 0 A = 0.
At
_
4
9
,
4
3
_
, H = (24)
_
8
3
_
(4)
2
= 48 > 0 A = 24 > 0.
Thus, (0, 0) is a saddle point and
_
4
9
,
4
3
_
is a local minimum.
65
(d) Solve
_
_
w
x
= 3x
2
96y = 0
w
y
= 192y
2
96x = 0
to obtain two critical points (0, 0) and (8, 2) for
the given function. As

2
w
x
2
= 6x,

2
w
y
2
= 384y and

2
w
xy
= 96, one obtains
A B C H Conclusion
(0, 0) 0 96 0 9216 saddle point
(8, 2) 48 96 768 27648 relative minimum
(e) Solve
_
_
w
x
= 2x + 4 = 0
w
y
= 6y + 6y
2
12 = 0
to obtain critical points (2, 2) and (2, 1)
for the given function. As

2
w
x
2
= 2,

2
w
y
2
= 12y 6 and

2
w
xy
= 0, one obtains
A B C H Conclusion
(2, 2) 2 0 18 36 relative minimum
(2, 1) 2 0 18 36 saddle point
(f) f
x
= 3x
2
12, f
y
= 3y
2
3, f
xx
= 6x, f
yy
= 6y and f
xy
= f
yx
= 0.
_
f
x
= 0 =x = 2
f
y
= 0 =y = 1
_
=(x, y) = (2, 1) or (2, 1) or (2, 1) or (2, 1)
At (2, 1), H = (12) (6) (0)
2
= 96 > 0 A = 12 > 0.
At (2, 1), H = (12) (6) (0)
2
= 96 < 0 A = 12 > 0.
At (2, 1), H = (12) (6) (0)
2
= 96 < 0 A = 12 < 0.
At (2, 1), H = (12) (6) (0)
2
= 96 > 0 A = 12 < 0.
Thus, (2, 1) and (2, 1) are saddle points, (2, 1) is a local minimum, and (2, 1)
is a local maximum.
(g) Solve
_
_
f
x
= 6xy 6x = 0
f
y
= 3x
2
+ 3y
2
6y = 0
to obtain four critical points (0, 0), (0, 2) and
(1, 1) for the given function. As f
xx
= 6y 6, f
yy
= 6y 6 and f
xy
= f
yx
= 6x,
then
f H A Nature
(0, 0) 2 36 6 relative maximum
(0, 2) 2 36 6 relative minimum
(1, 1) 0 36 saddle point
66
(h) f
x
= y
64
x
2
, f
y
= x
27
y
2
, f
xx
=
128
x
3
, f
yy
=
54
y
3
and f
xy
= f
yx
= 1
_
f
x
= 0 =y =
64
x
2
f
y
= 0 =x =
27
y
2
=(x, y) =
_
16
3
,
9
4
_
At
_
16
3
,
9
4
_
, H =
_
27
32
_ _
128
27
_
(1)
2
= 3 > 0 A =
27
32
> 0.
Thus,
_
16
3
,
9
4
_
is a local minimum.
(i) Since
_
f
x
= cos x cos(x +y) = 0
f
y
= cos y cos(x +y) = 0
,
we conclude that cos xcos y = 0, or sin
_
xy
2
_
sin
_
x+y
2
_
= 0. Therefore, xy = 2n
or x+y = 2m for some integers m, n. As x, y are required to satisfy 0 < x+y < 2,
the second possibility is ruled out, and we have x = y + 2n for some integer n.
Substituting this into the equation cos xcos(x+y) = 0, one has cos y cos 2y = 0,
or 2 cos
2
y cos y 1 = 0. Solving this quadratic equation, one obtains cos y =
1
2
or cos y = 1.
If cos y = 1, then y = 2k and x = (2k+2n) where n, k are integers. This however
implies that x +y = (4k + 2n), which is impossible because 0 < x +y < 2.
If cos y =
1
2
, then y =
2
3
+ 2k or y =
4
3
+ 2l for some integers k and l. Let us
consider the following two cases:
i. When y =
2
3
+ 2k, one has x =
2
3
+ (2k + 2n) and therefore x + y =
4
3
+(4k +2n). The condition 0 < x+y < 2 forces 4k +2n = 0, or n = 2k.
As such, the critical points are given by (
2
3
2k,
2
3
+ 2k) for any integer k.
ii. When y =
4
3
+ 2k, one has x =
4
3
+ (2k + 2n) and therefore x + y =
8
3
+ (4k + 2n). Once again, the condition 0 < x +y < 2 2k
4
3
< n <
2k
1
3
, or n = 2k 1. We therefore conclude that the critical points are
(
4
3
2k 2,
4
3
+ 2k) for any integer k.
A simple calculation shows that f
xx
= sinx+sin(x+y), f
yy
= siny +sin(x+y)
and f
xy
= sin(x + y). At (
2
3
2k,
2
3
+ 2k), f
xx
= f
yy
=
3 and f
xy
=
3
2
. Therefore, those critical points are relative maximum. On the other hand, at
(
4
3
2k2,
4
3
+2k), one has f
xx
= f
yy
=
3 and f
xy
=
3
2
. We thus conclude
that those critical points are relative minimum.
(39) The cost C is given by C = 9xy +16z(x +y), with xyz = 36. With z =
36
xy
, we conclude
that the cost is given by C = 9xy +
576
y
+
576
x
. By solving equations
C
x
= 0 and
C
y
= 0,
one obtains x = 4 and y = 4 as the critical point of C (as a function of two variables x,
y), and second order derivative test conrms that (4, 4) is a relative minimum. As such,
the optimal dimensions of the box are 4m4m9m.
67
(40) Solving the equations f
x
= y +2
2
x
= 0 and f
y
= x
1
y
= 0, we obtain (
1
2
, 2) is the only
critical point of the function f(x, y) = xy + 2x lnx
2
y. Since f
xx
=
2
x
2
, f
yy
=
1
y
2
and
f
xy
= 1, we have f
xx
(
1
2
, 2) f
yy
(
1
2
, 2)
_
f
xy
(
1
2
, 2)
2
= 8
1
4
1 = 3 > 0. The point is thus
a relative minimum.
(41) (a) R(2) =
_
8, 2, 2
(t) =
_
3t
2
, 1,
6t
(2) =
_
12, 1, 2
Equation of the line tangent:

x8
12
=
y2
1
=
z2
6
2
6
.
(b)
Arc length =
_
3
0
(t)
dt =
_
3
0
_
(3t
2
)
2
+ (1)
2
+
_
6t
_
2
dt
=
_
3
0
_
9t
4
+ 6t
2
+ 1 dt
=
_
3
0
_
3t
2
+ 1
_
dt =
_
t
3
+t
3
0
= 30
(42) (a) 2 (x 1) + 3 (y 2) 1 (z 1) = 0 =2x + 3y z = 7
(b) 3 (x + 3) 2 (y + 1) + 2 (z 1) = 0 =3x 2y + 2z = 5
(c) 3 (x 2) (y + 2) 2 (z 3) = 0 =3x y 2z = 2
(43) (a) Since 2
2
+ 2 1
2
= 6, P
0
= (2, 1, 6) is a point on the surface. Putting
f(x, y, z) = x
2
+ 2y
2
z,
one has f = 2xi + 4yj k. Thus f(2, 1, 6) = 4i + 4j k, and this is a vector
normal to the surface at P
0
. Finally, equation of the tangent plane is given by
4(x 2) + 4(y 1) (z 6) = 0,
or 4x + 4y z = 6.
(b) Since z(0, 0, 1) = (0) cos 0 (0) e
0
+ 1 = 1, P
0
= (0, 0, 1) is a point on the surface.
Putting
f(x, y, z) = xcos y ye
x
+ 1 z,
one has f = (cos y ye
x
) i + (xsiny e
x
) j k. Thus f(0, 0, 1) = i j k,
and this is a vector normal to the surface at P
0
.
68
Finally, equation of the tangent plane is given by
(x 0) (y 0) (z 1) = 0,
or x y z = 1.
(44) (a) x = 1 + 3t, y = 2 2t.
(b) x = 1 +t, y = 2 + 3t, z = 3 2t.
(c) x = 3 +t, y = 2 2t, z = 2 +t.
(45) (a) Let f (x, y, z) = xy +yz +zx 11, then f (x, y, z) = y +z, x +z, x +y) and
f (1, 2, 3) = 5, 4, 3) .
Equation of the tangent plane 5 (x 1)+4 (y 2)+3 (z 3) = 0 i.e., 5x+4y+3z = 22
(b) Let f (x, y, z) = x
3
+y
3
+z
3
18, then f (x, y, z) =
3x
2
, 3y
2
, 3z
2
_
and
f (2, 3, 1) = 12, 27, 3) .
Equation of the tangent plane 12 (x + 2)+27 (y 3)+3 (z + 1) = 0 i.e., 4x+9y+z =
18
(c) Let f (x, y, z) = ze
y
sinx 1, then f (x, y, z) = ze
y
cos x, ze
y
sin x, e
y
sinx) and
f
_
2
, 0, 1
_
= 0, 1, 1) .
Equation of the tangent plane 0
_
x

2
_
+ (y 0) + (z 1) = 0 i.e., y +z = 1
(d) Let f (x, y, z) = x
2
+y
2
xyz 7, then f (x, y, z) = 2x yz, 2y xz, xy) and
f (2, 3, 1) = 1, 4, 6) .
Equation of the tangent plane (1) (x + 2) +4 (y 3) +6 (z + 1) = 0 i.e., x+4y +
6z = 8
(46) Equation of the cone is x
2
+ y
2
z
2
= 0. At P = (x
0
, y
0
, z
0
), the normal vector to the
cone is given by n =
_
x
2
+y
2
z
2
_
at P
= 2x
0
i + 2y
0
j 2z
0
k.
(a) Equation of the tangent plane at P is n (r r
0
) = 0, or x
0
(x x
0
) +y
0
(y y
0
) +
z
0
(z z
0
) = 0. Since x
2
0
+y
2
0
z
2
0
= 0, the equation is satised when x = y = z = 0.
Therefore, the tangent plane passes through the origin.
69
(b) Equation of the normal line is r r
0
= tn, where t is any real parameter. This
vector equation also takes the form x = x
0
+x
0
t, y = y
0
+y
0
t, z = z
0
+z
0
t. When
x = y = 0, we have t = 1. This implies z = 2z
0
. Hence the normal line intersects
the zaxis at (0, 0, 2z
0
).
(47) The normal vector to the ellipsoid at (1, 1, 3) is given by
n =
_
x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 3z
2
_
at (1,1,3)
= 2i + 4 j+18 k.
As such, equation of the tangent plane is 2(x1)+4(y1)+18(z3) = 0, or x+2y+9z =
30.
(48) Tangent vector =
_
dr
dt
_
at t=
1
4
=
_
i +
1
2
t
j
_
at t=
1
4
= i + j. When t =
1
4
, x =
1
4
and y =
1
2
.
Vector equation of the normal line is given by T (r r
0
) = 0, where T = i + j is the
tangent vector, r =xi +yj and r
0
=
1
4
i +
1
2
j.
(49) (a) By (45) b., f (2, 3, 1) = 12, 27, 3), then the normal line to the surface at
(2, 3, 1) is
x+2
12
=
y3
27
=
z+1
3
or x = 2 + 12t, y = 3 + 27t and z = 1 + 3t.
(b) By (45) c., f
_
2
, 0, 1
_
= 0, 1, 1), then the normal line to the surface at
_
2
, 0, 1
_
is
x/2
0
=
y
1
=
z1
1
or x =

2
, y = t and z = 1 +t.
(c) By (45) d., f (2, 3, 1) = 1, 4, 6), then the normal line to the surface at
(2, 3, 1) is
x+2
1
=
y3
4
=
z+1
6
or x = 2 t, y = 3 + 4t and z = 1 + 6t.
(50) (a) r =
t
2
, 3t, 0
_
, r (x, y, z) = 2t, 3, 0) and r (1, 3, 0) = 2, 3, 0).
x = 1 + 2s, y = 3 + 3s and z = 0.
(b) r =
2t
2
, 3t, t
3
_
, r (x, y, z) =
4t, 3, 3t
2
_
and r (2, 3, 3) = 4, 3, 3).
x = 4 + 4s, y = 3 + 3s and z = 3 + 3s.
(c) r = cos t, sint, t), r (x, y, z) = sint, cos t, 1) and r
_
1
2
,
3
2
,

3
_
=
_
3
2
,
1
2
, 1
_
.
x =
1
2

3
2
s, y =
3
2
+
1
2
s and z =

3
+s.
(51) (a) r =
t, 1, e
2t
_
, r (x, y, z) =
1, 0, 2e
2t
_
and |v| = |r (x, y, z)| =
1 + 4e
4t
.
(b) r =
__
9
2
t
2
, 3t, t
3
_
, r (x, y, z) =
18t, 3, 3t
2
_
and |v| =
18t
2
+ 9 + 9t
4
=
3
_
t
2
+ 1
_
.
(52) Arc length of a curve is given by the integral
_

_
dx
dt
_
2
+
_
dy
dt
_
2
+
_
dz
dt
_
2
dt.
70
(a) arc length =
_
0
_
(sint)
2
+ (1 + cos t)
2
dt =
_
2 + 2 cos tdt = 4.
(b) arc length =
_
4
0
_
(t)
2
+
_
2t + 1
_
2
dt =
_
4
0
t
2
+ 2t + 1dt =
_
4
0
(t + 1)dt = 12.
(c) arc length =
_
2
0
_
(a sint)
2
+ (a cos t)
2
+k
2
dt = 2
a
2
+k
2
.
(53) (a) f (x, y) =
2x, 6y
2
_
, f (2, 1) = 4, 6) and
b
b
=
1
5
1, 2) =
_
1
5
,
2
5
_
.
f (2, 1)
b
b
= 4, 6)
_
1
5
,
2
5
_
=
8
5
(b) f (x, y) = e
y
cos x, e
y
sinx), f
_
3
, 0
_
=
_
1
2
,
3
2
_
and
b
b
=
4
5
,
3
5
_
.
f
_
3
, 0
_
b
b
=
_
1
2
,
3
2
_
4
5
,
3
5
_
=
43
3
10
(c) f (x, y, z) = yze
xy
, xze
xy
, e
xy
), f (2, 1, 1) =
e
2
, 2e
2
, e
2
_
and
b
b
=
_
1
3
,
1
3
,
1
3
_
.
f (2, 1, 1)
b
b
=
e
2
, 2e
2
, e
2
_
_
1
3
,
1
3
,
1
3
_
=
2
3
e
2
(54) (a) T (x, y) = e
x
cos y e
y
sinx, e
x
siny +e
y
cos x) and T (0, 0) = i + j, then
|T (x, y)| =
_
(1)
2
+ (1)
2
=
2.
(b) T (0, 0) = i j
(55)
T
x
= 2x and
T
y
= 2y.
_
dx
dt
=
T
x
= 2x
dy
dt
=
T
y
= 2y
=
_
x(t) = C
1
e
2t
y (t) = C
2
e
2t
With initial condition (2, 1), x(t) = 2e
2t
and y (t) = e
2t
.
(56) f(1, 1, 0) = 2i + 2j k. Therefore
D
u
f(1, 1, 0) = f(1, 1, 0)
u
|u|
= (2i + 2j k)
2i 3j + 6k
_
2
2
+ (3)
2
+ 6
2
=
8
7
.
The direction along which f increases most rapidly at the point (1, 1, 0) is 2i + 2j k,
and the direction along which f decreases most rapidly is 2i 2j + k. The rate of
increase/decrease is given by
f(1, 1, 0)
(2i + 2j k)
|(2i + 2j k)|
= 3.
(57) To minimize f(x, y, z) = (x 1)
2
+y
2
+ (z + 1)
2
subject to g = 2x y + 5z 3 = 0, we
71
use Lagrange Multiplier Method:
_
_
f
x
= g
x
f
y
= g
y
f
z
= g
z
g = 0
_
2(x 1) = 2
2y =
2(z + 1) = 5
2x y + 5z = 3
From the rst 3 equations, we conclude that x = + 1, y =
2
and
z = 1 +
5
2
. Substitution into the last equation yields =
2
5
, which implies that the
minimum point is (
7
5
,
1
5
, 0). Hence the minimum distance is equal to
(
7
5
1)
2
+
_
1
5
_
2
+ (0 + 1)
2
=
_
6
5
.
(58) Label the pentagon as ABCDE where ABE is an isoceles triangle with AB = AE = x,
BE = 2y and BC = ED = z. We wish to minimize P = 2x + 2y + 2z, subject to the
constraint g = y
_
x
2
y
2
+ 2yz 1000 = 0. Lagrange Multiplier Method yields the
equations
_
_
2 =
xy
x
2
y
2
2 =
_
_
x
2
y
2
y
2
x
2
y
2
+ 2z
_
2 = 2y
y
_
x
2
y
2
+ 2yz = 1000
.
The third equation implies that =
1
y
. Substitution into the rst and the second
equation yields y =
3x
2
, z =
(
3+1)x
2
and
_
x
2
y
2
=
x
2
. These, together with the
fourth equation, give
x =
4000
6 + 3
3
, y =
1000
2 +
3
, z =
_
1 +
3
_
1000
6 + 3
3
.
(59) We minimize the function f(x, y) = (x a)
2
+ y
2
, subject to the constraint g(x, y) =
y
2
4bx = 0, where a > 0, b > 0.
Lagrange Multiplier method leads to
_
_
2(x a) = (4b)
2y = 2y
y
2
4bx = 0
.
There are two cases:
y = 0: The third equation yields x = 0 as well. Therefore, (0, 0) is the point on the
72
parabola which minimizes f(x, y). As such, the shortest distance from (a, 0) to the
parabola is given by
_
(0 a)
2
+ 0
2
= a.
y ,= 0: The second equation implies = 1. Substituting = 1 into the rst equation,
we obtain x = a 2b. Therefore y =
_
4b(a 2b). To summarize, there are
two points on the parabola which minimize f(x, y), i.e., (a 2b,
_
4b(a 2b)) and
(a 2b,
_
4b(a 2b)). The shortest distance from (a, 0) to the parabola is given
by 4b(a b).
Note: You may prove that case (b) occurs if and only if a > 2b by considering the
intersection of the circle (x a)
2
+y
2
= a
2
and the parabola y
2
= 4bx.
(60) We apply Lagrange Multiplier Method to the function T = 2x
2
+ 5y
2
+ 11z
2
+ 20xy
4xz + 16yz, subject to g = x
2
+y
2
+z
2
1 = 0, to obtain the equations
_
_
4x + 20y 4z = 2x
20x + 10y + 16z = 2y
4x + 16y + 22z = 2z
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1
The rst three equations are equivalent to an eigenvalue problem
_
_
4 20 4
20 10 16
4 16 22
_
_
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
=
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
.
Solving the characteristic equation
4 20 4
20 10 16
4 16 22
= 0, one obtains eigenvalues

= 9, 9 and 18. Corresponding eigenvectors are obtained as follows: when = 9,
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
=
_
_
2t
2t
t
_
_
; when = 9,
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
=
_
_
2s
s
2s
_
_
; when = 18,
_
_
x
y
z
_
_
=
_
_
r
2r
2r
_
_
. We
then substitute these solutions into the constraint and obtain t =
1
3
, s =
1
3
, r =
1
3
.
Therefore, the critical points of the function T on the sphere are (
2
3
,
2
3
,
1
3
), (
2
3
,
2
3
,
1
3
),
(
2
3
,
1
3
,
2
3
), (
2
3
,
1
3
,
2
3
), (
1
3
,
2
3
,
2
3
) and (
1
3
,
2
3
,
2
3
). Substituting these points into T,
we conclude that (
1
3
,
2
3
,
2
3
) and (
1
3
,
2
3
,
2
3
) are the hottest points on the sphere, with
maximum temperature = 18.
(61) We minimize H = R
1
i
2
1
+R
2
i
2
2
+R
3
i
2
3
+R
4
i
2
4
, subject to the constraint g = i
1
+i
2
+i
3
+
i
4
I = 0. Lagrange Multiplier Method gives 2R
k
i
k
= for k = 1, 2, 3, 4, from which it
73
follows that i
k
=

2R
k
for each k. Substitution into the constraint gives
2
=
I
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
+
1
R
4
,
from which it follows that i
k
=
R
R
k
I for k = 1, 2, 3, 4, where
1
R
=
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
+
1
R
4
.
(62) We maximize A = 4xy, subject to the constraint g = 9x
2
+ 4y
2
36 = 0. Lagrange
Multiplier Method yields
_
_
4y = 18x
4x = 8y
9x
2
+ 4y
2
= 36
. We may eliminate from the rst
two equations to obtain 4y
2
= 9x
2
. Substitution into the third equation x =
2
and y =
3
2
. As a result, the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in the ellipse
has vertices at (
2,
3
2
), (
2,
3
2
), (
2,
3
2
) and (
2,
3
2
). Its area is given by
A = 4
2
3
2
= 12.
(63) We wish to minimize S = 2rh + 2r
2
, subject to g = r
2
h 1000 = 0. Lagrange
Multiplier Method gives
_
_
2h + 4r = 2rh
2r = r
2
r
2
h = 1000
. The rst two equations together yield
h = 2r. Substituting this into the last equation, we conclude that r =
3
_
500
5.42 and
h = 2
3
_
500
10.84.
(64) T
x
= 2x 1, T
y
= 4y, T
xx
= 2, T
yy
= 4 and T
xy
= T
yx
= 0.
T
x
= 0 =x =
1
2
T
y
= 0 =y = 0
H = f
xx
_
1
2
, 0
_
f
yy
_
1
2
, 0
_
_
f
xy
_
1
2
, 0
_
2
= 8 > 0 A = f
xx
= 2 > 0
Thus, f (x, y) has a local minimum (coldest point) at
_
1
2
, 0
_
and f
_
1
2
, 0
_
=
1
4
.
It is evident that the maximum occurs at the boundary. Then we have to use the
Lagrange Multipliers method to nd the maximum point.
Let f (x, y) = x
2
x + 2y
2
and g (x, y) = x
2
+y
2
1.
_
_
2x 1 = 2x
4y = 2y
x
2
+y
2
= 1
=(x, y, ) =
_
1, 0,
1
2
_
or
_
1
2
,
3
2
, 2
_
For (1, 0), f (1, 0) = 0 and f (1, 0) = 2.
For
_
1
2
,
3
2
_
, f
_
1
2
,
3
2
_
= 2.25.
Thus, the maximum (hottest point) is at
_
1
2
,
3
2
_
and f
_
1
2
,
3
2
_
= 2.25.
74
(65) Let f (A, B, C) =
4
i=1
(Ax
i
+By
i
+C z
i
)
2
, then f
A
= 2
4
i=1
(Ax
i
+By
i
+C z
i
) x
i
,
f
B
= 2
4
i=1
(Ax
i
+By
i
+C z
i
) y
i
and f
C
= 2
4
i=1
(Ax
i
+By
i
+C z
i
).
f
A
= 0 =2
4
i=1
(Ax
i
+By
i
+C z
i
) x
i
= 0 =2A+B + 2C = 0
f
B
= 0 =2
4
i=1
(Ax
i
+By
i
+C z
i
) y
i
= 0 =A+ 2B + 2C + 2 = 0
f
C
= 0 =2
4
i=1
(Ax
i
+By
i
+C z
i
) = 0 =2A+ 2B + 4C + 1 = 0
Solving the system of linear equations, A =
1
2
, B =
3
2
and C =
1
4
.
Thus, the tted plane is z =
1
2
x
3
2
y
1
4
.
(66) f
x
= 2x + 2, f
y
= 2y + 2, f
xx
= 2, f
yy
= 2 and f
xy
= f
yx
= 0.
_
f
x
= 0
f
x
= 0
=
_
x = 1
y = 1
H = f
xx
(1, 1) f
yy
(1, 1) [f
xy
(1, 1)]
2
= 4 > 0 A = f
xx
= 2 < 0
Thus, f (x, y) has a maxima at (1, 1) and f (1, 1) = 4.
(67) Let f (x, y, z) = (x 1)
2
+ (y 1)
2
+ (z + 2)
2
and g (x, y, z) = x 2y + 5z 4, then
f
x
= 2 (x 1), f
y
= 2 (y 1), f
z
= 2 (z + 2), g
x
= 1, g
y
= 2 and g
z
= 5.
_
_
f
x
= g
x
f
y
= g
y
f
z
= g
z
x 2y + 5z = 4
=
_
_
2 (x 1) =
2 (y 1) = 2
2 (z + 2) = 5
x 2y + 5z = 4
=
_
_
x =
1
2
+ 1
y = + 1
z =
5
2
2
x 2y + 5z = 4
=
_
1
2
+ 1
_
2 ( + 1) + 5
_
5
2
2
_
= 15 11 = 4 = = 1
Thus, x =
3
2
, y = 0, z =
1
2
and f (x, y, z) =
15
2
. The minimum distance is
30
2
.
(68) Let f (x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
and g (x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
z
2
1, then f
x
= 2x, f
y
= 2y,
f
z
= 2z, g
x
= 2x, g
y
= 2y and g
z
= 2z.
_
_
f
x
= g
x
f
y
= g
y
f
z
= g
z
x
2
+y
2
z
2
= 1
=
_
_
2x = 2x
2y = 2y
2z = 2z
x
2
+y
2
z
2
= 1
=
_
_
x( 1) = 0
y ( 1) = 0
z ( + 1) = 0
x
2
+y
2
z
2
= 1
While ,= 0, z = 0 and x
2
+y
2
= 1. If x = 0, then y = 1. If y = 0, then x = 1.
Thus, f (0, 1, 0) = 1 and f (1, 0, 0) = 1. The minimum distance is 1.
(69) Let f (x, y, z) = xyz and g (x, y, z) = x + y + z
2
16, then f
x
= yz, f
y
= xz, f
z
= xy,
g
x
= 1, g
y
= 1 and g
z
= 2z.
75
_
_
f
x
= g
x
f
y
= g
y
f
z
= g
z
x +y +z
2
= 16
=
_
_
yz = ... (1)
xz = ... (2)
xy = 2z ... (3)
x +y +z
2
= 16 ... (4)
From (1) and (2), yz = xz =z (y x) = 0 =y = x as z ,= 0.
Again, from (1) and (2), x = y =

z
... (5).
From (3) and (5),
_
z
_ _
z
_
= 2z = = 2z
3
... (6) as ,= 0.
For (4) ,
_
z
_
+
_
z
_
+z
2
= 16 =
2
z
+z
2
= 16 =4z
2
+z
2
= 16 =z =
4
5
.
So, =
128
5
5
and x = y =
128
5
5
/
4
5
=
32
5
.
Thus, f (x, y, z) =
_
32
5
_ _
32
5
_
_
4
5
_
=
4096
125
5.
(70) Let f (x, y, z) = x 2y + 5z and g (x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
36, then f
x
= 1, f
y
= 2,
f
z
= 5, g
x
= 2x, g
y
= 2y and g
z
= 2z.
_
_
1 = 2x
2 = 2y
5 = 2z
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 36
=(x, y, z, ) =
__
6
5
, 2
_
6
5
,
30,
_
5
24
_
_
_
6
5
, 2
_
6
5
,
30,
_
5
24
_
f
__
6
5
, 2
_
6
5
,
30
_
=
__
6
5
_
2
_
2
_
6
5
_
+ 5
_
30
_
= 6
30 = 32.863
f
_
_
6
5
, 2
_
6
5
,
30
_
= 6
30 = 32.863
Thus, the maximum value of f is 32.863 and the minimum value of f is 32.863.
(71) Let x, y and z be respectively the length, the width and the height of the box. We wish
to minimize f(x, y, z) = 2xy + 8[xy + 2xz + 2yz], subject to the constraint g(x, y, z) =
xyz 36 = 0. Using the Lagrange Multiplier method, we solve the equations
_
_
10y + 16z = yz
10x + 16z = xz
16x + 16y = xy
xyz = 36
to obtain x = y =
3
_
288
5
3.862 and z =
10
16
x =
5
8
3
_
288
5
2.414.
Physical consideration indicates that this must be a minimum. Thus the cost for building
such a box is approximately $447.48.
76
(72) We wish to minimize f(x, y) = x
2
+(y +2)
2
, subject to the constraint g(x, y) = x
2
2x+
y
2
= 0. Using the Lagrange Multiplier method, we simplify the equations
_
_
2x = (2x 2)
2(y + 2) = 2y
x
2
2x +y
2
= 0
to conclude that y = 2x 2 and 5x
2
10x + 4 = 0.
Thus x = 1
1
5
, y =
2
5
or x = 1 +
1
5
, y =
2
5
. For mininum, we have x = 1
1
5
,
y =
2
5
.
The shortest distance is given by
_
_
1
1
5
_
2
+
_
5
+ 2
_
2
=
5 1 1.236.
(73) Using the Lagrange Multiplier method, we solve the equations
_
_
1 = 2x
3 = 2y
5 = 2z
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1
to obtain two critical points (x, y, z, ) =
_
1
35
,
3
35
,
5
35
,
2
35
_
. Thus the maximum
value is
f
_
1
35
,
3
35
,
5
35
_
=
35
and the minimum value is
f
_
35
,
3
35
,
5
35
_
=
35.
(74) We minimize f(x, y, z) = (x + 1)
2
+ (y 2)
2
+ (z 3)
2
, subject to
_
g(x, y, z) = x + 2y 3z 4 = 0
h(x, y, z) = 2x y + 2z 5 = 0
.
77
By the Lagrange Multiplier method, we solve the equations
_
_
2(x + 1) = + 2
2(y 2) = 2
2(z 3) = 3 + 2
x + 2y 3z = 4
2x y + 2z = 5
to obtain x =
37
15
, y =
49
15
, z =
25
15
. Physical consideration indicates that this must be a
minimum. Therefore, the shortest distance is given by
_
37
15
+ 1
_
2
+
_
49
15
2
_
2
+
_
25
15
3
_
2
3.9243.
(75) Let f (x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
and g (x, y, z) = xyz 1, then f
x
= 2x, f
y
= 2y, f
z
= 2z,
g
x
= yz, g
y
= xz and g
z
= xy.
_
_
2x = yz
2y = xz
2z = xy
xyz = 1
=(x, y, z) =
_
_
(1, 1, 1)
(1, 1, 1)
(1, 1, 1)
(1, 1, 1)
f (1, 1, 1) = f (1, 1, 1) = f (1, 1, 1) = f (1, 1, 1) = 3
Therefore, the minimum distance is
3 and the maximum distance is .

