E.

STEAM POWER PLANT - LECTURE

1

1. Basic Elements of Plant Design
1.1 Steam Generator is a combination of apparatus for producing, furnishing, or recovering heat, together with
apparatus for transferring to a working fluid the heat thus made available. It indicates the furnace, boiler,
waterwalls, water floor, water screen, superheater, reheater, economizer, air preheater, and fuel-burning
equipment. The term boiler has been used for such a long period of time that the two terms are used
interchangeably.
1.2 Steam Turbine is the most versatile prime mover capable of an almost endless variety of application. It is a
practical power source when built in as small as 5 hp or as large as 100,000. It is relatively quiet and smooth in
operation.
1.3 Condenser a heat exchanger where steam enters the top and the condensate is collected in the hot well at the
bottom while cooling water flows through the tubes.
1.4 Boiler Feed Pump or Feedwater Pumps its function is to increase the pressure existing on a liquid an increment
sufficient to the required service.
2. Rankine Cycle
Rankine cycle is the ideal steam power cycle. This ideal plant consist of a steam generator which receives
feedwater under pressure from a pump, a prime mover in which to obtain the working expansion, and a condenser
to reduce the exhaust steam to liquid, ready for pumping.



1-2 isentropic (or reversible adiabatic) expansion
2-3 isobaric (or reversible constant-pressure) heat rejection
3-4 isentropic (or reversible adiabatic) compression
4-5 isobaric (or reversible constant-pressure) heat addition


Turbine Work
( )
2 1
h h m W
t
=
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Actual turbine work
( ) ( )
t t
h h m h h m W
2 1 2 1
= =

Heat rejected in condenser
( )
3 2
h h m Q
R
=
Actual heat rejected in condenser
( )
3 2
h h m Q
R
=


Pump work
( )
3 4
h h m W
p
=
( )
3 4 3
p p mv W
p

Actual pump work
( )
p
p
h h m
W

3 4

=
( )
p
p
p p mv
W

3 4 3


Head added to boiler
( )
4 1
h h m Q
A
=
Actual heat added to boiler
( )
b
A
h h m
Q

4 1

=
where:

t
= turbine efficiency

p
= pump efficiency

b
= boiler efficiency

Boiler efficiency is meant the measure of ability of a boiler or steam generator to transfer the heat given it by the
furnace to the water and steam.

Thermal Cycle Efficiency
For Rankine Cycle
( )
( )
( ) ( )
4 1
3 4 2 1
3 1
2 1
h h
h h h h
W h h
W h h
Q
W W
e
p
p
b
p t
cycle

=


=

=
For Rankine engine or turbine (combination with condenser)
3 1
2 1
h h
h h
e
engine

=
For plant thermal efficiency
HV m
EP
fuel by plied sup heat
output power electrical
e
f
p
= =
3. Methods used in increasing the thermal efficiency of a Rankine cycle
a. For the same throttle pressure and condenser pressure, increase the throttle temperature.
b. For the same throttle temperature and condenser pressure, increase the throttle pressure.
c. For the same throttle temperature and pressure, decrease the condenser pressure.
d. Using reheat cycle
e. Using regenerative cycle
f. Using reheat-regenerative cycle
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4. Reheat Cycle
Reheat cycle- to increase turbine power, increase thermal efficiency


Turbine work
( ) ( )
4 3 2 1
h h m h h m W
t
+ =
Heat added in the boiler
( )
6 1
h h m Q
Ab
=
Heat added in the reheater
( )
2 3
h h m Q
Arh
=
Pump work
( ) ( )
5 6 5 5 6
p p mv h h m W
p
=
Heat rejected in the condenser
( )
5 4
h h m Q
R
=
Thermal efficiency of reheat cycle
Arh Ab
p t
A
p t
cycle
Q Q
W W
Q
W W
e
+

=

5. Regenerative Cycle
Regenerative cycle to improve the cycle efficiency, decrease turbine power, decrease heat addition.


Turbine work
( ) ( )( )
3 2 1 2 1
h h m m h h m W
t
+ =
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Heat added in the boiler
( )
7 1
h h m Q
A
=

Pump work 1
( )( ) ( ) ( )
4 5 4 1 4 5 1 1
p p v m m h h m m W
p
=
Pump work 2
( ) ( )
6 7 6 6 7 2
p p mv h h m W
p
=
Heat rejected in the condenser
( )( )
4 3 1
h h m m Q
R
=
Heat balance in regenerative heater (feedwater heater or deaerator)
( )
6 5 1 2 1
mh h m m h m = +
Thermal efficiency of reheat cycle
( ) ( )
A
p p t
A
p p t
cycle
Q
W W W
Q
W W W
e
2 1 2 1
+
=
+
=

6. Reheat-Regenerative Cycle


7. Steam Generators (Boilers)
Steam generators commonly referred to as boiler is an integrated assembly of several essential components the
function of which is to produce steam at a predetermined pressure and temperature.



