T C

VSL Post-Tensioning Systems

have been used commonly
throughout the world since 1956.
They are technically mature and
have earned a reputation for
quality and reliability. Today,
VSL is a recognized leader in
post-tensioning and related
engineering.
VSL Post-Tensioning is used in
virtually every area of concrete
construction. While used
primarily in bridges and
buildings, the system is also
employed for the construction of
concrete containment structures,
anchoring in rock and soil,
structural strengthening and
repair, lifting and sliding of heavy
loads, and many other
applications.
Harbour Front , Hong Kong
Tsing Ma and Kap Shui Mun Bridges, Hong Kong
Bank of China, Hong Kong
The VSL technology is based
on the principle of post-
tensioning. The prestress is
permanently introduced into
the structure after the
concrete has hardened. This
is achieved by the stressing
of suitably arranged, high-
strength prestressing
tendons. VSL Post-
Tensioning generates
favorable stress conditions in
the structure, enabling
efficient use of building
materials while controlling
deformations under service
conditions.
This publication comprises a
summary of the VSL Post-
Tensioning Systems and contains
important information of design
and construction. The dimensions
Gat eway I, Hong Kong
Rambler Channel Bri dge, Hong Kong
T H E C O M P A N Y
Bee-Do Bridge, South Korea
Koshiki Daimyojin Bridge, Japan
strengths may all be accommodated.
Your local VSL Representative will
furnish additional details regarding
specific applications.
As a subsidiary of VSL
International of Switzerland and a
member of BOUYGUES S.A. of
France, VSL is part of a major
international construction group
with a combined workforce of over
80,000. VSL International Ltd.
further divides its subsidiaries and
licensees into five Operating Units
(OU's). Operating Unit 1 covers
South East Asia with the regional
office in Australia. Operating Unit 2
covers North East Asia with the
regional office in Hong Kong.
Operating Unit 3 covers the United
States with the regional office
With offices throughout the world,
VSL offers a comprehensive
range of professional services for
any post-tensioning project.
These locally based services
include feasibility studies,
structural design assistance,
contractor consulting and field
installation, all aimed at finding
the best solution and insuring the
best value for money.
The scope of VSL's value-added
services is tailored to suit client
needs.
As a technical leader in the post-
tensioning industry, VSL works
continuously, through its quality
assurance program, to refine,
improve, and expand the scope of
its systems and services.
Subscribing to the philosophy that
what is good today may always
be made better for tomorrow, VSL
has always attracted the most
talented and motivated people, all
with one goal: t o be your most
val ued const ruct i on part ner.
in Raleigh. Operating Unit 4.5
covers Europe, Middle East, Africa
and South America, with the
regional office in France. This
arrangement gives VSL continuous
access to the latest construction
technologies
employed throughout
the world. Our local
based offices allow
VSL to be close to
our clients and offer
our construction
solutions effectively.
and strengths indicated are
subject to change as VSL
continuously improves its systems.
Additional tendon sizes are available
upon request. Alternate dimensions,
special conditions and various
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
VSL Multistrand System Components
Grout tube
Stressing anchorage
Grout tube Grout tube Grout tube Grout tube
Dead end anchorage
The VSL multistrand system is characterized by the
following features:
standardized tendon units with up to 55 strands of
13mm (0.5") or 15 mm (0.6") diameter;
wide selection of anchorage types;
ducts of steel or plastic PT-PLUS;
grouting with cement mortar or other materials;
economical tendon manufacture on-site or in the
factory;
no need to determine tendon length in advance;
simultaneous stressing of all strands in a tendon
but individual locking of each strand at the
anchorage;
stressing in any number of steps;
simple and reliable equipment for installation,
stressing and grouting.
ASTM A416
Grade 270
15.2
140
1.1
1670
1860
260.7
ASTM A416
Grade 270
12.7
98.7
0.775
1670
1860
183.7
EN138 or
BS 5896 Super
12.9
100
0.785
1580
1860
186
cicra 195
max 2.5
mm
mm
kg/m
MPa
MPa
kN
GPa
%
Strand type
Nominal diameter
Nominal area
Nominal mass
Yield strength
Tensile strength
Min. breaking load
Young's modulus
Relaxation
Tendon
unit
5-4
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-27
5-31
5-37
5-42
5-48
5-55
No. of
strands
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
Min.
(mm)
36/39
51/54
60/67
75/82
80/87
95/102
95/102
110/117
120/127
130/137
130/137
Duct ID/OD
12.7
367
551
735
919
1102
1286
1470
1653
1837
2021
2204
2388
2572
2756
2939
3123
3307
3490
3674
3858
4041
4225
4409
4593
4776
4960
5144
5327
5511
5695
5878
6062
6246
6430
6613
6797
6981
7164
7348
7532
7715
7899
8083
8267
8450
8634
8818
9001
9185
9369
9552
9736
9920
10104
Min. Breaking load
(kN)
STRAND TYPE 13 mm (0.5")
Nominal
(mm)
36/39
51/54
65/72
80/87
95/102
100/107
100/107
110/117
120/127
130/137
135/142
Tendon
unit
6-3
6-7
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-27
6-31
6-37
6-42
6-48
6-55
No. of
strands
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
Min.
(mm)
36/39
55/62
75/82
90/97
100/107
110/117
120/127
130/137
135/142
150/160
160/170
Duct ID/OD
15.7
530
795
1060
1325
1590
1855
2120
2385
2650
2915
3180
3445
3710
3975
4240
4505
4770
5035
5300
5565
5830
6095
6360
6625
6890
7155
7420
7685
7950
8215
8480
8745
9010
9275
9540
9805
10070
10335
10600
10865
11130
11395
11660
11925
12190
12455
12720
12985
13250
13515
13780
14045
14310
14575
15.2
521
782
1043
1304
1564
1825
2086
2346
2607
2868
3128
3389
3650
3911
4171
4432
4693
4953
5214
5475
5735
5996
6257
6518
6778
7039
7300
7560
7821
8082
8342
8603
8864
9125
9385
9646
9907
10167
10428
10689
10949
11210
11471
11732
11992
12253
12514
12774
13035
13296
13556
13817
14078
14339
Min. Breaking load
(kN)
STRAND TYPE 15 mm (0.6")
Nominal
(mm)
36/39
65/72
80/87
100/107
100/107
110/117
120/127
130/137
135/142
160/170
170/180
Strand Properties
1) 2) 1) 2)
3)
4) 4)
EN138 or
BS 5896 Super
15.7
150
1.18
1500
1770
265
13 mm (0.5")
15 mm (0.6")
2
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Tendon Properties
12.9
372
558
744
930
1116
1302
1488
1674
1860
2046
2232
2418
2604
2790
2976
3162
3348
3534
3720
3906
4092
4278
4464
4650
4836
5022
5208
5394
5580
5766
5952
6138
6324
6510
6696
6882
7068
7254
7440
7626
7812
7998
8184
8370
8556
8742
8928
9114
9300
9486
9672
9858
10044
10230
1) Measured at 0.1% residual strain (0.1% offset method)
2) Measured at 1% extension (1% extension under load method)
3) After 1000 hrs at 20 C (EN & BS, low relaxation to ASTM)
4) Corrugated plastic PT-Plus ducts are also available, refer to page 11
Dimensions
Subject to modification
G
95
125
150
200
230
250
250
305
325
365
400
95
125
150
200
250
250
305
325
365
400
F
Ext. Dia.
39
54
72
87
102
107
107
117
127
137
142
39
54
72
87
107
107
117
127
137
142
E
58
85
120
145
150
175
175
200
217
235
250
58
85
120
145
175
175
200
217
235
250
D
100
100
160
210
215
300
300
320
340
340
340
100
100
160
210
300
300
320
340
340
340
C
85
110
150
180
200
220
230
250
290
290
320
90
110
150
180
220
230
250
270
300
320
B
60
60
60
70
77
92
100
107
112
122
150
60
60
60
75
92
100
112
122
142
145
A
135
165
215
265
290
315
315
370
390
430
465
135
165
215
265
315
315
370
390
430
465
5-4
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-27
5-31
5-37
5-42
5-48
5-55
6-3
6-4
6-7
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-27
6-31
6-37
6-42
Tendon unit
Dimensions in mm
Dimensions are valid for:
Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder).
Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder).
Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
Grout connection
Anchor block
Wedges
Strands
Casting
Duct
B D
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Stressing Anchorage VSL Type EC
A C F E
G
A
A
D
45
85
85
110
150
180
200
220
230
250
290
290
320
55
90
90
120
135
180
220
230
250
270
300
320
340
360
5-1
5-3
5-4
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-27
5-31
5-37
5-42
5-48
5-55
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-7
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-27
6-31
6-37
6-42
6-48
6-55
A
70
115
130
175
230
290
315
370
370
405
500
500
500
75
110
135
160
205
270
340
370
435
435
480
580
580
580
B
15
20
20
25
35
40
45
55
55
60
70
70
70
15
15
20
25
35
40
50
55
65
65
70
90
90
90
C
45
60
60
60
60
75
82
97
105
112
117
127
155
60
60
60
60
70
78
97
107
117
127
147
147
147
187
E
70
190
190
190
370
470
480
550
550
570
680
680
680
70
190
190
190
290
460
590
690
690
690
830
950
950
950
F
Ext. Dia.
36
36
39
54
72
87
102
107
107
117
127
137
142
36
36
39
54
72
87
107
107
117
127
137
160
160
170
Tendon unit
Dimensions
Subject to modification
Dimensions in mm
Dimensions are valid for:
Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder).
Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder).
Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
Bearing plate (steel)
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Stressing Anchorage VSL Type E
Sleeve
Duct
Grout tube
Anchor block
Strands
Wedges
A D
C B E
F
A
A
Couplers VSL Type K and V
Duct
Casting type EC or
Bearing plate type E
Grout tube
Omega ring
Compressi on
fittings
Wedges
Tension ring
Sleeve
Coupling
block K
Compression fittings with
retainer plates
Coupling block V
Coupler type K
5-3
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-31
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-7
6-12
6-19
D
290
410
510
600
690
1000
230
330
360
470
570
700
E
175
175
175
175
175
175
200
205
205
205
205
205
F
230
330
420
490
570
870
185
250
280
370
460
570
G
130
170
200
240
260
350
130
150
160
190
240
280
Tendon
unit
Coupler type V
Subject to modification
C
130
150
170
200
240
260
310
350
390
395
420
490
150
150
160
200
240
280
310
330
350
440
B
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
150
150
150
170
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
138
150
170
A
430
440
440
510
590
660
860
1010
1080
1080
1370
1370
380
490
520
630
730
860
930
1090
1090
1390
Tendon unit
5-3
5-4
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-27
5-31
5-37
5-42
5-48
5-55
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-7
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-27
6-31
6-37
Dimensions in mm
Dimensions are valid for:
Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder).
Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder).
Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
Couplers Type K
Fixed coupler.
For coupling to a tendon which has been placed and stressed.
Couplers Type V
Movable coupler.
For coupling to a tendon which has already been placed,
but not stressed.
Cast-in casting
type EC
L=Elongation of tendon 1
Tendon 1 Tendon 2
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Tension ring
Sleeve
A
B
E+1.5 D
L
F
Dead End Anchorage VSL Type H
B
70
70
170
70
190
190
270
190
390
190
390
310
430
310
550
350
550
350
430
670
Type
I
I
I
II
II
II
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
Alter-
native
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
Tendon
unit
5-3
5-4
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-31
5-37
5-42
5-55
A
230
310
150
370
170
350
310
470
310
570
390
670
470
770
470
870
570
1170
870
570
C
930
930
930
1130
1130
1130
1130
1130
1130
1130
1130
1330
1330
1530
1530
1530
1530
1830
1830
1830
D
-
-
-
1280
1280
1280
-
1280
1280
1280
1280
1480
1480
1680
1680
1680
1680
1980
1980
1980
B
90
90
210
90
230
230
330
230
470
230
490
260
510
370
510
370
510
650
370
510
790
Type
I
I
I
II
II
II
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
Alter-
native
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
Tendon
unit
6-3
6-4
6-7
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-31
6-37
6-42
6-55
A
290
390
190
450
210
430
390
570
390
690
470
810
570
1050
690
1050
810
690
1410
1050
690
C
950
950
950
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
1550
1550
1850
1850
1850
1850
1850
2150
2150
2150
D
-
-
-
1330
1330
1330
-
1330
1330
1330
1330
1700
1700
2000
2000
20000
2000
2000
2300
2300
2300
Strand type 15 mm (0.6")
Dimensions in mm
Dimensions are valid for:
Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder).
Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder).
Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
Subject to modification
A x B
Bulbs
Grout tube
Duct
Tension ring
Seal
Spacer
Strand type 13 mm (0.5")
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Type I
Type II
D
C
Tendon 2
Intermediate Anchorage VSL Type Z and ZU
Intermediate Anchorage Type Z Intermediate Anchorage Type ZU
Centre-stressing anchorages are used for ring tendons in circular structures, or for those tendons where the ends cannot be fitted
with normal stressing anchorages.
F
400
500
700
1000
1300
1450
450
900
1000
1350
1450
1500
C
80
90
130
140
180
200
90
100
140
160
200
250
5-2
5-4
5-6
5-12
5-18
5-22
6-2
6-4
6-6
6-12
6-18
6-22
Intermediate anchorage type Z
Tendon
unit
B
60
70
90
140
160
160
70
80
100
160
180
180
D
60
65
85
90
110
120
65
70
90
100
120
145
G
560
720
990
1490
1910
2110
620
1180
1400
1960
2280
2380
H
170
200
240
320
360
390
180
210
250
340
420
440
A
130
160
200
280
320
350
140
170
210
300
380
400
Dimensions in mm
1) Tension ring only on side 2
2) Dependent upon the shape of the concrete surface.
The values stated apply for surfaces which are not curved.
F
450
560
650
450
560
650
C
80
88
95
90
92
100
5-2
5-4
5-6
6-2
6-4
6-6
Intermediate anchorage type Z
Tendon
unit
B
103
103
113
105
105
120
D
60
65
70
65
65
75
G
655
815
925
655
815
925
H
200
200
220
210
210
240
A
165
165
185
170
170
200
Subject to modification
1)
1)
1)
1)
2) 2)
2)
2)
1)
1)
1)
1)
Tendon 1
Stressing jack
Curved stressing chair
L = Elongation of tendon 2
E = + required cover
C
2
Tendon 2
G + L
Tendon 1
Retainer plate
Grout tube
Wedges
Anchor block Z
Anchor block ZU
Wedges
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Duct
Tension ring with anchors
F + L
G + L
B
F + L B
Minimum Radii of Tendon Curvatures and Minimum Tangent Length
Minimum breaking load of tendon (MN)
Minimum radius of
tendon curvature
Minimum tangent length
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Sel ect ed Desi gn Consi derat i ons
Spacing and Cover of Ducts
In determining minimum spacing and concrete cover
requirements, reference should be made to
applicable standards and recommendations.
-(+kx)
= Po e , where
= Distance from stressing end (in meters)
= Prestressing force at x
= Prestressing force at stressing end
= Coefficient of friction
= sum of all angular deviations (in radians)
over the distance x
= Wobble friction coefficient due to minor
unavoidable tendon curvatures
(placing tolerances)
k= 0.001 (range 0.0008~0.0012)
k= 0.001 (range 0.0008~0.0012)
Tendon Support s
Recommended spacing:
Standard steel ducts 0.8 to 1.2m
Plastic ducts PT-PLUS: 0.8 to 1.0m
Tendon Force Losses
The effective prestressing force at a specific place
and time differs from the initial prestressing force
for various reasons.
Significant factors include:
friction losses due to curvature of the tendon;
shrinkage and creep of the concrete;
relaxation of the prestressing steel;
draw-in of the wedges during lock-off.
The friction losses along the tendon can be
determined with the following formula:
Px
x
Px
Po

k
The friction coefficients and k can vary fairly widely
and depend upon various factors, including: the
nature and surface condition of the prestressing
steel; the type, diameter and surface condition of the
duct; and the installation method.
The following values may be assumed for design:
Tendon in standard steel ducts:
= 0.2 (range 0.16~0.22)
Tendon in plastic ducts PT-PLUS:
= 0.14 (range 0.12~0.15)
For calculating the losses due to shrinkage and
creep of the concrete, reference should be made to
the technical literature and to the standards
applicable to each project.
The relaxation of the prestressing steel depends
primarily upon the types of steel (relaxation class),
the magnitude of the prestress and the temperature.
For low relaxation strands commonly used today, the
maximum loss is 2.5% after 1000 hours at 20 C and
an initial stress of 70% of the nominal tensile
strength. Further information can be found in the
relevant prestressing steel standards and
manufacturer's literature.
Independent of the type of jack or tendon, a loss due
to wedge draw-in of approximately 6mm occurs at
lock-off. If necessary, this can be compensated for
by suitable procedures.
Sheat hi ng and Corrosi on Prot ect i on
For conventional applications, corrugated galvanised
steel ducts are used.
For applications requiring enhanced corrosion
protection and improved fatigue resistance of the
tendons, use of the VSL PT-PLUS System with
corrugated plastic duct is recommended. This fully
encapsulated and watertight system offers superb
corrosion protection, and the plastic duct eliminates
fretting fatigue between the strand and duct. It also
Strand Position at High Point of Tendon
Strand bundle
Steel
duct
e (mm)
5
6
6
10
14
17
14
13
22
25
Plastic
duct
e (mm)
-
-
-
9
12
18
15
32
28
22
Strand Type 13 mm (0.5") Strand Type 15 mm (0.6")
5-1
5-3
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-27
5-31
5-37
5-42
5-48
5-55
Tendon
unit
Steel
duct
e (mm)
4
7
8
11
13
12
13
14
23
26
17
23
Plastic
duct
e (mm)
-
-
-
7
9
22
17
14
32
28
24
14
6-1
6-3
6-4
6-7
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-27
6-31
6-37
Tendon
unit
Strand Type
15 mm (0.6")
Tendon unit
6-7
6-12
6-19 / 6-22
6-31
6-37
Strand Type
13 mm (0.5")
Tendon unit
5-12
5-19
5-31
5-43
5-55
59
76
100
130
130
73
91
116
146
146
2
2.5
3
3
3
Steel Duct
Duct
Dimensions (mm)
d D s
Other units on request
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
provides reduced duct friction. The PT-PLUS
System may, in conjunction with VSL CS
Anchorages, be configured with special details and
installation techniques to provide Electrically Isolated
Tendons. These tendons may be electrically
monitored at any time throughout the life of the
structure.
All ducts are manufactured in a variety of standard
lengths and are coupled on site.
Strand Position at Low Point of Tendon
Centre line of duct
Centre of gravity of strands e
e
Dimensions of Plastic Ducts PT-PLUS
Plastic Duct PT-PLUS
Dead End Anchorage VSL Type L
Duct A
Hairpin bar reinforcement
A
Layout of L-Anchorages:
Hairpin Bar Reinforcement
Required cross-sectional area of hairpin bars:
As n
As [mm ]
n [ - ]
Po [kN]
Aext. [mm]
T [mm]
X [mm]
Yield strength of hairpin bars: 400 MPa
Concrete cover to ducts shall not be less than the
external duct diameter.