(76) We dierentiate the equation x
2
2yw +w
3
+ 1 = 0 with respect to x to obtain
2x 2y
w
x
+ 3w
2
w
x
= 0, (4.0.1)
which implies
w
x
=
2x
3w
2
2y
. If we now dierentiate (4.0.1) with respect to x, we obtain
2 2y
2
w
x
2
+ 6w
_
w
x
_
2
+ 3w
2
2
w
x
2
= 0.
From this equation, one concludes that
2
w
x
2
=
2 + 6w
_
w
x
_
2
3w
2
2y
.
(77) Let F (x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
z
2
2x(y +z) = 0. Then F
x
= 2x 2y 2z, F
y
= 2y 2x
and F
z
= 2z 2x.
78
Thus,
z
x
=
F
x
F
z
=
xyz
x+z
and
z
y
=
F
y
F
z
=
yx
x+z
.
2
z
y
2
=
(x +z) (1) (y x)
z
y
(x +z)
2
=
(x +z) (y x)
yx
x+z
(x +z)
2
=
(x +z)
2
(y x)
2
(x +z)
3
=
(y +z) (2x y +z)
(x +z)
3
.
2
z
yx
=

y
_
z
x
_
=
(x +z)
_
1
z
y
_
(x y z)
z
y
(x +z)
2
=
(x +z)
_
1
yx
x+z
_
(x y z)
yx
x+z
(x +z)
2
=
x
2
3xy 2xz +y
2
z
2
(x +z)
3
.
2
z
xy
=

x
_
z
y
_
=
(x +z) (1) (y x)
_
1 +
z
x
_
(x +z)
2
=
(x +z) (1) (y x)
_
1 +
xyz
x+z
_
(x +z)
2
=
(x +z)
2
(1) (y x) (2x y)
(x +z)
3
=
x
2
3xy 2xz +y
2
z
2
(x +z)
3
.
(78) Let F (x, y, w) = x +y +xyw w
3
, then F
x
= 1 +yw, F
y
= 1 +xw and F
w
= xy 3w
2
.
w
x
=
F
x
F
w
=
1+yw
xy3w
2
and
w
y
=
F
y
F
w
=
1+xw
xy3w
2
2
w
x
2
=

x
_
1 +yw
3w
2
xy
_
=
_
3w
2
xy
_

x
(1 +yw) (1 +yw)

x
_
3w
2
xy
_
(3w
2
xy)
2
=
_
3w
2
xy
_ _
y
w
x
_
(1 +yw)
_
6w
w
x
y
_
(3w
2
xy)
2
=
_
3w
2
xy
_
_
y
1+yw
3w
2
xy
_
(1 +yw)
_
6w
1+yw
3w
2
xy
y
_
(3w
2
xy)
2
=
2
_
xy
2
+ 3w
_
(wy + 1)
(3w
2
xy)
3
79
2
w
y
2
=

y
_
1 +xw
3w
2
xy
_
=
_
3w
2
xy
_

y
(1 +xw) (1 +xw)

y
_
3w
2
xy
_
(3w
2
xy)
2
=
_
3w
2
xy
_
_
x
w
y
_
(1 +xw)
_
6w
w
y
x
_
(3w
2
xy)
2
=
_
3w
2
xy
_
_
x
1+xw
3w
2
xy
_
(1 +xw)
_
6w
1+xw
3w
2
xy
x
_
(3w
2
xy)
2
=
2
_
x
2
y + 3w
_
(wx + 1)
(3w
2
xy)
3
2
w
xy
=

x
_
1 +xw
3w
2
xy
_
=
_
3w
2
xy
_

x
(1 +xw) (1 +xw)

x
_
3w
2
xy
_
(3w
2
xy)
2
=
_
3w
2
xy
_ _
w +x
w
x
_
(1 +xw)
_
6w
w
x
y
_
(3w
2
xy)
2
=
_
3w
2
xy
_
_
w +x
1+yw
3w
2
xy
_
(1 +xw)
_
6w
1+yw
3w
2
xy
y
_
(3w
2
xy)
2
=
w
_
3w
2
xy
_
2
+x
_
3w
2
xy
_
(1 +yw) 6w(1 +yw)
2
y
_
3w
2
xy
_
(1 +xw)
(3w
2
xy)
3
2
w
yx
=

y
_
1 +yw
3w
2
xy
_
=
_
3w
2
xy
_

y
(1 +yw) (1 +yw)

y
_
3w
2
xy
_
(3w
2
xy)
2
=
_
3w
2
xy
_
_
w +y
w
y
_
(1 +yw)
_
6w
w
y
x
_
(3w
2
xy)
2
=
_
3w
2
xy
_
_
w +y
1+xw
3w
2
xy
_
(1 +yw)
_
6w
1+xw
3w
2
xy
x
_
(3w
2
xy)
2
=
w
_
3w
2
xy
_
2
+x
_
3w
2
xy
_
(1 +yw) 6w(1 +yw)
2
y
_
3w
2
xy
_
(1 +xw)
(3w
2
xy)
3
(79) Dierentiating the equation with respect to x and y, we obtain
3w
2
w
x
+ 4
w
x
2x +y
2
= 0 and 3w
2
w
y
+ 4
w
y
+ 2xy + 8 = 0.
Therefore,
w
x
=
2xy
2
3w
2
+4
and
w
y
=
2xy8
3w
2
+4
. Solving
_
2x y
2
= 0
2xy 8 = 0
, one obtains
80
(2, 2) as the only critical point of the function. At (2, 2), further dierentiations yield
2
w
x
2
=
2
_
3w
2
+ 4
_
_
2x y
2
_
(6w
w
x
)
(3w
2
+ 4)
2
,
2
w
y
2
=
(2x)
_
3w
2
+ 4
_
+ (2xy + 8) (6w
w
x
)
(3w
2
+ 4)
2
,
2
w
xy
=
2y
_
3w
2
+ 4
_
_
2x y
2
_
(6w
w
y
)
(3w
2
+ 4)
2
.
Since
w
x
= 0 at (2, 2), conclude that

2
w
x
2
> 0 and

2
w
y
2
< 0 at that point. Therefore,
2
w
x
2
2
w
y
2

_

2
w
xy
_
2
< 0 at (2, 2) and therefore the point (2, 2) is a saddle point.
(80) Dierentiating the equation with respect to x and y, we obtain
1 +yw +xy
w
x
e
w
w
x
= 0 and 1 +xw +xy
w
y
e
w
w
y
= 0.
This imply
w
x
=
1+yw
e
w
xy
and
w
y
=
1+xw
e
w
xy
. Further dierentiation gives
2
w
x
2
=
(e
w
xy) y
w
x
(1 +yw)
_
e
w w
x
y
_
(e
w
xy)
2
,
2
w
y
2
=
x(e
w
xy)
w
y
(1 +xw)
_
e
w w
y
x
_
(e
w
xy)
2
,
2
w
xy
=
(e
w
xy)
_
w +y
w
y
_
(1 +yw)
_
e
w w
y
x
_
(e
w
xy)
2
.
(81) Dierentiating the equations with respective to x and y, we obtain
_
2u
u
x
4v
v
x
= 2x 5y
(v cos uv + 1 6v)
u
x
+(ucos uv 3 6u)
v
x
= e
x
cos y
_
2u
u
y
4v
v
y
= 6y 5x
(v cos uv + 1 6v)
u
y
+(ucos uv 3 6u)
v
y
= e
x
siny
.
We may now use Cramers rule to obtain
u
x
,
v
x
,
u
y
and
v
y
. For instance, we have
u
x
=
1
D
2x 5y 4v
e
x
cos y ucos uv 3 6u
81
and
v
x
=
1
D
2u 2x 5y
v cos uv + 1 6v e
x
cos y
,
where
D =
2u 4v
v cos uv + 1 6v ucos uv 3 6u
.
(82) (a) If T and are dened as functions of P and V by the equations, we dierentiate
the equations to obtain
T
P
=
V
R
,

P
=
C
V
P
,
T
V
=
P
R
and

V
=
C
P
V
.
Therefore,
T
P
V

T
V
P
=
C
P
C
V
R
= 1.
(b) If P and V are dened as functions of T and by the equations, we dierentiate
the equations with respect to T and to obtain
_
V
P
T
+P
V
T
= R
C
V
P
P
T
+
C
P
V
V
T
= 0
and
_
V
P
+P
V
= 0
C
V
P
P
+
C
P
V
V
= 1
.
Cramers rule then yields
P
T
=
C
P
V
,
V
T
=
C
V
P
,
P
=
P
R
and
V
=
V
R
.
Therefore,
P
T
V

V
T
P
= 1.
82
Chapter 5
Multiple Integrals
(1) (a)
_
3
0
_
2
0
4xydxdy =
_
3
0
4y
_
x
2
2
_
2
0
dy =
_
3
0
8ydy =
_
4y
2
3
0
= 36
(b)
_
4
2
_
3
1
4xydxdy =
_
4
2
4y
_
x
2
2
_
3
1
dy =
_
4
2
16ydy =
_
8y
2
4
2
= 96
(c)
_
1
0
_
1
y
4xydxdy =
_
1
0
4y
_
x
2
2
_
1
y
dy =
_
1
0
_
2y 2y
3
_
dy =
_
y
2
1
2
y
4
_
1
0
=
1
2
(d)
_
2
0
_
x+1
x/2
4xydydx =
_
2
0
4x
_
y
2
2
_
x+1
x/2
dx =
_
2
0
4x
_
(x + 1)
2
2

x
2
8
_
dx
=
1
2
_
2
0
_
3x
3
+ 8x
2
+ 4x
_
dx =
1
2
_
3
4
x
4
+
8
3
x
3
+ 2x
2
_
2
0
=
62
3
(e)
_
1
0
_
3
y
y
2
4xydxdy =
_
1
0
4y
_
x
2
2
_ 3
y
y
2
dy = 2
_
1
0
_
y
5/3
y
5
_
dy
= 2
_
3
8
y
8/3
1
6
y
6
_
1
0
=
5
12
(f)
_
1
0
_
y
0
4xydxdy =
_
1
0
4y
_
x
2
2
_
y
0
dy =
_
1
0
2y
2
dy =
_
2
3
y
3
_
1
0
=
2
3
83
CHAPTER 5. MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
(2)
_
y = x
2
y = x
3
=(x, y) = (0, 0) or (1, 1)
_
1
0
_
x
2
x
3
_
x
4
+y
2
_
dydx =
_
1
0
_
x
4
y +
1
3
y
3
_
x
2
x
3
dx =
_
1
0
_
4
3
x
6
x
7
1
3
x
9
_
dx
=
_
4
21
x
7
1
8
x
8
1
30
x
10
_
1
0
=
9
280
= 0.032143
(3)
_
x = y
2
y = x
=(x, y) = (0, 0) or (1, 1)
_
1
0
_
y
y
2
xydxdy =
_
1
0
y
_
2
3
x
3/2
_
y
y
2
dy =
_
1
0
2
3
_
y
2
y
7/2
_
dx
=
2
3
_
1
3
y
3
2
9
y
9/2
_
1
0
=
2
27
(4) The parabola and the line intersect each other at (1, 3) and (4, 12).
Hence,
_
R
xdA =
_
4
1
__
3x
x
2
4
xdy
_
dx =
_
4
1
x
_
3x x
2
+ 4
dx
=
_
4
1
_
x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 4x
dx =
125
4
.
(5) (a)
__
R
2xydxdy = X +Y
X =
_
1
0
_
x+2
0
2xydydx =
_
1
0
x
_
y
2
x+2
0
dx =
_
1
0
_
x
3
+ 4x
2
+ 4x
_
dx =
43
12
Y =
_
3
1
_
4x
0
2xydydx =
_
3
1
x
_
y
2
4x
0
dx =
_
3
1
_
x
3
8x
2
+ 16x
_
dx =
44
3
Thus,
_ _
R
2xydxdy =
43
12
+
44
3
=
73
4
(b)
__
R
2xydxdy = X +Y
84
X =
_
2
1
_
62y
y
2xydxdy =
_
2
1
y
_
x
2
62y
y
dy =
_
2
1
_
3y
3
24y
2
+ 36y
_
dy =
37
4
Y =
_
1
0
_
4y
y
2xydxdy =
_
1
0
y
_
x
2
4y
y
dy =
_
1
0
15y
3
dy =
15
4
Thus,
_ _
R
2xydxdy =
37
4
+
15
4
= 13
(c)
__
R
2xydxdy = X +Y
X =
_
3
1
_
(9y)/2
3(y1)/2
2xydxdy =
_
3
1
y
_
x
2
(9y)/2
3(y1)/2
dy =
1
4
_
3
1
_
72y 8y
3
_
dy = 32
Y =
_
1
0
_
3y+1
1y
2xydxdy =
_
1
0
y
_
x
2
3y+1
1y
dy =
_
1
0
_
8y
3
+ 8y
2
_
dy =
14
3
Thus,
_ _
R
2xydxdy = 32 +
14
3
=
110
3
(d)
__
R
2xydxdy = X +Y
X =
_
1
0
_
x+2
22x
2xydydx =
_
1
0
x
_
y
2
x+2
22x
dx =
_
1
0
_
12x
2
3x
3
_
dx =
13
4
Y =
_
3
1
_
(7x)/2
(x1)/2
2xydydx =
_
3
1
x
_
y
2
(7x)/2
(x1)/2
dx =
1
4
_
3
1
_
48x 12x
2
_
dx = 22
Thus,
__
R
2xydxdy =
13
4
+ 22 =
101
4
(6)
y
x
1
3
85
(a)
_
3
0
_
1
0
x
2
dxdy =
_
3
0
_
1
3
x
3
_
1
0
dy =
_
1
3
y
_
1
0
= 1
(b)
_
3
0
_
1
0
e
x+y
dxdy =
_
3
0
_
e
x+y
1
0
dy =
_
3
0
_
e
1+y
e
y
_
dy
=
_
e
1+y
e
y
3
0
= e
4
e
3
e + 1
(c)
_
3
0
_
1
0
xy
2
dxdy =
_
3
0
_
1
2
y
2
x
2
_
1
0
dy =
_
3
0
1
2
y
2
dy =
_
1
6
y
3
_
3
0
=
9
2
(7)
y = 1
(a)
_
1
0
_
1
y
x
3
ydxdy =
_
1
0
_
1
4
x
4
y
_
1
y
dy =
_
1
0
_
1
4
y
1
4
y
5
_
dy
=
_
1
8
y
2
1
24
y
6
_
1
0
=
1
12
(b)
_
1
0
_
1
y
xy
3
dxdy =
_
1
0
_
1
2
x
2
y
3
_
1
y
dy =
_
1
0
_
1
2
y
3
1
2
y
5
_
dy
=
_
1
8
y
4
1
12
y
6
_
1
0
=
1
24
(c)
_
1
0
_
1
y
x
2
y
2
dxdy =
_
1
0
_
1
3
x
3
y
2
_
1
y
dy =
_
1
0
_
1
3
y
2
1
3
y
5
_
dy
=
_
1
9
y
3
1
18
y
6
_
1
0
=
1
18
86
(8)
y
x
2
2
(a)
_
/2
0
_
/2
0
sin(x +y) dxdy
=
_
/2
0
[cos (x +y)]
/2
0
dy =
_
/2
0
_
cos y cos
_
2
+y
__
dy
=
_
siny sin
_
2
+y
__
/2
0
= 2
(b)
_
/2
0
_
/2
0
cos (x +y) dxdy =
_
/2
0
[sin(x +y)]
/2
0
dy
=
_
/2
0
_
sin
_
2
+y
_
sin (y)
_
dy =
_
cos
_
2
+y
_
cos (y)
_
/2
0
= 0
(c)
_
/2
0
_
/2
0
(1 +xy) dxdy =
_
/2
0
_
x +
1
2
x
2
y
_
/2
0
dy
=
_
/2
0
_
1
2
+
1
8
2
y
_
dy =
_
1
2
y +
1
16
2
y
2
_
/2
0
=
1
4
2
+
1
64
4
(9) R =
_
(x, y) [
3
y x 2, 0 y 8
_
=
_
(x, y) [0 x 2, 0 y x
3
_
_
8
0
_
_
2
3
y
e
x
4
dx
_
dy =
_
2
0
_
_
x
3
0
e
x
4
dy
_
dx =
_
2
0
e
x
4
x
3
dx =
1
4
_
e
16
1
_
(10) R =
_
(x, y) [0 x 1, 1 y x
2
_
=
_
(x, y) [0 x
y, 0 y 1
_
_
1
0
__
1
x
2
siny
y
dy
_
dx =
_
1
0
_
_
+
y
0
sin y
y
dx
_
dy =
_
1
0
siny
ydy = 1 cos 1 = 0.4597

87
(11) (a)
_
1
1
_
1y
2
1y
2
_
x
2
+ 3y
3
_
dxdy =
_
1
1
_
1
3
x
3
+ 3y
3
x
_
1y
2
1y
2
dy
=
2
3
_
1
1
_
(1 y
2
)dy
2
3
_
1
1
_
(1 y
2
)y
2
dy + 6
_
1
1
y
3
_
(1 y
2
)dy
=
2
3
_
/2
/2
cos
2
d
2
3
_
/2
/2
sin
2
cos
2
d + 6
_
/2
/2
sin
3
cos
2
d
=
2
3
_
/2
/2
1 + cos 2
2
d
2
3
_
/2
/2
sin
2
2
4
d 6
_
/2
/2
_
cos
2
cos
4
_
d (cos )
=
2
3
_
1
2
2
3
_
/2
/2
1 cos 4
8
d 6
__
cos
3
3

cos
5
5
__
/2
/2
=
1
3

2
3
_
1
8
_
+ 0 =
1
4
(b)
_
1
0
_
y
y
2
xydxdy =
_
1
0
_
2
3
x
3/2
y
1/2
_
y
y
2
dy =
_
1
0
2
3
_
y
2
y
7/2
_
dy
=
_
2
9
y
3
4
27
y
9/2
_
1
0
=
2
27
(c)
_
1
0
_
y
2
0
ye
x
dxdy =
_
1
0
[ye
x
]
y
2
0
dy =
_
1
0
_
ye
y
2
y
_
dy
=
_
1
2
e
y
2
1
2
y
2
_
1
0
=
1
2
e 1
(d)
88
1 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
3 2
y
2
= 2x
y
2
= 8 - 2x
y
x
_
2
2
_
(8y
2
)/2
y
2
/2
_
4 y
2
_
dxdy =
_
2
2
__
4 y
2
_
x
(8y)
2
/2
y
2
/2
dy
=
_
2
2
_
16 8y
2
+y
4
_
dy =
_
16y
8
3
y
3
+
1
5
y
5
_
2
2
=
512
15
(e)
_
1
0
_
3
y
_
x
4
+y
2
_
dxdy =
_
1
0
_
1
5
x
5
+y
2
x
_ 3
y
dy
=
_
1
0
_
1
5
y
5/3
+y
7/3
6
5
y
5/2
_
dy =
_
3
40
y
8/3
+
3
10
y
10/3
12
35
y
7/2
_
1
0
=
9
280
= 0.03214
(f)
y = x
y = -x
y
x
1.0
1.0
-1.0
-1.0
0.5
0.5 -0.5
-0.5
_
1
0
_
x
x
_
3xy
2
y
_
dydx +
_
0
1
_
x
x
_
3xy
2
y
_
dydx
=
_
1
0
_
3
2
x
2
y
2
xy
_
x
x
dx =
_
1
0
2x
4
dx
_
0
1
2x
4
dx = 0
(g)
89
y
x
2y = x
2 0
_
2
0
_
x/2
0
e
x
2
dydx =
_
2
0
_
e
x
2
y
_
x/2
0
dx =
_
2
0
1
2
xe
x
2
dx =
_
1
4
e
x
2
_
2
0
=
1
4
e
4
1
4
(h)
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
0
0.5 1 -0.5 -1
y
x
_
1
0
_
x
3
x
4
(x +y) dydx +
_
0
1
_
x
4
x
3
(x +y) dydx
=
_
1
0
_
1
2
x
2
+yx
_
x
3
x
4
dx +
_
0
1
_
1
2
x
2
+yx
_
x
4
x
3
dx
=
_
1
0
_
x
4
+
1
2
x
6
x
5
1
2
x
8
_
dx +
_
0
1
_
x
5
+
1
2
x
8
x
4
1
2
x
6
_
dx
=
_
1
5
x
5
+
1
14
x
7
1
6
x
6
1
18
x
9
_
1
0
+
_
1
6
x
6
+
1
18
x
9
1
5
x
5
1
14
x
7
_
0
1
=
31
630

241
630
=
1
3
(i)
y
x
2y = x
1
0
90
_
1
0
_
2y
0
e
y
2
/2
dxdy =
_
1
0
_
xe
y
2
/2
_
2y
0
dy =
_
1
0
2ye
y
2
/2
dy
=
_
2e
1
2
y
2
_
1
0
= 2 2e
1
2
(12)
Boundaries: u = 0, u = 1, v = 0, v = 1
Jacobian:
(x, y)
(u, v)
=
x
u
y
u
x
v
y
v
(uuv)
u
(uv)
u
(uuv)
v
(uv)
v
1 v v
u u
= u
_
1
0
_
1x
0
e
y/(x+y)
dydx =
_
1
0
_
1
0
e
uv
u
(x, y)
(u, v)
dudv
=
_
1
0
_
1
0
ue
v
dvdu =
_
1
0
[ue
v
]
1
0
du =
_
1
0
(ue u) du
=
__
u
2
e
2

u
2
2
__
1
0
=
e 1
2
(13)
_
1
0
f (x) dx = A =
_
1
0
f (y) dy = A
_
1
0
_
1
0
f (x) f (y) dxdy =
_
1
0
f (y)
_
_
1
0
f (x) dx
_
dy =
_
1
0
Af (y) dy = A
_
1
0
f (y) dy = A
2
_
1
0
_
x
0
f (x) f (y) dydx +
_
1
0
_
1
x
f (x) f (y) dydx =
_
1
0
_
1
0
f (x) f (y) dxdy = A
2
Let A = (x, y) [0 x 1, 0 y x and B = (x, y) [0 x 1, x y 1.
Consider the following transformation that transforms the space in Ato B,
_
v (x, y) = x
u(x, y) = y
.
Then J =
u
x
v
x
u
y
v
y
0 1
1 0
= 1.
91
_
1
0
_
x
0
f (x) f (y) dydx =
_
1
0
_
1
u
f (u) f (v) dvdu =
_
1
0
_
1
x
f (x) f (y) dydx
Thus,
_
1
0
_
x
0
f (x) f (y) dydx +
_
1
0
_
1
x
f (x) f (y) dydx = 2
_
1
0
_
1
x
f (x) f (y) dydx = A
2
.
Therefore,
_
1
0
_
1
x
f (x) f (y) dydx =
A
2
2
.
(14) Let u = xy and v = xy
3
, where 4 u 8 and 5 v 15.
Jacobian:
(u, v)
(x, y)
=
u
x
v
x
u
y
v
y
(xy)
x
(xy
3
)
x
(xy)
y
(xy
3
)
y
y y
3
x 3xy
2
= 2xy
3
= 2v
__
D
dxdy =
__
D
1
(x, y)
(u, v)
dudv =
__
D
1
1
(u,v)
(x,y)
dudv =
_
8
4
_
15
5
1
2v
dvdu
=
_
8
4
_
lnv
2
_
15
5
du =
_
8
4
_
ln 15
2

ln5
2
_
du =
_
8
4
_
1
2
ln3
_
du = 2 ln 3
(15) (a)
_ _
(x +y) dxdy
=
_

0
_
2
0
(r cos +r sin) rdrd =
_

0
(cos + sin) d
_
2
0
r
2
dr
= [sin cos ]
0
_
1
3
r
3
_
2
0
= (2)
_
8
3
_
=
16
3
(b)
_ _
(x +y) dxdy
=
_
/2
/2
_
3
2
(r cos +r sin) rdrd =
_
/2
/2
(cos + sin) d
_
3
2
r
2
dr
= [sin cos ]
/2
/2
_
1
3
r
3
_
3
2
= (2)
_
27 8
3
_
=
38
3
92
(c)
_ _
(x +y) dxdy
=
_
/2
/2
_
2 cos
0
(r cos +r sin) rdrd
=
_
/2
/2
(cos + sin)
_
2 cos
0
r
2
drd =
_
/2
/2
(cos + sin)
_
1
3
r
3
_
2 cos
0
d
=
8
3
_
/2
/2
_
cos
4
+ cos
3
sin
_
d =
8
3
_
/2
/2
cos
4
d +
8
3
_
/2
/2
cos
3
sind
=
8
3
(2)
_
/2
0
cos
4
d +
8
3
_
/2
/2
cos
3
sind =
16
3
_
3
16
_
+
8
3
_
1
4
cos
4
_
/2
/2
= + 0 =
(d)
_ _
(x +y) dxdy
=
_
/2
0
_ 3
0
(r cos +r sin ) rdrd =
_
/2
0
(cos + sin)
_ 3
0
r
2
drd
=
_
/2
0
(cos + sin)
_
1
3
r
3
_
3
0
d =
1
3
_
/2
0
(cos + sin) d3
=
1
3
[cos + sin + sin cos ]
/2
0
=

6
(16) Distance from (0, 0) to
_
1,
3
_
=
_
(1)
2
+
_
3
_
2
= 2
sec = 2 = =

3
_ _
R
_
x
2
+y
2
dxdy
=
_
/3
0
_
sec
0
(r) rdrd =
_
/3
0
_
1
3
r
3
_
sec
0
d =
1
3
_
/3
0
sec
3
d
=
3
3
+
ln
_
2 +
3
_
6
= 0.79684
(17) R =
_
(x, y) [ 2 x 4,
x
2
6
2
y x + 1
_
_ _
R
xydA =
_
4
2
_
x+1
x
2
6
2
xydydx =
1
8
_
4
2
(x
5
+ 16x
3
+ 8x
2
32x)dx = 36
93
(18) Let x = r cos and y = r sin. Jacobian J =
(x,y)
(r,)
= r.
R = (r, ) [0 r 4 sin , 0
_

0
_
4 sin
0
r
2
sindrd =
64
3
_

0
sin
4
d = 8
(19) Let x = r cos and y = r sin. Jacobian J =
(x,y)
(r,)
= r.
R =
_
(r, ) [2 cos r 4 cos ,
2

2
_
_
2
2
_
4 cos
2 cos
r
2
cos drd =
56
3
_
2
2
cos
4
d = 7
(20) A sketch will convince you that
_
2
0
_
_
4y
2
0
_
x
2
+y
2
dx
_
dy =
_
R
_
x
2
+y
2
dxdy,
where R is the region given by (x, y) : x 0, y 0 and x
2
+y
2
4.
The above integral is therefore equal to
_
2
0
__
2
0
r r dr
_
d =
4
3
.
(21) (a)
__
x
2
+y
2
1
cos
_
x
2
+y
2
_
dxdy =
_
2
0
_
1
0
_
cos r
2
_
rdrd
=
_
2
0
_
1
2
sinr
2
_
1
0
d =
_
2
0
_
1
2
sin1
_
d = sin1
(b)
__
1x
2
+y
2
4
cos
_
x
2
+y
2
_
dxdy =
_
2
0
_
2
1
_
cos r
2
_
rdrd
=
_
2
0
_
1
2
sinr
2
_
2
1
d =
_
2
0
_
1
2
sin4
1
2
sin 1
_
d = sin4 sin 1
94
(22) (a)
__
x
2
+y
2
1
sin
_
_
x
2
+y
2
_
dxdy =
_
2
0
_
1
0
(sinr) rdrd
=
_
2
0
[sinr r cos r]
1
0
d =
_
2
0
(sin1 cos 1) d = 2 sin 1 2 cos 1
(b)
__
1x
2
+y
2
4
sin
_
x
2
+y
2
_
dxdy =
_
2
0
_
2
1
(sinr) rdrd
=
_
2
0
[sinr r cos r]
2
1
d =
_
2
0
(sin2 2 cos 2 sin1 + cos 1) d
= 2 sin2 4 cos 2 2 sin1 + 2 cos 1
(23) (a)
x
y
1
1
__
0x
2
+y
2
1
(x +y) dxdy =
_
/2
0
_
1
0
(r cos +r sin ) rdrd
=
_
/2
0
_
1
0
r
2
(cos + sin) drd =
_
/2
0
_
1
3
r
3
(cos + sin)
_
1
0
d
=
_
/2
0
1
3
(cos + sin) d =
1
3
[sin cos ]
/2
0
=
2
3
(b)
2
2
1
1
y
x
95
__
1x
2
+y
2
4
(x +y) dxdy =
_
/2
0
_
2
1
(r cos +r sin ) rdrd
=
_
/2
0
_
2
1
r
2
(cos + sin) drd =
_
/2
0
_
1
3
r
3
(cos + sin)
_
2
1
d
=
_
/2
0
_
8
3

1
3
_
(cos + sin) d =
7
3
[sin cos ]
/2
0
=
14
3
(24)
y
x
1
y x = 3
__
_
x
2
+y
2
dxdy =
_
/3
0
_
sec
0
_
(r cos )
2
+ (r sin )
2
rdrd
=
_
/3
0
_
sec
0
r
2
drd =
_
/3
0
_
1
3
r
3
_
sec
0
d
=
_
/3
0
1
3
sec
3
d =
1
3
_
/3
0
sec
_
1 + tan
2
_
d
=
1
3
_
/3
0
sec d +
1
3
_
/3
0
sec tan
2
d
=
1
3
[ln(sec + tan)]
/3
0
+
1
3
_
/3
0
tand (sec )
=
1
3
ln
_
2 +
3
_
+
1
3
[tan sec ]
/3
0

_
/3
0
sec
3
d
=
1
6
ln
_
2 +
3
_
+
1
3
3
(25) (a)
1
1
1
x
96
_
1
1
_
1y
2
0
_
x
2
+y
2
dxdy =
_
/2
/2
_
1
0
r
2
drd =
_
/2
/2
_
1
3
r
3
_
1
0
d
=
_
/2
/2
1
3
d =
_
1
3
_
/2
/2
=
1
3
(b)
x
y
2
2
_
2
0
_
4x
2
0
_
x
2
+y
2
dxdy =
_
/2
0
_
2
0
r
2
drd =
_
/2
0
_
1
3
r
3
_
2
0
d
=
_
/2
0
8
3
d =
_
8
3
_
/2
0
=
4
3
(c)
x
y
1
1
1
2
_
2
1/2
_
1x
2
0
3
_
x
2
+y
2
dxdy =
_
/3
0
_
1
1
2
sec
r
4
drd =
_
/3
0
_
1
5
r
5
_
1
1
2
sec
d
=
_
/3
0
_
1
5

sec
5
160
_
d =
1
15

11
640
3
3
1280
ln
_
2 +
3
_
Note: For n 2,
_
sec
n
d =
1
n 1
sec
n2
tan +
n 2
n 1
_
sec
n2
d.
97
(d)
x
y
1
1
1
2
_
1/2
0
_
1x
2
0
xy
_
x
2
+y
2
dxdy
=
_
/2
/3
_
1
0
r
4
cos sindrd +
_
/3
0
_ 1
2
sec
0
r
4
cos sindrd
=
_
/2
/3
_
1
5
r
5
cos sin
_
1
0
d +
_
/3
0
_
1
5
r
5
cos sin
_1
2
sec
0
d
=
1
5
_
/2
/3
cos sin d +
_
/3
0
1
160
sec
5
cos sind
=
1
5
_
/2
/3
sin2
2
d
_
/3
0
1
160
sec
4
d (cos )
=
1
5
_
1
4
cos 2
_
/2
/3
1
160
_
1
3
cos
3
_
/3
0
=
1
40
+
7
480
=
19
480
(26)
__
x
2
+y
2
b
2
(y +b) dxdy =
_
2
0
_
b
0
(r sin +b) rdrd
=
_
2
0
_
1
3
(sin) r
3
+
1
2
br
2
_
b
0
d =
_
2
0
_
1
3
(sin) b
3
+
1
2
b
3
_
d
=
_
1
3
(cos ) b
3
+
1
2
b
3
_
2
0
= b
3
(27)
__
x
2
+y
2
1
_
1
_
x
2
+y
2
_
dxdy =
_
2
0
_
1
0
_
1 r
2
_
rdrd
=
_
2
0
_
1
4
r
4
+
1
2
r
2
_
1
0
d =
_
2
0
1
4
d =
_
1
4
_
2
0
=

2
98
(28)
2
__
x
2
+y
2
4
3
_
1
x
2
+y
2
4
_
dxdy = 2
_
2
0
_
2
0
3
_
1
r
2
4
_
rdrd
= 2
_
2
0
_
1
18
_
12 3r
2
_
3/2
_
2
0
d = 2
_
2
0
_
2
3
12
_
d
= 2
__
2
3
12
_
_
2
0
=
16
3

3
(29)
__
x
2
+y
2
5
_
5 x
2
y
2
_
1/6
dxdy =
_
2
0
_
5
0
_
5 r
2
_
1/6
rdrd
=
_
2
0
_
3
7
_
5 r
2
_
7/6
_
5
0
d =
_
2
0
_
15
7
6
5
_
d =
_
15
7
6
5
_
2
0
=
30
7