8. Boiler Types
8.1 Classification according to the contents of the tubular heating surface.
8.1.1 Fire-tube boilers
Fire-tube boilers are those in which the products of combustion pass through the tubes and the water
lies around the outside of them.
a. Horizontal or vertical axes
b. External or internal furnaces
c. Fully cylindrical or partially cylindrical shells
E. STEAM POWER PLANT - LECTURE

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8.1.2 Water-tube boilers
Water-tube boilers are those in which the water is inside the tubes while the products of combustion
surrounds the tubes.
Classification according to:
a. Shape of the tubes
1. Straight tube - have a parallel group of straight equal-length tubes, arranged in a uniform
pattern and joined at either end to headers.
Classification of headers
a. Box headers
b. Sectional headers
2. Bent-tube - are header less. The drum serve the same function as the headers.
b. Drum position
1. Longitudinal
2. Cross
c. Method of Water Circulation
1. Forced
2. Natural
d. Number of Drums
1. Drum and-a-half a long upper drum is paralleled by a shorted drum.
2. Two-Drum two parallel horizontal drums of equal length but not necessarily equal diameter
are set on one above the other and joined by multiple rows of bent tubes.
3. Three-Drum two upper drums and one lower drums are arranged so that one upper drum
carries the water level and the other, being lower, really acts as a header.
e. Service
1. Marine
2. Stationary
f. Capacity
g. Thermal Conditions

9. Parts of Steam Generator
9.1 Pressure parts
9.1.1 Boiler heating surface tubes with attached drums or shells for storage of water and steam.
9.1.2 Superheated surface provides more heating surface through which the steam must pass after leaving
the boiler if a final superheated state is desired.
9.1.3 Economizer is a feedwater pre-heating device which utilizes steam mixed with the feedwater.
9.2 Enclosure or setting
9.2.1 Water walls water tubes installed in the furnace to protect furnace against high temperature.
9.2.2 Furnace encloses the combustion equipment to utilize effectively the heat generated.
9.2.2.1 Factors to be considered in furnace design
a. Air supply
b. Character of fuel used
c. Degree of pre-heating
d. Draft equipment available
9.2.2.2 Types of furnace walls
a. Air-cooled masonry walls
b. Partially water-cooled walls
c. Solid masonry
d. Water-jacketed furnace
E. STEAM POWER PLANT - LECTURE

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9.2.3 Combustion equipment
a. Burner used in fire-tube boilers for firing liquid and gaseous fuels.
b. Stoker used in water-tube boilers for firing solid fuels
9.2.4 Auxiliaries and accessories
a. Air preheater a heat exchanger utilizing the heat of the flue gases to pre-heat the air needed for
combustion.
b. Forced-draft fan forces air inside to support fuel combustion
c. Induced-draft fan usually situated at the bottom of the chimney or smokestack, it is responsible in
extracting flue gases out.
d. Soot blower removes soot around steam pipes developed as a result of combustion, employs the
use of extracted steam from the main steam line.
e. Blowdown valve valve through which the impurities that settle in the mud drum are removed; also
called blow-off valve.
f. Breeching duct connecting boiler to chimney.
g. Baffles direct the flow of the hot gases to effect efficient heat transfer between the hot gases and
the heated water.
h. Fusible plug a metal plug with a definite melting point through which the steam is released in case
of excessive temperature which is usually caused by low water level.
i. Safety valve a safety device which automatically releases the steam in case of over-pressure.

10. Definitions from PSME Code 2008

Boiler or Steam Generator a closed vessel intended for use in heating water or for application of heat to generate
steam or other vapor to be used externally to itself.

Coal-Fired Boiler used stoketed water temperature coal or pulverized coal for water-tube.

Condemned Boiler Unfired Pressure Vessel a boiler or unfired pressure vessel that has been inspected and
declared unsafe to operate or disqualified, stamped and marked indicating its rejection by qualified inspecting
authority.

Existing Installations any boiler or unfired pressure vessel constructed, installed, placed in operation but subject to
periodic inspection.