2
R
min.
600
600
900
1100
1200
1400
B
Internal/external
36/39
51/54
65/72
80/87
85/92
100/107
A
Internal/external
42/45
60/67
80/87
90/97
95/102
110/117
5-4
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-31
Tendon
unit
Strand Type 13 mm (0.5")
R
min.
600
600
600
750
1000
1300
B
Internal/external
36/39
36/39
55/62
60/67
80/87
95/102
A
Internal/external
42/45
42/45
65/72
75/82
90/97
110/117
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-7
6-12
6-19
Tendon
unit
Strand Type 15 mm (0.6")
Subject to modification
Dimensions in mm
Dimensions are valid for:
Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 25 MPa (cube), 20 MPa (cylinder).
Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 80% of its nominal strength.
Maximum prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
Duct B
= Po
= Cross-section area of one hairpin bar
= number of hairpin bars
= Prestressing force in the tendon
= External diameter of duct
= Concrete thickness
= Required anchoring length
according to applicable standard
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Duct sized such that
only two (2) layers of
strand occur in the
loop.
Dead End Anchorage VSL Type LD
When loops with a smaller radius are required,
special half round ducts are available upon request.
VSL Type LD Loops are available with a 590 mm
radius. The tendon sizes available are the same as
Type L - the difference is in duct configuration as
indicated. A tight radius is good for nailing of precast
box segments to piers.
Grout tube
B
T
Hairpin bar
T
c b a
T4 Aext. T4 Aext. T3 Aext.
St ressi ng
The unique feature of the VSL Post-Tensioning
system lies in its special procedure for locking the
wedges. The wedges always remain in contact with
the strands during the stressing operation. As the
pressure in the jack is released, the wedges
automatically lock in the conical holes of the anchor
head.
Grout ing equipment
Placing of anchor block
Posit ioning of jack
St ressing, measuring, seat ing of wedges
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Grout i ng
VSL grouting equipment includes mixer and pump in
one unit. Grouting is usually carried out as soon as
possible after stressing.
Placing of anchor block and wedges
Positioning of the jack
Stressing
Seating of wedges
Grout ing of t endon
Push Through Machine Hydraulic Pump
ZPE-60
III
615
180
250
126.4
632
500
74
5-2
to 5-4
6-2
6-3
ZPE-12/St2
II
550
310
100
309.4
1850
598
151
5-12
6-6
6-7
ZPE-200
III
960
315
300
325.7
2000
614
305
5-12
6-6
6-7
ZPE-460/31
II
580
485
100
804.0
4660
580
435
5-22
5-31
6-18
6-19
ZPE-1250
II
1290
620
150
2168.0
12500
577
1730
5-37
to 5-55
6-31
to 6-55
ZPE-1000
III
1200
790
200
1809.5
10000
553
2290
5-37
to 5-55
6-31
to 6-43
ZPE-750
II
1185
520
150
1247.0
7500
601
1100
5-31
5-37
6-31
ZPE-500
III
1000
550
200
894.6
5000
559
1064
5-22
5-31
6-18
to 6-22
ZPE-19
II
750
390
100
500.3
2900
580
294
5-18
5-19
6-12
ZPE-7/A
III
690
280
160
203.6
1064
523
115
5-6
5-7
6-4
ZPE-3
III
475
200
160
103.6
500
483
47
5-2
5-3
6-2
ZPE-30
III
720
140
250
58.32
320
549
28
5-1
6-1
ZPE-23FJ
I
790
116
200
47.10
230
488
23
5-1
6-1
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(cm )
(kN)
(bar)
(kg)
Designation
Type
Length
Diameter
Stroke
Piston area
Capacity
Weight
Used for 13 mm
(0.5") tendon types
Used for 15 mm
(0.6") tendon types
Subject to modification
Type I (ZPE-23 FJ)
Stressing Jack Data
E
E
90
100
150
140
200
200
210
250
300
330
365
450
375
D
116
140
200
180
300
310
330
390
485
585
570
790
660
C
1200
1100
1000
1100
1200
1300
2100
1500
1500
2000
2300
2200
2250
B
300
600
550
650
800
700
1100
850
700
1150
1350
1300
1350
A min.
-
30
30
30
30
50
50
50
60
80
80
80
90
Jack type
ZPE-23FJ
ZPE-30
ZPE-3
ZPE-60
ZPE-7/A
ZPE-12/St2
ZPE-200
ZPE-19
ZPE-460/31
ZPE-500
ZPE-750
ZPE-1000
ZPE-1250
Dimensions in mm
2
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
60
B
C
D
E
Type III (ZPE-500) Type II (ZPE-19)
Concrete cover according
to applicable standard
B S P T
Concret ing
Grout ing
Harbour Front (Hunghom Mari ne Redevel opment ), Hunghom, Hong Kong
Placing t endons
St ressing
Owners and designers of the
buildings of today and tomorrow
need to incorporate sufficient
flexibility into their structures to
accommodate the changing
needs of the users of the
building.
Post-tensioning offers larger
spans with reduced structural
depth, resulting in larger
column-free areas. Internal
tenancy layouts are thus not
restricted by tight column grids.
Positive deflection and crack
control and, if necessary, crack-
free water-tight slabs offer the
designer the opportunity to
break free of the limitations of
the passive methods of
reinforced concrete or structural
steel.
VSL Post-Tensioning is more
economical than other systems,
especially when faster
construction cycles are
considered. There is less
material handling on site and
also a reduced site labour force
which minimises congestion on
site. Most importantly, there is
the quality and service of VSL
specialized high-performance
teams and optimum back-up on
site.
The VSL Post-Tensioning slab
system has been used in many
prestigious buildings and
structures throughout the Far
East. The system uses up to
five strands in flat-shaped
ducting and anchorages. The
strands are individually stressed
and are gripped by wedge
action. After stressing, the duct
is subsequently filled with a
cementitious grout, which is
injected under pressure, so that
the strands are fully bonded to
the surrounding concrete.
Const ruct i on Sequence
B O N D E D S L A B P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Standard
flat duct
20 x 75
25 x 90
Tendon Properties Duct Dimensions
Strand type
13 mm (0.5")
15 mm (0.6")
Tendon
unit
5-4
5-5
6-4
6-5
ASTM A416
Grade 270
735
919
1043
1304
BS 5896
Super
744
930
1060
1325
Number
of
strands
4
5
4
5
Min. breaking load (kN)
Corrugated
flat duct
25 x 80
25 x 90
= 0.20 (range: 0.16 ~ 0.22)
= 0.001 (range: 0.0008 ~ 0.0012)
= 0.14 (range: 0.12 ~ 0.15)
= 0.001 (range: 0.0008 ~ 0.0012)
ASTM A416
Grade 270
15.2
140
1.1
1670
1860
260.7
ASTM A416
Grade 270
12.7
98.7
0.775
1670
1860
183.7
EN138 or
BS 5896 Super
12.9
100
0.785
1580
1860
186
cicra 195
max 2.5
mm
mm
kg/m
MPa
MPa
kN
GPa
%
Strand type
Nominal diameter
Nominal area
Nominal mass
Yield strength
Tensile strength
Min. breaking load
Young's modulus
Relaxation
1) Measured at 0.1% residual strain (0.1% offset method)
2) Measured at 1% extension (1% extension under load method)
3) After 1000 hrs at 20 C (EN & BS, low relaxation to ASTM)
Strand Properties
1) 2) 1) 2)
3)
EN138 or
BS 5896 Super
15.7
150
1.18
1500
1770
265
13 mm (0.5")
15 mm (0.6")
2
Duct Dimension in mm
(Height x Width)
Plastic duct
PT-PLUS
35 x 86
not available
Sel ect ed Desi gn Consi derat i ons
Spacing of tendon supports: 0.75 to 1.2 m (conventional steel ducts)
0.75 to 1.0 m (plastic ducts PT-PLUS)
Minimum radius of curvature: 2.5 m (vertical profile)
6.0 m (horizontal profile)
Min. straight length at anchorage: 0.75 m
A wedge draw-in of approximately 6 mm occurs at lock-off
Friction losses can vary fairly widely from one tendon to another and from one structure to another,
depending on factors such as surface condition of strands, type and surface condition of ducts, material
properties, installation methods and workmanship on-site. In general, the following friction parameters can
be used, without additional consideration for anchorage losses:
- Tendons in standard steel ducts:
k
- Tendons in plastic ducts:
k
Stressing Anchorage VSL Type S
Subject to modification
Subject to modification
Type
S 5-4
S 5-5
S 6-4
S 6-5
A
265
265
315
315
B
100
100
105
105
C
240
240
254
266
D
73
73
82
82
E
90
90
100
100
F
305
305
338
338
X
350
350
400
400
D
215
215
215
215
C
95
95
95
95
B
110
110
110
110
A
265
265
265
265
Type
S 5-4
S 5-5
S 6-4
S 6-5
Dimensions in mm.
Dimensions are valid for a concrete transfer strength of 25 MPa (Cube), 20 MPa (Cylinder).
Couplers VSL Type SK
Recess
former
Strands
Compression
fittings
Coupling block
Wedges
Casting
Flat duct
B O N D E D S L A B P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Grout tube
Wedges
Strands
Anchor block
Casting
Duct
Grout tube
D
C
600
B
F
E
Dead End Anchorage VSL Type H and Type P
Type P
Type H
Dimensions in mm.