6
5 = 17.6
(30)
__
x
2
+y
2
1
_
4 x
2
y
2
dA =
_
2
0
_
1
0
_
4 r
2
rdrd
=
_
2
0
_
1
3
_
4 r
2
_
3/2
_
1
0
d =
_
2
0
_
3 +
8
3
_
d
=
_
3 +
8
3
_
2
0
=
16
3
2
3
(31)
x
99
__
_
1 x
2
y
2
_
dA =
_
/2
/2
_
cos
0
_
1 r
2
_
rdrd
=
_
/2
/2
_
1
4
r
4
+
1
2
r
2
_
cos
0
d =
_
/2
/2
_
1
4
cos
4
+
1
2
cos
2
_
d
=
5
32
Note:
_
cos
2
d =
_
1 + cos 2
2
d =
1
2
+
1
4
sin2
and
_
cos
n
d =
1
n 1
cos
n1
sin +
n 1
n
_
cos
n2
d
(32)
2
__
2xdA =
_
/2
/2
_
2 cos
0
2r
2
cos drd =
_
/2
/2
_
2
3
r
3
cos
_
2 cos
0
d
=
_
/2
/2
_
16
3
cos
4
_
d = 2
(33)
__
_
x
2
+y
2
dA =
_
/2
/2
_
2a cos
0
r
2
drd =
_
/2
/2
_
1
3
r
3
_
2a cos
0
d
=
_
/2
/2
_
8
3
a
3
cos
3
_
d =
_
/2
/2
_
8
3
a
3
_
1 sin
2
_
_
d (sin)
=
_
8
3
a
3
_
sin
1
3
sin
3
__
/2
/2
=
32
9
a
3
(34)
100
__
_
b
2
b
2
a
2
(x
2
+y
2
)dA = b
_

0
_
a sin
0
_
1
r
2
a
2
rdrd
= b
_

0
_
1
3
a
2
_
1
r
2
a
2
_
3/2
_
a sin
0
d =
2a
2
b
3
_
/2
0
_
1 cos
3
_
d
=
2a
2
b
3
_
/2
0
d
2a
2
b
3
_
/2
0
_
1 sin
2
_
d (sin)
=
1
3
a
2
b
4
9
a
2
b
(35)
x = - y
I
x
=
__
R
y
2
(x, y) dA =
_
2
0
_
yy
2
y
y
2
(x +y) dxdy =
_
2
0
__
1
2
x
2
y
2
+y
3
x
__
yy
2
y
dy
=
_
2
0
_
2y
5
+
1
2
y
6
+ 2y
4
_
dy =
_
1
3
y
6
+
1
14
y
7
+
2
5
y
5
_
2
0
=
64
105
(36)
x = y
y = 2 - x
101
M =
__
R
(x, y) dA =
_
1
0
_
2y
y
(6x + 3y + 3) dxdy
=
_
1
0
_
3x
2
+ 3xy + 3x
2y
y
dy
=
_
1
0
_
6y
2
12y + 18
_
dx =
_
2y
3
6y
2
+ 18y
1
0
= 10
M
y
=
__
R
x (x, y) dA =
_
1
0
_
2y
x
y (6x + 3y + 3) dxdy
=
_
1
0
_
22 24y + 6y
2
4y
3
_
dx
=
_
22y 12y
2
+ 2y
3
y
4
1
0
= 11
M
x
=
__
R
y (x, y) dA =
_
1
0
_
2y
y
y (6x + 3y + 3) dxdy
=
_
1
0
_
18y 12y
2
6y
3
_
dx
=
_
9y
2
4y
3
3
2
y
4
_
1
0
=
7
2
Hence,
x =
M
y
M
=
11
10
and y =
M
x
M
=
7/2
10
=
7
20
(37)
M =
__
R
(x, y) dA =
_
1
0
_
6
0
(x +y + 1) dxdy
=
_
1
0
_
1
2
x
2
+yx +x
_
6
0
dy
=
_
1
0
(24 + 6y) dy =
_
24y + 3y
2
1
0
= 27
M
x
=
__
R
y (x, y) dA =
_
1
0
_
6
0
y (x +y + 1) dxdy
=
_
1
0
_
1
2
x
2
y +y
2
x +xy
_
6
0
dy
=
_
1
0
_
24y + 6y
2
_
dy =
_
12y
2
+ 2y
3
1
0
= 14
102
M
y
=
__
R
x (x, y) dA =
_
1
0
_
6
0
x(x +y + 1) dxdy
=
_
1
0
_
1
3
x
3
+
1
2
(y + 1) x
2
_
6
0
dy
=
_
1
0
(90 + 18y) dy =
_
90y + 9y
2
1
0
= 99
Hence,
x =
M
y
M
=
99
27
=
11
3
and y =
M
x
M
=
14
27
I
y
=
__
R
x
2
(x, y) dA =
_
1
0
_
6
0
x
2
(x +y + 1) dxdy
=
_
1
0
_
1
4
x
4
+
1
3
(y + 1) x
3
_
6
0
dy =
_
1
0
(396 + 72y) dy = 432
(38)
x = 4 - y
Let k be the constant density,
M =
__
R
(x, y) dA =
_
2
0
_
4y
y
2
/2
kdxdy
= k
_
2
0
_
4 y
y
2
2
_
dy = k
_
4y
1
2
y
2
1
6
y
3
_
2
0
=
14k
3
M
y
=
__
R
x (x, y) dA =
_
2
0
_
4y
y
2
/2
kxdxdy
= k
_
2
0
_
x
2
2
_
4y
y
2
/2
=
1
8
k
_
2
0
_
64 + 32y 4y
2
+y
4
_
dy
=
1
8
k
_
64y + 16y
2
4
3
y
3
+
1
5
y
5
_
2
0
=
128k
15
103
M
x
=
__
R
y (x, y) dA =
_
2
0
_
4y
y
2
/2
ykdxdy = k
_
2
0
_
4y y
2
y
3
2
_
dy
= k
_
2y
2
1
3
y
3
1
8
y
4
_
2
0
=
10k
3
Hence,
x =
M
y
M
=
128k/15
14k/3
=
64
35
and y =
M
x
M
=
10k/3
14k/3
=
5
7
(39)
a -a
0
a
Density = kr
M =
__
R
(x, y) dA =
_

0
_
a
0
kr rdrd
=
_

0
d
_
a
0
kr
2
dr =
_
kr
3
3
_
a
0
=
1
3
ka
3
M
x
=
__
R
y (x, y) dA =
_

0
_
a
0
kr (r sin ) rdrd
=
_

0
sind
_
a
0
kr
3
dr = [cos ]
2
0

_
kr
4
4
_
a
0
=
1
2
ka
4
Hence,
y =
M
x
M
=
ka
4
2
1
3
ka
3
=
3a
2
and by symmetry, x = 0.
(40) (a)
104
M =
__
R
(x, y) dA =
_
1
0
_
1y
0
dxdy =
_
1
0
(1 y) dy =
_
y
1
2
y
2
_
1
0
=
1
2
M
x
=
__
R
y (x, y) dA =
_
1
0
_
1y
0
ydxdy =
_
1
0
[yx]
1y
0
dy
=
_
1
0
_
y y
2
_
dy =
_
1
2
y
2
1
3
y
3
_
1
0
=
1
6
M
y
=
__
R
x (x, y) dA =
_
1
0
_
1y
0
xdxdy
=
_
1
0
_
x
2
2
_
1y
0
dy =
_
1
0
1
2
(1 +y)
2
dy
=
_
1
6
(1 +y)
3
_
1
0
=
1
6
Hence,
x =
M
y
M
=
1
6
1
2
=
1
3
and y =
M
x
M
=
1
6
1
2
=
1
3
(b)
a
a
0
a
M =
__
R
(x, y) dA =
_
4
4
_
a
0
rdrd =
a
2
4
M
y
=
__
R
x (x, y) dA = 2
_
4
0
_
a
0
(r cos ) rdrd =
1
3
2a
3
Hence,
x =
M
y
M
=
1
3
2a
3
a
2
4
=
4
2a
3
105
and by symmetry, y = 0.
(41) (a)
___
D
f (x, y, z) dxdy dz
=
_
2
0
_
1
0
_
1
1
yz dxdy dz =
_
1
1
dx
_
1
0
y dy
_
2
0
z dz
= [x]
1
1
_
1
2
y
2
_
1
0
_
1
2
z
2
_
2
0
= (2)
_
1
2
_
(2) = 2
(b)
___
D
f (x, y, z) dxdy dz
=
_
2
0
_
1
0
_
1
1
(x +y +z) dxdy dz =
_
2
0
_
1
0
_
1
2
x
2
+xy +xz
_
1
1
dy dz
=
_
2
0
_
1
0
(2y + 2z) dy dz = 2
_
2
0
__
1
2
y
2
+yz
__
1
0
dz = 2
_
2
0
_
1
2
+z
_
dz = 6
(42) (a)
___
D
f (x, y, z) dxdy dz
=
_
1
0
_
1x
0
_
1xy
0
dz dy dx =
_
1
0
_
1x
0
(1 x y) dy dx
=
_
1
0
_
y xy
1
2
y
2
_
1x
0
dx =
_
1
0
_
1
2
x +
1
2
x
2
_
dx =
1
6
(b)
___
D
f (x, y, z) dxdy dz
=
_
1
0
_
1x
0
_
1xy
0
xy dz dy dx =
_
1
0
x
_
1x
0
_
y xy y
2
_
dy dx
=
_
1
0
x
_
1
2
y
2
1
2
xy
2
1
3
y
3
_
1x
0
dx =
1
6
_
1
0
_
x 3x
2
+ 3x
3
x
4
_
dx =
1
120
106
(43) (a)
___
D
f (x, y, z) dxdy dz
=
_
1
1
_
2
0
_
1x
2
0
(x +y) dz dy dx =
_
1
1
_
2
0
(x +y)
_
1 x
2
_
dy dx
=
_
1
1
_
2
0
_
x x
3
+y x
2
y
_
dy dx =
_
1
1
_
2x 2x
3
+ 2 2x
2
_
dx =
8
3
(b)
___
D
f (x, y, z) dxdy dz
=
_
1
1
_
2
0
_
1x
2
0
y
2
dz dy dx =
_
2
0
y
2
dy
_
1
1
_
1x
2
0
dz dx
=
_
1
3
y
3
_
2
0
_
1
1
_
1 x
2
_
dx =
_
8
3
__
x
1
3
x
3
_
1
1
=
32
9
(44) (a)
___
R
yz
2
dxdydz =
_
1
0
_
1
0
_
1
0
yz
2
dzdydx =
_
1
0
_
1
0
_
1
3
yz
3
_
1
0
dydx
=
_
1
0
_
1
0
1
3
ydydx =
_
1
0
_
1
6
y
2
_
1
0
dx
=
_
1
0
1
6
dx =
1
6
(b)
107
___
R
ydxdydz =
_
1
0
_
1y
0
_
1xy
0
ydzdxdy =
_
1
0
_
1y
0
[yz]
1xy
0
dxdy
=
_
1
0
_
1y
0
(y (1 y x)) dxdy =
_
1
0
_
y
_
x yx
1
2
x
2
__
1y
0
dy
=
_
1
0
_
1
2
y y
2
+
1
2
y
3
_
dy
=
_
1
4
y
2
1
3
y
3
+
1
8
y
4
_
1
0
=
1
24
(c)
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
x y
z
x y
z
___
R
xydxdydz =
_
1
0
_
1
0
_
1y
0
xydzdydx =
_
1
0
xdx
_
1
0
_
1y
0
ydzdy
=
_
x
2
2
_
1
0
_
1
0
[yz]
1y
0
dy =
1
2
_
1
0
_
y y
2
_
dy
=
1
2
_
1
2
y
2
1
3
y
3
_
1
0
=
1
12
(45) (a)
___
D
_
x
2
+y
2
_
dxdy dz =
_
2
0
_
1
0
_
r cos +r sin +2
0
r
3
dz dr d
=
_
2
0
_
1
0
_
r
4
cos +r
4
sin + 2r
3
_
dr d
=
_
2
0
_
1
5
r
5
cos +
1
5
r
5
sin +
1
2
r
4
_
1
0
d
=
_
2
0
_
1
5
cos +
1
5
sin +
1
2
_
d
=
_
1
5
sin
1
5
cos +
1
2
_
2
0
=
108
(b)
___
D
f (x, y, z) dxdy dz
=
_

_
1+cos
0
_
r cos +r sin +2
0
r
3
dz dr d
=
_

_
1+cos
0
_
r
4
cos +r
4
sin + 2r
3
_
dr d
=
_

_
1
5
r
5
cos +
1
5
r
5
sin +
1
2
r
4
_
1+cos
0
d
=
_

_
1
5
(1 + cos )
5
cos +
1
5
(1 + cos )
5
sin +
1
2
(1 + cos )
4
_
d
=
1
5
_
105
8
_
+
1
5
(0) +
1
2
_
35
4
_
= 7
(46) D =
_
(x, y, z) [ 0 x
2
+y
2
+z
2
1
_
R = (, , ) [ 0 1, 0 , 0 2
___
D
(x, y, z) dxdy dz
=
_ _ _
R
( sincos , sinsin , cos )
2
sind dd
=
_
2
0
_

0
_
1
0
4
sind dd =
_
2
0
d
_

0
sind
_
1
0
4
d
= []
2
0
[cos ]
0
_
1
5
5
_
1
0
= (2) (2)
_
1
5
_
=
4
5
(47) D =
_
(x, y, z) [ 1 x
2
+y
2
+z
2
4
_
R = (, , ) [ 1 2, 0 , 0 2
___
D
(x, y, z) dxdy dz
=
_
2
0
_

0
_
2
1
3
sind dd =
_
2
0
d
_

0
sind
_
2
1
3
d
= []
2
0
[cos ]
0
_
1
4
4
_
2
1
= (2) (2)
_
15
4
_
= 15
(48)
_
z =
_
x
2
+y
2
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1
=x
2
+y
2
=
1
2
(The intersection of the surface is a cycle centred at the origin and radius is
2
2
.)
109
D =
_
(x, y, z) [ 0 x
2
+y
2
1
2
,
_
x
2
+y
2
z
_
1 x
2
y
2
_
R =
_
(, , ) [ 0 1, 0

4
, 0 2
_
___
D
(x, y, z) dxdy dz
=
_
2
0
_
/4
0
_
1
0
2
sind dd
=
_
2
0
_
/4
0
sin
_
1
3
3
_
1
0
dd =
1
3
_
2
0
d
_
/4
0
sind =
1
3
[]
2
0
[cos ]
/4
0
=
1
3
(2)
_
1
2
2
_
=
_
2
2
_
3
(49) S = (r, , z) [0 r 4, 0 2, 0 z 4 r,
V =
_
2
0
_
4
0
_
4r
0
r dz dr d =
_
2
0
_
4
0
_
4r r
2
_
dr d = (2)
_
32
64
3
_
=
64
3

(50)
R
h
y
z
x
(a) Let = kz.
Mass = M =
___
T
dV =
_
2
0
_
R
0
_
h
0
rkzdzdrd
=
_
2
0
_
R
0
_
1
2
rkz
2
_
h
0
drd =
_
2
0
_
R
0
_
1
2
rkh
2
drd
=
_
2
0
_
1
4
r
2
kh
2
_
R
0
d =
_
2
0
1
4
R
2
kh
2
d =
_
1
4
R
2
kh
2
_
2
0
=
1
2
kR
2
h
2
110
(b) By symmetry, x = y = 0
M z =
___
T
zdV =
_
2
0
_
R
0
_
h
0
rkz
2
dzdrd =
_
2
0
d
_
R
0
rdr
_
h
0
kz
2
dz
= (2)
_
1
2
r
2
_
R
0
_
1
3
kz
3
_
h
0
= (2)
1
2
R
2
1
3
kh
3
=
1
3
kR
2
h
3
z =
1
3
kR
2
h
3
1
2
kR
2
h
2
=
2
3
h
(c)
I
z
=
___
T
_
x
2
+y
2
_
dV =
_
2
0
d
_
R
0
r
3
dr
_
h
0
kzdz = (2)
_
1
4
r
4
_
R
0
_
1
2
kz
2
_
h
0
= (2)
1
4
R
4
1
2
kh
2
=
1
4
R
4
kh
2
=
1
2
MR
2
(51) (a) Since = constant
M =
___
T
dV =
_
2
0
d
_
R
0
rdr
_
h
0
dz = (2)
_
1
2
r
2
_
R
0
[z]
h
0
= R
2
h
and
I
z
=
___
T
_
x
2
+y
2
_
dV =
_
2
0
d
_
R
0
r
3
dr
_
h
0
dz = (2)
_
1
4
r
4
_
R
0
[z]
h
0
= (2)
1
4
R
4
h =
1
2
R
4
h =
M
2
R
2
(b)
I
x
=
___
T
_
y
2
+z
2
_
dV =
_
2
0
d
_
R
0
rdr
_
h
0
_
r
2
sin
2
+z
2
_
dz
=
_
2
0
sin
2
d
_
R
0
r
3
dr
_
h
0
dz +
_
2
0
d
_
R
0
rdr
_
h
0
z
2
dz
=
_
2
0
sin
2
d
_
R
0
r
3
dr
_
h
0
dz + (2)
_
1
2
r
2
_
R
0
_
1
3
z
3
_
h
0
=
_
1
2

sin2
4
_
2
0
_
1
4
r
4
_
R
0
[z]
h
0
+ (2)
1
4
R
4
h
=
1
4
R
4
h +
1
3
R
2
h
3
= M
_
R
2
4
+
h
2
3
_
111
(c) By part (b), the moment of inertia is
M
_
R
2
4
+
h
2
3
_
M
_
h
2
_
2
= M
_
R
2
4
+
h
2
12
_
(52)
h
y
x
z
R
h
r
z
=
(a)
V =
___
T
dV =
_
2
0
d
_
R
0
rdr
_
h
hr
R
dz =
_
2
0
d
_
R
0
r
_
h
hr
R
_
dr
= (2)
_
1
2
hr
2
1
3
hr
3
_
R
0
= hR
2
2
3
hR
2
=
1
3
hR
2
(b)
M = V =
1
3
hR
2
zM =
___
T
zdV =
_
2
0
d
_
R
0
rdr
_
h
hr
R
zdz =
_
2
0
d
_
R
0
r
_
h
2
2

h
2
r
2
2R
2
_
dr
=
_
2
0
1
8
h
2
R
2
d =
1
4
h
2
R
2
Hence,
z =
3
4
h
By symmetry, x = y = 0.
112
(c)
I
z
=
___
T
_
x
2
+y
2
_
dV =
_
2
0
d
_
R
0
r
3
dr
_
h
hr
R
dz
=
_
2
0
d
_
R
0
r
3
_
h
hr
R
_
dr
=
_
2
0
1
20
hR
4
d =
1
10
hR
4
=
3
10
MR
2
(d)
I
x
=
___
T
_
y
2
+z
2
_
dV =
_
2
0
d
_
R
0
rdr
_
h
hr
R
_
r
2
sin
2
+z
2
_
dz
=
_
2
0
sin
2
d
_
R
0
r
3
dr
_
h
hr
R
dz +
_
2
0
d
_
R
0
rdr
_
h
hr
R
z
2
dz
=
_
2
0
sin
2
d
_
R
0
r
3
_
h
hr
R
_
dr +
_
2
0
d
_
R
0
1
3
r
_
h
3
h
3
r
3
R
3
_
dr
=
_
2
0
1
20
hR
4
sin
2
d +
_
2
0
1
10
h
3
R
2
d =
1
20
hR
4
+
1
5
R
2
h
3
(53)
(a)
V =
___
T
dV =
_
2
0
d
_
1
0
rdr
_
1r
2
0
dz =
_
2
0
d
_
1
0
r
_
1 r
2
_
dr
=
_
2
0
1
4
d =

2
(b) Note that = kz
M =
___
T
dV = k
___
T
zdV = k
_
2
0
d
_
1
0
rdr
_
1r
2
0
zdz
= k
_
2
0
d
_
1
0
1
2
r
_
1 r
2
_
2
dr = k
_
2
0
1
12
d =
k
6
113
(c) Note that = k
_
r
2
+z
2
_
M =
___
T
dV = k
___
T
_
r
2
+z
2
_
dV
= k
_
2
0
d
_
1
0
rdr
_
1r
2
0
_
r
2
+z
2
_
dz
= k
_
2
0
d
_
1
0
r
_
r
2
_
1 r
2
_
+
1
3
_
1 r
2
_
3
_
dr
= k
_
2
0
1
8
d =
k
4
(54)
V =
___
dV =
_
/2
/2
d
_
2a cos
0
rdr
_
r
2
/a
0
dz =
_
/2
/2
d
_
2a cos
0
r
3
a
dr
=
_
/2
/2
4a
3
cos
4
d =
3
2
a
3
(55)
V =
___
dV =
_
/2
/2
d
_
2a cos
0
rdr
_
r
0
dz =
_
/2
/2
d
_
2a cos
0
r
2
dr
=
_
/2
/2
8
3
a
3
cos
3
d =
32
9
a
3
(56)
V =
___
dV =
_
/2
/2
d
_
2 cos
0
rdr
_ 1
2
(4+r cos )
0
dz
=
_
/2
/2
d
_
2 cos
0
1
2
r (4 +r cos ) dr
=
_
/2
/2
_
4
3
cos
4
+ 4 cos
2
_
d =
5
2
(57)
V =
___
dV =
_
/2
/2
d
_
a cos
0
rdr
_
ar
0
dz =
_
/2
/2
d
_
a cos
0
r (a r) dr
=
_
/2
/2
_
1
3
a
3
cos
3
+
1
2
a
3
cos
2
_
d =
1
4
a
3
4
9
a
3
114
(58)
z =
z = r + 1
5
2
- r
2
Where the sphere x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 25 intersects the cone z =
_
x
2
+y
2
+ 1, we have
r
2
+ (r + 1)
2
= 25, thus, r = 3.
V =
_
2
0
d
_
3
0
rdr
_
25r
2
r+1
dz
=
_
2
0
d
_
3
0
r
_
_
25 r
2
(r + 1)
_
dr
=
_
2
0
_
1
3
_
25 r
2
_
3/2
1
3
r
3
1
2
r
2
_
3
0
d
=
_
2
0
41
6
d =
41
3

(59)
x
x
y
1
z = x
2
+ y
2
z = x
The surfaces intersect at x
2
+y
2
= x, thus r = cos .
V =
___
dV =
_
/2
/2
d
_
cos
0
rdr
_
r cos
r
2
dz
=
_
/2
/2
d
_
cos
0
r
_
r cos r
2
_
dr
=
_
/2
/2
_
1
4
cos
4
+
1
3
cos
4
_
d =
1
32
115
(60)
cone
hyperbola
z
Where the hyperboloid intersects the cone, we have r
2
+a
2
= 2r
2
, thus r = a.
V =
_
2
0
d
_
a
0
rdr
_
a
2
+r
2
2r
dz =
_
2
0
d
_
a
0
r
_
_
a
2
+r
2
2r
_
dr
=
_
2
0
_
1
3
_
a
2
+r
2
_
3/2
2
3
r
3
_
a
0
d =
_
2
0
_
1
3
a
3
2
1
3
a
3
_
d
=
2
3
a
3
2
2
3
a
3
=
2
3
a
3
_
2 1
_
(61)
y
x
z
2
1
Sphere: x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1
Cone: z = 3(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
1
The cone z =
_
3 (x
2
+y
2
) has equation z =
3r. It intersects the sphere z

2
+r
2
= 1 at
3r
2
+r
2
= 1 or r =
1
2
.
V =
_
2
0
d
_ 1
2
0
rdr
_
1r
2
3r
dz =
_
2
0
d
_ 1
2
0
r
_
_
1 r
2
3r
_
dr
=
_
2
0
_
1
3
_
1 r
2
_
3/2
1
3
r
3
3
_1
2
0
d =
_
2
0
_
1
6
3 +
1
3
_
d =
2
3

1
3
3
116
(62)
V =
_
2
0
d
_
2
1
rdr
_
_
9
r
2
4
0
dz
=
_
2
0
d
_
2
1
1
2
r
_
(36 r
2
)dr =
_
2
0
_
1
6
_
36 r
2
_
3/2
_
2
1
d
=
_
2
0
_
16
3
32 +
35
6
35
_
d =
128
3

2 +
35
3

35 = 27.273
(63) (a) r = 1. Cylinder of radius 1, with the z-axis as its axis.
=

2
. The xy-plane.
=
3
4
. The cone shown in diagram.
=
3
4
y
x
z
=

4
. A plane prependicular to the xy-plane with the angle between this plane and
the xz-plane is

4
.
z = 1. The plane parallel to the xy-plane through (0, 0, 1) .
= cos . The sphere with centre at (x, y, z) =
_
0, 0,
1
2
_
and radius
1
2
.
(64)
V =
_
2
0
_

0
_
R
0
2
sin ddd =
_
2
0
_

0
1
3
R
3
sindd =
_
2
0
2
3
R
3
d =
4
3
R
3
(65) r = sin, = , z = cos .
(66)
R =
_
(x, y, z) [ 2 x 2,
_
4 x
2
y
_
4 x
2
, 0 z
_
4 (x
2
+y
2
)
_
=
_
(, , ) [0 2, 0

2
, 0 2
_
117
_
2
2
_
4x
2
4x
2
_
4(x
2
+y
2
)
0
z
2
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
dzdydx
=
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
2
0
_
3
cos
2
_ _
2
sin
_
ddd
=
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
1
6
6
_
2
0
cos
2
sindd
=
32
3
_
2
0
_
/2
0
cos
2
sindd
=
32
3
_
2
0
_
1
3
cos
3
_
/2
0
d
=
32
9
_
2
0
d =
64
9
(67) Substitute x = sincos , y = sinsin , z = cos into z =
_
3x
2
+ 3y
2
, then
cos =
_
3 ( sincos )
2
+ 3 ( sinsin)
2
=
3 sin =tan =
1
3
= =

6
.
S =
_
(, , ) [0 4, 0

6
, 0 2
_
V =
_
2
0
_
/6
0
_
4
0

2
sind dd = (2)
_
1
3
2
_
_
64
3
_
=
64
3

_
2
3
_
= 17.958
(68)
_
3
0
_
9z
2
0
_
x
0
xy dydxdz =
_
3
0
_
9z
2
0
x
_
y
2
2
_
x
0
dxdz =
1
2
_
3
0
_
9z
2
0
x
3
dxdz
=
1
2
_
3
0
_
x
4
4
_
9z
2
0
dz =
1
8
_
3
0
_
9 z
2
_
2
dz
=
1
8
_
3
0
_
81 18z
2
+z
4
_
dz =
81
5
(69)
V =
_

0
_

0
_
R
0
2
sinddd =
_

0
_

0
1
3
R
3
sin dd =
_

0
2
3
R
3
d =
2
3
R
3
118
(70) Now, = k (R ) , the mass is
M =
_ _ _
dV =
_
2
0
_

0
_
R
0
k (R )
2
sinddd
=
_
2
0
_

0
_
k (sin)
_
1
4
4
+
1
3
R
3
__
R
0
dd
=
_
2
0
_

0
1
12
R
4
k sindd
=
_
2
0
1
6
R
4
kd =
1
3
R
4
k
(71)
h
y
R Base
Now, = k, tan =
R
h
. On the base, cos = h. The mass is
M =
_ _ _
kdV =
_
2
0
_

0
_
hsec
0
k
3
sin ddd
=
_
2
0
_

0
_
1
4
k
4
sin
_
hsec
0
dd =
_
2
0
_

0
1
4
h
4
cos
4
k sin dd
=
_
2
0
1
12
h
4
k
_
sec
3
1
_
d =
1
6
h
4
k
_
sec
3
1
_
=
1
6
h
4
k
_
_
R
2
+h
2
h
2
_
3/2
1
_
=
1
6
hk
_
_
R
2
+h
2
_
3/2
h
3
_
(72)
V =
___
cone
dV =
_
2
0
_

0
_
hsec
0
2
sinddd =
_
2
0
_

0
_
1
3
3
sin
_
hsec
0
dd
=
_
2
0
_

0
1
3
h
3
cos
3
sindd =
_
2
0
1
6
h
3
_
sec
3
1
_
d
=
1
3
h
3
_
sec
2
1
_
=
1
3
h
3
tan
2
=
1
3
R
2
h
119
(73) (a) i.
I
z
=
___
ball
_
x
2
+y
2
_
dV =
_
2
0
_

0
_
R
0
2
sin
2

2
sinddd
=
_
2
0
_

0
_
R
0
4
sin
3
ddd =
_
2
0
_

0
R
5
5
sin
3
dd
=
_
2
0
4
15
R
5
d =
8
15
R
5
=
2
5
MR
2
By parallel axis theorem,
I =
_
2
5
MR
2
+MR
2
_
=
7
5
MR
2
(b)
M
xy
=
___
T
zdV =
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
R
0
2
sin cos ddd
=
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
R
0
3
sincos ddd =
_
2
0
_
/2
0
R
4
4
sincos dd
=
_
2
0
_
/2
0
R
4
4
sin2
2
dd =
_
2
0
1
8
R
4
d =
1
4
R
4
Thus
z =
M
xy
M/2
=
1
4
R
4
2
3
R
3
=
3
8
R
and by symmetry x = y = 0.
(74) (a)
I
z
=
___
T
_
x
2
+y
2
_
dV =
_
2
0
_

0
_
R
2
R
1
2
sin
2

2
sinddd
=
_
2
0
_

0
_
R
2
R
1
4
sin
3
ddd =
_
2
0
_

0
_
R
5
2
5

R
5
1
5
_
sin
3
dd
=
_
2
0
4
15
_
R
5
2
R
5
1
_
d =
8
15
_
R
5
2
R
5
1
_
=
2
5
M
R
5
2
R
5
1
R
3
2
R
3
1
(b) Setting R
2
= R and R
1
R in part (a), we get
I
z
= lim
R
1
R
2
5
M
R
5
R
5
1
R
3
R
3
1
=
2
5
M lim
R
1
R
R
5
R
5
1
R
3
R
3
1
=
2
5
M lim
R
1
R
5R
4
1
3R
2
1
=
2
3
MR
2
120
(c) By parallel axis theorem,
I =
2
3
MR
2
+MR
2
=
5
3
R
2
M
(d)
M
xy
=
___
T
zdV =
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
R
2
R
1
2
sin cos ddd
=
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
R
2
R
1
3
sincos ddd
=
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
R
4
2
4

R
4
1
4
_
sincos dd
=
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
R
4
2
4

R
4
1
4
_
sin2
2
dd
=
_
2
0
_
R
4
2
8

R
4
1
8
_
d =
1
4
_
R
4
2
R
4
1
_
and
M =
___
T
dV =
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
R
2
R
1
2
sinddd =
2
3
_
R
3
2
R
3
1
_
Thus
z =
M
xy
M
=
1
4
_
R
4
2
R
4
1
_
2
3
_
R
3
2
R
3
1
_ =
3
8
R
4
2
R
4
1
R
3
2
R
3
1
and by symmetry x = y = 0.
(e) Setting R
2
= R, R
1
R in part (a), we get
z = lim
R
1
R
3
8
R
4
R
4
1
R
3
R
3
1
=
1
2
R
(75) (a) Rsec 2Rcos , 0

4
, 0 2.
(b) Sphere:
2
sin
2
+ ( cos R)
2
= R
2
, therefore = 2Rcos
121
(76) (a) = k
M =
___
dV =
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
2Rcos
0
2
sin kddd
=
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
1
4
k
4
sin
_
2Rcos
0
dd
= k
_
2
0
_
/2
0
4R
4
cos
4
sin dd = k
_
2
0
4
5
R
4
d =
8
5
kR
4
(b) = k sin
M =
___
dV =
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
2Rcos
0
2
sin k sinddd
=
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
1
4
k
4
sin
2
_
2Rcos
0
dd
= k
_
2
0
_
/2
0
4R
4
cos
4
sin
2
dd
= k
_
2
0
1
8
R
4
d =
1
4
2
kR
4
(c) = k cos
2
sin
M =
___
dV =
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
2Rcos
0
2
sin k cos
2
sinddd
= k
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
1
4
k
4
sin
2
cos
2
_
2Rcos
0
dd
= k
_
2
0
_
/2
0
4R
4
cos
4
sin
2
cos
2
dd
= k
_
2
0
1
8
R
4
cos
2
d =
1
8
2
kR
4
(77)
x
z
4
122
Where the sphere = 2
2 cos intersects the sphere = 2, we have 2 = 2
2 cos giving
=