External Inspection an inspection made on the external parts, accessories and/or component even when a boiler
or unfired pressure vessel is in operation.

Fire Tube Boiler a boiler where heat is applied inside the tube.

Fusion Welding a process of welding metals in a molten and vaporous state, without the application of mechanical
pressure or blows.

Gas-Fired Boiler uses natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for heating boiler, fire tube or water-tube.

Heat-Recovery Steam Generator unfired pressure vessel that uses flue gas heat.

Internal Inspection an inspection made when a boiler or unfired pressure vessel is shut-down and handholes,
manholes, or other inspection openings are opened or removed for inspection of the interior.
E. STEAM POWER PLANT - LECTURE

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Locomotive Boiler a boiler mounted on a self-propelled track locomotive and used to furnish motivating power for
traveling on rails.

Low Pressure Heating Boiler a boiler operated at a pressure not exceeding 1.055 kg/cm
2
gage steam water
temperature not exceeding 121 C.

Medium Pressure Heating Boiler a boiler operated at a pressure not exceeding 103.5 MPa gage steam, or water
temperature not exceeding 130 C.

Miniature Boiler as used in this Code herein mean any boiler which does not exceed any of the following limits:
405 mm inside diameter, 1065 mm overall length of outside of heads at center, 1.85 m
2
of water heating surface,
7.03 kg/cm
2
maximum allowable working pressure.

New Boiler or Unfired Pressure Vessel Installation include all boilers and unfired pressure vessels constructed,
installed, placed in operation or constructed for.

Oil-fired Boiler uses Bunker C as fuel for heating boiler and power boiler.

Portable Boiler an internally fired boiler which is self-contained and primarily intended for temporary location and
the construction and usage is obviously portable.

Power Boiler a closed vessel in which steam or other vapor (to be used externally to itself) is generated at a
pressure of more than 1.055 kg/cm
2
gage by the direct application of heat.

ASME Boiler Construction Code the term, ASME Boiler Construction Code of the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers with amendments and interpretations thereto made and approved by the Council of the Society.

Reinstalled Boiler or Unfired Pressure Vessel a boiler or unfired pressure vessel removed from its original setting
and re-erected at the same location or erected at a location without change of ownership.

Second Hand Boiler or Unfired Pressure Vessel as used herein shall mean a boiler or unfired pressure vessel of
which both the location and ownership have been changed after primary use.

Unfired Pressure Vessel a vessel in which pressure is obtained from an external source, or from an indirect
application of heat.

Waste-Heat Boiler unfired pressure vessel that uses flue gas heat from waste incinerator.

Waste Tube Boiler a boiler where heat is applied outside the tube.








E. STEAM POWER PLANT - LECTURE

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11. Performance of Boilers

11.1 Factor of Evaporation, FE

fg
fw s
h
h h
FE

=
where:
h
fg
= latent heat of vaporization or evaporation at standard atmospheric conditions.
h
fg
= 970.3 Btu/lb or
h
fg
= 2257 Btu/lb or
h
fg
= 539 kcal/kg

11.2 Equivalent Evaporation, EE
FE m EE
s
=
where:
m
s
= amount of steam generated.

11.3 Equivalent Specific Evaporation, ESE

f f
s
m
EE
FE
m
m
ESE = =
where:
m
f
= amount of fuel burned in the furnace.

11.4 ASME Evaporation unit, ASME EU
( )
fw s s
h h m EU ASME =

11.5 Rated Boiler Horsepower (Rated Bo Hp)
Rated Bo Hp = Total Heating Surface / k
where:
k = 12 sq ft = 1.1 sq m for fire-tube boilers
k = 10 sq ft = 0.91 sq m for water-tube boilers

Also Package Fire-Tube Boiler have a heating surface of 5 sq ft per boiler horsepower.



E. STEAM POWER PLANT - LECTURE

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11.6 Developed Boiler Horsepower (Dev Bo Hp)

( )
c
EU ASME
c
h h m
Hp Bo Dev
fw s s
=

=
where:
c = 33,475 Btu/hr = 35,316 kJ/hr = 8,433 kcal/hr

11.7 Percent Rating Developed (% Rating Dev)
100 =
Hp Bo Rated
Hp Bo Dev
Dev Rating %

11.8 Over-all Boiler Efficiency or Steam Generator Efficiency, e
o
.

( ) ( ) ( )
HHV m
h h m h h m h h m
e
f
fw bo bo ri ro rs fw s s
o
+ +
=

where:
m
rs
= amount of steam reheated
h
ro
= enthalpy of steam leaving reheater
h
ri
= enthalpy of steam entering reheater
m
bo
= amount of water blowdown at boiler pressure
h
bo
= enthalpy of saturated liquid at boiler pressure

if there is no reheater and no boiler blowdown.