Dimensions are valid for a concrete transfer strength of 25 MPa (Cube), 20 MPa (Cylinder).
Grout tube
Seal
P-plate
Compression
fittings
C
370
370
435
435
B
75
75
80
80
A
250
300
260
410
Type
P 5-4
P 5-5
P 6-4
P 6-5
C
750
750
950
950
B
70
70
90
90
A
310
390
390
490
Type
H 5-4
H 5-5
H 6-4
H 6-5
B O N D E D S L A B P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Seal
Grout tube
Flat duct
Bulb
A x B
C
A x B
C
B S P T S
Anchorage Reinforcement
Anchorage at Slab Edge
Anchorage at Edge Beam
The above sketches show the preferred arrangement for the local confinement reinforcement at the anchorages. Please consult your local VSL
representatives for more details.
Details at Slab Edge
VSLAB Encapsulated Two Strand System
End anchor head
Bearing plate
Half shell
Duct
Clip
Grout vent
Wedge
Gasket
High performance grout
Encapsulated strand
G
40
70
F
130
130
E
105
105
D
90
90
C
150
150
B
163
163
A
163
163
Type
SA5-2
k5-2
Grout cap
E F
G
A C
G
B D
Extra links where
shown for S6-5 only
Grout vent
Grout vent
Details at Edge Beam Plan
Place innermost links
hard against casting
as shown
Extra links where
shown for S6-5 only
50
Plan
Section A Section B
Internal Stressing Pocket
13 mm and 15 mm strand
Details shown are typical and may vary for particular applications
Stressing Jack Clearance Requirements
C
(mm)
280
400
280
400
250
320
300
400
B
(mm)
260
260
260
260
260
260
400
400
A
(mm)
1100
1100
1100
1100
800
800
850
850
Tendon
unit
5-4
5-5
6-4
6-5
5-4
5-5
6-4
6-5
Jack type
ZPE-23FJ
DKP-5
DKP-6
Jack type
A
B
C
D
Stroke
Piston area
Capacity
Weight
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(cm )
(kN)
(bar)
(kg)
ZPE-23FJ
790
116
-
195
200
47.10
230
488
23
DKP-6
615
240
84
165
200
49.26
230
467
30
DKP-5
560
162
105
150
200
31.03
147
473
19
2
Stressing Jack Data
B O N D E D S L A B P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G S Y S T E M S
B=Strand projection
C
A
DKP-5/DKP-6
A
ZPE-23FJ
A
B
B
A
B
450
420
30
450
175 175 50
St ressing Pocket
External post-tensioning is well suited to bridges due to the resulting economies in construction costs and the high
degree of corrosion resistance provided by the system. External tendons are easy to inspect and can be replaced if
necessary. They are ideal for strengthening existing structures and have a multitude of applications in addition to
bridges.
VSL ext ernal t endons consi st of :
strand bundle;
polyethylene duct;
end and intermediate anchorages as well as tendon couplers;
grouting compound.
External tendons, usually guided over deviation saddles, have many similarities to stay cables and permanent soil
and rock anchors.
Detailed information about design and construction is given in the VSL publication "External Post-Tensioning".
E X T E R N A L P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Stressing anchorage Dead end anchorage
VSL External Post-tensioning System Components
Tendon deviation saddle
Strand bundle and sheathing
Boi s de Rosset Vi aduct , Swi t zerl and
A wide selection of VSL anchorage types is available to meet the full range of practical requirements. In addition
to the anchorages illustrated here, intermediate anchorages and couplers are also available . The strand bundle
can be assembled from uncoated or individually greased and sheathed strands. The anchorages for these two
types of tendon differ only in detail, the principle remains the same.
Tendon
unit
5-12
5-19
5-31
5-43
5-55
6-7
6-12
6-19
6-31
6-37
A
270
310
370
430
520
250
310
390
430
520
B
125
150
165
200
220
125
150
165
200
220
C
222
258
320
390
420
222
258
300
390
420
D
110
125
150
180
200
110
125
150
180
200
E
65 / 3.6
90 / 5.1
110 / 6.3
125 / 7.1
140 / 8.0
63 / 3.6
90 / 5.1
110 / 6.3
140 / 8.0
160 / 9.1
Dimensions (mm)
Notes : 1. Nominal external duct diameter / wall thickness
2. Other sizes are available upon request
1)
Ext ernal prest ressi ng component s,
Anchorage Type ECR
Ext ernal t endons at devi at ion saddl e
E P T
B
A E
Anchorage Type ECR
E C
D
Anchorage Type CS
Dead end anchorage
with split bearing plate
PE sheath Strand
Guide tube/
Extension tube
Bundle of
monostrands
HDPE stay pipe
Guide tube/
Extension tube
Bundle of
monostrands
VSL Staycable System 200
VSL Staycable System 200 SSI
S C
VSL St ay Cabl e Syst em
VSL Stay Cable System has been developed to fulfil the stringent requirements for the design,
construction and maintenance of cable stayed bridges.
VSL St ay Cabl e Syst em consi st s of :
a tendon made of multiple parallel 15mm high tensile steel strands;
each strand having an extruded coating of grease and polyethylene;
each strand having an individual polyethylene guide tube continuous from anchorage to anchorage (option for
system 200 SSI only);
an outer sheath of thick walled polyethylene pipe;
anchorages that are prefabricated in the factory.
The f eat ures of t he syst em are:
high fatigue resistance of 200 MPa at 45% of tendon capacity through 2,000,000 load cycles;
high degree of corrosion resistance with multi-layers of corrosion protection;
excellent corrosion protection of strands during construction provided by extruded coating;
simple erection of stay cable assembly without the weight of the tendon strands;
simple Single Strand Installation of the tendon into the erected stay assembly;
all strands are parallel within guide tubes with no risk of intertwining;
no requirement for on-site grouting of cable;
easy to adjust or monitor the tendon force at any stage of the cable life;
able to remove and replace individual strands or entire cable for inspection or repair at any time without
dismantling the installed anchorages;
Single strand stressing.
Guide pipe
Adjustable stressing
anchorage with threaded
anchorage head and ring nut
Damper and
neoprene boot
Parallel monostrand
tendon, guide tubes and
stay pipe
PE sheath Strand
Grease
Transition pipe
HDPE stay pipe
Grease
G
(mm)
219/6.3
267/6.3
273/6.3
324/7.1
355.6/8
406/8.8
419/10
419/10
508/11
508/11
559/12.5
O
(mm)
1100
1350
1500
1650
1850
2100
2200
2400
2600
2700
2900
P min
(mm)
90
105
115
135
150
155
175
190
190
220
230
VSL Stay Cable System 200
1) Tendon units 6-4 and 6-7: dimensions on request.
2) Strand in accordance with Euronorm 138-79 super; other types of strand
with 15 mm (0.6) diameter see VSL's <Post-Tensioning Systems>.
3) Valid for nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 45 MPa (cube), 36
MPa (cylinder). Local zone reinforcement not shown.
4) External diameter / wall thickness.
5) Min. height of anchor head allow an adjustability of 20 mm.
6) Dimensions valid only for load monitoring/adjustment. Min. required
length for removal of cable to be determined acc. to project.
7) Threaded holes in bearing plate.
Dimensions in mm
Transition
pipe
Bearing
plate
Pregrouted
section
M min
L min
S min Pmin
Protection cap
O 50
Connection
sleeve
Boot
T
L min
M min
Pregrouted
section
Damper
O
Split shim
R
Protection
cap
U Anchor
head DS
Split
shim
50 5-10 mm
Theoretical cable length
Stressing end Dead end
VSL Stay Cable System 200 SSI
5)
M min
(mm)
650
750
850
900
1000
1200
1350
1350
1550
1650
1800
4)
E
(mm)
230
280
300
350
370
430
460
460
530
530
580
C
(mm)
185
230
250
280
300
340
380
380
430
430
480
B
(mm)
190
235
255
285
310
350
385
385
440
440
490
Minimum
breaking
load
(kN)
3180
5035
5830
8215
9605
11395
14575
16165
19345
22525
24115
2)
Number
of
strands
[-]
12
19
22
31
37
43
55
61
73
85
91
Tendon
Unit
[-]
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-31
6-37
6-43
6-55
6-61
6-73
6-85
6-91
1)
Subject to modification
A
(mm)
230
285
310
350
380
425
470
470
530
540
590
D
(mm)
290
355
380
450
485
540
590
610
690
720
765
3)
F
(mm)
190
230
250
300
320
380
410
400
470
470
520
H
(mm)
140
180
200
225
250
280
315
315
355
355
400
I
(mm)
125
160
180
200
225
250
250
280
315
315
355
K
(mm)
110
140
160
180
200
225
225
250
250
280
280
L min
(mm)
1200
1300
1400
1450
1600
1800
2000
2050
2300
2400
2550
N min
(mm)
550
550
550
550
600
600
650
700
750
750
750
Q
(mm)
85
100
100
125
150
155
175
190
190
220
230
R
(mm)
146
170
170
207
237
247
274
294
303
343
353
S min
(mm)
220
230
230
260
280
290
310
330
330
360
370
6)
T
(mm)
25
35
35
40
45
45
55
60
65
75
75
3)
U
(mm)
35
40
40
50
55
60
65
70
75
85
85
X
(mm)
M 12
M 16
M 16
M 16
M 16
M 16
M 16
M 20
M 20
M 20
M 20
7)
S T A Y C A B L E S
I
L min
I
Dead end
Tendon
Unit
6- 4
6- 7
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-31
6-37
6-43
6-55
6-61
6-73
6-85
6-91
Number
of
strands
4
7
12
19
22
31
37
43
55
61
73
85
91
Minimum
breaking
load (kN)
1060
1855
3180
5035
5830
8215
9805
11395
14575
16165
19345
22525
24115
G
175
225
290
355
380
450
485
540
590
610
690
720
765
H
15
20
25
35
35
40
45
45
55
60
65
75
75
I
260
340
600
870
870
1060
1390
1550
1550
1850
1900
2100
2200
K min
370
450
710
1000
1000
1200
1530
1700
1700
2000
2100
2300
2400
L min
80
80
80
100
105
125
135
145
160
170
180
200
200
M
63
68
75
95
100
120
130
140
155
165
175
195
195
N
80
80
80
95
100
120
135
145
160
170
180
200
200
O
131
136
141
172
177
197
217
232
254
269
288
313
313
F
140/ 4
178/ 5
219/ 6,3
254/ 6,3
273/ 6,3
324/ 7,1
343/ 8
406/ 8,8
419/ 10
419/ 10
495/ 11
495/ 11
546/ 12
D
75/ 4,3
90/ 5,1
110/ 6,3
140/ 8
140/ 8
160/ 9,1
180/ 10,2
200/ 11,4
225/ 12,8
225/ 12,8
250/ 14,2
250/ 14,2
280/ 15,9
C
120
155
185
230
250
280
300
340
380
380
430
430
480
B
125
160
190
235
255
285
310
350
385
385
440
440
490
A
150
190
230
285
310
350
380
425
470
470
530
540
590
Dimensions in mm
4) 4) 3) 3)
2)
4)
E
75/ 4,3
110/ 10
140/ 8
180/ 10,2
200/ 11,4
225/ 12,8
250/ 14,2
280/ 15,9
315/ 17,9
315/ 17,9
355/ 13,7
355/ 13,7
400/ 15,4
Stressing end
H
min. 220 M
K min
H
min. 220
O
N
K min
Threaded anchor head DR
with ring nut
T
Guide
pipe
Damper
Theoretical cable length
Connection sleeve
50
Boot
min. 150
N min
Guide
tube
50 X
Bearing
plate
Guide
pipe
Transition
pipe
Bearing
plate T Q min 100
G R O U N D A N C H O R S
The VSL anchors are of similar construction, whether
intended for installation in rock or in soil, and consist
basically of the following three parts:
bond length;
free length;
anchor head for attaching to the component to be
anchored.