4
.
V =
_
2
0
_
/4
0
_
2
0
2
sin ddd +
_
2
0
_
/2
/4
_
2
2 cos
0
2
sinddd
=
_
2
0
_
/4
0
8
3
sindd +
_
2
0
_
/2
/4
16
3
2 cos
3
sin dd
=
_
2
0
_
8
3

4
3
2
_
d +
_
2
0
1
3
2d
=
16
3

8
3
2 +
2
3
2 =
16
3
2
2
(78)
x
z
V =
_
2
0
_

0
_
1cos
0
2
sinddd =
_
2
0
_

0
1
3
(1 cos )
3
sindd
=
_
2
0
1
12
_
(1 cos )
4
_
0
d =
_
2
0
4
3
d =
8
3
123
Chapter 6
Vector Calculus
(1) Let be the angle the two vectors a and b. Since (a b) = |a| |b| cos ,
|a b|
2
= (|a| |b| sin)
2
= |a|
2
|b|
2
sin
2
= |a|
2
|b|
2
_
1 cos
2
_
= |a|
2
|b|
2
|a|
2
|b|
2
cos
2
= |a|
2
|b|
2
(a b)
2
A
B
C
(2)

AB = b
1
i +b
2
j (a
1
i +a
2
j) = (b
1
a
1
) i + (b
2
a
2
) j
AC = c
1
i +c
2
j (a
1
i +a
2
j) = (c
1
a
1
) i + (c
2
a
2
) j
The area of the triangle is
1
2
_
_
_
AB
_
_
_
_
_
_
AC
_
_
_sin
=
1
2
_
_
_
AB
AC
_
_
_ =
1
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
det
_
_
_
_
i j k
(b
1
a
1
) (b
2
a
2
) 0
(c
1
a
1
) (c
2
a
2
) 0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
1
2
_
_
_
_
_
det
_
(b
1
a
1
) (b
2
a
2
)
(c
1
a
1
) (c
2
a
2
)
_
k
_
_
_
_
_
=
1
2
det
_
(b
1
a
1
) (b
2
a
2
)
(c
1
a
1
) (c
2
a
2
)
_
where is the angle between

AB and

AC.
(3) Let x be the position vector of the point (x, y, z) .
125
CHAPTER 6. VECTOR CALCULUS
B
0
x
(XB)
2
= (OX)
2
(OB)
2
= |x|
2
_
_
_
OB
_
_
_
2
= |x|
2
(|x| cos )
2
= |x|
2
_
|x|
x a
|x| |a|
_
2
= |x|
2
(x a)
2
|a|
2
.
(4) (a)
f[
(2,1)
=
(y 3x)
x
i +
(y 3x)
y
j
(2,1)
= 3i +j
(b)
f[
(2,1,1)
=
2x
2
+z
x
i + 2yj + (4z + lnx) k
(2,1,1)
=
7
2
i + 2j + (4 + ln2) k
(5) (a)
F =
_

x
i +

y
j +

z
k
_
__
x
2
y
_
i + (4z) j +
_
x
2
_
k
_
=

x
_
x
2
y
_
+

y
(4z) +

z
_
x
2
_
= 2x
F =
i j k
z
_
x
2
y
_
(4z)
_
x
2
_
= 4i2xj +k
(b)
F =
_

x
i +

y
j +

z
k
_
((yz) i + (xz) j + (xy) k) = 0
F =
i j k
z
(yz) (xz) (xy)
= 0
126
(c)
F =
_

x
i +

z
j
_
((y) i + (x) j) =

x
(y) +

y
(x) = 0
F =
i j k
z
(y) (x) 0
= 2k
(d)
F =
_

x
i +

y
j +

z
k
_
_
(2xz) i + (xy) j +
_
z
2
_
k
_
= x
F =
i j k
z
(2xz) (xy) 0
= 2xj yk
(6) (a) div F(x, y, z) = F(x, y, z) = 2x + 6y 4z
div F(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) = 2x
0
+ 6y
0
4z
0
curl F(x, y, z) = F(x, y, z) =
i j k
z
x
2
3y
2
2z
2
= 0
(b) div F(x, y, z) = 0
curl F(x, y, z) =
i j k
z
e
yz
e
zx
e
xy
= xe
xy
xe
zx
, ye
yz
ye
xy
, ze
zx
ze
yz
)
curl F(0, 1, 2) =
0, e
2
1, 2 2e
2
_
(c) div F(x, y, z) = 0
curl F(x, y, z) =
i j k
z
sinyz cos zx xy
= x xsinzx, y cos yz y, z sinzx z cos yz)

curl F
_
0, 1,

2
_
= 0, 1, 0)
(d) div F(x, y, z) = 2xy 6xy
2
z
2
+ 1
div F(2, 1, 1) = 4 12 + 1 = 7
127
curl F(x, y, z) =
i j k
z
x
2
y z
2
2xy
3
z
2
xy +z
x + 4xy
3
z, 2z y, 2y
3
z
2
x
2
_
curl F(2, 1, 1) = 10, 3, 6)
(7) (a)
2
f = f
=
_
_
ln
_
x
2
+y
2
__
x
i +
_
ln
_
x
2
+y
2
__
y
j
_
=
_

x
i +

y
j
_
_
2x
x
2
+y
2
i +
2y
x
2
+y
2
j
_
=

x
_
2x
x
2
+y
2
_
+

y
_
2y
x
2
+y
2
_
= 2
x
2
+y
2
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
2
x
2
+y
2
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
= 0
(b)
2
f = f
=
_

x
i +

y
j
_
__
3Ax
2
+ 2Bxy +Cy
2
_
i +
_
Bx
2
+ 2Cxy + 3Dy
2
_
j
_
=

x
_
3Ax
2
+ 2Bxy +Cy
2
_
+

y
_
Bx
2
+ 2Cxy + 3Dy
2
_
= 6Ax + 2By + 2Cx + 6Dy
(c)
2
f = f
=
_
r
1
x
i +
r
1
y
j +
r
1
z
j
_
=
_

x
i +

y
j +

z
k
_
_
r
2
x
r
i r
2
y
r
j r
2
z
r
k
_
=

x
_
r
3
x
_

y
_
r
3
y
_

z
_
r
3
z
_
= r
3
+ 3r
4
x
2
r
r
3
+ 3r
4
y
2
r
r
3
+ 3r
4
z
2
r
= 3r
3
+ 3r
5
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
_
= 3r
3
+ 3r
3
= 0
128
(8)
(f (r) r)
=
_

x
i+

y
j+

z
k
_
(f (r) xi+f (r) yj+f (r) zk)
=
_
f (r)
x
x
+x
f (r)
x
_
+
_
f (r)
y
y
+y
f (r)
y
_
+
_
f (r)
z
z
+z
f (r)
z
_
=
_
f (r) +xf
(r)
r
x
_
+
_
f (r) +yf
(r)
r
y
_
+
_
f (r) +zf
(r)
r
z
_
=
_
f (r) +f
(r)
x
2
r
_
+
_
f (r) +f
(r)
y
2
r
_
+
_
f (r) +f
(r)
z
2
r
_
= 3f (r) +f
(r)
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
r
= 3f (r) +rf
(r)
(9) (a) To nd a such that = A,
x
= e
x
cos y +yz =
_
(e
x
cos y +yz) dx = e
x
cos y +xyz +f (y, z)
y
= xz e
x
siny =
_
(xz e
x
siny) dy = e
x
cos y +xyz +g (x, z)
z
= xy +z + 2 =
_
(xy +z + 2) dz = xyz +
1
2
z
2
+ 2z +h(x, y)
Thus, = e
x
cos y +xyz +
1
2
z
2
+ 2z +C.
(b) To nd a such that = A,
x
= y +z =
_
(y +z) dx = xy +xz +f (y, z)
y
= x +z =
_
(x +z) dy = xy +yz +g (x, z)
z
= x +y =
_
(x +y) dz = xz +yz +h(x, y)
Thus, = xy +yz +xz +C.
(c) To nd a such that = A,
x
= y sinz =
_
y sinzdx = xy sinz +f (y, z)
y
= xsinz =
_
xsinzdy = xy sinz +g (x, z)
z
= xy cos z =
_
xy cos zdz = xy sinz +h(x, z)
Thus, = xy sin z +C.
129
(10)
F =
i j k
z
_
2x
2
3
_
(4z) cos z
=
_

y
(cos z)

z
(4z)
_
i
_

x
(cos z)

z
_
2x
2
3
_
_
j
+
_

x
(4z)

y
_
2x
2
3
_
_
k
= 4i ,= 0
Hence, F is not a conservative vector eld.
(11) Let r (t) =
_
4 t
2
, t
, 3 t 2, then r
(t) = [2t, 1].

_
y
2
dx +xdy =
_
2
3
_
(t)
2
(2t) +
_
4 t
2
_
(1)
_
dt =
_
2
3
_
4 t
2
2t
3
_
dt =
245
6
(12) Let r (t) = [cos t, sint, t], 0 t 2, then r
(t) = [sint, cos t, 1].

_
y sinz ds =
_
2
0
(sint) sin(t)
_
(sint)
2
+ (cos t)
2
+ (1)
2
dt =
2
_
2
0
sin
2
t dt
=
2
2
_
2
0
(1 cos 2t) dt =
2
(13) Let x(t) = 1 + 2t, y (t) = 2, z (t) = 3 2t and 0 t 1.
f (x(t) , y (t) , z (t)) = (1 + 2t) + 2 (3 2t) = 7 2t
x
(t) = 2, y
(t) = 0, z
(t) = 2 and
_
_
dx
dt
_
2
+
_
dy
dt
_
2
+
_
dz
dt
_
2
=
8
_
C
(x +yz) ds =
_
1
0
(7 2t)
_
8
_
dt = 12
2
(14) F =
_
x
4
, xy
R = (x, y) [0 x 1, 0 y x
_
x
4
dx +xy dy =
_
F dr =
_
1
0
_
x
0
_

x
(xy)

y
_
x
4
_
_
dydx =
_
1
0
_
x
0
y dydx
=
_
1
0
_
y
2
2
_
x
0
dx =
1
2
_
1
0
x
2
dx =
1
6
(15) F =
_
y
2
, 3xy
130
R = (r, ) [1 r 2, 0
_
y
2
dx + 3xy dy =
_
F dr =
_

0
_
2
1
_

x
(3xy)

y
_
y
2
_
_
rdrd =
_

0
_
2
1
y rdrd
=
_

0
_
2
1
r
2
sin drd =
7
3
_

0
sin d =
14
3
(16) (a) Let x = t, y = t, z = 0, 0 t 1, then
dx
dt
= 1,
dy
dt
= 1,
dz
dt
= 0.
_
AB
f (x, y, z) ds =
_
1
0
(t) (t)
2
_
1
2
+ 1
2
+ 0
2
dt =
2
_
1
0
t
3
dt =
2
4
(b) Let x = 2t, y = 3t, z = 6t, 0 t 1, then
dx
dt
= 2,
dy
dt
= 3,
dz
dt
= 6.
_
AB
f (x, y, z) ds =
_
1
0
_
(2t) (3t) + (6t)
2
_
2
2
+ 3
2
+ 6
2
dt = 294
_
1
0
t
2
dt = 98
(17) (a) Let x = cos t, y = sint, where 0 t

2
.
_
C
xyds =
_
2
0
cos t sint
_
d (cos t)
dt
_
2
+
_
d (sint)
dt
_
2
dt
=
_
2
0
cos t sintdt =
1
2
_
2
0
sin2tdt
=
_
1
4
cos 2t
_
/2
0
=
1
2
(b) Let x = t, y = 2t, z = t where 0 t 1.
_
C
(xy +y +z) ds
=
_
1
0
(t 2t + 2t t)
_
d (t)
dt
_
2
+
_
d (2t)
dt
_
2
+
_
d (t)
dt
_
2
dt
=
_
1
0
_
2t
2
+t
_
6dt
=
6
_
1
0
_
2t
2
+t
_
dt =
7
6
6
(c) Let x = cos t, y = sint, z = t where 0 t 2.
_
C
yds =
_
2
0
sint
_
d (cos t)
dt
_
2
+
_
d (sint)
dt
_
2
+
_
d (t)
dt
_
2
dt
=
_
2
0
2 sintdt = 0
131
(18) (a) Let x = cos , y = sin, 0 , then
dx
d
= sin,
dy
d
= cos .
_
C
f (x, y) ds =
_

0
(cos + sin)
_
(sin)
2
+ (cos )
2
d
=
_

0
(cos + sin) d = [sin cos ]
0
= 2
(b)
_
C
f (x, y) ds =
_

0
(cos )
2
sin
_
(sin)
2
+ (cos )
2
d =
_

0
cos
2
sin d
=
_
1
3
cos
3
0
=
2
3
(19) x = t cos t, y = t sint, z = t, 0 t 1, then
dx
dt
= cos t t sint,
dy
dt
= sint +t cos t,
dz
dt
= 1
and
_
_
dx
dt
_
2
+
_
dy
dt
_
2
+
_
dz
dt
_
2
=
_
(cos t t sint)
2
+ (sint +t cos t)
2
+ 1
2
=
t
2
+ 2.
(a)
_
C
f (x, y, z) ds =
_
1
0
(t)
t
2
+ 2 dt =
_
1
3
_
t
2
+ 2
_
3/2
_
1
0
=
3
2
3
2
(b)
_
C
f (x, y, z) ds =
_
1
0
_
t
2
+ 2 dt =
_
t
2
_
t
2
+ 2 + ln
t +
_
t
2
+ 2
_
1
0
= ln
_
3 + 1
_
ln
2 +
1
2
3
= 1.5245 =
1
2
_
ln
_
3 + 2
_
+
3
_
(20) (a) x = cos t + t sint, y = sint t cos t, 0 t 2, then
dx
dt
= t cos t,
dy
dt
= t sint and
_
_
dx
dt
_
2
+
_
dy
dt
_
2
= t.
Arc length =
_
2
0
_
_
dx
dt
_
2
+
_
dy
dt
_
2
dt =
_
2
0
t dt =
_
1
2
t
2
2
0
= 2
2
(b) x = sin, y = 1 cos , 0 , then
dx
d
= 1 cos ,
dy
dt
= sin and
_
_
dx
d
_
2
+
_
dy
d
_
2
=
2 2 cos .
Arc length =
_
2 2 cos d =
_
0
2 sin

2
d =
_
4 cos

2
0
= 4
132
(21) (a)
curl F
=
i j k
z
3 + 2xy x
2
3y
2
0
=
_
0

z
_
x
2
3y
2
_
,

z
(3 + 2xy) 0,

x
_
x
2
3y
2
_

y
(3 + 2xy)
_
= [0, 0, 0] = 0
Since curl F = 0, the F is conservative.
(b) Since F is conservative, then the potential function f exists.
f
x
= 3 + 2xy =f (x, y) =
_
(3 + 2xy) dx = 3x +x
2
y +g (y)
f
y
=

y
_
3x +x
2
y +g (y)
= x
2
+g
(y) = x
2
3y
2
So, g
(y) = 3y
2
=g (y) =
_ _
3y
2
_
dy = y
3
+C.
Thus, f (x, y) = 3x +x
2
y y
3
+C.
r () = [e
sin, e
cos ] = [0, e
]
r (0) =
_
e
0
sin 0, e
0
cos 0
= [0, 1]
By the Foundamental Theorem of Line Integrals,
_
F dr =f (0, e
) f (0, 1) =
_
(e
)
3
_
_
(1)
3
_
= e
3
+ 1.
(22) Let f (x, y, z) = 3x 6yz, g (x, y, z) = 2y + 3xz and h(x, y, z) = 1 4xz
2
.
(a) Let x = t, y = t
2
, z = t
3
, 0 t 1, then
dx
dt
= 1,
dy
dt
= 2t,
dz
dt
= 3t
2
.
f
dx
dt
+g
dy
dt
+h
dz
dt
= (3x 6yz) + 2t (2y + 3xz) + 3t
2
_
1 4xz
2
_
=
_
3t 6t
5
_
+ 2t
_
2t
2
+ 3t
4
_
+ 3t
2
_
1 4t
7
_
= 12t
9
+ 4t
3
+ 3t
2
+ 3t
_

AB
F dr =
_
1
0
_
12t
9
+ 4t
3
+ 3t
2
+ 3t
_
dt =
23
10
(b) Let x = t, y = t, z = t, 0 t 1, then
dx
dt
=
dy
dt
=
dz
dt
= 1.
f
dx
dt
+g
dy
dt
+h
dz
dt
=
_
3t 6t
2
_
+
_
2t + 3t
2
_
+
_
1 4t
3
_
= 4t
3
3t
2
+ 5t + 1
_

AB
F dr =
_
1
0
_
4t
3
3t
2
+ 5t + 1
_
dt =
3
2
(c) From A to C, let x = 0, y = 0, z = t, 0 t 1, then
dx
dt
=
dy
dt
= 0,
dz
dt
= 1.
f
dx
dt
+g
dy
dt
+h
dz
dt
= 0 + 0 + (1) = 1
133
_
AC
F dr =
_
1
0
dt = 1
From C to B, let x = s, y = s, z = 0, 0 s 1, then
dx
ds
=
dy
ds
= 1,
dz
ds
= 0.
f
dx
ds
+g
dy
ds
+h
dz
ds
= (3s 6s) + (2s + 3s) + 0 = 2s
_

CB
F dr =
_
1
0
2s ds = 1
_

AB
F dr =
_
AC
F dr +
_

CB
F dr = 1 + 1 = 2
(23) Let x(t) = t and y (t) = t
3
, 2 t 3. Then r (t) =
_
t, t
3
, F(r (t)) =
_
(t)
_
t
3
_
, t
3
t
=
_
t
4
, t
3
t
and r
(t) =
_
1, 3t
2
.
Work done =
_
C
F dr =
_
3
2
_
t
4
, t
3
t
_
1, 3t
2
dt =
_
3
2
_
t
4
+ 3t
5
3t
3
_
dt =
1355
4
(24) r (t) = [cos t, sint], 0 t , then r
(t) = [sint, cos t].

F(r (t)) =
_
(sint)
2
, (cos t) (sint)
_
=
_
sin
2
t, sint cos t
Work done =
_

0
_
sin
2
t, sint cos t
[sint, cos t] dt =
_

0
_
sin
3
t + sint cos
2
t
_
dt
=
_

0
sint dt = 2
(25) (a) Let x = 1 +t, y = 2 t and 0 t 1, then
dx
dt
= 1 and
dy
dt
= 1.
F(r (t)) = 2 (1 +t) (2 t) + 4, 3 (1 +t) + 5 (2 t) 6) = 3t + 4, 7 2t)
r
(t) = 1, 1)
_
F dr = F(r (t)) r
(t) dt =
_
1
0
[(3t + 4) (7 2t)] dt =
_
1
0
(5t 3) dt =
1
2
(b) F(r (t)) =
_
_
t
2
_ _
t
3
_
,
_
t
2
_
2
, t
3
_
=
t
5
, t
4
, t
3
_
r
(t) =
1, 2t, 3t
2
_
_
F dr =
_
1
0
__
t
5
_
(1) +
_
t
4
_
(2t) +
_
t
3
_ _
3t
2
_
dt =
_
1
0
6t
5
dt = 1
(c) From (0, 0) to (1, 0), let x = t, y = 0 and 0 t 1, then
dx
dt
= 1and
dy
dt
= 0.
Then F(r (t)) = 0, 0) and
_
1
F dr = 0.
From (1, 0) to (1, 1), let x = 1, y = s and 0 s 1, then
dx
ds
= 0 and
dy
ds
= 1.
Then F(r (s)) = 6s, 2s), r
(s) = 0, 1) and
_
2
F dr =
_
1
0
2s ds = 1.
From (1, 1) to (0, 1), let x = 1 u, y = 1 and 0 u 1, then
dx
du
= 1,
dy
du
= 0.
F(r (u)) =
_
6 (1 u)
2
, 2
_
, r
(u) = 1, 0) and
_
3
F dr =
_
1
0
6u
2
du = 2.
From (0, 1) to (0, 0), let x = 0, y = 1 v and 0 v 1, then
dx
dv
= 0 and
dy
dv
= 1.
F(r (v)) = 0, 2 (1 v)), r
(v) = 0, 1) and
_
4
F dr =
_
1
0
2 (v 1) dv = 1.
Therefore,
_
F dr =
_
1
+
_
2
+
_
3
+
_
4
= 0 + 1 2 1 = 2.
134
(26) (a) Let x = t, y = t and z = t, where 0 t 1.
_
C
Fdr =
_
C
__
x
2
y
_
i+
_
y
2
z
_
j+
_
z
2
x
_
k
[dxi+dyj+dzk]
=
_
C
_
x
2
y
_
dx+
_
y
2
z
_
dy+
_
z
2
x
_
dz
=
_
1
0
_
t
2
t
_
dt+
_
t
2
t
_
dt+
_
t
2
t
_
dt
= 3
_
1
0
_
t
2
t
_
dt =
1
2
(b) Let x = t, y = t
2
and z = t
3
, where 0 t 1.
_
C
Fdr =
_
C
__
x
2
y
_
i+
_
y
2
z
_
j+
_
z
2
x
_
k
[dxi+dyj+dzk]
=
_
C
_
x
2
y
_
dx+
_
y
2
z
_
dy+
_
z
2
x
_
dz
=
_
1
0
_
t
2
t
2
_
dt+
_
_
t
2
_
2
t
3
_
dt
2
+
_
_
t
3
_
2
t
_
dt
3
=
_
1
0
_
t
2
t
2
_
dt+2t
_
t
4
t
3
_
dt+3t
2
_
t
6
t
_
dt
=
_
1
0
_
2t
5
2t
4
+ 3t
8
3t
3
_
dt =
29
60
(27) (a) Let x = cos t and y = sint, where 0 t 2,
_
C
ydx +xdy =
_
1
0
sintd (cos t) + cos td (sint)
=
_
2
0
_
sin
2
t + cos
2
t
_
dt = 2.
(b) Let x = 1 t and y = t, where 0 t 1
_
C
(x +y) dx +
_
x
2
+y
2
_
dy =
_
1
0
(1) d (1 t) +
_
1
0
_
(1 t)
2
+t
2
_
dt
= 1 +
_
1
0
_
2t
2
+ 1 2t
_
dt =
1
3
.
135
(28) Since
F =
i j k
z
y sinz xsinz xy cos z
=
_

y
(xy cos z)

z
(xsinz)
_
i+
_

x
(xy cos z)

z
(y sinz)
_
j
+
_

x
(xsinz)

y
(y sinz)
_
k
= 0
Therefore, F is conservative and there exists a function such that = F. In this case,
= xy sinz+ constant and
_
(1,2,3)
(0,0,0)
[(xy sin z) i + (xsinz) j + (xy cos z) k] dr
= xy sinz[
(1,2,3)
(0,0,0)
= (1) (2) sin(3) (0) (0) sin0 = 2 sin3
(29) Since cos
2
t + sin
2
t = 1, so, let x 1 = cos t and y = sint, then x = cos t 1, y = sint.
(30) (a) F = 3y, 5x), P = 3y, Q = 5x and R = (r, ) [0 r 1, 0 2.
_
R
F dr =
_ _
R
_
Q
x

P
y
_
dA =
_
2
0
_
1
0
(5 3) r dr d = 2 []
2
0
_
1
2
r
2
1
0
= 2
(b) F =
y
2
, x
2
_
, P = y
2
, Q = x
2
and R = (x, y) [0 x 1, 0 y 1.
_
R
F dr =
_
1
0
_
1
0
(2x 2y) dxdy =
_
1
0
_
x
2
2xy
1
0
dy
=
_
1
0
(1 2y) dy =
_
y y
2
1
0
= 0
(c) F = xy, x y), P = xy, Q = x y, and R = (x, y) [0 x 1, 1 x y 1.
_
R
F dr =
_
1
0
_
1
1x
(1 x) dy dx =
_
1
0
_
x x
2
_
dx =
_
1
2
x
2
1
3
x
3
1
0
=
1
6
136
(31) (a) Let x = a cos t and y = a sint, where 0 t 2.
_
C
_
x
2
y
_
dx +
_
xy
2
_
dy
=
_
2
0
_
a
2
cos
2
t a sint
_
d (a cos t) +
_
a
2
cos t a sin
2
t
_
d (a sint)
=
_
2
0
_
a
4
cos
2
t sin
2
t +a
4
cos
2
t sin
2
t
_
dt
= 2a
4
_
2
0
_
cos
2
t sin
2
t
_
dt = 2a
4
_
2
0
_
sin2t
2
_
2
dt
=
1
2
a
4
_
2
0
sin
2
2tdt
=
1
2
a
4
_
2
0
_
1 cos 4t
2
_
dt =
1
2
a
4
and
__
x
2
+y
2
a
2
_
_
xy
2
_
x

_
x
2
y
_
y
_
dxdy =
__
x
2
+y
2
a
2
_
y
2
+x
2
_
dxdy
Use polar coordinates, x = r cos and y = r sin, we have
__
x
2
+y
2
a
2
_
_
xy
2
_
x

_
x
2
y
_
y
_
dxdy
=
_
2
0
_
a
0
_
r
2
cos
2
+r
2
sin
2
_
rdrd
=
_
2
0
_
a
0
r
3
drd =
_
2
0
1
4
a
4
d =
1
2
a
4
(b)
x
y
(0,1)
(1,0)
(-1,0)
(0,-1)
137
On C
1
the line x +y = 1, x = 1 t and y = t, where 0 t 1.
_
C
1
(y) dx + (x) dy =
_
1
0
(t) d (1 t) + (1 t) dt
=
_
1
0
tdt + (1 t) dt =
_
1
0
dt = 1
On C
2
the line x +y = 1, x = t and y = 1 t, where 0 t 1.
_
C
2
(y) dx + (x) dy =
_
1
0
(1 t) d (t) + (t) d (1 t)
=
_
1
0
(1 t) dt +tdt =
_
1
0
dt = 1
On C
3
the line x y = 1, x = t 1 and y = t, where 0 t 1.
_
C
3
(y) dx + (x) dy =
_
1
0
(t) d (t 1) + (t 1) d (t)
=
_
1
0
tdt (t 1) dt =
_
1
0
dt = 1
On C
4
the line x y = 1, x = t and y = t 1, where 0 t 1.
_
C
4
(y) dx + (x) dy =
_
1
0
(t 1) dt +td (t 1)
=
_
1
0
(t 1) dt +tdt =
_
1
0
dt = 1
Hence,
_
C
(y) dx + (x) dy =
_
C
1
+
_
C
2
+
_
C
3
+
_
C
4
(y) dx + (x) dy = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4
and
__
square
_
(x)
x

(y)
y
_
dxdy =
__
square
2dxdy = 2 area of square
= 2
2 = 4
Therefore,
_
C
(y) dx + (x) dy =
__
square
_
(x)
x

(y)
y
_
dxdy.
138
and the Greens Theorem is true in this case.
(32) By Greens Theorem,
_
xy
2
dx +
_
x
2
y + 2x
_
dy =
__
Region
_
_
x
2
y + 2x
_
x

_
xy
2
_
y
_
dxdy
=
__
Region
2dxdy
= 2 area of the region
(33) (a)
X = cos usinv, Y = sinusinv, Z = cos v
X
u
= sinusinv, Y
u
= cos usinv, Z
u
= 0
X
v
= cos ucos v, Y
v
= sinucos v, Z
v
= sinv
and
E = (X
u
)
2
+ (Y
u
)
2
+ (Z
u
)
2
= sin
2
v
G = (X
v
)
2
+ (Y
v
)
2
+ (Z
v
)
2
= 1
F = X
u
X
v
+Y
u
Y
v
+Z
u
Z
v
= 0
_
S
f (x, y, z) dxdydz =
_
/2
0
_
/2
0
cos usin v sinusinv cos v
_
sin
2
vdudv
=
_
/2
0
cos usinudu
_
/2
0
cos v sin
3
vdv
=
1
8
(b)
O
x
y
z
139
On S
1
, the plane x = 0
_
S
1
f (x, y, z) dS =
_
1
0
_
1z
0
(y +z) dydz =
1
3
On S
2
, the plane y = 0
_
S
2
f (x, y, z) dS =
_
1
0
_
2
0
(z) dxdz = 1
On S
3
, the plane x = 2
_
S
3
f (x, y, z) dS =
_
1
0
_
1z
0
(y +z) dydz =
1
3
On S
4
, the plane z = 0
_
S
4
f (x, y, z) dS =
_
1
0
_
2
0
ydxdy = 1
On S
5
, the plane y +z = 1
_
S
5
f (x, y, z) dS =
_
1
0
_
2
0
(1)
_
1 + (0)
2
+ (1)
2
dxdy = 2
2
Hence,
_
S
f (x, y, z) dS = 1 +
1
3
+ 1 +
1
3
+ 2
2 =
8
3
+ 2
2
(34)
z =
_
2 x
2
y
2
, z
x
=
x
_
2 x
2
y
2
, z
y
=
y
_
2 x
2
y
2
.
140
Let x = r cos , y = r sin , 0 r 1 and 0 2.
__
x
2
+y
2
1
_
1 +z
2
x
+z
2
y
dxdy
=
__
x
2
+y
2
1
1 +
x
2
2 x
2
y
2
+
y
2
2 x
2
y
2
dxdy
=
_
2
0
_
1
0
r
_
1 +
r
2
2 r
2
drd
=
_
2
0
_
1
0
r
_
2
2 r
2
drd
=
_
2
0
_
2
_
2 r
2
_
1
0
d
=
_
2
0
_
2
2
_
d = 2
_
2
2
_
(35)
Let X = a cos u, Y = a sinu, Z = v, where 0 u 2 and 0 v 10 a cos u 2a sinu.
Then X
u
= a sinu, Y
u
= a cos u, Z
u
= 0 and X
v
= 0, Y
v
= 0, Z
v
= 1.
E = (a sinu)
2
+ (a cos u)
2
+ (0)
2
= a
2
G = (0)
2
+ (0)
2
+ (1)
2
= 1
F = (a sinu) (0) + (a cos u) (0) + (0) (1) = 0
and
_
EGF
2
=
_
a
2
cos
2
u +a
2
sin
2
u = a
A =
_
2
0
_
10a cos u2a sin u
0
advdu = a
_
2
0
(10 a cos u 2a sinu) du = 20a
141
(36) z = 2x, z
x
= 2, z
y
= 0.
__
x
2
+y
2
1
_
1 +z
2
x
+z
2
y
dxdy =
__
x
2
+y
2
1
_
1 + (2)
2
+ (0)
2
dxdy
=
5
__
x
2
+y
2
1
dxdy =
5
(37)
z = 4x
2
y
2
, z
x
= 2x, z
y
= 2y. Let x = r cos , y = r sin, 1 r 2 and 0 2
__
1x
2
+y
2
4
_
1 +z
2
x
+z
2
y
dxdy =
__
1x
2
+y
2
4
_
1 + 4x
2
+ 4y
2
dxdy
=
_
2
0
_
2
1
r
_
1 + 4r
2
drd
=
_
2
0
_
1
12
_
1 + 4r
2
_
3/2
_
2
1
d
=
_
2
0
_
17
12
17
5
12
5
_
d =
1
6
_
17
17 5
5
_
(38) (a) Let f (x, y, z) = 1, z = (x, y) = 1 x y, and
z
x
=
z
y
= 1.
R is the region inside x
2
+y
2
= a
2
or R = (r, ) [ 0 r a, 0 2.
S =
_ _
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
_ _
R
f (x, y, (x, y))
_
z
x
_
2
+
_
z
y
_
2
+ 1 dxdy
=
_
2
0
_
a
0
_
3
_
r dr d =
3a
2
(b) Let f (x, y, z) = 1, z = (x, y) =
2
3
_
x
3/2
+y
3/2
_
, and
z
x
=
x,
z
y
=
y.
142
R = (x, y) [ 0 x 1, 0 y 1
S =
_ _
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
_
1
0
_
1
0
_
_
x
_
2
+ (
y)
2
+ 1 dxdy
=
_
1
0
_
2
3
(x +y + 1)
3/2
_
1
0
dy =
2
3
_
1
0
_
(y + 2)
3/2
(y + 1)
3/2
_
dy
=
2
3
_
2
5
(y + 2)
5/2
2
5
(y + 1)
5/2
_
1
0
=
4
15
__
3
5/2
2
5/2
_
_
2
5/2
1
5/2
__
=
4
15
_
3
5/2
2
7/2
+ 1
_
= 1.4066
(39) (a) (x, y, z) = z, let z = (x, y) =
_
4 x
2
y
2
, and
z
x
=
x
z
,
z
y
=
y
z
.
R = (r, ) [ 0 r 2, 0 2
S =
_ _
S
(x, y, z) dS =
_
2
0
_
2
0
(z)
_
_
x
z
_
2
+
_
y
z
_
2
+ 1r dr d
=
_
2
0
_
2
0
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
r dr d =
_
2
0
d
_
2
0
2r dr = []
2
0
_
r
2
2
0
= 8
(b) Find the equation for the area, a plane, within ABC:
AB =
OB
OA = 0, 1, 0) 1, 0, 0) = 1, 1, 0) and