( )
HHV m
h h m
e
f
fw s s
o

=


11.9 Boiler and Furnace Efficiency, e
bf


( )
r r f
fw s s
bf
HV m HHV m
h h m
e

=
where:
m
f
= amount of ash refired
HV
r
= heating value of ash

11.10 Net Efficiency of Steam Generating Unit, e
net


( )( )
HHV m
h h m m
e
f
fw s aux s
net

=
where:
m
aux
= amount of steam used for SGU auxiliaries.

11.11 Gross Station (Power Plant) Heat Rate, GSHR
- Defined as the amount of heat required per unit power developed .
output work Gross
fuel by plied sup heat Gross
GSHR =
11.12 Net Station (Power Plant) Heat Rate, NSHR

( ) ( ) s auxiliarie by used hr kW generated hr kW
HHV m fuel by plied sup Heat
NSHR
f

=
,


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11.13 Over-all (Gross) Station Efficiency,
o


fuel by plied sup Heat
als min ter generator at output kW
o

=

11.14 Grate Efficiency, e
gr


HHV m
HV m
e
f
r c
gr
=1
where:
m
c
= amount of carbon in refuse or ash
HV
c
= heating value of combustible in refuse or ash

12. Steam Turbines
The operation of the steam turbine generator involves the expansion of steam through numerous stages in the
turbine, causing the turbine rotor to turn the generator rotor. The generator rotor is magnetized, and its rotation
generates the electrical power in the generator stator.
12.1 Principal Parts
a. Rotor is the main moving element of a turbine.
b. Casing is the principal stationary element, often called the cylinder. It surrounds the rotor and
holds, internally, any nozzles, blades, and diaphragms that may be necessary to control the path and
physical state of the expanding steam.
c. Bearings this the main bearings of a single-cylinder turbine which are two in number and are
placed outboard of the shaft seal.
d. Shaft seals to prevent outflow at the high-pressure end and air inflow at the vacuum end.
e. Steam control regulate the flow of steam through a stationary turbine to produce constant
rotative speed in the presence of variable power demand.
f. Oil system is required for lubricating the bearings.
12.2 Classification of Steam Turbine
12.2.1 Types of Blades
a. Impulse Stages - consists of a stationary nozzle with rotating buckets or blades. The steam
expands through the nozzle, increasing in velocity as a result of the decrease in pressure.
The steam then strikes the rotating buckets and performs work on the rotating buckets,
which in turn decreases the steam velocity.
1. Velocity compound stage involves a stationary nozzle followed by several rotating and
stationary buckets. The nozzle has a large pressure drop with a resulting increase in
velocity. The velocity compound stage is also called a Curtis stage.
2. Pressure compound stages involve several sets of nozzles with small pressure drops
through each set of nozzles and complete velocity dissipation in each row of rotating
buckets. The pressure compound stages are also called Rateau impulse stages.
b. Reaction Stages are composed of one stationary row of blades and one rotating row of
blades with a pressure drop occurring in each stationary and rotating row.
12.2.2 Cylinder Arrangement
a. Single cylinder
- With all rotating blades attached to one shaft and the steam flow all in one direction.
b. Double flow units
- Single cylinder units with steam entering in the center and flowing in two equal
quantities, but in opposite directions along the shaft.
c. Tandem-compound units
E. STEAM POWER PLANT - LECTURE

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d. Cross-compound units
- Differ from tandem-compound units only in that the high- and low-pressure ends are
not on the same shaft.
e. Steeple- or vertical-compound units
12.2.3 Back Pressure
12.2.4 Initial Temperature and Pressure
High Pressure 1800 to 2400 psig range.
Supercritical Pressure Above 3206 psig.
Low Pressure 200 to 400 psig range.
High Temperature Inlet temperature above 900 F.
12.2.5 Reheat
Reheat turbine when steam is extracted from the turbine and its temperature increased
(usually in the steam generator) before being returned to the turbine.
12.2.6 Other Methods
a. Single-stage or multistage units
b. Mixed-pressure units
c. High or low speed turbines
d. Nonextraction or extraction turbines
e. Uses stationary, marine, or mechanical-drive turbines.

13. Power Rating
Mechanical drive turbines are rated in horsepower; turbine-generator units, in kilowatts.

Internal power is the product of torque and rotor speed.

