class 2

1.
RADARRAdio Detect And Ranging

2.

3.

4.

class3
1

PRF

2
(1)

(2)(PRF)
(T)PRF
PRF Rmax=c/2PRF c

 T=(1+25%)2R max/c
(3)

(h)h= c
(4)

(Pt) Pt

/2

/2

W (t )dt

( Pt ) Pt

1 T /2
W (t )dt
T T /2

W Pt Pt Pt Pt PRF

3 (G)
(

p1
p1
p2

)(dB) G 10 lg

p2

6 PPI

RHI

PPI
class4
1

D, D/ <<1 D/ ==1 D/ >1

2 (Rayleigh)
(1)

Ss

Si
, Ss R
R2

Si
(, )

r 6 m2 1
, 16 4 2
m 2
4

cos

cos 2 sin 2

<<
m
Rayleigh

r SS cm
mm
Rayleigh
(2) Rayleigh 2r/<<1
6 4
(3) 10m SCX Rayleigh
1mm X
3 (Mie)

=2r/>0.13 Rayleigh
0
4

i Ei Eim cos t kri

E E1 E2

E1 E1m cos t kr1 E1m cos t cos kr1 E1m sin t sin kr1
E2 E2 m cos t kr2 E2 m cos t cos kr2 E2 m sin t sin kr2
E1 E2 E1m cos kr1 E2 m cos kr2 cos t E1m sin kr1 E2 m sin kr2 sin t
Em cos t kr Em cos kr cos t Em sin kr sin t E

E1m cos kr1 E2 m cos kr2 Em cos kr

E1m sin kr1 E2 m sin kr2 Em sin kr

(1)
(2)

Em E1m E1m 2 E1m E2 m cos k r1 r2

2

Em2 dt

2 E1m E2 m cos k r1 r2 dt
t

E E
2
1m

2
2m

dt

dt

k(r2-r1)
0

5
Rayleigh QS PS/S i PS QS 6
4

Si S s

4 R 2

Rayleigh S i SS Rayleigh

D6 m2 1
4 4 2
m 2

i 1

n( D) ( D)dD

Rayleigh D

5 m2 1
4 2
m 2

n( D) D 6 dD

n( D) D 6 dD

i 1

Mi

5 m2 1
4 2
Ze Ze Pr
m 2

Z
7
1/5
10
8

class5
1

2
kL

d Pr 2k L PrdR

kL 1/
R

Pr Pr0 exp 2 k L dR
0

10lg

R
R
Pr
2 4.343kL dR 2 kdR
0
0
Pr0

k / dB/km
k
3
10cm
5cm 60km 0.1dB3cm

(1)()
(2) 1.35cm ,
(3),
1cm 0.5cm
4
S i
P a Ps Pd

Qa

Pa

Si

Qs

Ps

Si

Qd

Pd

Si

Qa Qs

5
Rayleigh
kdc

8 2

m2 1
4
3
3
Im 2
r M 0 r

2
3

kdc

(1)
(2)(3) 10cm 5cm
3cm (4)
23
6
Rayleigh
10cm 1mm Mie
Mie kp I
k p k2 I k I

4
N (r )r 3v(r )dr v
0
3

10cm 3cm 5.6cm

7
10cm

2r/

9
(1)
(2)(:V )
(3),,
(4),
class6
1
(1)
Pt R

Si ( R )

Pt
4 R 2

 G Si ( R)

PG
t
4 R 2

S s ( )

Ae

PG
t
(4 R 2 )2

PG 2 2
2
G Pr Ss ( ) Ae t 3 4
4
(4 ) R

(2)