AC = 1, 0, 1).
normal vector = n =

AB
AC =
i j k
1 1 0
1 0 1
= 1, 1, 1)
Equation for the plane with normal vector n and passing through A(1, 0, 0):
(x 1) + (y 0) + (z 0) = 0 =x +y +z = 1
(x, y, z) = xyz, let z = (x, y) = 1 x y, and
z
x
=
z
y
= 1.
R = (x, y) [ 0 x 1, 0 y 1 x
S =
_ _
S
(x, y, z) dS =
_
1
0
_
1x
0
(xyz)
_
(1)
2
+ (1)
2
+ 1 dy dx
=
3
_
1
0
_
1x
0
xy (1 x y) dy dx =
3
_
1
0
_
1
2
xy
2
1
2
x
2
y
2
1
3
xy
3
_
1x
0
dx
=
3
_
1
0
_
1
6
x
4
+
1
2
x
3
1
2
x
2
+
1
6
x
_
dx =
3
120
(c) (x, y, z) = z
2
On the surface S
1
, z = 0 and (x, y, z) = 0, thus
_ _
S
1
(x, y, z) dS
1
= 0.
On the surface S
2
, z = 1 and (x, y, z) = 1 and S
2
= (x, y) [0 x 1, 0 y 1,
thus
_ _
S
2
(x, y, z) dS
2
=
_ _
S
2
dS
2
=
_
1
0
_
1
0
dxdy = 1.
143
On the surface S
3
and S
4
, x = 0 and 1, and S
3
= S
4
= (y, z) [0 y 1, 0 z 1,
thus
_ _
S
3
(x, y, z) dS
3
=
_ _
S
4
(x, y, z) dS
4
=
_
1
0
_
1
0
z
2
dy dz =
1
3
.
On the surface S
5
and S
6
, y = 0 and 1, and S
5
= S
6
= (x, z) [0 x 1, 0 z 1,
thus
_ _
S
5
(x, y, z) dS
5
=
_ _
S
6
(x, y, z) dS
6
=
_
1
0
_
1
0
z
2
dxdz =
1
3
.
Therefore,
_ _
S
(x, y, z) dS =
_ _
S
1
+
_ _
S
2
+... +
_ _
S
6
=
7
3
.
(40) (a) The equation for the plane that including ABC:
unit normal vector =
6,3,2
6
2
+3
2
+2
2
=
6
7
,
3
7
,
2
7
_
6 (x 1) + 3 (y 0) + 2 (z 0) = 0 =6x + 3y + 2z = 6
Let z = (x, y) = 3 3x
3
2
y, then F = xy, y, zx) =
xy, y, 3x 3x
2
3
2
xy
_
Using the formula
_ _
S
F ndS =
_ _
R
_
P
z
x
Q
z
y
+R
_
dxdy
F n =
xy, y, 3x 3x
2
3
2
xy
_
6
7
,
3
7
,
2
7
_
=
6
7
x +
3
7
y +
3
7
xy
6
7
x
2
R = (x, y) [ 0 x 1, 0 y 2 2x
dS =
1
|n k|
dxdy =
7
2
dxdy
_ _
S
F ndS =
_
1
0
_
22x
0
_
6
7
x +
3
7
y +
3
7
xy
6
7
x
2
_
7
2
dy dx =
7
4
=
_
1
0
_
3xy 3x
2
y
3
4
xy
2
_
22x
0
dx
or using the formula
__
S
F ndS =
__
D
F(r (u, v)) (r
u
r
v
) dudv
Let r (x, y) =
x, y, 3 3x
3
2
y
_
and D = (x, y) [0 x 1, 0 y 2 2x, then
r
x
= 1, 0, 3) and r
y
=
0, 1,
3
2
_
.
r
x
r
y
=
i j k
1 0 3
0 1
3
2
3,
3
2
, 1
_
144
F(r (x, y)) =
xy, y, 3x 3x
2
3
2
xy
_
__
D
F(r (x, y)) (r
x
r
y
) dxdy
=
_
1
0
_
22x
0
_
xy, y, 3x 3x
2
3
2
xy
_
_
3,
3
2
, 1
_
dy dx
=
_
1
0
_
22x
0
_
3
2
xy +
3
2
y + 3x 3x
2
_
dy dx
=
_
1
0
_
9x
3
15x
2
+ 3x + 3
_
dx =
7
4
(b) Let f (x, y, z) = x
2
+y
2
+z
2
a
2
and z = (x, y) =
_
a
2
x
2
y
2
.
F = x, y, z) =
_
x, y,
_
a
2
x
2
y
2
_
Using the formula
_ _
S
F ndS =
_ _
R
_
P
z
x
Q
z
y
+R
_
dxdy
n =
f
f
=
2x,2y,2z
2
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
=
_
2x,2y,2
a
2
x
2
y
2
_
2a
=
_
x
a
,
y
a
,
1
a
_
a
2
x
2
y
2
_
F n =
x
2
a
+
y
2
a
+
1
a
_
a
2
x
2
y
2
_
= a
R = (r, ) [ 0 r a, 0 2
dS =
1
|n k|
r dr d =
a
_
a
2
x
2
y
2
r dr d =
ar
a
2
r
2
dr d
_ _
S
F ndS =
_
2
0
_
a
0
(a)
ar
a
2
r
2
dr d = a
2
_
2
0
_
a
2
r
2
_
a
0
d = a
3
_
2
0
d =
2a
3
_ _
S
F ndS =
_ _
D
F(r (u, v)) (r
u
r
v
) dudv
Let
r (, ) = a sincos , a sinsin , a cos ) and D =
_
(, ) [0

2
, 0 2
_
then r
= a cos cos , a cos sin, a sin) and r
= a sinsin , a sincos , 0).

145
r
i j k
a cos cos a cos sin a sin
a sinsin a sincos 0
a
2
sin
2
cos , a
2
sin
2
sin, a
2
sincos
_
F(r (, )) = a sincos , a sinsin , a cos )
F(r (, )) (r
) = a
3
sin
Therefore,
__
D
F(r (, )) (r
) dd =
_
2
0
_
/2
0
a
3
sindd = 2a
3
(c) On the surface S
1
, z = 0, F = x, 2y, 0) and n = 0, 0, 1), thus
__
S
1
F ndS =
__
S
1
(0) dS = 0.
On the surface S
2
, z = 1, F = x, 2y, 3), n = 0, 0, 1), dS =
1
|n k|
dxdy = dxdy,
and S
2
= (x, y) [0 x 1, 0 y 1, thus
__
S
2
F ndS =
__
S
2
(3) dS = 3
_
1
0
_
1
0
dxdy = 3.
On the surface S
3
, x = 0, F = 0, 2y, 3z), n = 1, 0, 0), thus
__
S
3
F ndS =
__
S
3
(0) dS = 0.
On the surface S
4
, x = 1, F = 1, 2y, 3z), n = 1, 0, 0), dS
4
=
1
|n i|
dxdy = dy dz,
and S
4
= (y, z) [0 y 1, 0 z 1, thus
__
S
4
F ndS =
__
S
4
(1) dS =
_
1
0
_
1
0
dy dz = 1.
On the surface S
5
, y = 0, F = x, 0, 3z), n = 0, 1, 0), thus
__
S
5
F ndS =
__
S
5
(0) dS = 0.
On the surface S
6
, y = 1, F = x, 2, 3z), n = 0, 1, 0), dS
6
=
1
|nj|
dxdy = dxdy, and
146
S
6
= (x, z) [0 x 1, 0 z 1, thus
__
S
6
F ndS =
__
S
6
(2) dS = 2
_
1
0
_
1
0
dxdz = 2.
Therefore,
__
S
F ndS =
__
S
1
+
__
S
2
+... +
__
S
6
= 6.
(41) For the top end-face of the cylinder x
2
+ y
2
= 4, 0 z 3, n = 0, 0, 1). Using the
formula
__
S
F ndS =
__
R
_
P
z
x
Q
z
y
+R
_
dxdy
F =
4x, 2y
2
, z
2
x
2
_
=
4x, 2y
2
, 9x
2
_
F n = 9x
2
R = (r, ) [ 0 r 2, 0 2
dS =
1
|n k|
r dr d = r dr d
__
S
F ndS =
_
2
0
_
2
0
9 (r cos )
2
r dr d = 9
_
2
0
_
2
0
r
3
cos
2
dr d
= 9
_
2
0
1 + cos 2
2
d
_
2
0
r
3
dr
= 9
_
2
+
1
4
sin2
_
2
0
_
1
4
r
4
_
2
0
= 36
__
S
F ndS =
_ _
D
F(r (u, v)) (r
u
r
v
) dudv
Let
r (r, ) = r cos , r sin, 3) and D = (r, ) [0 r 2, 0 2
then r
= cos , sin, 0) and r
= r sin, r cos , 0).

r
r
r
i j k
cos sin 0
r sin r cos 0
= 0, 0, r)
F(r (r, )) =
4r cos , 2r
2
sin
2
, 9r
2
cos
2
_
F(r (r, )) (r
r
r
) = 9r
3
cos
2
__
D
F(r (r, )) (r
r
r
) dr d =
_
2
0
_
2
0
9r
3
cos
2
dr d = 36
147
(42) (a)
O
x
y
z
Let f = x + 2y +z 3 = 0, then n = f =
i + 2j +k
_
(1)
2
+ (2)
2
+ (1)
2
=
1
6
(i + 2j +k)
_
S
F ndS =
_
S
(i + 2j + 3k)
_
1
6
(i + 2j +k)
_
dS =
_
S
6dS
=
6
_
3
0
_ 3x
2
0
_
1 + (1)
2
+ (2)
2
dydx
=
27
2
(b)
O
x
y
z
Let f = e
x
y = 0, then n = f =
e
x
i j
_
(e
x
)
2
+ (1)
2
=
e
x
i j
e
2x
+ 1
_
S
F ndS =
_
S
(2i + 2yj +zk)
_
e
x
i j
e
2x
+ 1
_
dS =
_
S
(2e
x
2y)
e
2x
+ 1
dS
Let Z = v, X = u, Y = e
u
, where 0 v 1 and 0 u ln2.
Note that X
u
= 1, Y
u
= e
u
, Z
u
= 0 and X
v
= 0, Y
v
= 0, Z
v
= 1
E = (X
u
)
2
+ (Y
u
)
2
+ (Z
u
)
2
= (1)
2
+ (e
u
)
2
+ 0
2
= 1 +e
2u
G = (X
v
)
2
+ (Y
v
)
2
+ (Z
v
)
2
= (0)
2
+ (0)
2
+ (1)
2
= 1
F = X
u
X
v
+Y
u
Y
v
+Z
u
Z
v
= (1) (0) + (e
u
) (0) + (0) (1) = 0
_
S
F ndS =
_
1
0
_
ln2
0
(2e
u
2e
u
)
e
2u
+ 1
_
(1 +e
2u
) (1) 0
2
dudv
= 4
_
1
0
_
ln 2
0
e
u
dudv = 4
_
1
0
dv = 4
148
(43) (a)
_
D
Fdxdydz =
_
D
_

x
i+

y
j+

z
k
_
_
x
3
i+y
3
j+z
3
k
_
dxdydz
=
_
D
_
x
3
x
+
y
3
y
+
z
3
z
_
dxdydz = 3
_
D
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
_
dxdydz
= 3
_
/2
0
_
2
0
_
1
0
r
4
sindrdd =
6
5
On S
1
the surface of the hemi-sphere x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1 and n = r.
_
S
1
F ndS =
_
S
1
F rdS =
_
S
1
_
x
3
i+y
3
j+z
3
k
_
(xi+yj+zk) dS
=
_
S
1
_
x
4
+y
4
+z
4
_
dS
Let X = sinv cos u, Y = sinv sinu, Z = cos v, then
EGF
2
=
sin
2
v = sinv.
_
S
1
F ndS
=
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
(sinv cos u)
4
+(sinv sinu)
4
+(cos v)
4
_
sinvdvdu
=
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
sin
4
v cos
4
u + sin
4
v sin
4
u + cos
4
v
_
sinvdvdu
=
_
2
0
_
/2
0
_
sin
4
v
_
cos
4
u + sin
4
u
_
+ cos
4
v
_
sinvdvdu
=
_
2
0
_
_
cos
4
u + sin
4
u
_
_
1
5
cos
5
v
2
3
cos
3
v + cos v
_
+
1
5
cos
5
v
_
/2
0
du
=
_
2
0
_
8
15
_
cos
4
u + sin
4
u
_
+
1
5
_
du
=
8
15
_
2
0
_
_
1 + cos 2u
2
_
2
+
_
1 cos 2u
2
_
2
_
du +
2
5
=
8
15
_
2
0
_
1 + 2 cos 2u + cos
2
2u
4
+
1 2 cos 2u + cos
2
2u
4
_
du +
2
5
=
4
15
_
2
0
_
1 + cos
2
2u
_
du +
2
5
=
4
15
_
2
0
_
1 +
_
1 + cos 4u
2
__
du +
2
5
=
4
15
_
3u
2
+
sin4u
8
_
2
0
+
2
5
=
6
5
149
On S
2
the bottom surface (z = 0) and n = k
_
S
2
F ndS =
_
S
2
_
x
3
i+y
3
j+z
3
k
_
(k) dS =
_
S
2
z
3
dS = 0
(b)
_
D
Fdxdydz =
_
D
_

x
i+

y
j+

z
k
_
_
2xzi+yjz
2
k
_
dxdydz
=
_
D
_
2xz
x
+
y
y
+
_
z
2
_
z
_
dxdydz
=
_
D
(2z + 1 2z) dxdydz
=
__
x
2
+4y
2
16
_
y
0
dzdxdy =
_ _
x
2
+4y
2
16
ydxdy
Let x = 4r cos , y = 2r sin and [J[ = 8r
_
D
Fdxdydz =
_
/2
0
_
1
0
16r
2
sindrd =
16
3
On the plane z = y : n =
j +k
2
_
S
1
F ndS =
_
S
1
_
2xzi+yjz
2
k
_
j +k
2
dS =
1
2
_
S
1
_
y z
2
_
dS
=
1
2
__
R
1
_
y +y
2
_
_
1 +z
2
x
+z
2
y
dxdy
=
1
2
__
R
1
_
y +y
2
_
1 + 1dxdy
=
__
R
1
_
y +y
2
_
dxdy
= 8
_
/2
0
_
1
0
_
2r
2
sin + 4r
3
sin
2
_
drd
= 2
16
3
On the plane z = 0 : n = k
_
S
2
F ndS =
_
S
2
_
2xzi+yjz
2
k
_
(k) dS =
_
S
2
z
2
dS = 0
150
On the plane x
2
+ 4y
2
= 16 : n =
xi + 4yj
_
x
2
+ 16y
2
_
S
3
F ndS =
_
S
3
_
2xzi+yjz
2
k
_
_
xi + 4yj
_
x
2
+ 16y
2
_
dS
=
_
S
4
2x
2
z + 4y
2
_
x
2
+ 16y
2
dS
Let X = 4 cos u, Y = 2 sinu and Z = v Then X
u
= 4 sinu, Y
u
= 2 cos u, Z
u
= 0,
and X
v
= 0, Y
v
= 0, Z
v
= 1.
E = X
2
u
+Y
2
u
+Z
2
u
= 16 sin
2
u + 4 cos
2
u, G = 1, F = 0
_
S
3
F ndS
=
_
/2
0
_
2 sin u
0
2 (4 cos u)
2
(v) + 4 (2 sinu)
2
_
(4 cos u)
2
+ 16 (2 sinu)
2
_
16 sin
2
u + 4 cos
2
udvdu
=
_
/2
0
_
2 sin u
0
_
16v cos
2
u + 8 sin
2
u
_
dvdu
=
_
/2
0
_
32 sin
2
ucos
2
u + 16 sin
3
u
_
du
= 2 +
32
3
On the plane x = 0 : n = i
_
S
4
F ndS =
_
S
2
_
2xzi+yjz
2
k
_
(i) dS =
_
S
4
2xzdS = 0
Hence,
_
S
F ndS =
_
S
1
F ndS +
_
S
2
F ndS +
_
S
3
F ndS +
_
S
4
F ndS =
16
3
(44) (a) F = x, y, z)
F =

x
(x) +

y
(y) +

z
(z) = 3
151
D = (, , ) [0 a, 0 , 0 2
_ _
D
F ndS =
_ _ _
D
( F) dV =
_
2
0
_

0
_
a
0
(3)
2
sind dd
= 3 (Volume of a sphere with radius a) = 4a
3
(b) F = x, y, z)
F =

x
(x) +

y
(y) +

z
(z) = 3
D = (x, y, z) [0 x 1, 0 y 1, 0 z 1
_ _
D
F ndS =
_ _ _
D
( F) dV =
_
1
0
_
1
0
_
1
0
(3) dxdy dz
= 3 (Volume of a unit cube) = 3
(c) F =
x
2
, y
2
, z
2
_
F =

x
_
x
2
_
+

y
_
y
2
_
+

z
_
z
2
_
= 2x + 2y + 2z
D = (, , ) [0 1, 0 , 0 2
__
D
F ndS
=
_ _ _
D
( F) dV =
_
2
0
_

0
_
1
0
(2x + 2y + 2z)
2
sind dd
=
_
2
0
_

0
_
1
0
2 ( sincos + sinsin + cos )
2
sind dd
=
_
1
0
3
d
_

0
_
2
0
2
_
sin
2
cos + sin
2
sin + sincos
_
d d
=
_
1
4
4
_
1
0
_

0
2
_
sin
2
sin sin
2
cos + sincos
2
0
d d
=
1
4
_

0
4 sincos d =
_
1
2
sin
2
0
= 0
152
(45) The total force acting on D is
_
S
gzndS k =
_
S
gzk ndS =
_
D
gzkdxdydz
= g
_
D
_

x
i+

y
j+

z
k
_
zkdxdydz
= g
_
D
z
z
dxdydz
= g
_
D
dxdydz
= g volume of D
(46) (a) F = 2z, y, x)
F =
i j k
z
2z y x
= 0, 1, 0)
The equation for the area within ABC:
unit normal vector = n =
1,1,1
1
2
+1
2
+1
2
=
_
1
3
,
1
3
,
1
3
_
(x 2) + (y 0) + (z 0) = 0 =x +y +z = 2
nd the integral by using surface integral
S = (x, y) [0 x 2, 0 y 2 x
dS =
1
|n k|
dxdy =
3 dxdy
_
S
F dr =
_
S
(F) ndS =
_
2
0
_
2x
0
_
1
3
_
3 dy dx =
_
2
0
[y]
2x
0
dx
=
_
2
0
(2 x) dx =
_
2x
1
2
x
2
_
2
0
= 2
Find the integral by using line integral
1
(AB) : r (t) = 2 2t, 2t, 0), 0 t 1
F(r (t)) = 0, 2t, 2 2t)
r
(t) = 2, 2, 0)
F(r (t)) r
(t) = 0, 2t, 2 2t) 2, 2, 0) = 4t

_
1
F(r (t)) r
(t) dt =
_
1
0
(4t) dt = 2
2
(BC) : r (s) = 0, 2 2s, 2s), 0 s 1
F(r (s)) = 4s, 2s 2, 0)
r
(s) = 0, 2, 2)
153
F(r (s)) r
(s) = 4s, 2s 2, 0) 0, 2, 2) = 4 4s
_
2
F(r (s)) r
(s) ds =
_
1
0
(4 4s) ds = 2
3
(CA) : r (u) = 2u, 0, 2 2u), 0 u 1
F(r (u)) = 4 4u, 0, 2u)
r
(u) = 2, 0, 2)
F(r (u)) r
(u) = 4 4u, 0, 2u) 2, 0, 2) = 8 12u

_
3
F(r (u)) r
(u) du =
_
1
0
(8 12u) du = 2
Therefore,
_
S
F dr =
_
1
+
_
2
+
_
3
= 2 + 2 + 2 = 2.
(b) F = xz, y, xy)
F =
i j k
z
xz y xy
= x, x y, 0)
The equation for the plane that including ABC:
unit normal vector = n =
1,1,1
1
2
+1
2
+1
2
=
_
1
3
,
1
3
,
1
3
_
(x 1) + (y 0) + (z 0) = 0 =x +y +z = 1
Find the integral by using surface integral.
S = (x, y) [0 x 1, 0 y 1 x
dS =
1
|n k|
dxdy =
3 dxdy
_
S
F dr =
_
S
(F) ndS =
_
1
0
_
1x
0
_
1
3
(2x y)
_
3 dy dx
=
_
1
0
_
2xy
1
2
y
2
_
1x
0
dx =
_
1
0
_
3x
1
2

5
2
x
2
_
dx =
1
6
Find the integral by using line integral
1
(AB) : r (t) = 1 t, t, 0), 0 t 1
F(r (t)) =
0, t, t t
2
_
r
(t) = 1, 1, 0)
F(r (t)) r
(t) =
0, t, t t
2
_
1, 1, 0) = t
_
1
F(r (t)) r
(t) dt =
_
1
0
(t) dt =
1
2
2
(BC) : r (s) = 0, 1 s, s), 0 s 1
F(r (s)) = 0, s 1, 0)
r
(s) = 0, 1, 1)
F(r (s)) r
(s) = 0, s 1, 0) 0, 1, 1) = 1 s
_
2
F(r (s)) r
(s) ds =
_
1
0
(1 s) ds =
1
2
3
(CA) : r (u) = u, 0, 1 u), 0 u 1
F(r (u)) =
u u
2
, 0, 0
_
154
r
(u) = 1, 0, 1)
F(r (u)) r
(u) =
u u
2
, 0, 0
_
1, 0, 1) = u u
2
_
3
F(r (u)) r
(u) du =
_
1
0
_
u u
2
_
du =
1
6
Therefore,
_
S
F dr =
_
1
+
_
2
+
_
3
=
1
2
+
1
2
+
1
6
=
1
6
.
(47) (a)
F =
i j k
z
x
2
2x z
2
= 2k
By Stokes Theorem,
_
C
F dr =
__
S
F ndS =
__
4x
2
+y
2
4
2k kdS
= 2
__
4x
2
+y
2
4
dS = 2 2 = 4
(b)
F =
i j k
z
y zx x
2
= xi 2xj+(z 1) k
By Stokes Theorem,
_
C
F dr =
__
S
F ndS
=
__
S
(xi 2xj+(z 1) k)
_
1
3
i +
1
3
j+
1
3
k
_
dS
=
1
3
__
S
(3x +z 1) dS
=
1
3
_
1
0
_
1x
0
(3x x y)
_
1 + (z
x
)
2
+ (z
y
)
2
dydx
=
1
3
_
1
0
_
1x
0
(4x y)
_
1 + (1)
2
+ (1)
2
dydx
=
_
1
0
_
1x
0
(4x y) dydx =
_
4xy
1
2
y
2
_
1x
0
=
_
1
0
_
3x +
7
2
x
2
1
2
_
dx
=
5
6
155
(48) By Stokes Theorem,
__
S
(yi) ndS =
_
C
(yi) dr =
_
C
(yi) (dxi +dyj +dzk) =
_
C
ydx
=
_
2
0
sintd (cos t) =
_
2
0
sin
2
tdt =
156
Chapter 7
Dierential Equations
(1) (a)
dy
dx
=
4y
x(y3)
=
(y3)dy
y
= 4
dx
x
=
_
1
3
y
_
dy = 4
dx
x
_
_
1
3
y
_
dy = 4
_
dx
x
=y 3 ln[y[ = 4 ln[x[ +C
(b)
dy
dx
=
y
3
+4y
x(y
2
+2y+4)
=
(y
2
+2y+4)dy
y
3
+4y
=
dx
x
=
_
1
y
+
2
y
2
+4
_
dy =
dx
x
_
_
1
y
+
2
y
2
+4
_
dy =
_
dx
x
=ln[y[ + tan
1
y
2
= ln[x[ +C
(c)
dy
dx

2
x
y =
1
x
2
p (x) =
2
x
(x) = e
_
p(x)dx
= e
_
2
x
dx
= e
2 ln|x|
=
1
x
2
1
x
2
_
dy
dx

2
x
y
_
=
1
x
4
=
d
dx
_
1
x
2
y
_
=
1
x
4
=
1
x
2
y =
_
1
x
4
dx =
1
3x
3
+C
y =
1
3x
+Cx
2
(d) (x 1)
dy
dx
= y + 2 (x 2)
3
=
dy
dx
=
y
x1
+
2(x2)
3
x1
=
dy
dx

y
x1
=
2(x2)
3
x1
p (x) =
1
x1
(x) = e
_
1
x1
dx
=
1
x1
1
x1
_
dy
dx

y
x1
_
=
2(x2)
3
(x1)
2
=
d
dx
_
y
x1
_
= 2x 8 +
6
x1

2
(x1)
2
y
x1
=
_
_
2x 8 +
6
x1

2
(x1)
2
_
dx = x
2
8x + 6 ln[x 1[ +
2
x1
+C
y =
_
x
2
8x + 6 ln[x 1[ +
2
x1
+C
_
(x 1)
(e) x
3 dy
dx
+
_
2 3x
2
_
y = x
3
=
dy
dx
+
(23x
2
)
x
3
y = 1
p (x) =
(23x
2
)
x
3
(x) = e
_
(
23x
2
)
x
3
dx
= e
_
3 ln x
1
x
2
_
=
1
x
3
e
1
x
2
1
x
3
e
1
x
2
_
dy
dx
+
(23x
2
)
x
3
y
_
=
1
x
3
e
1
x
2
=
d
dx
_
1
x
3
e
1
x
2
y
_
=
1
x
3
e
1
x
2
1
x
3
e
1
x
2
y =
_
1
x
3
e
1
x
2
dx =
1
2
e
1
x
2
+C =y =
1
2
x
3
+Cx
3
e
1
x
2
(f)
dy
dx
+ (2 cos x) y = sin
2
xcos x
157
CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
p (x) = 2 cos x
(x) = e
_
2 cos xdx
= e
2 sin x
e
2 sin x
_
dy
dx
+ (2 cos x) y
_
= e
2 sin x
sin
2
xcos x =
d
dx
_
e
2 sin x
y
_
= e
2 sin x
sin
2
xcos x
e
2 sin x
y =
_
e
2 sin x
sin
2
xcos xdx =
_
e
2 sin x
sin
2
xd (sinx)
Let u = sin
2
x and dv = e
2 sin x
d (sinx), then du = 2 sinxcos xdx and v =
1
2
e
2 sin x
.
e
2 sin x
y =
1
2
e
2 sin x
sin
2
x
_ _
1
2
e
2 sin x
_
(2 sinxcos xdx)
=
1
2
e
2 sin x
sin
2
x
_
e
2 sin x
sinxcos xdx
=
1
2
e
2 sin x
sin
2
x
_
e
2 sin x
sinxd (sinx)
=
1
2
e
2 sin x
sin
2
x
1
2
e
2 sin x
sinx +
1
2
_
e
2 sin x
cos xdx
=
1
2
e
2 sin x
sin
2
x
1
2
e
2 sin x
sinx +
1
4
e
2 sin x
+C
= e
2 sin x
_
1
2
sin
2
x
1
2
sinx +
1
4
_
+C
y =
1
2
sin
2
x
1
2
sin x +
1
4
+Ce
2 sin x
or y = Ce
2 sin x
1
4
cos 2x
1
2
sinx +
1
2
(2) (a) The substitution y = xv(x) reduces the dierential equation to
v +x
dv
dx
=
2 +v
1 + 3v
, or x
dv
dx
=
2 3v
2
1 + 3v
.
Therefore, one has
_
1 + 3v
2 3v
2
dv =
_
dx
x
. Integration yields
6 6
12
ln
_
y
x
+
6
3
_
6 + 6
12
ln
_
y
x

6
3
_
= lnCx,
where C is an arbitrary constant.
(b) Re-writing the equation as y
+
_
3
x
_
y = 4 +
2
x
2
and multiplying both sides of this
equation by = e
_
3
x
dx
= x
3
, we obtain
d
dx
_
x
3
y
_
= 4x
3
+ 2x.
Integration yields
x
3
y = x
4
+x
2
+C, or y = x +
1
x
+
C
x
3
.
158
(c) Let v =
y
x
, then
dv
dx
=
1
x
dy
dx

y
x
2
=
dy
dx
= x
_
dv
dx
+
y
x
2
_
.
x
2
_
dv
dx
+
y
x
2
_
y + 3x
3
y x
4
= 0 =x
2 dv
dx
+ 3x
3
y x
4
= 0 =
dv
dx
+ 3x
2
v = x
2
p (x) = 3x
2
(x) = e
_
3x
2
dx
= e
x
3
e
x
3
_
dv
dx
+ 3x
2
v
_
= x
2
e
x
3
=
d
dv
_
e
x
3
v
_
= x
2
e
x
3
=e
x
3
v =
_
x
2
e
x
3
dx =
1
3
e
x
3
+C
v =
1
3
+Ce
x
3
=
y
x
=
1
3
+Ce
x
3
=y =
1
3
x +Cxe
x
3
(d) Let v =
y
x
, then
dv
dx
=
1
x
dy
dx

y
x
2
=
dy
dx
= x
_
dv
dx
+
y
x
2
_
.
x
_
dv
dx
+
y
x
2
_
= 2
y
x
+
_
x
y
_
3
= 2v +
1
v
3
=x
dv
dx
+v = 2v +
1
v
3
=x
dv
dx
= v +
1
v
3
=x
dv
dx
=
v
4
+1
v
3
=
v
3
dv
v
4
+1
=
dx
x
_
v
3
dv
v
4
+1
=
_
dx
x
=
1
4
ln
v
4
+ 1
= ln[x[ +C =
1
4
ln
_
y
x
_
4
+ 1
= ln[x[ +C
(e) Let v =
1
y
, then dv =
1
y
2
dy =dy = y
2
dv =
1
v
2
dv.
dv
v
2
dx
+
1
v
=
1
v
2
=
dv
v
2
dx
=
1
v

1
v
2
=
dv
dx
= v 1 =
dv
v1
= dx
_
dv
v1
=
_
dx =ln[v 1[ = x +C =ln
1
y
1
= x +C
(f) Let v =
1
y
4
, then dv =
4
y
5
dy =dy =
1
4
y
5
dv.
1
4
y
5 dv
dx