Nominal rating is a declared power capacity expected to be the maximum load.

Capability is the manufacturers guaranteed maximum continuous output for a clean turbine, operating under
specific throttle and exhaust conditions, with full extraction at any openings, if provided.

Overload capacity is the difference between capability and rating.

14. Willans Line
Willans line is a straighlt line which shows the relation between the steam consumption in lb per hr and the load
in kW of a steam turbine generator unit.

E. STEAM POWER PLANT - LECTURE

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Note that the Willans line for throttle governing and for an infinite number of governor valves is a straight line
and will conform to the general equation
y = a + bx
Where y = throttle steam flow, lb per hr
a = no-load steam consumption, lb per hr
b = slope of the curve, lb per kwhr
x = load, kw

15. Performance of Steam Turbines


15.1 Ideal Turbine Work
( )
2 1
h h m W
s t
=

where:
h
1
= enthalpy of steam entering
h
2
= enthalpy of steam after ideal (isentropic) expansion
15.2 Actual Turbine Work
( ) ( )
st s a s t
h h m h h m W
2 1 2 1
= =

where:
h
2a
= enthalpy of steam after actual expansion
h
st
= stage efficiency

15.3 Turbine Power Output
15.4
( ) ( )
m st s t s t
h h m h h m W
2 1 2 1
= =

where:

t
= turbine efficiency =
st
x
m

m
= mechanical efficiency

15.4 Electrical or Generator Efficiency

output Turbine
output Generator
e
=
Generator output = Turbine Output x
e
= m
s
(h
1
h
2
)
t

e

E. STEAM POWER PLANT - LECTURE

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15.5 Thermal Efficiency
15.5.1 Brake thermal efficiency
( )
2 1 f s
b
h h m
output Turbine
e

=

15.5.2 Combined or overall thermal efficiency
( )
2 1 f s
c
h h m
output Generator
e

=

15.5.3 Ideal Rankine thermal efficiency
2 1
2 1
f
r
h h
h h
e

=

15.6 Engine Efficiency of Turbine
15.6.1 Brake engine efficiency
( )
2 1
h h m
power Brake
s
eb

=
15.6.2 Combined or Overall engine efficiency
( )
2 1
h h m
output Generator
s
ec

=

16. Steam Condensers
Steam condenser a heat exchanger where steam enters at the top and the condensate is collected in the hot well
at the bottom while cooling water flows through the tubes.

17. Functions of Steam Condenser
a. To convert steam to liquid before entering the steam-generating unit.
b. To create a vacuum at turbine exhaust thereby increasing turbine power.

18. Classification of steam condensers
a. Surface condenser where steam and cooling water are not allowed to mix; commonly shell and tube design.

E. STEAM POWER PLANT - LECTURE

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b. Direct-contact condenser (mixing) also called jet condensers , where steam and cooling water are allowed to
mix.


19. Heat Balance in Condenser

( ) ( )E h h m t t c m
f s s p w
=
1 2

where:
c
p
= 4.187 kJ/kg-C or 1.0 Btu/lb-F
E = heat extraction factor

20. Vacuum Efficiency, h
vac

sat atm
cond atm
vac
p p
p p

=
where:
p
atm
atmospheric pressure
p
cond
absolute condenser pressure
p
sat
saturation pressure

21. Feedwater Heater
Terminal difference is the difference between the saturation temperature of the steam in the heater and the
temperature of the water leaving the heater.

Subcooling the reduction below saturation temperature.

E. STEAM POWER PLANT - LECTURE

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Open heaters or Contact heaters are feedwater heaters that function by mixing steam with the feedwater.

Deaerator a contact heater especially designed to remove the noncondensable gases.

22. Feedwater Pumps and Boiler Feed Pump
Boiler feed pump whose function is to increase the pressure existing on a liquid an increment sufficient to the
required service.

( )
1 2
h h m Work Pump =
( )
1 2 1
p p mv Work Pump
mgH Work Pump =
where:
m = mass flow rate, kg/s
v
1
= specific volume, m3/kg
p
1
= entrance pressure, kPa
p
2
= exit pressure, kPa
H = head, m
Pump input power (Brake power of the pump)
Efficiency Pump
Work Pump
=
23. Steam Engines
Steam engines where steam is admitted to the engine cylinder at throttle pressure during the first part of the
working stroke, then cut off by closure of the steam valve. The steam so trapped in the cylinder expands
adiabatically to the release pressure, then is exhausted from the cylinder during part of the return stroke. Steam
engines are double-acting and the process is isentropic.