f ,

E ,

Emax

Pr S s ( ) Ae

2 2
4
PG

t
f ,
3 4
(4 ) R

2
(1)
n

V i V
i 1

i V V

V h=c h/2
() V R 2
Pr

Pi
i 1

h
222

2 2
2 2
PG
n
PG
h
t
t

3 4 i
(4 ) R i 1
512 3 R 2

(2)
2 2 n
R h /2 dR
4
PG

t
Pr

f , d

i
3
2

R
(4 ) i 1
R

8ln 2

Pr

dV
R 2 dR
2 2
PG
h
t

512(2ln 2) 2 R 2

2ln2
(3) Rayleigh Z

5 2
5 2
i 4 K Di 4 K Z

(4) Pr C

Z
R2

3
(1) Pt
Pt PRF

 Rayleigh

(2)
Pr
PRF PRF
(3)
D 73

/D

(4) G Ap /

Ap G Ap G Ap
G
(5)
2

K Z

(6)
Pr R2
4 20 200
S 50km -5dBZ
, 1000Hz

/m
/cm

10
1000
6

100

200

10

Z mm /m

dBz 10 lg
6
3
1mm / m

Z1 Ni Di6 74 mm6 / m3
5dBz Z2=0.316 mm6/m3
Pr C

Z
R2

20km Z1 Pr1=74C/(20) 2
200km Z1 Pr2=74C/(200) 2
50km -5dBZ Pr3=0.316C/(50) 2
Pr1Pr2 Pr3
Pr3 <Pr2 <Pr1
20km 200km
PRF=1000HzRmax=c/2PRF=150km
20km 200km
class7

sin 1 n2
n1n2 12

sin 2 n1
n

n1
n2
2

2
n T P e T Pe
n Pe T
n
3 K

dn
dh

K>0K<0 K=0
4 Rm Rm

Rm

1
1 dn

Rm Rm dh

(1)
Rm Rm
(2)
Rm
(3) Rm
Rm
(4) 0 Rm<Rm
(5)

Rm<0

PPI

(6)
dn/dh 0

dn/dh 0

6
(dn/dh) TPe
T

P
e

dn/dh 0

>
n

7
R

2Rm H R

H
Rm

PPI
360

H h R sin

R2
2 Rm

h R
Rm=4Rm/3

class8
1 Z-R
(1)

Z N ( D) D 6 dD
0

N ( D) D3 wt ( D)dD

R wt
(2) DSD
M-P N ( D) N 0 exp(D)
D

lnN=lnN 0D

M-P D<1mm

General Gamma Distribution N ( D) N0 D exp(D)

D<1mm N D

(3) wt D
(4)
wt-D
Rayleigh 0
(5) Z-R

LWC
M
MVDD 0

w
6

D0

D3 N ( D)dD

D3 N ( D)dD

M
D 0
2

D 0
D0 D0
M-P Z=200R1.6
Z=300R1.4
Z R
Z-R
Z D 6 R D 3 -4 Z
Z Z R
RZ
Z R
1

(mm)

(m/s)

729

600

50

600 27.8dBz

3200 35.1dBz

(/m )
6

(mm /m )
(mm/h)

729 28.6dBz
5.5

0.4

4.5

PDF
2
(1) ()
(2) Z-R
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

3
(1)
(2)
Z-R
(3) 2
class9
1

2
r
2r 2r/ 2
0

4 r

d 4 dr

dt
dt

dr
d
Vr
2 f
dt
dt

2Vr

f 0 c / , f d 2Vr / , f d 2Vr /

f d 2Vr
f0

f0
c

4
(1)

S (t ) a cos (t )

S (t ) a exp i (t ) a cos (t ) ia sin (t )

In-phase

/2 Quadrature

S(t) I Q

S (t ) S2 (t ) S1 (t ) a1a2ei2 (t ) 1 (t )
(2) Fourier

R(Ts )
S ( f )

S (t ) S (t Ts )dt

R(t )ei 2 ft dt S ( f ) F ( f ) F(f)

2

S S
S(t) F(f) Fourier
(3) S(f)
: Pr

S ( f )df

: f D

fS ( f )df

2
f

S ( f )df

( f f D ) 2 S ( f ) df

S ( f )df

S(f)

f D 2f
fD

f Vr
(4)
1) FFT ,,
,, FFT ,
,
2) PPP(Pulse Pair Processing)
,,,
.
5
PRF Nyquist

f d max

PRF 2vmax

PRF
c
PRF rmax
4
2 PRF
c
rm a vx m ax
8

vm a x

PRF

VAD

Vh

X-Y V f
Vh
X

Vr V f sin Vh cos cos

= =0

Vf

Vf
Vh
Vr

7
=+

V f w w0
w0 w w0
(1) w0=1m/s 1m/s

(2) w0-Z w0 Z Z w0

8
w0-Z
w0 w0 w0

2
v

(v vr ) 2 (v)dv

(v)dv

class10
1
PPI RHI

3
:>45dBZ

1,
2PPI

3RHI

4A/R

5
X

6
PPI RHI

7
(1)

PPI (<30dBZ)
RHI 5-6km
2-3km 3-4km 5-6km

0 ,
0

Rayleigh
)

0.
(3)

PPI (>30dBZ)
RHI
6-7km 18-20km

<1h)
50dBz XC
V S

(4)

PPI
40dBZ
RHI

8
: PPI

9

-40dbZ dbZ