1
2x
y = y
5
=
dv
dx
+
2
xy
4
= 4 =
dv
dx
+
2v
x
= 4
p (x) =
2
x
(x) = e
_
2
x
dx
= e
2 ln x
= x
2
x
2
_
dv
dx
+
2v
x
_
= 4x
2
=
d
dx
_
x
2
v
_
= 4x
2
=x
2
v =
_
4x
2
dx =
4
3
x
3
+C
v =
4
3
x +C
1
x
2
=
1
y
4
=
4
3
x +C
1
x
2
(g) Let v = y 4x, then
dv
dx
=
dy
dx
4 =
dy
dx
=
dv
dx
+ 4.
dv
dx
+ 4 = v
2
=
dv
dx
= v
2
4 =
dv
v
2
4
= dx
_
dv
v
2
4
=
_
dx =
_
dv
4v
2
=
_
dx =
1
4
ln
v+2
v2
= x +C
Use the formula
_
du
a
2
u
2
=
1
2a
ln
u+a
ua
+C.
(h) Putting v =
1
y
, the equation is then transformed into
1
v
2
dv
dx
+
1
xv
=
x
v
2
, or
dv
dx

1
x
v = x,
which is a linear equation with unknown v. Multiplying the equation by =
e
_

1
x
dx
=
1
x
, one obtains
d
dx
_
1
x
v
_
= 1, which implies
1
x
v = x + C, or
1
xy
=
x +C.
(i) Substituting y = w
1
3
into the dierential equation, we obtain
x
3
3
w
4
3
dw
dx
+x
2
w
1
3
= w
4
3
cos x,
159
or
dw
dx
+
_
3
x
_
w =
3 cos x
x
3
, which is a linear equation with unknown w. Multiplying
the equation by = x
3
, we have
d
dx
(x
3
w) = 3 cos x. Integration then gives w =
3 sinx +C
x
3
, or y =
x
3
3 sinx +C
.
(3) (a) The equation is separable and may be written as y dy = e
x
dx, which may be inte-
grated to give y
2
= 2e
x
+ C, where C is a constant of integration. Applying the
initial condition y(0) = 1, we conclude that C = 1 and that the solution to the
initial value problem satises y
2
= 2e
x
1.
(b) The change of variable y = xv(x) reduces the equation to
dx
x
=
dv
cot v
= tanv dv,
or
_
dx
x
=
_
tanv dv, which implies lnx = lncos v +lnC. Therefore, the solution
of the dierential equation satises
xcos
y
x
= C. By the initial condition y() = 0, we have C = . Therefore,
xcos
y
x
= .
(c) The dierential equation is separable, which may be integrated to give
_
(1 y
5
)dy =
_
xe
x
2
dx,
or y
y
6
6
=
1
2
e
x
2
+ C. Since y(0) = 0, we conclude that C =
1
2
. As such, the
solution of the initial value problem satises
y
6
6y + 3e
x
2
= 3.
(d)
dy
dx
=
x
2
yy
y+1
=
y(x
2
1)
y+1
=
y+1
y
dy =
_
x
2
1
_
dx =
_
1 +
1
y
_
dy =
_
x
2
1
_
dx
_
_
1 +
1
y
_
dy =
_ _
x
2
1
_
dx =y + ln[y[ =
x
3
3
x +C
x = 3, y = 1 =1 + ln[1[ = 9 3 +C =C = 7
y + ln[y[ =
x
3
3
x 7
(e)
dy
dx
+ 2xy = 0 =
dy
dx
= 2xy =
dy
y
= 2xdx =ln[y[ = x
2
+C
x = 0, y = 2 =ln[2[ = C
ln[y[ = x
2
+ ln2 =y = e
x
2
+ln2
= 2e
x
2
(f) Let v =
y
x
, then
dv
dx
=
1
x
dy
dx

y
x
2
=
dy
dx
= x
_
dv
dx
+
y
x
2
_
.
x
_
dv
dx
+
y
x
2
_
=
1+(y/x)
2
2(xy/x
2
)
=
1+v
2
2v
=x
dv
dx
+v =
1+v
2
2v
=x
dv
dx
=
1v
2
2v
=
2v
1v
2
dv =
dx
x
160
_
2v
1v
2
dv =
_
dx
x
=ln
1 v
2
= ln[x[ +C =ln
1
_
y
x
_
2
= ln[x[ +C
x = 1, y = 2 =ln
1
_
2
1
_
2
= ln[1[ +C =C = ln3
ln
1
_
y
x
_
2
= ln[x[ ln3
(g)
dy
dx
+xy = xy
2
=
dy
dx
= xy (y 1) =
dy
y(y1)
= xdx =
_
1
y1

1
y
_
dy = xdx
_
_
1
y1

1
y
_
dy =
_
xdx =ln[y 1[ ln[y[ =
x
2
2
+C =ln
y1
y
=
x
2
2
+C
x = 0, y = 2 =ln
21
2
= C =C = ln2
ln
y1
y
=
x
2
2
ln2
(4) (a) With M = 2xy+cos x and N = x
2
+siny, a simple calculation gives
M
y
=
N
x
= 2x.
So the equation is exact. Integrating the equation
f
x
= M with respect to x results
in
f(x, y) =
_
(2xy + cos x) dx = x
2
y + sinx +g(y),
where g(y) is an arbitrary function of f. If we substitute this into the second equation
f
y
= N, we obtain
dg
dy
= siny, or g(y) = cos y. We therefore conclude that the
solution of the equation satises f(x, y) = C, or x
2
y + sinx cos y = C.
(b) Since

y
_
y + 2xy
3
=

x
_
1 + 3x
2
y
2
+x
= 1 + 6xy
2
, the equation is exact. We
consider the equations
_
_
f
x
= y + 2xy
3
f
y
= 1 + 3x
2
y
2
+x
Integrating the rst equation with respect to x, we obtain
f(x, y) =
_
(y + 2xy
3
)dx = xy +x
2
y
3
+g(y).
Substituting this into the second equation, we conclude that
x + 3x
2
y
2
+
dg
dy
= 1 + 3x
2
y
2
+x.
Thus
dg
dy
= 1 and g(y) = y. Therefore, f(x, y) = xy + x
2
y
3
+ y, which implies that
the solution of the equation satises
xy +x
2
y
3
+y = C.
161
(5) Let y (t) be the number of bacteria at time t (hour) and
dy
dt
be the growth rate of the
bacteria. So
dy
dt
= ay, where a is a constant.
dy
dt
= ay =
dy
y
= adt = ln[y[ = at + C = y (t) = e
at
e
C
= A
0
e
at
, where A
0
is a
constant.
Let y (0) = A
0
, then y (6) = A
0
e
6a
= 2A
0
.
=e
6a
= 2 =a =
1
6
ln2
Thus, y (t) = A
0
e
(t ln 2)/6
.
y (24) = A
0
e
(24 ln 2)/6
= 16A
0
So the number of bacteria is 16 times as much as the number at the beginning.
(6) Let x(t) be the weight of the radioactive material at time t (year) and
dx
dt
be the rate of
change of the weight. So
dx
dt
= bx, where b is a constant.
dx
dt
= bx =x(t) = B
0
e
bt
, where B
0
is a constant.
Let x(0) = 100 = B
0
, then x(2) = B
0
e
2b
= 0.95 100.
=e
2b
= 0.95 =b =
1
2
ln0.95
Thus, x(t) = 100e
(t ln 0.95)/2
.
x(t) = 100e
(t ln 0.95)/2
= 0.9 100 =e
(t ln0.95)/2
= 0.9 =t = 2
ln 0.9
ln 0.95
= 4.1082
So it takes 4.11 years for 10% of the original mass to decay.
(7) Let z (t) be the amount of the deposit at time t (year) and
dz
dt
be the rate of change of
the deposit. So
dz
dt
= 0.07z and z (t) = C
0
e
0.07t
, where C
0
is a constant.
Let z (0) = C
0
= 10000, then z (t) = 10000e
0.07t
.
z (2) = 10000e
0.07(2)
= 11503
So there will be $11503 in the account after 2 years.
(8) Let w(t) be the temperature of the bar at time t (hour) and
dw
dt
be the rate of change of
the temperature. So
dw
dt
= d (w(t) S), where d is a constant and S is the surrounding
temperature.
dw
w(t)S
= (d) dt =ln[w(t) S[ = dt +c =w(t) = S +D
o
e
dt
, where D
0
is a constant.
Let w(0) = 100 and S = 20, then 20 +D
0
= 100 =D
0
= 80.
w
_
1
3
_
= 20 + 80e
d/3
= 50 =e
d/3
=
3
8
=d = 3 ln
3
8
Thus, w(t) = 20 + 80e
(3 ln
3
8
)t
.
162
(9) Let T(t) be the temperature of the copper ball at time t. By Newtons Law of Cooling,
we have
dT
dt
= k(T 30),
where k is a physical constant, with initial condition T(0) = 100. The equation is
separable, and an integration gives T(t)30 = C e
kt
for any t > 0. T(0) = 100 C = 70,
and T(3) = 70 e
3k
=
40
70

k =
1
3
ln
_
7
4
_

= 0.187. Thus T(t) = 30 + 70 e
1
3
ln(
7
4
)t
for any t > 0. If T(t) = 40, a
simple calculation shows that t = 3
ln 7
ln(7/4)
= 10.4 minutes.
(10) Dividing the equation by L and then multiplying both sides by
= e
R
L
t
, we obtain
d
dt
_
e
R
L
t
i
_
=
E
0
L
e
R
L
t
cos t.
Integration yields e
R
L
t
i =
E
0
L
_
e
R
L
t
cos t dt, which implies
i(t) =
E
0
R
2
+
2
L
2
(Rcos t +Lsin t) +C e
R
L
t
,
where C is an arbitrary constant. Using the initial condition i(0) = 0, we conclude that
C =
E
0
R
R
2
+
2
L
2
. Therefore,
i(t) =
E
0
R
2
+
2
L
2
_
Rcos t +Lsin t Re
R
L
t
_
.
(11) Let S(t) be the amount of pollutants at any instant t, S(0) = S
0
be the initial amount
of pollutants, V be the volume of water in the tank and r be the rate of inux / outux.
Since the inux has no pollutants at all, we have
dS
dt
=
_
dS
dt
_
in
_
dS
dt
_
out
=
rS
V
Integration gives S(t) = S
0
e
(
r
V
)t
for any t > 0.
(a) If S(t
50%
) =
1
2
S
0
, then e
(
r
V
)t
50%
=
1
2
, or
_
r
V
_
t
50%
= ln2. Thus t
50%
=
V
r
ln 2.
(b) If S(t
10%
) =
1
10
S
0
, then e
(
r
V
)t
10%
=
1
10
, or
_
r
V
_
t
10%
= ln10. Thus t
10%
=
V
r
ln10.
As V = 5000 and r = 4000, t
50%
=
5000
4000
ln2

= 0.866 hours (or 52 minutes) and
163
t
10%
=
5000
4000
ln10
= 2.88 hours (or 2 hours 53 minutes).

(12) The equation of motion is m y = mg, or y = g, where g

= 9.8 m/sec
2
is the acceleration
due to gravity. The general solution is y(t) =
1
2
gt
2
+c
1
t+c
2
, where c
1
and c
2
are arbitrary
constants. Using the initial conditions y(0) = 0 and y(0) = 5, we obtain c
2
= 0 and
c
1
= 5 and therefore y(t) =
1
2
gt
2
5t. Since y(t) = 0 if and only if t =
5
g
= 0.51 sec,
the minimum value of y(t) is equal to
25
2g
= 1.276. As such, the maximum height

reached by the stone is 1.276 meters above the point from which the stone was released.
When y(t) = 650, we solve
1
2
gt
2
5t 650 = 0 to obtain t =
5 +
25 + 1300g
g
= 12.04
sec, meaning that the stone will strike the ground approximately 12.04 seconds after
release. Since y = gt 5, the velocity when the stone strikes the ground is given by
25 + 1300g

= 112.98 m/sec.
(13) (a) Auxiliary equation: m
2
+ 4m+ 4 = 0. m
1
= m
2
= 2.
The general solution is: y = e
2x
(c
1
+c
2
x)
(b) Auxiliary equation: m
2
7m+ 12 = 0. m
1
= 3, m
2
= 4.
The general solution is: y = c
1
e
3x
+c
2
e
4x
.
(c) Auxiliary equation: m
2
+ 4m+ 9 = 0. m = 2
5i.
2x
(c
1
cos
5x +c
2
sin
5x)
(d) Auxiliary equation: m
2
2m+ 10 = 0. m = 1 3i.
x
(Acos 3x +Bsin 3x).
(e) Auxiliary equation: m
2
2m+ 1 = 0. m = 1, 1.
The general solution is: y = c
1
e
x
+c
2
xe
x
.
(f) Auxiliary equation: m
2
+ 2m+ 2 = 0. m = 1 i.
x
(c
1
cos x +c
2
sinx).
(14) (a) Let y
p
(x) = Ke
3x
, then y
p
(x) = 3Ke
3x
.
y
5y = e
3x
=3Ke
3x
5
_
Ke
3x
_
= e
3x
=2K = 1 =K =
1
2
Therefore, y
p
(x) =
1
2
e
3x
(b) Let y
p
(x) = Ke
5x
, then y
p
(x) = 5Ke
5x
.
y
+ 6y = 4e
5x
=5Ke
5x
+ 6
_
Ke
5x
_
= 4e
5x
=K = 4
Therefore, y
p
(x) = 4e
5x
(c) Let y
p
(x) = (Ax +B) e
2x
, then
y
p
(x) = Ae
2x
+ 2 (Ax +B) e
2x
= [2Ax + (A+ 2B)] e
2x
.
164
y
5y = xe
2x
[2Ax + (A+ 2B)] e
2x
5
_
(Ax +B) e
2x
= xe
2x
[3Ax + (A3B)] = x
Comparing the coecients of the polynormial,
_
3A = 1
A3B = 0
=
_
A =
1
3
B =
1
9
Therefore, y
p
(x) =
_
1
3
x
1
9
_
e
2x
.
(d) Let y
p
(x) = (Ax +B) e
2x
, then y
p
(x) = [2Ax + (A+ 2B)] e
2x
.
y
+ 6y = (2x 1) e
2x
=[2Ax + (A+ 2B)] e
2x
+ 6 (Ax +B) e
2x
= (2x 1) e
2x
=[8Ax + (A+ 8B)] = 2x 1
_
8A = 2
A+ 8B = 1
=
_
A =
1
4
B =
5
32
Therefore, y
p
(x) =
_
1
4
x
5
32
_
e
2x
.
(e) Let y
p
(x) =
_
Ax
2
+Bx +C
_
e
2x
, then
y
p
(x) = (2Ax +B) e
2x
+ 2e
2x
_
Ax
2
+Bx +C
_
=
_
2Ax
2
+ (2A+ 2B) x + (B + 2C)
e
2x
.
y
5y =
_
9x
2
+ 6x
_
e
2x
=
_
2Ax
2
+ (2A+ 2B) x + (B + 2C)
e
2x
5
_
Ax
2
+Bx +C
_
e
2x
=
_
9x
2
+ 6x
_
e
2x
=y
p
(x) =
_
3Ax
2
+ (2A3B) x + (B 3C)
e
2x
=
_
9x
2
+ 6x
_
e
2x
_
_
3A = 9
2A3B = 6
B 3C = 0
=
_
_
A = 3
B = 0
C = 0
Therefore, y
p
(x) = 3x
2
e
2x
.
(15) (a) Putting y
p
= Ax
2
+Bx+C, where A, B and C are coecients to be determined, we
obtain y
p
= 2Ax + B and y
p
= 2A. Substituting into the equation and comparing
coecients, we have
A =
1
2
, B =
3
2
, C =
7
4
Therefore, y
p
=
1
4
(2x
2
+ 6x + 7).
165
(b) Putting y
p
= Acos 4x +Bsin4x into the equation, we have
y
p
= Asin4x + 4Bcos 4x and y
p
= 16Acos 4x 16Bsin 4x. Comparing coe-
cients, we obtain A =
2
25
, B =
1
25
. Therefore, y
p
=
1
25
(2 cos 4x sin4x).
(c) Solve for y
h
: m5 = 0 =m = 5 =y
h
= c
1
e
5x
.
Let y
p
= Ax
2
+Bx +C, then y
p
= 2Ax +B.
(2Ax +B) 5
_
Ax
2
+Bx +C
_
= 5Ax
2
+ (2A5B) x + (B 5C) = 8x
2
2
_
_
5A = 8
2A5B = 0
B 5C = 2
=
_
_
A =
8
5
B =
16
25
C =
34
125
Therefore, y
p
=
8
5
x
2
16
25
x +
34
125
and y = c
1
e
5x
8
5
x
2
+
16
25
x +
34
125
.
(d) y
h
= c
1
e
5x
Let y
p
= Ke
3x
, then y
p
= 3Ke
3x
.
3Ke
3x
5Ke
3x
= e
3x
=K =
1
2
Therefore, y
p
=
1
2
e
3x
and y = c
1
e
5x
1
2
e
3x
.
(e) y
h
= c
1
e
5x
Let y
p
= Asinx +Bcos x, then y
p
= Acos x Bsinx.
(Acos x Bsinx)5 (Asinx +Bcos x) = (A5B) cos x+(B 5A) sinx = cos x
Comparing the coecients of sine and cosine,
_
A5B = 1
B 5A = 0
=
_
A =
1
26
B =
5
26
Therefore, y
p
=
1
26
sinx
5
26
cos x and y = c
1
e
5x
+
1
26
sinx
5
26
cos x.
(f) Let y
p
= Ae
3x
+ Bx
2
+ Cx + D, where A, B, C and D are constants to be deter-
mined. Substituting y
p
into the equation y
+3y
+2y = 10e
3x
+4x
2
and comparing
coecients, we obtain
A =
1
2
, B = 2, C = 6 and D = 7.
Hence y
p
=
1
2
e
3x
+ 2x
2
6x + 7.
(g) Putting y
p
= Acos 2x +Bsin2x +Ce
x
, we obtain y
p
= 2Bcos 2x 2Asin2x +Ce
x
and y
p
= 4Acos 2x 4Bsin2x +Ce
x
. By comparing coecients, we have
3A+ 4B = 2, 4A3B = 0, 4C = 3.
Solving the equations, we conclude that A =
6
25
, B =
8
25
and C =
3
4
. Therefore,
y
p
=
6
25
cos 2x +
8
25
sin2x +
3
4
e
x
.
166
(h) y
h
= c
1
e
5x
Let y
p
= Asinx +Bcos x +Ce
3x
, then y
p
= Acos x Bsinx + 3Ce
x
.
(Acos x Bsinx + 3Ce
x
) 5
_
Asin x +Bcos x +Ce
3x
_
= e
3x
+ cos x
=(A5B) cos x (5A+B) sinx 2Ce
3x
= e
3x
+ cos x
Comparing the coecients of each function term,
_
_
A5B = 1
5A+B = 0
2C = 1
=
_
_
A =
1
26
B =
5
26
C =
1
2
Therefore, y
p
=
1
26
sinx
5
26
cos x
1
2
e
3x
and y = c
1
e
5x
+
1
26
sinx
5
26
cos x
1
2
e
3x
.
(i) Solve for y
h
: m
2
+ 4m+ 8 = 0 =m = 2 2i.
With = 2 and = 2, y
h
= e
2x
(c
1
sin2x +c
2
cos 2x).
Let y
p
= Ax
2
+Bx +C, then y
p
= 2Ax +B and y
p
= 2A.
2A + 4 (2Ax +B) + 8
_
Ax
2
+Bx +C
_
= 8Ax
2
+ (8A+ 8B) x + (2A+ 4B + 8C) =
8x
2
+ 8x + 18
_
_
8A = 8
8A+ 8B = 8
2A+ 4B + 8C = 18
=
_
_
A = 1
B = 0
C = 2
Therefore, y
p
= x
2
+ 2 and y = e
2x
(c
1
sin2x +c
2
cos 2x) +x
2
+ 2.
(j) Solve for y
h
: m
2
+ 4m+ 5 = 0 =m = 2 i.
With = 2 and = 1, y
h
= e
2x
(c
1
sinx +c
2
cos x).
Let y
p
= Asinx +Bcos x, then y
p
= Acos x Bsinx and y
p
= Asinx Bcos x.
4 (AB) sinx + 4 (A+B) cos x
= (Asinx Bcos x) + 4 (Acos x Bsinx) + 5 (Asinx +Bcos x)
Comparing the coecients of the sine and cosine,
_
4 (AB) = 2
4 (A+B) = 2
=
_
A = 0
B =
1
2
Therefore, y
p
=
1
2
cos x and y = e
2x
(c
1
sinx +c
2
cos x) +
1
2
cos x.
(k) Solve for y
h
: m
2
2m = 0 =m = 0, 2. Then y
h
= c
1
+c
2
e
2x
.
167
Let y
p
= Ae
x
sinx +Be
x
cos x, then
y
p
= Ae
x
cos x +Ae
x
sinx +Be
x
cos x Be
x
sinx
= [(AB) sinx + (A+B) cos x] e
x
y
p
= [(AB) sinx + (A+B) cos x] e
x
+e
x
[(AB) cos x (A+B) sin x]
= e
x
(2Acos x 2Bsinx) .
and
e
x
(2Acos x 2Bsinx) 2 [(AB) sinx + (A+B) cos x] e
x
= e
x
sin x
e
x
(2Asinx 2Bcos x) = e
x
sin x
Comparing the coecients of the sine and cosine,
_
2A = 1
2B = 0
=
_
A =
1
2
B = 0
Therefore, y
p
=
1
2
e
x
sin x and y = c
1
+c
2
e
2x
1
2
e
x
sin x.
(l) Solve for y
h
: m
2
m+ 2 = 0 =m =
1
2

7
2
i.
With =
1
2
and =
7
2
, y
h
= e
x
2
_
c
1
sin
7
2
x +c
2
cos
7
2
x
_
.
Let y
p
=
_
Ax
2
+Bx +C
_
e
x
, then
y
p
=
_
Ax
2
+ (2A+B) x + (B +C)
e
x
y
p
= e
x
_
Ax
2
+ (4A+B) x + (2A+ 2B +C)
.
Substituting into the dierential equation and simplifying yield
e
x
_
2Ax
2
+ (2A+ 2B) x + (2A+B +C)
=
_
6x
2
+ 8x + 7
_
e
x
Comparing the coecients of polynomial,
_
_
2A = 6
2A+ 2B = 8
2A+B + 2C = 7
=
_
_
A = 3
B = 1
C = 0
Therefore, y
p
=
_
3x
2
+x
_
e
x
and y = e
x
2
_
c
1
sin
7
2
x +c
2
cos
7
2
x
_
+
_
3x
2
+x
_
e
x
.
(m) Solve for y
h
: m
2
+ 2m+ 3 = 0 =m = 1
2i.
With = 1 and =
2, y
h
= e
x
_
c
1
sin
2x +c
2
cos
2x
_
.
168
Let y
p
= Ax
2
+Bx +C +Dsin x +E cos x, then
y
p
= 2Ax +B +Dcos x E sinx
y
p
= 2ADsinx E cos x.
Substituting into the dierential equation and simplifying yield
3Ax
2
+(4A+ 3B) x+(2A+ 2B + 3C)+(2D 2E) sinx+(2D + 2E) cos x = x
2
+sinx
Comparing the coecients of each function term,
_
_
3A = 1
4A+ 3B = 0
2A+ 2B + 3C = 0
2D 2E = 1
2D + 2E = 0
=
_
_
A =
1
3
B =
4
9
C =
2
27
D =
1
4
E =
1
4
Therefore, y
p
=
1
3
x
2
4
9
x+
2
27
+
1
4
sin x
1
4
cos x and y = e
x
_
c
1
sin
2x +c
2
cos
2x
_
+
1
3
x
2
4
9
x +
2
27
+
1
4
sinx
1
4
cos x.
(16) Substitution of y
p
= K(x) e
kx
, where K(x) is a function to be determined, into the
dierential equation yields
K
(x) + (2k +p)K
(x) + (k
2
+pk +q)K(x) = A.
Since k
2
+pk +q = 0, one has K
(x) + (2k +p)K
(x) = A.
(i) If 2k +p ,= 0 (distinct roots), then K(x) =
Ax
2k +p
.
(ii) If 2k +p = 0 (repeated root), we have K(x) =
Ax
2
2
.
(17) Putting y
p
= w(x) e
kx
,where w(x) is a function to be determined, we obtain
w
+ (2k +p)w
+ (k
2
+pk +q)w = f(x).
(a) Substitution of y = e
x
w into the equation y
+ 2y
+ y = 3x
2
e
x
yields w
= 3x
2
.
Therefore, w =
x
4
4
and thus y
p
=
x
4
4
e
x
is a particular solution.
(b) Substitution of y = e
4x
w into the equation y
8y
= 2e
4x
sin 3x yields w
16w =
2 sin3x. Putting w = Acos 3x + Bsin3x and using the method of undetermined
coecients, we conclude that w =
2
25
sin 3x. Therefore y
p
=
2
25
sin3xe
4x
is a
particular solution of the equation.
169
(18) (a)
W
_
e
t
sint, e
t
cos t
_
= det
_
e
t
sint e
t
cos t
e
t
(sint + cos t) e
t
(cos t sint)
_
=
_
e
t
sint
_ _
e
t
(cos t sint)
_
e
t
cos t
_ _
e
t
(sint + cos t)
= e
2t
(b)
W (y
1
, y
2
, y
3
) = det
_
_
1 sin2t cos 2t
(1)
(sin2t)
(cos 2t)
(1)
(sin2t)
(cos 2t)
_
= det
_
_
1 sin2t cos 2t
0 2 cos 2t 2 sin 2t
0 4 sin2t 4 cos 2t
_
_
= det
_
2 cos 2t 2 sin2t
4 sin2t 4 cos 2t
_
= 8 cos
2
2t 8 sin
2
2t = 8
(c)
W (y
1
, y
2
, y
3
, y
4
) = det
_
_
1 x x
2
x
3
0 1 2x 3x
2
0 0 2 6x
0 0 0 6
_
_
= 12
(19) (a) The homogeneous equation has two independent solutions
y
1
= e
2x
cos 2x and y
2
= e
2x
sin2x. Therefore,
W(x) =
e
2x
cos 2x e
2x
sin2x
2e
2x
(cos 2x + 2 sin2x) 2e
2x
(sin2x + cos 2x)
= 2e
4x
.
Using variation of parameters, one has a particular solution of the form y
p
=
v
1
e
2x
cos 2x +v
2
e
2x
sin 2x, where
v
1
=
_
y
2
R(x)
W(x)
dx =
_
e
2x
sin 2xe
2x
2e
4x
dx =
cos 2x
4
,
v
2
=
_
y
1
R(x)
W(x)
dx =
_
e
2x
cos 2xe
2x
2e
4x
dx =
sin2x
4
.
Therefore,
y
p
=
cos 2x
4
e
2x
cos 2x +
sin2x
4
e
2x
sin2x.
170
(b) The homogeneous equations has independent solutions y
1
= e
x
and y
2
= e
2x
.
Therefore, W(x) = 3e
x
. The equation has a particular solution of the form y
p
=
v
1
e
x
+v
2
e
2x
, where
v
1
=
_
e
2x
sin2x
3e
x
dx =
1
3
_
e
x
sin2xdx =
1
15
(e
x
sin2x + 2e
x
cos 2x)
and
v
2
=
_
e
x
sin2x
3e
x
dx =
1
3
_
e
2x
sin2xdx =
e
2x
12
(cos 2x sin2x) .
Therefore,
y
p
=
1
15
(sin 2x + 2 cos 2x) +
1
12
(sin2x cos 2x) =
3
20
sin2x +
1
20
cos 2x.
(c) We have y
1
= e
x
, y
2
= e
3x
and W(x) = 2e
4x
. The equation has a particular solution
of the form y
p
= v
1
e
x
+v
2
e
3x
, where
v
1
=
_
e
3x
2e
4x
1
1 +e
x
dx =
1
2
ln(1 +e
x
)
and
v
2
=
_
e
x
2e
4x
1
1 +e
x
dx =
1
4
e
2x
+
1
2
e
x
1
2
ln(1 +e
x
).
Then y
p
=
1
2
(e
x
e
3x
) ln(1 +e
x
)
1
4
e
x
+
1
2
e
2x
.
(20) (a) For y
+
1
x
y = 0,
dy
dx
=
y
x
=
dy
y
=
dx
x
=ln[y[ = ln[x[ +C
=y
h
= e
C
e
ln|x|
= c
1
1
x
.
Let y
p
= v (x) y
h
= v (x)
1
x
, then y
p
=
1
x
v
(x)
1
x
2
v (x) and v
(x) =
ln x
x
1
y
h
= lnx.
Thus, v (x) =
_
lnxdx = x(lnx 1) and y
p
= lnx1. Therefore, y = c
1
1
x
+lnx1.
(b) y
h
= c
1
e
5x
v
(x) = e
5x
_
8x
2
2
_
v (x) =
_
e
5x
_
8x
2
2
_
dx = e
5x
_
8
5
x
2
16
25
x +
34
125
_
y
p
=
8
5
x
2
16
25
x +
34
125
y = c
1
e
5x
8
5
x
2
16
25
x +
34
125
(c) y
h
= c
1
e
5x
v
(x) = e
5x
_
e
3x
_
= e
2x
v (x) =
_
e
2x
dx =
1
2
e
2x
y
p
=
1
2
e
3x
y = c
1
e
5x
1
2
e
3x
171
(d) y
h
= c
1
e
5x
v
(x) = e
5x
(cos x)
v (x) =
_
e
5x
(cos x) dx =
1
26
e
5x
(sinx 5 cos x)
y
p
=
1
26
(sinx 5 cos x)
y = c
1
e
5x
+
1
26
sinx
5
26
cos x
(e) Solve for y
h
: m
2
m2 = 0 =m = 1, 2.
Thus, y
h
= c
1
e
x
+c
2
e
2x
.
Let y
1
= e
x
and y
2
= e
2x
, then W (y
1
, y
2
) = 3e
x
.
v
1
=
_

e
2x
(4x
2
)
3e
x
dx =
4
3
e
x
_
x
2
2x + 2
_
v
2
=
_
e
x
(4x
2
)
3e
x
dx =
1
3
e
2x
_
2x
2
+ 2x + 1
_
y
p
=
4
3
e
x
_
x
2
2x + 2
_
(e
x
)
1
3
e
2x
_
2x
2
+ 2x + 1
_ _
e
2x
_
= 2x
2
+ 2x 3
y = c
1
e
x
+c
2
e
2x
2x
2
+ 2x 3
(f) y
h
= c
1
e
x
+c
2
e
2x
Let y
1
= e
x
and y
2
= e
2x
, then W (y
1
, y
2
) = 3e
x
.
v
1
=
_

e
2x
sin 2x
3e
x
dx =
2
15
e
x
cos 2x
1
15
e
x
sin 2x
v
2
=
_
e
x
sin 2x
3e
x
dx =
1
12
e
2x
(cos 2x + sin2x)
y
p
=
1
15
(2 cos 2x sin2x)
1
12
(cos 2x + sin2x) =
1
20
cos 2x
3
20
sin2x
y = c
1
e
x
+c
2
e
2x
+
1
20
cos 2x
3
20
sin2x
(g) y
h
= c
1
e
x
+c
2
e
2x
Let y
1
= e
x
and y
2
= e
2x
, then W (y
1
, y
2
) = 3e
x
.
v
1
=
_

e
2x
(e
2x
)
3e
x
dx =
1
9
e
3x
v
2
=
_
e
x
(e
2x
)
3e
x
dx =
1
3
x
y
p
=
1
9
e
2x
+
1
3
xe
2x
y = c
1
e
x
+c
2
e
2x
1
9
e
2x
+
1
3
xe
2x
(h) Solve for y
h
: m
2
2m+ 1 = 0 =m = 1, 1. Then y
h
= c
1
e
x
+c
2
xe
x
.
Let y
1
= e
x
and y
2
= xe
x
. Then W (y
1
, y
2
) = e
2x
.
v
1
=
_

xe
x
_
e
x
x
_
e
2x
dx = x
v
2
=
_ e
x
_
e
x
x
_
e
2x
dx = lnx
y
p
= xe
x
+xe
x
lnx
y = c
1
e
x
+c
2
xe
x
xe
x
+xe
x
lnx
(i) Solve for y
h
: m
2
+ 4 = 0 = m = 2i. Then with = 0 and = 2, y
h
=
c
1
cos 2x +c
2
sin2x.
172
Let y
1
= cos 2x and y
2
= sin2x, then W (y
1
, y
2
) = 2.
v
1
=
_

sin2x(4 sec
2
2x)
2
dx = sec 2x
v
2
=
_
cos 2x(4 sec
2
2x)
2
dx = ln[sec 2x + tan 2x[
y
p
= 2 sin 2xln[sec 2x + tan 2x[ 2
y = c
1
cos 2x +c
2
sin2x + sin 2xln[sec 2x + tan 2x[ 1
(21) By Hookes Law, the spring constant k satises the equation 98 = k(0.7), so that
k = 140 N/m Then with m = 10 kg, y
0
= 0.05 m, and v
0
= 0.1 m/s, the motion of
the mass is given by
y = 0.05 cos
14x +0.0267 sin
14x
(22) Kirchos loop law gives i
(t)+20i
(t)+200i(t) = 0, and the solution is i = e