Depending upon the intended application and
service life of the anchor, the type of rock or soil and
the magnitude of force to be transmitted, each of
these parts must be capable of satisfying the most
varied requirements. These factors therefore
influence the individual components of which the
anchor will be constructed and the dimensions of the
anchoring length and of the borehole.
The anchor head is the main characterisic feature of
the VSL anchor. It always consists of a stressing
anchorage selected from the VSL prestressing
systems. The other parts of the anchor may,
however, be adapted to the particular requirements
in regard to their length, load-carrying capacity, form
and individual components. Depending upon its
construction, the VSL anchor may then be used as a
temporary or permanent anchor, as a test anchor or
surveillance anchor, in certain circumstances it may
comprise special protective measures against
corrosion and mechanical damage. Further
information about the soil and rock anchors will be
found in the following VSL publications, which are
obtainable on request:
VSL Measuring Technique;
VSL Soil and Rock Anchors - Examples from
Practice.
St rengt heni ng of a gravi t y dam
Tie-down f or a t all building
Securi ng a sl ope
Section B.B
Permanent VSL Strand Anchor Fully Encapsulated
Section A.A
Bore hole
Bore hole
Spacer
Bare clean strand
Bearing plate
Anchor block
Section A.A
Grout tube
Corrugated sheath
Internal spacer
External spacer
Bore hole
Section B.B
Bore hole
External spacer
Smooth sheath
Grout tubes
Greased and plastic
coated strand
Anchor block
Smooth sheath (Polyethylene) or
corrugated sheath
Temporary VSL Strand Anchor
G R O U N D A N C H O R S
Bare clean strand
Grout tubes
Grout
External spacer
Bare clean strand
Bearing plate
Greased and sheathed strand
Internal spacer
Corrugated sheath (Polyethylene)
Bore hole
Nose cone
Grout tube
Bare clean strand
Spacer
Bore hole
Greased and sheathed strand (optional)
Grout (free length optional)
Grout tubes
Greased and sheathed
strand (optional)
Grout tubes
Fig. a: VSL anchorage Type ER
A B C
Diagrammatic
Presentation
Anchor block for surveillance anchors:
Alternative
Type E with thread
Stressing jack
with coupling
None
Type E normal
Stressing jack
Required
VSL anchor head
Force measure-
ment with
Protection of strand
Type E normal
Load cell, installed
permanent or only
when measuring
None
Fig. b: VSL anchorage Type EA
St ressi ng Anchorage
VSL Anchorage Type E
The VSL stressing anchorage Type E, is composed
basically of an anchor block, wedges and bearing
plate. A protective cap may also be fitted over the
anchorage, if the latter must be accessible for
surveillance purposes.
All the strands of an anchor are stressed
simultaneously, but they are locked off individually by
wedges in the conical bores in the anchor block. The
range of VSL anchorages Type E enables tendons of
1 to 55 strands to be stressed, the principle of
anchoring being the same from the smallest to the
largest unit.
The VSL stressing anchorages Type E are designed
in principle to meet all the special requirements
which may be demanded of an anchor. These
requirements must certainly be known in advance to
enable the anchor to be designed in detail
accordingly. This is particularly necessary when the
anchor is:
a surveillance anchor;
required to be restressed later;
required to be detensioned and again restressed;
required to be removed after use.
Survei l l ance Anchors
A surveillance anchor is an anchor at which
observations are carried out periodically and enables
the stressing force to be read at any time. The table
shows diagrammatically various forms of
construction of the anchorage. The choice of a
suitable type will depend upon the access available
to the anchor, its required service life and
economical considerations. For alternatives B and C,
an anchor head of Type E is used, with a thread on
it's external cylindrical surface.
Rest ressi ng of Anchors
Where force losses are to be expected as a
consequence of soil movements or structural
deformations, the anchor should be so constructed
that it can be restressed.
Alternatives A and B in the table are also suitable for
restressing. To restress, the anchor block is lifted off
from the bearing plate and shims are inserted between
them. A third solution is to use VSL anchorage Type
ER, which has a ring nut enabling the prestressing
force to be adjusted (Fig. a).
Det ensi oni ng and Rest ressi ng of Anchors
Where an anchor is to be detensioned later, an
arrangement is required consisting of a different type
of wedge and an accessory device incorporated in
between the jack and the anchor head. With this
arrangement the wedges can be released and again
locked at any time thus enabling the anchor to be
completely detensioned in one or more stages.
Where strands must be cut off and not project beyond
the anchor block, a VSL anchorage Type EA can be
used (Fig. b). This works on the principle of an
adjusting ring nut and a coupler being used for
destressing.
Removabl e Anchors
For temporary rock or soil anchors which are required
to be removed after use, the VSL Removable Anchor
System can fulfill such a special requirement.
After destressing of the anchor, the entire strand
tendon can be removed. All that is left behind in the
ground is a small piece of steel component and the
grout column with plastic sheathing which would not
affect neighbouring foundation activities in the future.
For details of the VSL Rock and Soil Anchor Systems
please contact your local VSL branch office.
G R O U N D A N C H O R S
VSL Permanent Ground Anchors (Strand Type)
Jack
type
required
ZPE-7/A
ZPE-12/St2
ZPE-19
ZPE-460/31
ZPE-750
ZPE-750
ZPE-1000
ZPE-1000
ZPE-1250
Drill
hole
dia. (mm)
130
150
175
200
215
275
310
325
350
Ultimate
capacity
(kN)
1060
1855
3180
5035
7155
8215
9805
11395
14575
Number
of
15mm strands
4
7
12
19
27
31
37
43
55
70
84
102
130
130
160
160
210
260
75
90
110
140
140
170
170
220
270
85
100
125
165
165
195
195
256
270
65
80
100
125
125
150
150
200
250
Note: Where block outs, voids or drill hole casing are required,
drill hole diameters and bearing plate dimensions should be confirmed with the local VSL office.
VSL Permanent Ground Anchors (Stressbar Type)
Drill hole sizes are based on 10mm external cover
*VSL Deformed Tie Bar
**VSL Threadlok Bar
50
50
50
50
65
65
65
80
80
80
80
80
100
65
65
65
65
85
85
85
100
100
100
100
100
125
Jack
type
required
ZPE-3
ZPE-3
ZPE-3
ZPE-3
ZPE-3
ZPE-3
ZPE-60
ZPE-7/A
ZPE-7/A
ZPE-7/A
ZPE-200
ZPE-200
ZPE-19
Drill hole
dia. mm
50
50
50
50
75
75
75
87
100
100
100
100
125
Drill hole
dia. mm
75
75
75
75
87
87
87
100
100
112
112
112
165
Bar
dia.
mm
15
*15
**20
20
23
**25
26
29
32
36
38
40
56
Ultimate
capacity
(kN)
190
191
188
325
450
295
575
715
870
1050
1225
1295
2460
Drill hole
dia. mm
100
100
100
100
125
125
125
150
150
150
150
150
175
Corrugated
sheath mm
ID OD
Smooth
ID OD
Corrugated
ID OD
Sheath Diameter (mm)
Permanent Encapsulated Epoxy Coated Temporary
G R O U N D A N C H O R S
Minimum
drill hole
dia. mm
100
125
150
175
Ultimate
capacity
kN
1362
2232
3534
5022
No. of
13 mm
strands
7
12
19
27
VSL Temporary Ground Anchors
13mm Strand
Jack
type
required
ZPE-7 / A
ZPE-12 / St2
ZPE-19
ZPE-460 / 31
Minimum
drill hole
dia. mm
100
125
150
175
Ultimate
capacity
kN
1855
3180
5035
7155
No. of
15 mm
strands
7
12
19
27
VSL Temporary Ground Anchors
15mm Strand
Jack
type
required
ZPE-12/St2
ZPE-19
ZPE-460/31
ZPE-500
H E A V Y L I F T I N G
Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong
Lif t ing of port al beams, f ormwork and st eel t russes
(weight 270 ~ 420 t onnes)
Loire River Bridge, France
Lif t ing of 162 m long st eel port al (2,400 t onnes) f or t he main span
Today's civil engineering structures and industrial plants are often assembled from large, heavy prefabricated
components. This may be done for economic or technical reasons, or to save construction time. For projects in
which cranes or other conventional handling equipment cannot be used because of excessive weight,
dimensions or space limitations, VSL Heavy Lifting will often provide the most effective solution.