E. STEAM POWER PLANT - LECTURE

16

23.1 Ideal p-V Diagram

23.2 Piston Volume Displacement

Piston rod neglected:
LN D V
D
2
4
2

=


Piston rod considered:
( )LN d D LN D V
D
2 2 2
4 4

=


23.3 Indicated Power
D mi
V p IP =
p
mi
= indicated mean effective pressure
Scale Spring
Diagram of Length
Diagram of Area
p
mi
=

23.4 Brake Power
TN BP 2 =
where:
T = torque, kN-m
N = speed, rev/s

Using brake mean effective pressure, p
mb

D mb
V p BP =

23.5 Friction Power
Friction Power = Indicated Power Brake Power
FP = IP BP

23.6 Mechanical Efficiency
Power Indicated
Power Brake
m
=




E. STEAM POWER PLANT - LECTURE

17

23.7 Thermal Efficiency
a. Indicated thermal efficiency
( )
2 1 f s
i
h h m
Power Indicated
e

=
b. Brake thermal efficiency
( )
2 1 f s
b
h h m
Power Brake
e

=

23.8 Engine Efficiency
a. Indicated engine efficiency
( )
2 1
h h m
Power Indicated
s
i

=
b. Brake engine efficiency
( )
2 1
h h m
Power Brake
s
b

=


23.9 Efficiency of Equivalent Rankine Cycle
2 1
2 1
f
r
h h
h h
e

=


24. Combined Cycle Power Plant
Combined gas turbine-steam cycle is employed to transfer heat carried by the flue gas in the gas turbine cycle to
the feedwater in the steam cycle; the heat exchanger performs the function of a boiler.


Schematic Diagram

E. STEAM POWER PLANT - LECTURE

18



Gas Turbine Cycle:
Net Work of the Cycle,
( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ]
a b d c p a a b d c a net
T T T T c m h h h h m W = =
Heat Added in the Combustion Chamber,
( ) ( )
b c p a b c a A
T T c m h h m Q = =
Heat Loss in the Heat Exchanger,
( ) ( )
c d p a c d a L
T T c m h h m Q = =

Steam Cycle:
Net Work of the Cycle,
( ) ( ) [ ]
3 4 3 2 1
p p v h h m W
s net
=
Heat Gained in the Heat Exchanger,
( ) ( )
4 1 4 1
h h m h h m Q
s fw G
= =


Thermal Efficiency of the Combined Cycle,
A
netS netG
A
net
k
Q
W W
Q
W
e
+
= =

Energy balance in the heat exchanger,
Heat lost by exhaust gases = heat gained by feedwater
( ) ( )
4 1
h h m T T c m
s c d p a
=
( )
4 1
h h
T T c m
m
c d p a
s

=
where:
m
s
= steam mass flow rate
m
a
= air mass flow rate








25. Binary Mercury-Steam Cycle Power Plant
Binary mercury-steam cycle - is employed to transfer heat carried by the mercury in the mercury vapor cycle to the
feedwater in the steam cycle; the heat exchanger performs the function of a boiler.






E. STEAM POWER PLANT - LECTURE

19



Schematic Diagram


Overall Turbine Work,
( ) ( )
2 1
h h m h h m W W W
s b a hg st hgt t
+ = + =

Overall Pump Work,
( ) ( )
3 4
h h m h h m W W W
s c d hg sp hgp p
+ = + =
( ) ( )
3 4 3
p p v m p p v m W
s c d c hg p
+ =

Heat Added in the Mercury Boiler,
( )
d a hg A
h h m Q =
Thermal Efficiency of Binary Cycle,
A
p t
A
net
b
Q
W W
Q
W
e

= =


Energy Balance in the Heat Exchanger,
Heat lost by the mercury heat gained by water
( ) ( )
4 1
h h m h h m
fw c b hg
=
s fw
m m =
Thus,
( )
c b
fw
hg
h h
h h m
m

=
4 1


where:
m
s
= steam mass flow rate
m
fw
= feedwater flow rate
m
hg
= mercury flow rate


E. STEAM POWER PLANT - LECTURE

20

26. Cogeneration Steam Power Plant

The terms cogeneration and CHP are used interchangeably paper and are defined as the combined simultaneous
generation of heat and electrical energy with a common source of fuel. Common examples of cogeneration
applications include pulp and paper mills, steel mills, food and chemical processing plants, and District Heating (DH)
applications.

Schematic Diagram



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