10t
(c
1
cos 10t+
c
2
sin10t). The initial conditions are i(0) = 0 and i
(0) =
E(0)
L

R
L
i(0)
q(0)
LC
=
12
0.5

10
0.5
(0)
0.5
10
2
(0) = 24. This yields c
1
= 0 and c
2
=
12
5
; thus i(t) =
12
5
e
10t
sin 10t for
any t > 0.
(23) (a) Let A =
_
0 1
8 2
_
, then
1
= 2, v
1
=
_
1
2
_
,
2
= 4 and v
2
=
_
1
4
_
.
y = c
1
e
2x
v
1
+c
2
e
4x
v
2
Therefore,
_
y
1
= c
1
e
2x
c
2
e
4x
y
2
= 2c
1
e
2x
+ 4c
2
e
4x
.
(b) Let A =
_
0 1
8 2
_
, then
1
= 2, v
1
=
_
1
2
_
,
2
= 4 and v
2
=
_
1
4
_
.
P =
_
1
2

1
4
1 1
_
and P
1
=
_
4
3
1
3
4
3
2
3
_
.
f (x) =
_
0
e
x
_
and g (x) = P
1
f (x) =
_
1
3
e
x
2
3
e
x
_
.
w
1
= e
2x
__
e
2x 1
3
e
x
dx +c
1
_
= e
2x
_
1
3
_
e
x
dx +c
1
_
=
1
3
e
x
+c
1
e
2x
w
2
= e
4x
__
e
4x 2
3
e
x
dx +c
2
_
= e
4x
_
2
3
_
e
5x
dx +c
2
_
=
2
15
e
x
+c
2
e
4x
y = Pw =
_
1
2

1
4
1 1
__
1
3
e
x
+c
1
e
2x
2
15
e
x
+c
2
e
4x
_
=
_
1
2
c
1
e
2x
1
5
e
x
1
4
c
2
e
4x
c
1
e
2x
1
5
e
x
+c
2
e
4x
_
.
(c) With P =
_
_
1 1 2
1 3 4
2 4 5
_
_
and D =
_
_
2 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 1
_
_
, we have
173
A = PDP
1
, where A =
_
_
5 15 21
3 1 3
0 6 7
_
_
. Putting
_
_
y
1
y
2
y
3
_
_
= P
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
into the equation, one concludes that
d
dt
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
= P
1
AP
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
= D
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
.
This implies u
1
= 2u
1
, u
2
= 4u
2
and u
3
= u
3
. Integration yields u
1
= c
1
e
2t
,
u
2
= c
2
e
4t
and u
3
= c
3
e
t
, where c
1
, c
2
and c
3
are arbitrary constants. We thus
conclude that
y = Pu = P
_
_
c
1
e
2t
c
2
e
4t
c
3
e
t
_
_
=
_
_
c
1
e
2t
+c
2
e
4t
+c
3
e
t
c
1
e
2t
+ 3c
2
e
4t
+ 4c
3
e
t
2c
1
e
2t
+ 4c
2
e
4t
+ 5c
3
e
t
_
_
.
(d) Let A =
_
_
1 3 3
3 5 3
6 6 4
_
_
, then
1
= 2, v
1
=
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
,
2
= 2, v
2
=
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
,
3
= 4 and
v
3
=
_
_
1
2
1
2
1
_
_
.
P =
_
_
1 1
1
2
1 0
1
2
0 1 1
_
_
and P
1
=
_
1
2
3
2

1
2
1 1 0
1 1 1
_
_
.
f (x) =
_
_
0
0
x
2
+ 5
_
_
and g (x) = P
1
f (x) =
_
1
2
3
2

1
2
1 1 0
1 1 1
_
_
_
_
0
0
x
2
+ 5
_
_
=
_
1
2
x
2
5
2
0
x
2
+ 5
_
_
.
w
1
= e
2x
__
e
2x
_
1
2
x
2
5
2
_
dx +c
1
=
1
8
_
2x
2
2x + 11
_
+c
1
e
2x
w
2
= c
2
e
2x
w
3
= e
4x
__
e
4x
_
x
2
+ 5
_
dx
_
=
1
32
_
8x
2
+ 4x + 41
_
+c
3
e
4x
174
y = Pw =
_
_
3
16
x +c
1
e
2x
c
2
e
2x
+
1
2
c
3
e
4x
3
8
x
2
129
64
3
16
x +c
1
e
2x
+
1
2
c
3
e
4x
3
8
x
2
129
64
c
2
e
2x
1
8
x +c
3
e
4x
1
4
x
2
41
32
_
_
(e) Diagonalize A =
_
1 2
2 4
_
to obtain AP = PD, where
P =
_
2
1
2
1 1
_
and D =
_
0 0
0 5
_
.
Substituting y = Pz into the system y
= Ay +
_
1
t
_
, one obtains
z
= Dz +P
1
_
1
t
_
, or
_
z
1
z
2
_
=
_
0 0
0 5
__
z
1
z
2
_
+
_
1
5
(t + 2)
1
5
(4t 2)
_
We thus have z
1
=
1
5
(t + 2) and z
2
= 5z
2
+
1
5
(4t 2). Solving these equations, we
conclude that z
1
=
t
2
10
+
2t
5
+C
1
and
e
5t
z
2
=
_
1
5
e
5t
(4t 2)dt +C
2
,
or z
2
= C
2
e
5t
4
25
t +
6
125
. Finally, using y = Pz, one has
y
1
=
1
2
C
2
e
5t
+
t
2
5
+
22
25
t + 2C
1
3
125
,
y
2
= C
2
e
5t
+
t
2
10
+
6
25
t +C
1
+
6
125
.
175
Chapter 8
Laplace and Fourier Transformations
(1) (a)
L
_
e
3t
cos
2
2t
= L
_
e
3t
_
1
2
+
1
2
cos 4t
__
= L
_
e
3t
1
2
+
1
2
e
3t
cos 4t
_
=
1
2
L
_
e
3t
+
1
2
L
_
e
3t
cos 4t
=
1
2
1
s 3
+
1
2
s 3
(s 3)
2
+ 16
.
(b)
L
_
t
2
sin 3t
=
d
2
ds
2
_
3
s
2
+ 9
_
=
d
ds
_
6s
(s
2
+ 9)
2
_
=
18 (s
2
3)
(s
2
+ 9)
3
.
(2) (a) L
1
_
1
s
2
2s+9
_
= L
1
_
1
(s1)
2
+8
_
=
1
8
L
1
_

8
(s1)
2
+8
_
=
1
8
e
t
sin
8t
(b) L
1
_
3
s
2
+4s+6
_
= L
1
_
3
(s+2)
2
+2
_
=
3
2
L
1
_

2
(s+2)
2
+2
_
=
3
2
e
2t
sin
2t
(c)
L
1
_
s + 4
s
2
+ 4s + 8
_
= L
1
_
s + 4
(s + 2)
2
+ 4
_
= L
1
_
s
(s + 2)
2
+ 4
+
4
(s + 2)
2
+ 4
_
= L
1
_
s
(s + 2)
2
+ 4
_
+ 2L
1
_
2
(s + 2)
2
+ 4
_
= e
2t
(cos 2t sin2t) + 2e
2t
sin 2t = e
2t
(sin2t + cos 2t)
(d) L
1
_
3s+7
s
2
2s3
_
= L
1
_
3s+7
(s3)(s+1)
_
= 4L
1
_
1
s3
_
L
1
_
1
s+1
_
= 4e
3t
e
t
177
CHAPTER 8. LAPLACE AND FOURIER TRANSFORMATIONS
(e)
L
1
_
3s + 1
(9s 1) (s
2
+ 1)
_
= L
1
_
54
41 (9s 1)
_
L
1
_
6s 13
41 (s
2
+ 1)
_
=
6
41
L
1
_
1
s 1/9
_
6
41
L
1
_
s
s
2
+ 1
_
+
13
41
L
1
_
1
s
2
+ 1
_
=
6
41
e
t/9
6
41
cos t +
13
41
sint
(f) L
1
_
s+1
s
2
+s
_
= L
1
_
1
s
= 1
(3) (a)
L
1
_
1
s (s
2
3s + 2)
_
= L
1
_
1
2s

1
s 1
+
1
2 (s 2)
_
=
1
2
e
t
+
1
2
e
2t
.
(b) If a ,= b, then
L
1
_
s +
(s
2
+a
2
) (s
2
+b
2
)
_
= L
1
_
s
(s
2
+a
2
) (s
2
+b
2
)
_
+L
1
_
1
(s
2
+a
2
) (s
2
+b
2
)
_
=

b
2
a
2
(cos at cos bt) +

b
2
a
2
_
sin at
a

sinbt
b
_
.
If a = b, then
L
1
_
s +
(s
2
+a
2
) (s
2
+b
2
)
_
= L
1
_
s
(s
2
+a
2
)
2
_
+L
1
_
1
(s
2
+a
2
)
2
_
=
t sin at
2a
+
(sinat at cos at)
2a
3
.
(c) Since q
p
2
4
> 0, we may put
2
= q
p
2
4
and complete square to obtain
L
1
_
s +
(s
2
+ps +q)
2
_
= L
1
_
_
(s +p/2) + ( p/2)
_
(s +p/2)
2
+
2
_
2
_
_
= e
pt/2
_
cos t +
p/2
2
3/2
(sint t cos t)
_
.
178
(4) (a)
L
_
y
5y
= L
_
8t
2
2
L
_
y
5L[y] = 8L
_
t
2
2L[1]
[sY (s) y (0)] 5Y (s) = 8
2!
s
3
2
1
s
(s 5) Y (s) 1 =
16 2s
2
s
3
Y (s) =
s
3
2s
2
+ 16
s
3
(s 5)
=
91
125 (s 5)
+
34
125s

16
25s
2

16
5s
3
y (t) =
91
125
L
1
_
1
s 5
_
+
34
125
L
1
_
1
s
_
16
25
L
1
_
1
s
2
_
8
5
L
1
_
2
s
3
_
=
91
125
e
5t
+
34
125

16
25
t
8
5
t
2
(b)
L
_
y
5y
= L
_
e
3t
[sY (s) y (0)] 5Y (s) =

1
s 3
Y (s) =
s 2
(s 3) (s 5)
=
3
2 (s 5)

1
2 (s 3)
y (t) =
3
2
L
1
_
1
s 5
_
1
2
L
1
_
1
s 3
_
=
3
2
e
5t
1
2
e
3t
(c)
L
_
y
5y
= L[cos t]
[sY (s) y (0)] 5Y (s) =
s
s
2
+ 1
Y (s) =
s
2
+s + 1
(s
2
+ 1) (s 5)
=
31
26 (s 5)

5s 1
26 (s
2
+ 1)
y (t) =
31
26
L
1
_
1
s 5
_
5
26
L
1
_
s
s
2
+ 1
_
+
1
26
L
1
_
1
s
2
+ 1
_
=
31
26
e
5t
5
26
cos t +
1
26
sin t
179
(d)
L
_
y
5y
= L
_
e
3t
+ cos t
[sY (s) y (0)] 5Y (s) =

1
s 3
+
s
s
2
+ 1
Y (s) =
22
13 (s 5)

1
2 (s 3)

5s 1
26 (s
2
+ 1)
y (t) =
22
13
L
1
_
1
s 5
_
1
2
L
1
_
1
s 3
_
5
26
L
1
_
s
s
2
+ 1
_
+
1
26
L
1
_
1
s
2
+ 1
_
=
22
13
e
5t
1
2
e
3t
5
26
cos t +
1
26
sint
(e)
L
_
y
2y
= L
_
4t
2
_
s
2
Y (s) sy (0) y
(0)
[sY (s) y (0)] 2Y (s) =

8
s
3
_
s
2
s 2
_
Y (s) =
8
s
3
+ 1
Y (s) =
7
3 (s + 1)
+
2
3 (s 2)

3
s
+
2
s
2

4
s
3
y (t) =
7
3
L
1
_
1
s + 1
_
+
2
3
L
1
_
1
s 2
_
3L
1
_
1
s
_
+ 2L
1
_
1
s
2
_
2L
1
_
2
s
3
_
=
7
3
e
t
+
2
3
e
2t
3 + 2t 2t
2
(f)
L
_
y
2y
= L[sin2t]
_
s
2
Y (s) sy (0) y
(0)
[sY (s) y (0)] 2Y (s) =

2
s
2
+ 4
_
s
2
s 2
_
Y (s) =
2
s
2
+ 4
+ 1
Y (s) =
s 6
20 (s
2
+ 4)

7
15 (s + 1)
+
5
12 (s 2)
y (t) =
1
20
L
1
_
s
s
2
+ 4
_
3
20
L
1
_
2
s
2
+ 4
_
7
15
L
1
_
1
s + 1
_
+
5
12
L
1
_
1
s 2
_
=
1
20
cos 2t
3
20
sin2t
7
15
e
t
+
5
12
e
2t
180
(g)
L
_
y
2y
= L
_
e
2t
_
s
2
Y (s) sy (0) y
(0)
[sY (s) y (0)] 2Y (s) =

1
s 2
_
s
2
s 2
_
Y (s) =
1
s 2
+ 1
Y (s) =
2
9 (s 2)

2
9 (s + 1)
+
1
3 (s 2)
2
y (t) =
2
9
L
1
_
1
s 2
_
2
9
L
1
_
1
s + 1
_
+
1
3
L
1
_
1
(s 2)
2
_
=
2
9
e
2t
2
9
e
t
+
1
3
te
2t
(h)
L
_
y
+ 4y
+ 8y
= L
_
8t
2
+ 8t + 18
_
s
2
Y (s) sy (0) y
(0)
+ 4 [sY (s) y (0)] + 8Y (s) =

16
s
3
+
8
s
2
+
18
s
_
s
2
+ 4s + 8
_
Y (s) =
16
s
3
+
8
s
2
+
18
s
+ 1
Y (s) =
2s + 7
s
2
+ 4s + 8
+
2
s
+
2
s
3
y (t) = 2L
1
_
s
(s + 2)
2
+ 4
_
7
2
L
1
_
2
(s + 2)
2
+ 4
_
+ 2L
1
_
1
s
_
+L
1
_
2
s
3
_
= 2e
2t
(cos 2t sin 2t)
7
2
e
2t
sin2t + 2 +t
2
= t
2
+ 2
3
2
e
2t
sin 2t 2e
2t
cos 2t
(i)
L
_
y
+ 4y
+ 5y
= L[2 cos t 2 sint]

_
s
2
Y (s) sy (0) y
(0)
+ 4 [sY (s) y (0)] + 5Y (s) =

2s
s
2
+ 1

2
s
2
+ 1
_
s
2
+ 4s + 5
_
Y (s) =
2s
s
2
+ 1

2
s
2
+ 1
+ 1
Y (s) =
1
2
s
s
2
+ 1

1
2
s
s
2
+ 4s + 5

1
s
2
+ 4s + 5
181
y (t) =
1
2
L
1
_
s
s
2
+ 1
_
1
2
L
1
_
s
(s + 2)
2
+ 1
_
L
1
_
1
(s + 2)
2
+ 1
_
=
1
2
cos t
1
2
e
2t
(cos t 2 sint) e
2t
sint =
1
2
cos t
1
2
e
2t
cos t
(j)
L
_
y
+ 2y
+ 3y
= L
_
t
2
+ sint
_
s
2
Y (s) sy (0) y
(0)
+ 2 [sY (s) y (0)] + 3Y (s) =

2
s
3
+
1
s
2
+ 1
_
s
2
+ 2s + 3
_
Y (s) =
2
s
3
+
1
s
2
+ 1
+ 1
Y (s) =
19s + 167
108 (s
2
+ 2s + 3)

s 1
4 (s
2
+ 1)
+
2
27s

4
9s
2
+
2
3s
3
y (t) =
19
108
L
1
_
s
(s + 1)
2
+ 2
_
+
167
108
L
1
_
1
(s + 1)
2
+ 2
_
1
4
L
1
_
s
s
2
+ 1
_
+
1
4
L
1
_
1
s
2
+ 1
_
+
2
27
L
1
_
1
s
_
4
9
L
1
_
1
s
2
_
+
1
3
L
1
_
2
s
3
_
=
19
108
e
t
_
cos
2t
2
2
sin
2t
_
+
167
108
2
2
e
t
sin
2t
1
4
cos t
+
1
4
sint +
2
27

4
9
t +
1
3
t
2
=
19
108
e
t
cos
2t +
37
27
2
2
e
t
sin
2t
1
4
cos t +
1
4
sint +
2
27

4
9
t +
1
3
t
2
(k)
L
_
y
2y
= L
_
e
t
sint
_
s
2
Y (s) sy (0) y
(0)
2 [sY (s) y (0)] =

1
(s 1)
2
+ 1
_
s
2
2s
_
Y (s) =
1
(s 1)
2
+ 1
+ 1
Y (s) =
3
4 (s 2)

1
2 (s
2
2s + 2)

3
4s
y (t) =
3
4
L
1
_
1
s 2
_
1
2
L
1
_
1
(s 1)
2
+ 1
_
3
4
L
1
_
1
s
_
=
3
4
e
2t
1
2
e
t
sint
3
4
182
(l) Apply Laplace transform to the equation, i.e. L[y
+ 2y] = L
__
6t
2
+ 8t + 7
_
e
t
.
Then
_
s
2
Y (s) sy (0) y
(0)
[sY (s) y (0)] + 2Y (s)

= 6
2
(s 1)
3
+ 8
1
(s 1)
2
+ 7
1
s 1
Thus
_
s
2
s + 2
_
Y (s) = 6
2
(s 1)
3
+ 8
1
(s 1)
2
+ 7
1
s 1
+ 1
Y (s) =
1
(s 1)
2
+
6
(s 1)
3
y (t) = L
1
_
1
(s 1)
2
_
+ 3L
1
_
2
(s 1)
3
_
= te
t
+ 3t
2
e
t
.
(5) (a) Taking Laplace Transform on both sides of the dierential equations and making use
of the initial conditions, we have
Y (s) =
As
(s
2
+
2
)(s
2
+k
2
)
+
B
(s
2
+
2
)(s
2
+k
2
)
.
i. If = k, then
y (t) = L
1
_
As
(s
2
+
2
)
2
+
B
(s
2
+
2
)
2
_
= At
sint
2
+B
sin t t cos t
2
2
.
ii. If ,= k, then
y (t) = L
1
_
As
(s
2
+
2
) (s
2
+k
2
)
+
B
(s
2
+
2
) (s
2
+k
2
)
_
=
A
k
2
2
(cos t cos kt) +
B
k
2
2
_
sinkt
k

sint
_
.
(b) Since L
_
5e
2t
sin2t
=
10
(s + 2)
2
+ 4
, we obtain
s
2
Y (s) s +sY (s) 1 +Y (s) =
10
(s + 2)
2
+ 4
.
183
Therefore,
Y (s) =
s + 1
s
2
+s + 1
+
1
s
2
+s + 1

10
(s + 2)
2
+ 4
=
s + 1
s
2
+s + 1

10
37
3s 4
s
2
+s + 1
+
10
37
3s + 5
(s + 2)
2
+ 4
=
7
37
s
(s + 1/2)
2
+ 3/4
+
77
37
1
(s + 1/2)
2
+ 3/4
+
30
37
s
(s + 2)
2
+ 4
+
50
37
1
(s + 2)
2
+ 4
,
from which it follows that
y (t) = e
t/2
_
7
37
cos
3
2
t
70
37
3
sin
3
2
t
_
+e
2t
_
30
37
cos 2t
5
37
sin 2t
_
.
(c) Take Laplace Transform to obtain sY (s) + 4Y (s) =
5s
s
2
+ 4
. Thus
Y (s) =
5s
(s + 4)(s
2
+ 4)
.
Since
5s
(s + 4)(s
2
+ 4)
=
1
s + 4
+
1 +s
s
2
+ 4
, we conclude that
y(t) = e
4t
+
sin 2t
2
+ cos 2t.
(6) The circuit equation is given by
2
di
dt
+ 20i +
1
0.08
_
t
0
i () d = 200 e
t
.
Denoting L[i (t)] by I (s), we obtain 2sI (s) + 20I (s) +
25
2
I (s)
s
=
200
s + 1
, which implies
I (s) =
400s
(s + 1) (4s
2
+ 40s + 25)
=
100s
(s + 1)
_
s + 5 +
5
2
3
_ _
s + 5
5
2
3
_
=
400
11 (s + 1)
+
100
33
_

3 6
s + 5 +
5
2
3
_
100
33
_

3 + 6
s + 5
5
2
3
_
.
184
Taking inverse Laplace Transform, we obtain
i (t) =
400
11
e
t
+
100
_
3 6
_
33
e
(5+
5
2
3)t
100
_
3 + 6
_
33
e
(5
5
2
3)t
.
(7) (a)
(f g) (t) =
_
t
0
e
a
d =
_
1
a
e
a
_
t
0
=
e
at
1
a
.
(b)
(f g) (t) =
_
t
0
(t ) sind = t
_
t
0
sind
_
t
0
sin d
= t
_
cos t 1
_
t
0
cos
_
t
0
_
t
0
_
cos
_
d =
sint +t
2
.
(c)
(f g) (t) =
_
t
0
2
e
a(t)
d =
_
2
a
e
a(t)
_
t
0
_
t
0
_
2
a
e
a(t)
_
d
=
_
2
a
e
a(t)
_
t
0
_
2
a
2
e
a(t)
_
t
0
+
_
t
0
2
a
2
e
a(t)
d
=
2at + 2 +a
2
t
2
2e
at
a
3
.
(8) (a) f (t) =
_
2t if 0 < t 1
t if t > 1
and f
(t) =
_
2 if 0 < t 1
1 if t > 1
.
F (s) = L[f (t)] =
_

0
f (t) e
st
dt
=
_
1
0
2te
st
dt +
_

1
te
st
dt =
_

0
te
st
dt +
_
1
0
te
st
dt
=
_
1
s
te
st
_
0
+
1
s
lim
x
_
x
0
e
st
dt +
_
1
s
te
st
_
1
0
+
1
s
_
1
0
e
st
dt
=
1
s
lim
x
_
1
s
e
st
_
x
0
1
s
e
s
+
1
s
_
1
s
e
st
_
1
0
=
1
s
2

1
s
e
s
1
s
2
e
s
+
1
s
2
=
2
s
2

1
s
e
s
1
s
2
e
s
185
L
_
f
(t)
=
_

0
f
(t) e
st
dt
=
_
1
0
2e
st
dt +
_

1
e
st
dt =
_

0
e
st
dt +
_
1
0
e
st
dt
= lim
x
_
1
s
e
st
_
0
+
_
1
s
e
st
_
1
0
=
2
s

1
s
e
s
(b) f (t) =
_
t
2
if 0 < t 1
0 if t > 1
, f
(t) =
_
2t if 0 < t < 1
0 if t > 1
,
f
(t) =
_
2 if 0 < t < 1
0 if t > 1
.
L
_
f
(t)
=
_

0
f
(t) e
st
dt =
_
1
0
2e
st
dt
=
_
2
s
e
st
_
1
0
=
2
s
e
s
+
2
s
=
2
s
_
1 e
s
_
(9) (a)
L
1
_
s
2
(s
2
+ 4)
2
_
= L
1
_
s
(s
2
+ 4)

s
(s
2
+ 4)
_
=
_
t
0
cos 2xcos 2 (t x) dx
=
1
2
_
t
0
[cos (2t) + cos (4x 2t)] dx
=
1
2
cos (2t)
_
t
0
dx +
1
2
_
t
0
cos (4x 2t) dx
=
1
4
sin 2t +
1
2
t cos 2t
(b)
L
1
_
1
(s
2
+ 1)
3
_
= L
1
_
1
(s
2
+ 1)
2

1
(s
2
+ 1)
_
=
_
t
0
sinx xcos x
2
sin(t x) dx
=
1
2
_
t
0
(sinx xcos x) (sint cos x cos t sinx) dx
=
1
2
sint
_
t
0
_
sin xcos x xcos
2
x
_
dx +
1
2
cos t
_
t
0
_
xsinxcos x sin
2
x
_
dx
=
3
8
sint
1
8
t
2
sin t
3
8
t cos t
186
(c)
L
1
_
s
(s
2
+ 4)
3
_
= L
1
_
1
(s
2
+ 4)
2

s
s
2
+ 4
_
=
_
t
0
sin2x 2xcos 2x
16
cos 2 (t x) dx
=
1
16
_
t
0
(sin2x 2xcos 2x) (cos 2t cos 2x + sin2t sin2x) dx
=
1
16
cos 2t
_
t
0
_
sin2xcos 2x 2xcos
2
2x
_
dx
+
1
16
sin2t
_
t
0
_
sin
2
2x 2xsin2xcos 2x
_
dx
=
1
64
t sin2t
1
32
t
2
cos 2t
(10) (a) We take Laplace Transform of the equation of motion to obtain
Y (s) = sG(s) + ( +
c
M
)G(s) +
1
M
F(s)G(s),
where F(s) = L[f(t)] and
G(s) =
1
s
2
+
c
M
s +
k
M
=
1
(s +
c
2M
)
2
+
4kMc
2
4M
2
.
Suppose g(t) = L
1
[G(s)].
i. If c
2
< 4kM, dene
4kMc
2
4M
2
=
2
. Then g(t) = e
c
2M
t
sint
and
y(t) = e
c
2M
t
(cos t
c
2M
sint) + ( +
c
M
)g(t) +
1
M
(f g)(t).
ii. If c
2
= 4kM, then g(t) = t e
c
2M
t
and therefore
y(t) =
_

c
2M
t
_
e
c
2M
t
+ ( +
c
M
)g(t) +
1
M
(f g)(t).
iii. If c
2
> 4kM, put
4kMc
2
4M
2
=
2
. Then g(t) = e
c
2M
t
e
t
e
t
2
and therefore
y(t) = e
c
2M
t
_
e
t
+e
t
2

ck
4M

e
t
e
t
_
+ ( +
c
M
)g(t) +
1
M
(f g)(t).
187
(11) Taking Laplace Transform, we obtain
_
_
2sI
1
+ 2sI
2
=
E
0
s
4sI
1
+
_
5s + 20 +
20
s
_
I
2
= 0
.
A simple calculation shows that
I
2
= 2
E
0
s
_
s + 20 + 20
1
s
_ = 2
E
0
(s
2
+ 20s + 20)
=
2E
0
_
s + 10 + 4
5
_ _
s + 10 4
5
_ =
5E
0
20
_
1
s + 10 + 4
1
s + 10 4
5
_
.
Therefore,
i
2
(t) =
5 E
0
20
_
e
(10+4
5)t
e
(104
5)t
_
.
Similarly, I
1
=
E
0
2s
2
I
2
implies
i
1
(t) = L
1
_
E
0
2s
2
_
i
2
(t) =
E
0
t
2

5E
0
20
_
e
(10+4
5)t
e
(104
5)t
_
.
(12) (a) L[3 sin2t] = L
_
y (t) +
_
t
0
(t ) y () d
_
.
Let G(s) = L[g (t )] and g (t) = t, so G(s) =
1
s
2
3
_
2
s
2
+ 2
2
_
= Y (s) +Y (s) G(s)
6
s
2
+ 4
=
_
1 +
1
s
2
_
Y (s)
Y (s) =
6s
2
(s
2
+ 4) (s
2
+ 1)
=
8
s
2
+ 4

2
s
2
+ 1
y (t) = L
1
[Y (s)] = L
1
_
8
s
2
+ 4

2
s
2
+ 1
_
= 4 sin 2t 2 sint
(b) L
_
e
t
= L
_
y (t) + 2
_
t
0
cos (t ) y () d
_
.
188
Let G(s) = L[g (t )] and g (t) = cos t, so G(s) =
s
s
2
+1
.
1
s + 1
= Y (s) + 2Y (s) G(s)
1
s + 1
=
_
1 +
2s
s
2
+ 1
_
Y (s)
Y (s) =
s
2
+ 1
(s + 1)
3
=
1
s + 1

2
(s + 1)
2
+
2
(s + 1)
3
y (t) = L
1
[Y (s)] = L
1
_
1
s + 1

2
(s + 1)
2
+
2
(s + 1)
3
_
= e
t
2te
t
+t
2
e
t
(13) Since m = 1, c = 2 and k = 15, the spring mass-system after the blow is given by
y
(t) + 2y
(t) + 5y(t) = (t)

with initial conditions y(0) = y
(0) = 0.
Apply Laplace transform to the system, we have s
2
Y (s) + 2sY (s) + 5Y (s) = 1 or
Y (s) =
1
s
2
+ 2s + 5
=
1
(s + 1)
2
+ 2
2
Therefore, y(t) =
1
2
e
t
sin(2t).
(14) Apply Laplace transform to the equation y(t) =
1
4
e
3t
sin(2t) to obtain
Y (s) =
1
4
2
(s + 3)
2
+ 2
2
=
1
2s
2
+ 12s + 26
.
Therefore, m = 2, c = 12, k = 26.
(15)
G() =
_

g(x)e
ix
dx =
_

f(kx)e
ix
dx
Let kx = t, then kdx = dt
G() =
_

f(t)e
i(
t
k
)
dt
k
=
1
k
_

f(t)e
i(
k
)t
dt =
1
k
F(
w
k
)
189
(16) Determine the Fourier transform of the function f(x) = e
x
2
F(w) =
_

f(x)e
ix
dx =
_

e
x
2
e
ix
dx
By table, if f = e
t
2
2
2
, then F(w) =
2e
2
2
. Set
2
=
1
2
, then
F(w) =
_

e
x
2
e
ix
dx =
_
1
2
2e
1
2
2
2
=
e
1
4

2
(17) Considering delta function, (t), with continuous g(t) and t
0
(a, b), then
_
b
a
g(t)(t t
0
)dt = g(t
0
)
where (t) = lim
0
f
(t), f
(t) =
_
1
, 0 t
0, otherwise
. So,
_
b
a
(t)dt = 1, (t) =
lim
0
f
(t) = 0 for t ,= 0 and (0) = lim

0
f
(0) = . So,
_
b
a
g(t)(t t
0
)dt =
_
b
a
g(t) lim
0
f
(t t
0
)dt = g(t
0
)
lim
0
_
b
a
g(t)f
(t t
0
)dt = g(t
0
)
190
Chapter 9
Partial Dierential Equations
(1) Dierentiation yields
2
u
1
t
2
= cos x
_
c
2
cos ct
= c
2
2
u
1
x
2
.
Similar calculations for u
2
. Since u = cos(x ct) = cos ct cos x sinct sinx, we conclude
by the previous calculations and by the Principle of superposition that u satises the wave
equation.
(2) Write u(x, t) = X (x) T (t) and substitute into the partial dierential equation:
X (x) T
(t) = c
2
X
(x) T (t)
Hence, the two dierential equations are:
X
(x) +X (x) = 0, X (0) = 0, X (L) = 0 (SLP)