VSL Heavy Lifting provides builders, engineers and owners with a broad range of advantages, including:
custom-designed solutions for each project;
the highest level of safety, based upon sound engineering practices and over two decades of experience;
economy and efficiency through the use of advanced an reliable hydraulic equipment.
Uni que Sol ut i ons
VSL will plan lifting, lowering or sliding operations and
design the necessary temporary structures to suit your
requirements. Sound engineering, clear thinking, the ability
to innovate, and years of successful experience give you a
guarantee of reliable and cost-effective solutions.
New Ai rport Passenger Termi nal Bui l ding Roof sl i di ng, Hong Kong
Pump
Flat Jack
Saf et y
Safety is VSL's first priority. Our specialised
hydraulic lifting equipment is designed for the highest
level of reliability, and all equipment is rigorously
tested and serviced through VSL's quality control
and maintenance programme. VSL field services are
also based upon a total commitment to safety, the
extensive experience of our personnel and VSL's
exceptional record provide further assurance of
reliable performance.
Fl exi bi l i t y
VSL's heavy lifting equipment includes a large
selection of hydraulic jacks, pumps, control units,
monitoring devices and jacking frames. This range of
equipment gives us the capability to perform virtually
any project requiring lifting, lowering or sliding.
Type
120c
150c
220c
250c
270c
300c
350c
420c
480c
600c
750c
870c
920c
*1150c
Outside
diameter D
mm
120
150
220
250
270
300
350
420
480
600
750
870
920
1150
Maximum force
at 13.5MPa
kN
85
155
390
525
605
780
1080
1605
2170
3470
5400
7385
8975
13635
Effective area at
zero extension
10 mm
6.4
11.5
29
39
45
58
80
119
161
257
400
547
665
1010
T
Thickness **
mm
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
E
Maximum travel
mm
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Installation
gap
mm
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
45
45
45
50
* 1150c Flat Jacks are specially produced to order and require longer lead times
** Flat Jack thickness may vary 3mm
3 2
H E A V Y L I F T I N G
Segment Erect i on, Normandy Bri dge, France
Fl at Jacks
Flat jacks are widely used for a multitude of civil engineering and construction applications such as:
under pinning;
prestressing of columns;
counteracting sinking foundations;
prestressing of road works or airport runways;
prestressing concrete in confined spaces;
lifting and lowering of bridge superstructures for bridge bearing adjustments;
counteracting loads applied during backfilling;
lifting heavy weights;
pile testing.
The VSL flat jack is constructed of two moulded steel sections welded together to form a containment vessel.
Hydraulic fluid or grout is injected at pressures of up to 13.5MPa into the peripheral ring, moving the lifting plates
aparts, so that a force is applied with a maximum lifting stroke of 25mm per jack. Other shapes of flat jacks are
available upon request.
Plan
Closed
Fully Inflated
Hong Kong St adium, Hong Kong
VSL Bar Configurations
20ft.
5.85
5.85
5.85
5.85
40ft.
11.85
5.85+6.0
11.85
11.85
Export containers
Components
available

Hot
rolled

Cold
rolled

Left
hand

Right
hand

Short
CTS

Fully
CTA

VSL Bar
system
CT Stress Bar
15-40mm CT Bar
56-73mm CT Bar
Deformed Bar
15mm Tie Bar
Threadlok Bar
20-25mm
Thread Details Architectural Max. Bar Length m
S T R E S S B A R
Bar Syst ems
VSL has been manufacturing and designing bar systems in Australia for use by the construction industry since
1971. These have proven to be one of the most popular tools of Engineers wishing to induce and control loads
and forces in structures.
The systems range from High Tensile Cold Worked Stressbar to Low Tensile Architectural Tendons, all with
compact and easy to assemble fittings.
A range of diameters is available to give a wide selection of bar forces. The prestressing force is anchored at the
end of the bar by a rolled thread, nut, washer and bearing plate. Where necessary bars can be joined with
threaded couplers, and clevis fittings may be used where pin connections are required.
The VSL bar system complies with the requirements of AS1313, AS1314, BS4486, ASTM-A722 and ISO 6934.
Appl i cat i on
VSL bar systems are ideal for the economic application of post-tensioning forces on relatively short tendons.
Through the use of threaded connections and anchorages they are simple to use and lend themselves to many
applications.
Typi cal Appl i cat i ons are:
Bui l di ngs
Prestressed Beams and Columns
Precast Connections
Bri dges
Stay Cable Hangers
Prestressed Segments
Strengthening (Timber & Steel Bridges)
Tension Piles and Caissons
Wharves & Jet t i es
Stressed Deck Planks
Tie Backs
Charact eri st i c Propert i es
VSL Bar Properties are nominally as listed in the Tables.
Corrosi on Prot ect i on
All bars and fittings must receive protection when installed under permanent conditions. In normal concrete
construction the use of galvanised duct, injected with grout, provides good protection. Anchorage recesses must
also be filled with cement mortar to protect these ends.
Bars
When bars are used in an exposed environment then one of the following coating systems may be used:
single coat of inorganic zinc;
three coat epoxy paint system;
molybond coated bar ends only;
greased and sheathed in poly tube;
galvanising - (Threadlok Bar only).
A combination of the above systems may also be specified. Consideration must also be given to the threaded
ends to ensure correct installation of fittings after coating.
Fi t t i ngs
Fittings may be treated as above but with preference given to galvanising.
Temporary Bar Anchors
Anchors used in a temporary environment may be used without protection apart from grout cover.
Permanent Bar Anchors
These anchors require installation into corrugated polyethylene sheathing to provide multiple levels of protection.
This is accomplished by the internal grout and sheathing barrier. Additional protection may also be used by
incorporating the above bar coatings.
Anchors
Permanent and Temporary Ground Anchors
Uplift Anchors (Dam & Foundation)
Roof Bolting
Slope Stabilisation
Crane Bases
Light Towers
Speci al i st Engi neeri ng
Heavy Lifting
Formwork Ties or Hangers
Frame Ties
Pile Testing
Architectural Ties
S T R E S S B A R
VSL CT Stressbar
Characteristic Properties
Nominal
area
sq. mm
177
314
415
531
661
804
1018
1134
1257
2463
4185
Nominal
mass
kg/m
1.52
2.39
3.46
4.40
5.44
6.59
7.86
9.23
9.72
20.74
34.68
Nominal tensile
strength
MPa
1080
1030
1080
1080
1080
1080
1030
1080
1030
1000
1000
Nominal 0.1%
proof stress
MPa
930
835
930
930
930
930
835
930
835
810
810
Nominal
Dia.
mm
15
20
23
26
29
32
36
38
40
56
73
Minimum
elongation
%
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Appr. Modulus
of elasticity
kN/sq.mm
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
205
205
Major Dia.
of thread
mm
17.2
21.2
25.2
28.2
31.2
34.4
37.4
40.4
41.4
58.5
76.5
Thread
pitch
mm
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0.1% Proof
165
260
385
495
615
750
850
1055
1050
1995
3390
Max. force
190
325
450
575
715
870
1050
1225
1295
2460
4190
Note: 1. Relaxation properties, as per AS1313, are 4% maximum at 1000 hrs when loaded to 70% of minimum breaking load.
2. Fatique results exceed two million cycles when loaded over a stress range of 80 N/sq.mm. (For unbonded tendon only).
3. Minimum bending diameter = 200 x Bar Dia.
Recommended Minimum Bar
Dia.
15, 20
23, 26
29, 32, 36
38, 40
56
73
B
125
150
150
175
220
320
A
125
150
150
175
220
320
C
75
80
100
112
250
250
A
100
130
130
150
200
300
B
100
130
130
150
200
300
C
70
75
90
100
200
200
Normal bar
Dia.