T
(t) = c
2
T (t) (DET)
Follow the same way as in Example 9.2.1,
n
0
= 1,
n
=
_
n
L
_
2
, X
n
(x) =
n
sin
_
n
L
x
_
Solving the DET,
T (t) = ae
c
2
t
, and hence T
n
(t) = a
n
e
(nc/L)
2
t
191
CHAPTER 9. PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
The solution u(x, t) now becomes:
u(x, t) =
n=1
B
n
e
(nc/L)
2
t
sin
_
n
L
x
_
By the initial condition,
u(x, 0) = f (x) =
n=1
B
n
e
(nc/L)
2
(0)
sin
_
n
L
x
_
=
n=1
B
n
sin
_
n
L
x
_
_
L
0
sin
2
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
L
2
and
B
n
=
_
L
0
f (x) sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
_
L
0
sin
2
_
n
L
x
_
dx
=
2
L
_
L
0
f (x) sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
For dierent function f (x) in part (a) to (f), nd the corresponding B
n
:
(a) f (x) = 1
B
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
(1) sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
2
L
_
L
0
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
2
L
_
L
n
cos
_
n
L
x
_
_
L
0
=
2
n
[cos (n) 1] =
2
n
[(1)
n
1] =
_
4
n
, n is odd,
0, n is even.
Therefore, the solution is u(x, t) =
n odd
4
n
e
(nc/L)
2
t
sin
_
n
L
x
_
.
(b) f (x) = x
B
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
xsin
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
2
L
_
L
n
xcos
_
n
L
x
_
_
L
0
2
L
_
L
0
L
n
cos
_
n
L
x
_
dx
=
2
n
Lcos (n) +
2
n
_
L
n
sin
_
n
L
x
_
_
L
0
=
2L
n
(1)
n+1
+
2
n
(0)
Therefore,
u(x, t) =
n=1
2L(1)
n+1
n
e
(nc/L)
2
t
sin
_
n
L
x
_
.
192
(c) f (x) = A+
BA
L
x
B
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
_
A+
B A
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
= A
_
2
L
_
L
0
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
_
+
B A
L
_
2
L
_
L
0
xsin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
_
= A
2
n
_
(1)
n+1
+ 1
_
+
B A
L
2L
n
(1)
n+1
=
2
n
_
A+B(1)
n+1
_
(by (a) and (b))
Therefore, u(x, t) =
n=1
2[A+B(1)
n+1
]
n
e
(nc/L)
2
t
sin
_
n
L
x
_
.
(d) f (x) = sin
_
3
L
x
_
B
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
sin
_
3
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
_
0, n ,= 3,
2
L
_
L
0
sin
2
_
3
L
x
_
dx n = 3.
B
3
=
2
L
_
L
0
sin
2
_
3
L
x
_
dx =
1
L
_
L
0
_
1 cos
_
6
L
x
__
dx
=
1
L
_
x
L
6
sin
_
6
L
x
__
L
0
= 1
Therefore,
u(x, t) = e
(3c/L)
2
t
sin
_
3
L
x
_
.
(e) f (x) = cos
_
3
L
x
_
B
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
cos
_
3
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
=
1
L
_
L
0
_
sin

L
(3 +n) x sin

L
(3 n) x
_
dx
=
1
L
_
L
(3 +n)
cos

L
(3 +n) x
L
(3 n)
cos

L
(3 n) x
_
L
0
=
1
(3 +n)
[cos (3 +n) 1]
1
(3 n)
[cos (3 n) 1] (n ,= 3)
=
(1)
n+4
+ 1
(3 +n)

(1)
n2
+ 1
(3 n)
=
[(1)
n
+ 1] (3 n) [(1)
n
+ 1] (3 +n)
(9 n
2
)
=
2n[(1)
n
+ 1]
(n
2
9)
=
_
0, n is odd,
4n
(n
2
9)
, n is even.
193
Therefore,
u(x, t) =
n even
4n
(n
2
9)
e
(nc/L)
2
t
sin
_
n
L
x
_
.
(f) f (x) =
_
x, 0 x
L
2
,
L x,
L
2
x L.
B
n
=
2
L
_ L
2
0
xsin
_
n
L
x
_
dx +
2
L
_
L
L
2
(L x) sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
=
2
L
_
L
0
xsin
_
n
L
x
_
dx +
2
L
_
L
L
2
(L 2x) sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
=
2L
n
(1)
n+1
2
n
_
(L 2x) cos
_
n
L
x
__
L
L
2
+
2
n
_
L
L
2
(2) cos
_
n
L
x
_
dx
=
2L
n
(1)
n+1
+
2L
n
(1)
n
4
n
_
L
n
sin
_
n
L
x
_
_
L
L
2
=
4L
n
2
2
sin
_
n
2
_
=
_
_
_
4L(1)
k
(2k+1)
2
2
, where n = 2k + 1, k = 0, 1, 2, ...,
0, otherwise.
Therefore,
u(x, t) =
k=0
4L
(2k + 1)
2
2
(1)
k
e
[(2k+1)c/L]
2
t
sin
_
(2k + 1)
L
x
_
.
(3) Write u(x, t) = v (x, t) +l (x) and substitute into the partial dierential equation:
v
t
(x, t) = c
2
_
v
xx
(x, t) +l
(x)
The boundary conditions imply that

u(0, t) = v (0, t) +l (0) = A, u(L, t) = v (L, t) +l (L) = B, 0 t .
Furthermore, the initial condition also implies that
u(x, 0) = v (x, 0) +l (x) = f (x) , 0 x L.
Note that l (x) = A+
BA
L
x, l
(x) = 0, l (0) = A and l (L) = B.

194
Then v (x, t) should satisfy the following initial boundary value problem
_
_
v
t
= c
2
2
v
x
2
,
v (0, t) = 0, v (L, t) = 0, 0 t < ,
v (x, 0) = f (x) l (x) , 0 x L.
Solve the initial boundary value problem in question 2:
Write v (x, t) = X (x) T (t) and substitute into the partial dierential equation:
X (x) T
(t) = c
2
X
(x) T (t)
X
(x) +X (x) = 0, X (0) = 0, X (L) = 0 (SLP)

T
(t) = c
2
T (t) (DET)
n
0
= 1,
n
=
_
n
L
_
2
, X
n
(x) =
n
sin
_
n
L
x
_
Solving the DET,T (t) = Ae
c
2
t
, and hence
T
n
(t) = A
n
e
(nc/L)
2
t
The solution v (x, t) now becomes:
v (x, t) =
n=1
B
n
e
(nc/L)
2
t
sin
_
n
L
x
_
v (x, 0) = f (x) l (x) =
n=1
B
n
sin
_
n
L
x
_
Since
_
L
0
sin
2
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
L
2
,
B
n
=
_
L
0
[f (x) l (x)] sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
_
L
0
sin
2
_
n
L
x
_
dx
=
2
L
_
L
0
[f (x) l (x)] sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
195
For dierent function f (x) in part (a) and (b), nd the corresponding B
n
:
(a) f (x) = sin
_
3
L
x
_
B
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
_
sin
_
3
L
x
_
A
B A
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
=
2
L
_
L
0
sin
_
3
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
2
L
_
L
0
_
A+
B A
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
By (2) (d),
2
L
_
L
0
sin
_
3
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
2
L
_
L
0
sin
_
3
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
=
_
0, n ,= 3,
1, n = 3.
By (2) (c)
2
L
_
L
0
_
A+
B A
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
2
n
_
A+ (1)
n+1
B
_
Therefore,
v (x, t) = e
(
3c
L
)
2
t
sin
_
3
L
x
_
n=1
2
n
_
A+ (1)
n+1
B
_
e
(
nc
L
)
2
t
sin
_
n
L
x
_
and
u(x, t) = e
(
3c
L
)
2
t
sin
_
3
L
x
_
n=1
2
n
_
A+ (1)
n+1
B
_
e
(
nc
L
)
2
t
sin
_
n
L
x
_
+
_
A+
B A
L
x
_
.
(b) f (x) = Q(x) =
_
x, 0 x
L
2
,
L x,
L
2
x L.
B
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
_
Q(x) A
B A
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
=
2
L
_
L
0
Q(x) sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
2
L
_
L
0
_
A+
B A
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
196
By (2) (f)
2
L
_
L
0
Q(x) sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
_
_
_
4L(1)
k
(2k+1)
2
2
, n = 2k + 1, k = 0, 1, 2, ...,
0, otherwise.
By (2) (c)
2
L
_
L
0
_
A+
B A
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
2
n
_
A+ (1)
n+1
B
_
Therefore,
v (x, t)
=
_
_
_
k=0
4L(1)
k
(2k + 1)
2
k=0
2
_
A+ (1)
2k+3
B
_
(2k + 1)
_
_
_
e
[(2k+1)c/L]
2
t
sin
_
(2k + 1)
L
x
_
and
u(x, t)
=
_
_
_
k=0
4L(1)
k
(2k + 1)
2
k=0
2
_
A+ (1)
2k+3
B
_
(2k + 1)
_
_
_
e
[(2k+1)c/L]
2
t
sin
_
(2k + 1)
L
x
_
+
_
A+
B A
L
x
_
.
(4) (a) Separation of variables yields
u(x, t) =
n=1
b
n
e
4n
2
t
sin nx,
with
b
n
=
2
_

0
x( x) sinnxdx =
4[1 (1)
n
]
n
3
.
Thus
u(x, t) =
8
n odd
e
4n
2
t
n
3
sinnx.
(b) The function w(x) = 30 + 70x satises w(0) = 30, w(1) = 100 and w
(x) = 0. It is
now clear that v(x, t) = u(x, t) w(x) would satisfy the equation v
t
= c
2
v
xx
, with
boundary conditions v(0, t) = v(1, t) = 0 and initial condition v(x, 0) = 20 70x.
197
We may now solve for v(x, t) to obtain
u(x, t) = (30 + 70x) +
n=1
_
100 (1)
n
+ 40
n
_
e
n
2
2
c
2
t
sinnx.
(5) We substitute u(x, t) = (t) w(x, t) into u
t
= c
2
u
xx
ku to obtain
(t) w +(t) w
t
= (t)
_
c
2
w
xx
kw
If w(x, t) satises the standard heat equation w

t
= c
2
w
xx
, then
(t) = k (t), or
(t) = e
kt
. For the given IBVP, we let u(x, t) = e
t
w(x, t) to obtain
_
_
w
t
= w
xx
for 0 < x < 1, t > 0;
w(0, t) = 0 and w(1, t) = 0 for t 0;
w(x, 0) = sinx +
1
2
sin3x for 0 x 1
It follows that
w(x, t) = e
2
t
sinx +
1
2
e
9
2
t
sin 3x
and therefore
u(x, t) = e
t
w(x, t) = e
(
2
+1)t
sinx +
1
2
e
(9
2
+1)t
sin 3x.
(6)
2
_
1
0
sin p
n
xsinp
m
xdx =
_
1
0
[cos(p
n
p
m
)x cos(p
n
+p
m
)x] dx.
For n ,= m, we have
2
_
1
0
sinp
n
x sin p
m
xdx =
sin(p
n
p
m
)
p
n
p
m
sin(p
n
+p
m
)
p
n
+p
m
.
Since p
n
is a positive root of the equation tanp =
p
, it follows that sinp

n
=
_
p
n
_
cos p
n
.
Therefore,
2
_
1
0
sin p
n
x sinp
m
xdx =
sinp
n
cos p
m
cos p
n
sinp
m
p
n
p
m
sinp
n
cos p
m
+ cos p
n
sin p
m
p
n
+p
m
= 0.
Similarly, we have
_
1
0
sin
2
p
n
xdx =
1
2
_
1
0
[1 cos 2p
n
x] dx =
1
2

sin 2p
n
4p
n
=
1
2

sinp
n
cos p
n
2p
n
=
1
2
+
cos
2
p
n
2
.
198
(7) (a) Solving the S-L Problem, one has
n
= (n
1
2
)
2
as eigenvalues and X
n
(x) = sin(n
1
2
)x as the corresponding eigenfunctions . Therefore,
u(x, t) =
n=1
b
n
e
c
2
(n
1
2
)
2
t
sin(n
1
2
)x.
Using the initial condition x( x) = u(x, 0), one has
x( x) =
n=1
b
n
sin(n
1
2
)x,
where
b
n
=
_
0
x( x) sin(n
1
2
)xdx
_
0
sin
2
(n
1
2
)xdx
=
8
_
4 + (1)
n
(2n 1)
(2n 1)
3
_
Therefore,
u(x, t) =
8
n=1
_
4 + (1)
n
(2n 1)
(2n 1)
3
_
e
c
2
(n
1
2
)
2
t
sin(n
1
2
)x.
(b) We have u(x, t) = a
0
+
n=1
a
n
e
16n
2
t
cos nx, where a
0
+
n=1
a
n
cos nx = u(x, 0) =
_
2x
if 0 x

2
2
( x) if

2
x
The arbitrary constants a
0
and a
n
s may now be calculated by Eulers Formula. The
result is
u(x, t) =
1
2
+
8
n even
_
cos
n
2
1
n
2
_
e
16n
2
t
cos nx.
(c) We substitute
u(x, t) =
n=1
T
n
(t) sin nx,
where T
n
(t)s are to be determined, into the p.d.e. to obtain T
n
(t)+n
2
2
c
2
T
n
(t) = 0
for n ,= 3 and T
3
(t) = 9
2
c
2
T
3
(t)+1. Initial conditions on u(x, t) imply T
n
(0) = 0
for every n = 1, 2, 3, . . ., T
1
(0) = 3, T
4
(0) = 2, and T
n
(0) = 0 whenever n ,= 1, 4.
Solving the ODE, we obtain T
n
(t) = 0 when n ,= 1, 3, 4; T
1
(t) = 3 cos ct, T
3
(t) =
1
9
2
c
2
[1 cos 3ct] and T
4
(t) = 2 cos 4ct. Therefore,
u(x, t) = 3 cos ct sinx + 1
_
1 cos 3ct
9
2
c
2
_
sin3x 2 cos 4ct sin4x.
199
(d) We substitute
u(x, t) =
n=1
T
n
(t) sinp
n
x
into the equation to obtain T
1
(t) = p
2
1
T
1
(t) + 1 and T
n
(t) = p
2
n
T
n
(t) for n > 1,
with T
n
(0) = 0 for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .. Here, p
n
s are positive roots of the equation
tanp = p. Thus T
n
(t) = 0 whenever n > 1 and T
1
(t) =
1 e
p
2
1
t
p
2
1
. Hence
u(x, t) =
_
1 e
p
2
1
t
p
2
1
_
sinp
1
x.
(e) We put u(x, t) = v(x, t) +x cos t into the equation to obtain
v
t
= c
2
2
v
x
2
+x sint,
with boundary conditions v(0, t) = 0 and v(1, t) = 0 and initial condition v(x, 0) = 0
for 0 x 1.
Substituting v(x, t) =
n=1
T
n
(t) sinnx into the equation and bearing in mind
that
x sint =
n=1
2(1)
n+1
sint
n
sin nx,
we obtain
T
n
(t) +c
2
n
2
2
T
n
(t) =
2(1)
n+1
sint
n
.
Solving for the equation, with initial condition T
n
(0) = 0, we have
T
n
(t) =
2 (1)
n+1
n
_
e
c
2
n
2
2
t
c
4
n
4
4
+ 1

cos t
c
4
n
4
4
+ 1
+
c
2
n
2
2
sint
c
4
n
4
4
+ 1
_
Hence
u(x, t) = x cos t +
2
n=1
(1)
n+1
_
e
c
2
n
2
2
t
cos t +c
2
n
2
2
sint
n(c
4
n
4
4
+ 1)
_
sinnx.
X (x) T
(t) = c
2
X
(x) T (t)
200
T
(t) +c
2
T (t) = 0
X
(x) +X (x) = 0, X (0) = 0, X (L) = 0 (SLP)

n
0
= 1,
n
=
_
n
L
_
2
, X
n
(x) =
n
sin
_
n
L
x
_
Solving T
(t) +c
2
T (t) = 0 with
n
=
_
n
L
_
2
,
T
n
(t) = a
n
cos
_
nc
L
t
_
+b
n
sin
_
nc
L
t
_
u(x, t) =
n=1
_
A
n
cos
_
nc
L
t
_
+B
n
sin
_
nc
L
t
__
sin
_
n
L
x
_
u(x, 0) = f (x) =
n=1
A
n
sin
_
n
L
x
_
u
t
(x, t) = g (x) =
nc
L
n=1
_
A
n
sin
_
nc
L
t
_
+B
n
cos
_
nc
L
t
__
sin
_
n
L
x
_
u
t
(x, 0) = g (x) =
nc
L
n=1
B
n
sin
_
n
L
x
_
Since
_
L
0
sin
2
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
L
2
,
A
n
=
_
L
0
f (x) sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
_
L
0
sin
2
_
n
L
x
_
dx
=
2
L
_
L
0
f (x) sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx and
B
n
=
L
nc
_
L
0
g (x) sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
_
L
0
sin
2
_
n
L
x
_
dx
=
2
nc
_
L
0
g (x) sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx
For dierent function f (x) in part (a) to (e), nd the corresponding A
n
and B
n
:
201
(a) f (x) sin
_
3
L
x
_
and g (x) 0. By (2) (d)
A
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
sin
_
3
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
_
0, n ,= 3,
1, n = 3.
B
n
=
2
nc
_
L
0
(0) sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx = 0
Therefore, the solution is u(x, t) = cos
_
3c
L
t
_
sin
_
3
L
x
_
.
(b) f (x) 0 and g (x) sin
_
3
L
x
_
. By (2) (d)
A
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
(0) sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx = 0
B
n
=
2
nc
_
L
0
sin
_
3
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
_
0, n ,= 3,
L
3c
, n = 3.
L
3c
sin
_
3c
L
t
_
sin
_
3
L
x
_
.
(c) f (x) sin
_
3
L
x
_
and g (x) sin
_
3
L
x
_
. By (2) (d)
A
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
sin
_
3
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
_
0, n ,= 3,
1, n = 3.
B
n
=
2
nc
_
L
0
sin
_
3
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
_
0, n ,= 3,
L
3c
, n = 3.
_
cos
_
3c
L
t
_
+
L
3c
sin
_
3c
L
t
_
sin
_
3
L
x
_
.
(d) f (x) sin
_
3
L
x
_
and g (x) sin
_
4
L
x
_
. By (2) (d)
A
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
sin
_
3
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
_
0, n ,= 3,
1, n = 3.
B
n
=
2
nc
_
L
0
sin
_
4
L
x
_
sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
_
0, n ,= 4,
2
4c
_
L
0
sin
2
_
4
L
x
_
dx, n = 4.
B
4
=
1
4c
_
L
0
_
1 cos
_
8
L
x
__
dx =
1
4c
_
x
L
8
sin
_
8
L
x
__
L
0
=
L
4c
Therefore, u(x, t) = cos
_
3c
L
t
_
sin
_
3
L
x
_
+
L
4c
sin
_
4c
L
t
_
sin
_
4
L
x
_
.
202
(e) f (x) = Q(x) =
_
x, 0 x
L
2
,
(L x) ,
L
2
x L.
and g (x) = 0. By (2) (f)
A
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
Q(x) sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
_
_
_
4L(1)
k
(2k+1)
2
2
, where n = 2k + 1, k = 0, 1, 2, ...,
0, otherwise.
B
n
=
2
nc
_
L
0
(0) sin
_
n
L
x
_
dx = 0
k=0
_
4L(1)
k
(2k+1)
2
2
cos
_
(2k+1)c
L
t
__
sin
_
(2k+1)
L
x
_
.
X (x) T
(t) = c
2
X
(x) T (t)
T
(t) +c
2
T (t) = 0
X
(x) +X (x) = 0, X
(0) = 0, X
(L) = 0 (SLP)
n
0
= 0,
n
=
_
n
L
_
2
, X
n
(x) =
n
cos
_
n
L
x
_
Solving T
(t) +c
2
T (t) = 0 with
n
=
_
n
L
_
2
,
T
n
(t) = a
n
cos
_
nc
L
t
_
+b
n
sin
_
nc
L
t
_
u(x, t) =
n=0
_
A
n
cos
_
nc
L
t
_
+B
n
sin
_
nc
L
t
__
cos
_
n
L
x
_
203
u(x, 0) = A
0
+
n=1
A
n
cos
_
n
L
x
_
u
t
(x, t) = B
0
+
nc
L
n=1
_
A
n
sin
_
nc
L
t
_
+B
n
cos
_
nc
L
t
__
cos
_
n
L
x
_
u
t
(x, 0) = B
0
+
nc
L
n=1
B
n
cos
_
n
L
x
_
Since
_
L
0
cos
2
_
n
L
x
_
dx =
_
L, n = 0,
L
2
, n 1.
We have
A
0
=
_
L
0
f (x) dx
L
=
1
L
_
L
0
f (x) dx and
A
n
=
_
L
0
f (x) cos
_
n
L
x
_
dx
_
L
0
cos
2
_
n
L
x
_
dx
=
2
L
_
L
0
f (x) cos
_
n
L
x
_
dx and
B
0
=
_
L
0
g (x) dx
L
=
1
L
_
L
0
g (x) dx and
B
n
=
L
nc
_
L
0
g (x) cos
_
n
L
x
_
dx
_
L
0
cos
2
_
n
L
x
_
dx
=
2
nc
_
L
0
g (x) cos
_
n
L
x
_
dx.
Thus,
u
t
(x, t) = B
0
+
nc
L
n=1
_
A
n
sin
_
nc
L
t
_
+B
n
cos
_
nc
L
t
__
cos
_
n
L
x
_
and
u(x, t) = A
0
+B
0
t +
n=1
_
A
n
cos
_
nc
L
t
_
+B
n
sin
_
nc
L
t
__
cos
_
n
L
x
_
.
(10) Separation of variables and the superposition principle give
u(x, t) =
n=1
[
n
cos nt +
n
sinnt] sinnx
Initial conditions are
u(x, 0) =
_
0.02x if 0 x
1
2
0.02(1 x) if
1
2
x 1
and u
t
(x, 0) = 0
204
Therefore, we have
n
= 0 and
n
= 2
_
_
1/2
0
0.02x sinnxdx +
_
1
1/2
0.02(1 x) sinnxdx
_
.
This implies (see Ex. 3 of Revision with L = 1 and K = 0.01)
u(x, t) =
0.08
n odd
(1)
n1
2
n
2
cos nt sin nx.
(11) We substitute u(x, t) =
n=1
T
n
(t) sinnx into the wave equation
u
tt
= u
xx
+ sin 100x sin100t
to obtain ordinary dierential equations
T
n
(t) +n
2
T
n
(t) = 0 when n ,= 100 and T
100
(t) + 10000 T
100
(t) = sin 100t,
with initial conditions
T
1
(0) = 2, T
1
(0) = 0, T
4
(0) = 3, T
4
(0) = 0 and T
n
(0) = T
n
(0) = 0 for n ,= 1, 4
Solving these ODE, we obtain
T
1
(t) = 2 cos t,
T
4
(t) = 3 cos 4t,
T
100
(t) = L
1
_
100
(s
2
+ 100
2
)
2
_
=
sin 100t 100t cos 100t
20000
.
Therefore,
u(x, t) = 2 cos t sinx 3 cos 4t sin4x +
_
sin 100t 100t cos 100t
20000
_
sin100x
(12) Dierentiating E(t) with respect to t, one obtains
E
(t) =
_
L
0
[ u
t
(x, t) u
tt
(x, t) +T u
x
(x, t) u
xx
(x, t)] dx
=
_
L
0
_
u
t
(x, t) c
2
u
xx
(x, t) +T u
x
(x, t) u
xt
(x, t)
dx
= T
__
L
0
u
t
(x, t) u
xx
(x, t) dx +
_
L
0
u
x
(x, t) u
xt
(x, t) dx
_
205
Integrating the second integral by parts, we have
_
L
0
u
x
(x, t) u
xt
(x, t) dx
= [u
x
(L, t) u
t
(L, t) u
x
(0, t) u
t
(0, t)]
_
L
0
u
xx
(x, t) u
t
(x, t) dx
=
_
L
0
u
xx
(x, t) u
t
(x, t) dx because u
t
(0, t) = u
t
(L, t) = 0
Therefore, E
(t) = 0, and the total energy is conserved.

(13) Let u(x, y) = X(x)Y (y).
Solving the following two ODEs:
1) X
(x) +X(x) = 0 where 0 < x < 2;

2) Y
(y) Y (y) = 0 where 0 < y < 1.

So, with the given boundary conditions,
n
=
n
2
2
4
, X
n
= sin
nx
2
, Y
n
= [e
n
2
y
e
n
2
y
], n = 1, 2, 3 . . . .
Therefore,
u
n
(x, y) =
n
[e
n
2
y
e
n
2
y
] sin
nx
2
, n = 1, 2, 3....
By Principle of Superposition,
u(x, y) =
n=1
n
[e
n
2
y
e
n
2
y
] sin
nx
2
For boundary condition: u(x, 1) = x(2 x), 0 < x < 2,
n
=
2
2[e
n
2
e
n
2
]
_
2
0
x(2 x) sin
nx
2
dx, n = 1, 2, 3....
=
1
[e
n
2
e
n
2
]
8(2 + 2 cos n +n sinn)
n
3
3
=
1
[e
n
2
e
n
2
]
16(1 (1)
n
)
n
3
3
206
Finally,
u(x, y) =
n=1
_
1
[e
n
2
e
n
2
]
16(1 (1)
n
)
n
3
3
_
[e
n
2
y
e
n
2
y
] sin
nx
2
=
32
n=odd
1
n
3
_
e
n
2
y
e
n
2
y
e
n
2
e
n
2
_
sin
nx
2
(14) Set Solution of u
xx
+u
yy
= 0 as u(x, y) = X(x)Y (y). Then
Y
X +X
Y = 0
Y
Y
=
X
X
=
Solving the following two ODEs:
(1) Y
(x) +Y (x) = 0 where 0 < y < 1;

(2) X
(y) X(y) = 0 where 0 < x < 1.

So, with the given boundary conditions,
n
= n
2
2
, Y
n
= sinny, X(x) = e
nx
+e
nx
Since u(1, y) = 0,
X(1) = e
n
+e
n
= 0 = e
2n
Therefore,
X
n
=
n
[e
nx
e
2n
e
nx
] =
n
[e
nx
e
n(2x)
], n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
and
u
n
(x, y) =
n
[e
nx
e
n(2x)
] sinny, n = 1, 2, 3 . . . .
By Principle of Superposition,
u(x, y) =
n=1
n
[e
nx
e
n(2x)
] sinny, n = 1, 2, 3....
From boundary condition, u(0, y) = 3 siny 4 sin 6y for 0 y 1, we have
1
=
3
(1 e
2
)
,
6
=
4
(1 e
12
)
and
n
= 0, n ,= 1, 6
207
Hence
u(x, y) =
3
(1 e
2
)
[e
x
e
(2x)
] siny
4
(1 e
12
)
[e
6x
e
6(2x)
] sin6y.
(15) Using polar coordinates, we substitute u(r, ) = R(r)S() into the equations and proceed
as in the lecture notes. Since S( + 2) = S(), we have
S() = a
n
cos n +b
n
sin n when n 1 and S() = a
0
when n = 0,
R(r) = c
n
r
n
+d
n
r
n
when n 1 and R(r) = c
0
lnr +d
0
when n = 0
Consequently, the Principle of Superposition implies that
u(r, ) = (A
0
lnr +B
0
) +
n=1
r
n
[A
n
cos n +B
n
sinn] +r
n
[C
n
cos n +D
n
sinn] ,
where A
0
, B
0
, A
n
, B
n
, C
n
and D
n
s are arbitrary constants.
(a) To ensure that u(r, ) is nite as r 0, we must choose A
0
= C
n
= D
n
= 0.
Furthermore, the boundary condition implies that
B
0
+
n=1
[A
n
cos n +B
n
sinn] =
_
1 for 0 ;
0 for < < 2
Therefore,
u(r, ) =
1
2
+
n odd
_
2
n
_
r
n
sinn.
(b) The requirement for lim
r
u(r, ) to be nite implies that
A
0
= A
n
= B
n
= 0
Therefore,
u(r, ) = B
0
+
n=1
r
n
[C
n
cos n +D
n
sin n].
Since u(1, ) = 1 + cos 2 3 sin 4, we may compare coecients to obtain B
0
= 1,
C
2
= 1, D
4
= 3 and all other coecients = 0. Therefore,
u(r, ) = 1 +
cos 2
r
2

3 sin 4
r
4
.
208

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Solutions Manual for Basic Engineering Mathematics

Dr. C. K. Chan, Dr. C. W. Chan and Dr. K. F. Hung

3i lies inside the circle.

3i: In polar form, 1 +

3i: In polar form, 1

3i: In polar form, 1 +

3i: In polar form, 2 2

, where is the determinant of the

[x[ cos nxdx = 2

= cos nx and use integration by parts, we get

[sinx[ cos nxdx = 2

= (2x) (sincos ) + (2y) (sinsin) + (2z) (cos )

= (2x) ( sinsin ) + (2y) ( sincos ) + (2z) (0)

[0.1[ = 0.071875 0.072

= (0.5%) + 4 (0.25%) + (0.15%) + (0.3%) = 1.95%

Equation of the line tangent:

= 0, one obtains eigenvalues

3 and the maximum distance is .

ydy = 1 cos 1 = 0.4597

3r. It intersects the sphere z

2 cos intersects the sphere = 2, we have 2 = 2

where is the angle between

= x xsinzx, y cos yz y, z sinzx z cos yz)

(t) = [2t, 1].

(t) = [sint, cos t, 1].

(t) = [sint, cos t].

= a cos cos , a cos sin, a sin) and r

= a sinsin , a sincos , 0).

= cos , sin, 0) and r

= r sin, r cos , 0).

(t) = 0, 2t, 2 2t) 2, 2, 0) = 4t

(u) = 4 4u, 0, 2u) 2, 0, 2) = 8 12u

= 2.88 hours (or 2 hours 53 minutes).

= 1.276. As such, the maximum height

(x) + (2k +p)K

(x) + (2k +p)K

14x +0.0267 sin

(t)+200i(t) = 0, and the solution is i = e

[sY (s) y (0)] 5Y (s) =

[sY (s) y (0)] 5Y (s) =

[sY (s) y (0)] 2Y (s) =

[sY (s) y (0)] 2Y (s) =

[sY (s) y (0)] 2Y (s) =

+ 4 [sY (s) y (0)] + 8Y (s) =

= L[2 cos t 2 sint]

+ 4 [sY (s) y (0)] + 5Y (s) =

+ 2 [sY (s) y (0)] + 3Y (s) =

2 [sY (s) y (0)] =

[sY (s) y (0)] + 2Y (s)

(t) + 5y(t) = (t)

(t) = 0 for t ,= 0 and (0) = lim

(x) +X (x) = 0, X (0) = 0, X (L) = 0 (SLP)

The boundary conditions imply that

(x) = 0, l (0) = A and l (L) = B.

(x) +X (x) = 0, X (0) = 0, X (L) = 0 (SLP)

If w(x, t) satises the standard heat equation w

, it follows that sinp

(x) +X (x) = 0, X (0) = 0, X (L) = 0 (SLP)

(t) = 0, and the total energy is conserved.

(x) +X(x) = 0 where 0 < x < 2;

(y) Y (y) = 0 where 0 < y < 1.

(x) +Y (x) = 0 where 0 < y < 1;

(y) X(y) = 0 where 0 < x < 1.