15, 20
23, 26, 29
32, 36, 38
46
56
73
E
180
270
612
410
Weight
kg
13.5
56
249
295
Capacity
kN
295
996
1980
4570
Jack
model
RH303
ZLP-100/80
ZLP-200
ZPE-460/31
D
121
280
200
485
Stroke
76
80
300
100
Jack Dimension (mm)
Hydraulic Stressing Jack and Accessories
Recess Details (mm) Jack Details
F
390
560
1120
750
G
75
150
110
250
H
125
150
200
300
Jack
model
RH303
ZLP-100/80
ZLP-200
ZPE-460 / 31
Jack Clearance Details (mm)
D E L
F
Stroke
Characteristic Strength
kN
S T R E S S B A R
C
200
Permanent VSL Stressbar Anchor Fully Encapsulated
A
Temporary VSL Stressbar Anchor
S T R E S S B A R
Spherical nut
Hot-Dip galvanized
protective cap
Spherical washer
Hot-Dip galvanized
bearing plate with
trumpet
Protective grease
CT Stressbar
Grout
Grout tube outer
Grout tube inner
Protective grease
Nitroseal PX220
Internal spacers
at 1500 max. centres
O-ring
External spacers
at 1500 max. centres
Corrugated sheathing
(Polyethylene)
Grout tube outer
Grout tube inner
Bore hole
Corrugated sheathing
(Polyethylene)
CT Stressbar
Internal spacers
Sect i on A-A
Grout tube
Grout
CT Stressbar epoxy
coated if required
Greased bar over free length
Bearing plate
Spherical washer
Spherical nut
Sect i on B-B
Bore hole
Spacers
Heat shrink
CT Stressbar
A
A
H.D.P.E. smooth or corrugated bore
sheathing over free length
B
B
Heat shrink
& sleeve
H.D.P.E. smooth sheathing
over free length
Spacers at 1500 max. centres
Steel nose cone
Grout tube
VSL RETAINED EARTH is a composite soil reinforcing system which employs welded wire mesh to improve the
shear and compressive strength of an earth backfill.
A RETAINED EARTH structure is a stable, unified gravity mass which may be designed for use in a broad variety
of civil engineering applications. In projects ranging from commercial retaining walls to highway bridge
abutments, VSL RETAINED EARTH has found widespread use and acceptance as a major construction system.
The effective principle of RETAINED EARTH involves the transfer of stresses from the soils to the reinforcing
mesh through bearing. Bearing pressure is developed on the projected areas of the mesh crossbars, and the
pressure is in turn transferred to the longitudinal bars. The longitudinal bars are thus placed in tension, which
enables the soil mass to withstand loads in the direction of the reinforcement.
In addition to the significant performance
advantages, the VSL RETAINED EARTH
system is also extremely economical to
design and construct. The system consists
of only three components, reinforcing
mesh, precast facing panels and backfill
material. This simplicity allow construction
to proceed easily and rapidly.
Cost savings of up to 50% are regularly
realised when compared with traditional
stabilisation systems.
Fast , Easy and Economi cal
The construction of a RETAINED EARTH
structure is extremely straightforward. A
five-man crew using standard construction
equipment will average 75 square metres of
wall per shift, and can place up to 140
square metres per shift.
Perspect i ve Vi ew
VSL RETAINED EARTH
Ret ai ning Wal l
F5 Freeway, Heat hcot e NSW
R E T A I N E D E A R T H
Compl et e Capabi l i t i es
VSL provides the client with a complete range of design and engineering
services for a RETAINED EARTH structure. VSL employs the most
advanced Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems available.
Services provided include analysis of external stability, internal stability,
bridge load, overturning and base sliding. In addition, VSL furnishes all
preliminary drawings, shop drawings and complete erection sequencing
documents as required.
R E T A I N E D E A R T H
Compl et e Fl exi bi l i t y
The VSL RETAINED EARTH concrete facing panels are available in a broad
range of textures and colours. Because local materials are used in the
production of these precast panels, the exposed surface can easily be
coloured to complement the natural surroundings. Standard RETAINED
EARTH panel treatments include raised relief, sandblast finish, exposed
aggregate, and conventional smooth face concrete. These are only a very
few of the possibilities however. Non-concrete faces, such as welded mesh
or steel faced are also available and can be used to make temporary
structures.
Temporary wall wit h wel ded mesh f ace
Fract ured f i n f i ni sh
Ashl ar f i ni sh
Rai sed rel i ef f i ni sh St eel f ace f i ni sh
S Y S T E M F O R M W O R K
VSL Cl i mbf orm and Tabl e Formwork Syst ems
THE VSL Climbform System is a self climbing heavy duty construction platform used primarily to lift static panel
vertical wall formwork. The system provides the wall designer with complete flexibility in both the structural design
and selection of finishes.
St andard f eat ures i ncl ude:
custom designed formwork panels which may be ganged in any shape or size to lift as one unit;
form heights ranging from 2.5 to 4.0 metres;
unobstructed access to the forms for:
- cleaning and oiling
- fixing of door frames and blockouts
- reinforcement and reinforcing fabric fixing, including prefabricated reinforcement;
truss members of fixed height assembled in "Meccano like fashion" to form a platform of any plan shape
or size;
easy levelling and plumbing of the external platform,
which is typically supported on four, six or eight
seatings;
variation of wall thickness by moving the internal or
external forms;
parking the internal platforms at mid-lift to facilitate
blockout and reinforcement fixing;
cycle times as low as three days;
access to external walls for curing;
hanging access stairway.
Cent ral Plaza Buil di ng, Hong Kong
VSL Formtravellers have been developed in
conjunction with the in-house design of balanced or
free cantilevering bridge structures. The formtraveller
of either overhead truss or underslung type, is a
hydraulically driven falsework system with built in
working platforms and formwork panels. VSL services
include design, supply, 1st assembly and
commissioning, or a total turnkey package
incorporating the operation of the system with the
post-tensioning application.
VSL System Formwork services include the design of
the formwork systems, hire of the Climbform and
Slipform Systems, prefabrication of forms and
platforms, supervision and 1st assembly of the
formwork and running of the systems.
S Y S T E M F O R M W O R K
Tsi ng Ma Bridge, Hong Kong
Cl i mbf ormed pi ers and Sl ipf ormed pyl ons
Al sons Cement Pl ant , Phi l i ppi nes
Opt i onal f eat ures i ncl ude:
support of concrete placing booms on the platform;
access hatches and/or temporary platforms to
install precast stairs;
external trailing platforms for:
- patching of the tie-bolt holes
- concrete finishing and curing
- welding of beam stubs/brackets to support
steel floor beams;
provision to allow manhoists to service the top
working platform;
provision to locate tower cranes within internal
and corridor platforms;
collapsible door formers.
The VSL Climform System is recognised as the most
powerful commercial formwork system available in
the world today and has been specified on the
largest and tallest vertical structures in Asia and
Australia.
The VSL Slipform System has been used in the
construction of silos, storage tanks, containment
structures, chimneys, cooling stacks and bridge piers
and pylons for over 20 years. Slipforming is
advantageous when rapid construction between 2
and 6 m per 24 hours is required which results from
continuous working and forms a monolithic structure
free from construction joints. The system is raised by
hydraulic jacks with upper working platforms for
reinforcement fixing and concrete placement and a
suspended scaffolding for finishing works.
Phu Luong Bri dge, Vi et nam
As a specialist involved in the design and construction of bridges, VSL has considerable experience and expertise
in:
conceptual, preliminary and final detailed design of bridge structure;
developing construction methods with full engineering;
full design and detailing for formwork and erection systems;
on-site construction of selected elements of the structure, from post-tensioning through to entire bridge
superstructures.
The application of this knowledge by VSL assists owners, developers, main contractors and consultants with initial
design concepts, alternative designs and construction methods. The result for the project is that:
the cost is minimised;
the methods are simplified;
the time is reduced;
Some of the very different projects successfully carried by VSL are:
Phu Luong Bri dge,
VIETNAM
Balanced Cantilever Construction
VSL Scope of Work:
Design of the four lane main superstructure
consisting of a main span of 102 m and side spans
of 65m.
Design, supply and commissioning of the travelling
formwork system and supply of the post-tensioning,
bearings and movement joints.
Tsi ng Ma Bri dge,
HONG KONG
Pylons and Approach Pier Construction
VSL Scope of Work:
Construction of two number 206m high concrete
pylons by slipforming including all concreting and
reinforcement fixing. Heavy lifting of steel trusses for
portal beams up to 420 tons. Design, supply and
operation of the 4 VSL Climbforms Systems for the
60m high approach piers.
B R I D G E E N G I N E E R I N G
the quality is enhanced;
the safety is improved;
the value of the structure is increased;
Ma On Shan Pi pe Bri dge,
HONG KONG
Incremental Launch Construction
VSL Scope of Work:
Alternative design and construction of superstructure
including casting of segments, reinforcement fixing and
post-tensioning. The bridge has a length of 330m and
spans of 33m for carrying 2 No. 1.2m diameter pipes
crossing the river to the waste water treatment plant.
Decki ng Over Roadway, Lam Ti n,
HONG KONG
Precast Girder Construction
VSL Scope of Work:
Supply and erect 87 No. 300 ton, 3m deep precast
beams.
Design, supply and operation of the erection gantry and
launching.
Seoul Expressway Phase 1,
KOREA
Precast Segmental Construction
VSL Scope of Work:
Design and commissioning of formwork for the 3,600
precast box girder segments. The production on CAD of
segment fabrication shop drawings. The design of the
erection truss and full erection of the segments. Supply
and installation of permanent and temporary post-
tensioning.
Hung Hom By-Pass,
HONG KONG
Precast Segmental Construction
VSL Scope of Work:
Supply and installation of post-tensioning, bearings and
movement joints. Supply and operation of the erection
gantry for the erection of 1650 No. precast segments.
The spans vary from 26 to 45 m with segment weight
40~83 tons.
B R I D G E E N G I N E E R I N G
St ruct ural Beari ngs
Positioned between two structures to accommodate
load transfer and relative movements which may
cause damage. Bearings can be divided into two
types, namely elastomeric and mechanical (disc or
pot bearings). VSL services include design, testing,
supply and installation.
Sl i p Joi nt s
The slip joint has been developed to fill the need for
a reliable and easily applied slip joint material on
load bearing brickwork or under cast concrete slabs.
It is designed to centralise loads and accommodate
shrinkage and movement. Composed of polished
stainless steel sliding against PTFE coated high
grade natural rubber.
Movement Joi nt s
Si ngl e El ement
Used in building, pedestrian and vehicular structures
to seal the gap between two structures so that they
can move independently without adversely affecting
each other. The joints are of either aluminium or
steel with a flexible seal spanning between them and
can accommodate movement ranges between 15
mm to 40 mm.
Movement Joi nt s
Mul t i El ement
Used in highway and bridge structures with large
movements due to the effects of concrete shrinkage,
thermal and seismic effects or differential settlement
and ground movements. Typical movement ranges
from 65 mm per single seal upto 1 m when
connected together. VSL services include design,
supply, 1st installation and long term maintenance.
S T R U T U R A L P R O D U C T S
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3
15
21
23
25
29
31
35
37
39
41
POST-TENSIONING SYSTEM
I N D E X
BEARINGS, MOVEMENT JOINTS
& SYSTEM FORMWORK
ISO 9002: 1994
Certificate No: CC416
ISO 9001: 1994
Certificate No: CC421
The Company
Multistrand Post-Tensioning
Bonded Slab Post-Tensioning
External Post-Tensioning
Stay Cables
Ground Anchors
Heavy Lifting
Stressbar
Retained Earth
System Formwork
Bridge Engineering
Structural Products
VSL
THE COMBINATION OF A WORLD-CLASS SPECIALIST CONTRACTOR
WITH THE RESPONSIVENESS OF A LOCALLY BASED PARTNER
HEADQUARTERS
VSL International Ltd.
Bernstrasse 9
LYSSACH - CH 3421
Switzerland
Phone: 41-34-447 99 11
Fax: 41-34-445 43 22
http:\\ www.vsl-intl.com
South East Asia /
Australia
( Operating Unit 1 )
REGIONAL OFFICE
VSL Prestressing (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.
6 Pioneer Avenue
THORNLEIGH, NSW 2120
Australia
Tel. 61 - 2 - 9484 59 44
Fax. 61 - 2 - 9875 38 94
AUSTRALIA - Queensland
VSL Prestressing (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.
VIRGINIA
Tel. 61 - 7 - 326 564 00
Fax. 61 - 7 - 326 575 34
AUSTRALIA - New South Wales
VSL Prestressing (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.
THORNLEIGH
Tel. 61 - 2 - 9484 59 44
Fax. 61 - 2 - 9475 38 94
AUSTRALIA - Southern Division
VSL Prestressing (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.
NOBLE PARK
Tel. 61 - 3 - 9795 03 66
Fax. 61 - 3 - 9795 05 47
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
VSL Systems (B) Sdn. Bhd.
BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN
Tel. 673 - 2 - 380 153/2 - 38182
Fax. 673 - 2 - 381 954
GUAM
VSL Prestressing (Guam) Inc.
TUMON
Tel. 67 - 1646 80 61
Fax. 67 - 1649 08 50
INDONESIA
PT VSL Indonesia
JAKARTA
Tel. 62 - 21 - 570 07 86
Fax. 62 - 21 - 573 68 49
MALAYSIA
VSL Engineers (M) Sdn. Bhd.
KUALA LUMPUR
Tel. 60 - 3 - 242 47 11
Fax. 60 - 3 - 242 93 97
NEW ZEALAND
Precision Precasting (Wgtn.) Ltd.
OTAKI
Tel. 64 - 6 - 364 81 26
Fax. 64 - 6 - 364 83 44
SINGAPORE
VSL Singapore Pte. Ltd.
SINGAPORE
Tel. 65 - 336 29 23
Fax. 65 - 337 64 61
THAILAND
VSL (Thailand) Co., Ltd. - BANGKOK
Tel. 66 - 2 - 237 32 88/89/90
Fax. 66 - 2 - 238 24 48
North East Asia
( Operating Unit 2 )
REGIONAL OFFICE
VSL North East Asia
1508 Devon House
979 King's Road
Quarry Bay, HONG KONG
Tel. 852 - 2590 22 22
Fax. 852 - 2590 95 93
HONG KONG
VSL Hong Kong Ltd.
QUARRY BAY
Tel. 852 - 2590 22 88
Fax. 852 - 2590 02 90
JAPAN
VSL Japan Corporation
TOKYO
Tel. 81 - 33 - 346 89 13
Fax. 81 - 33 - 345 91 53
KOREA
VSL Korea Co., Ltd.
SEOUL
Tel. 82 - 2 - 574 82 00
Fax. 82 - 2 - 577 00 98
MAINLAND CHINA
258 Qianshan Road, Hefei,
ANHUI PROVINCE
Postal Code: 230031
Tel. 86 - 551 - 5577421
Fax. 86 - 551 - 5576018
PHILIPPINES
VSL Philippines Inc.
MANILA
Tel. 63 - 2 - 633 1739
Fax. 63 - 2 - 633 1740
TAIWAN
VSL Taiwan Co., Ltd.
TAIPEI
Tel. 886 - 22 - 759 68 19
Fax. 886 - 22 - 759 68 21
VIETNAM
VSL Hanoi
Representative Office
HANOI
Tel. 84 - 4 - 8245 488
Fax. 84 - 4 - 8245 717
Europe, Middle East,
South America and Africa
( Operating Unit 4.5 )
REGIONAL OFFICE
Representative Office
L'Odysse - Bt. A
2-12 Chemin des Femmes
91886 MASSY Cedex - France
Tel. 33 - 1 - 69 19 43 16
Fax. 33 - 1 - 69 19 43 17
ARGENTINA
VSL Si stemas Especi al es de
Construccin S.A.
BUENOS AIRES
Tel. 54 - 1 - 322 06 09
Fax. 54 - 1 - 322 09 19
AUSTRIA
Grund-und Sonderbau GesmbH
VIENNA
Tel. 43 - 1 - 878 17 0
Fax. 43 - 1 - 878 17 762 od 782
BOLIVIA
Prestress VSL of Bolivia Jauregui Ltd.
LA PAZ
Tel. 591 - 2 - 321 874
Fax. 591 - 2 - 371 493
CHILE
VSL Sistemas
SANTIAGO
Tel. 56 - 2 - 233 10 81
Fax. 56 - 2 - 233 67 39
CZECH REPUBLIC
VSL Systemy (CZ) s.r.o.
PRAGUE
Tel. 420 - 2 - 67 07 24 20
Fax. 420 - 2 - 67 07 24 06
FRANCE
VSL France S.A.
EGLY
Tel. 33 - 1 - 69 26 14 00
Fax. 33 - 1 - 60 83 89 95
GREAT BRITIAN
Balvac Whitley Moran Ltd.
DERBYSHIRE
Tel. 44 - 1773 54 26 00
Fax. 44 - 1773 54 27 00
GREECE
VSL Systems A/E
ATHENS
Tel. 30 - 1- 363 84 53
Fax. 30 - 1- 360 95 43
INDIA
Killick Prestressing Ltd.
BOMBAY
Tel. 91 - 22 - 578 44 81
Fax. 91 - 22 - 578 47 19
NETHERLANDS
Civielco B.V.
AT LEIDEN
Tel. 31 - 71 - 576 89 00
Fax. 31 - 71 - 572 08 86
Stronghold Benelux B.V.
Tel. 31- 70 -511-5145
Fax. 31- 70 -517-6624
USA-North America
( Operating Unit 3 )
REGIONAL OFFICE
VSL Corporation
Crosspointe II Plaza
2840 Plaza Place - Suite 200
RALEIGH, NC 27612 USA
Tel. 1 - 919 - 781 6272
Fax. 1 - 919 - 781 6892
MIDWEST
VSL Corporation
DALLAS, TX
Tel. 1 - 972 - 647 - 0200
Fax. 1 - 972 - 641 - 1192
NORTHEAST
VSL Corporation
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Tel. 1 - 703 - 451 - 4300
Fax. 1 - 703 - 451 - 0862
SOUTHEAST
VSL Corporation
MIAMI, FL
Tel. 1 - 305 - 592 - 5075
Fax. 1 - 305 - 592 - 5629
WEST
VSL Corporation
SAN JOSE, CA
Tel. 1 - 408 - 866 - 5000
Fax. 1 - 408 - 374 - 4113
NORWAY
VSL Norge A/S
STAVANGER
Tel. 47 - 51 - 56 37 01
Fax. 47 - 51 - 56 27 21
PERU
Pretensado VSL del Peru SA
LIMA
Tel. 51 - 1476 - 04 23/26
Fax. 51 - 1476 - 04 77
PORTUGAL
VSL Prequipe S.A.
LISBON
Tel. 351 - 1 - 793 85 30
Fax. 351 - 1 - 793 09 01
Stronghold Portugal
PORTO
Tel. 351 - 2 - 370 00 21
Fax. 351 - 2 - 379 39 73
SOUTH AFRICA
Steeledale Systems (Pty) Ltd.
JOHANNESBURG
Tel. 27 - 11 - 613 77 41/9
Fax. 27 - 11 - 613 74 04
SPAIN
CTT Stronghold
BARCELONA
Tel. 34 - 3 - 200 87 11
Fax. 34 - 3 - 209 85 90
SWEDEN
Internordisk Spnnarmering
AB, DANDERYD
Tel. 46 - 8 - 753 02 50
Fax. 46 - 8 - 753 49 73
SWITZERLAND
VSL (Switzerland) Ltd.
LYSSACH
Tel. 41 - 34 - 447 99 11
Fax. 41 - 34 - 445 43 22
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Representative Office
DUBAI
Tel. 971 - 4 - 555 220
Fax. 971 - 4 - 518 244
Your post-tensioning specialist contractor: