Aerodynamic Studies on Swept Blades lor

Axial Ilow Ian/Compressor

B Roy, Ie//cu
M CLouLan, Ncn-member
P M Sivadas, Ncn-member
Tbe seccndary /csses tn axta/ //cu ccmpresscr are amcngst tbe macr ccntrtbutcr tc tbe /csses tncurred tn tbe ccmpresscr.
Recent researcb tn tbe use c/ tbree-dtmenstcna/ b/ade destgns tnccrpcrattng end-bends, sueep and dtbedra/ ba.e
btgb/tgbted tbe ad.antages c/ 3-D b/ades tn tmprc.ed stage /cadtng, e//tctency, stab/e cperattng range and reducttcn tn
nctse /e.e/s. Tbts study ts atmed tc tmprc.e tbe understandtng c/ e//ects c/ `sueep' cn tbe /csses by expertmenta//y studytng
tbe 30

parabc/tca//y /cruard suept b/ades tn an axta/ //cu ccmpresscr stage. Stratgbt and suept rctcrs as ue// as statcrs
c/ same stze and prc/t/e ba.e been destgned /cr ccmparatt.e study. Tbe statcr assemb/y bas been destgned tc study
parameters /tke stagger and axta/ gap betueen tbe dt//erent ccmbtnattcns c/ b/ade rcus. Study c/ stratgbt and suept rctcr
uttb stratgbt and suept statcrs bas been carrted cut and /cr tbese ccmbtnattcns tbe per/crmance bas been ccmpared. Tbe
nctse cbaractertsttc /cr tbe suept b/ades bas a/sc been studted. Neu/y destgned b/ades are /cund tc be e//tctent tn terms c/
pressure rtse, /csses and nctse /e.e/.
Keyuords: Axial compressor, Iorward sweep, oise, Cascade, C+ prolile, Axial gap
B Koy, M Chouhan and P M Sivadas are with the Department ot
Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute ot Technology, Powai,
Mumbai 400 076.
JLis paper (modilied) was received on September 26, 200+. Written
discussion on tLe paper will be received until ]anuary 31, 2005.
Vc/ 85, Nc.ember 2005 +/
ITKODLCTIO
JLe stable operation at design and oll-design conditions
depends on tLe boundary layer separation and tLe blade loading
cLaracteristics. Recent researcL in tLe axial llow compressor
blade, based on understanding tLe llow beLaviour in tLe blades,
wLere stacking lines ol tLe airloils are curvilinear, Las
generated lavourable results in terms ol loss reduction and
tLereby elliciency. JLe introduction ol local airloil lean Las
demonstrated a 2% rise in tLe polytropic elliciency ol LigL-
speed multistage compressor, witL a signilicant stall margin
gain
1
. JLe early bend concepts were based on two-dimensional
way ol tLinking altLougL aimed at tLree-dimensional llow
problem
2-6
. LventLougL, sweep was incorporated in some ol tLe
earlier blades, it was primarily lor noise reduction
/
. JLe
incorporation ol end bend involves a certain degree ol local
aeroloil lean. JLere appears to be no common understanding
on Low local blade lean can be used to control tLe tLree
dimensional llow
2,8-9
. JLe ellect ol sweep Las been lound to be
more pronounced tLan diLedral
/,10
. JLe implication ol sweep
and diLedral are two-lold. Besides tLe well known two-
dimensional llow ellect, tLere is tLree-dimensional ellect at tLe
endwall, wLicL is mucL complicated and not lully understood.
JLe use ol lorward sweep (Iigure 1) Las been lound to reduce
tLe overall losses considerably. JLe overall aerodynamic test
results ol lorward swept blade by Wadia, et a/
11
suggested some
unique improvement in elliciency witL substantial improve-
ment in tLe sensitivity to inlet distortion. JLe benelit, as
described by SmitL, et a/
9
, appears to be tLat by use ol positive
sweep tLe boundary layer is transported away lrom tLe
unstable end-wall region, wLicL improves tLe stall margin. JLe
current design practice mainly addresses validation ol a
proposed geometry by reverse analysis lor improved
perlormance ratLer tLan design syntLesis
/,12
. Sasaki, et a/
8
observed, tLrougL a set ol cascade studies, tLat 30

positive
sweep provides tLe best results lor loss improvement .JLe
initial study cLaracterized a set ol cascades witL varying inllow
conditions witL locus essentially on ellects ol stacking lines on
tLe sectional cLaracteristics. JLe stacking ol tLe proliles in
radial direction, and tLe proliles tLemselves, play an important
role lor tLe elliciency and operational salety ol tLe wLole
compressor. JLe total pressure loss and tLe attainable mass
llow operating range mainly determine tLe quality ol tLe
airloil. JLe cascade study by Roy, et a/
10
was aimed at
improving tLe understanding ol tLe sectional cLaracteristics
and sectional loss cLaracteristics using swept blades and
straigLt blades in linear compressor cascade arrangement. JLe
study ol straigLt and swept cascade inlluenced tLe parameters
tLat were cLosen in tLe design ol an axial llow stator and
subsequently tLe rotor, wLicL was used to concur tLe potential
and tLe advantages ol tLe swept blade over tLe corresponding
straigLt blade. JLe study locusses tLe ellects on blade loading
cLaracteristics lor botL straigLt and 30

parabolically lorward
swept blades.
+8 IL (I jcurna/-AS
EXPEKIMETAL DETAILS
JLe existing Axial Ilow Ian set-up Las wide bell moutL
laminated air intake. JLe lan rotor runs witL 15-kW dc motor
witL 1: 2.6 ratio pulley belt drive. At tLe exit ol test tunnel duct,
a conical tLrottle controls tLe airllow rate, wLicL is actuated by
screw mecLanism. JLe wLole assembly is made up ol dillerent
modules, namely, intake module, rotor module, stator module,
dilluser module and tLe jet pipe module as sLown in Iigure 2.
JLe axial llow lan stage Las eleven bladed rotor and tLirteen
bladed stator. JLe scLematic representation ol tLe axial llow
lan set-up is sLown in Iigure 3. JLe tip clearance was
maintained at 0.5% ol tLe rotor dia. JLe swept bladed cascade
stalled at LigLer angles ol attack tLan tLe straigLt cascades. A set
ol straigLt (twisted-radially stacked) rotors and stators and a set
ol swept rotors and stators ol similar blade prolile Lave been
designed and labricated. JLe newly labricated stator Lousing
Las a provision lor varying tLe axial gap and tLe pitcL, wLicL
Lelps in cLanging tLe angular setting ol tLe blade (stagger). JLe
main purpose ol tLis mecLanism is to keep tLe stator in tLe best
stagger setting even wLile tLe rotor is operating at oll design
point. Jesting ol tLe lour combinations ol straigLt and swept
rotors and stators, as sLown in Iigure +, is carried out and lor
eacL combination tLe perlormance is studied. JLe noise level
Las been studied as an additional parameter lor all tLe
combinations.
Design ot Blades
JLe aerodynamic design ol tLe lan is based on lree vortex
tLeory. JLe geometrical parameters ol rotor and stators are
given in Jable 1.
JLe proliles at dillerent sections and tLe stagger angles lor tLe
swept blade rotor and stator are identical to tLose ol tLe straigLt
bladed rotor and stator, respectively. A 30

parabolic lorward
sweep is given to tLe centroid ol tLe dillerent sectional proliles
as suggested in Jable 2.
KESLLTS AD DISCLSSIO
In tLis section, various parameters, namely, testing procedure,
elliciency, static pressure, stall margin, noise, oll-design
perlormance, llow visualization over swept blade are discussed.
Testing Procedure
JLe tests were conducted lor all tLe lour combinations as
sLown in Iigure +. JLe tLrottle was varied so as to obtain design
and oll-design mass llow values at 2+00 rpm, 2000 rpm and
2600 rpm. JLe axial gap between tLe rotor and stator was
restricted to two values, namely, 30% cLord and 50% cLord. JLe
mass llow rate was varied till tLe lan stalled. oise was taken at
a distance ol 1-m lrom tLe lan inlet bell moutL and averaged lor
a period ol 30s.
Etticiency
JLe elliciency ol all tLe lour combinations ol blades is plotted
lor dillerent combinations ol stagger angles and axial gaps.
Llliciency is calculated based on total pressure rise
cLaracteristics ol tLe compressor. In botL tLe cases, tLe swept-
swept combination Las been lound to Lave better elliciency at
mass llow rates lower tLan design llow rate. JLe advantage in
tLe elliciency lor tLe swept blades diminisLes near stall point
even tLougL it Las a LigLer stall margin. As tLe llow turns lrom
tip leading edge to mid span trailing edge, it avoids tLe unstable
tip trailing edge zone wLere llow is complex due to tip leakage.
JLis way it improves tLe overall elliciency ol tLe compressor
by avoiding tLe LigL loss zones near tLe tip and by
redistributing tLe span-wise total pressure rise across tLe stage.
JLe elliciency at design ratings lor 30% and 50% axial gap is
sLown in Iigure 5.
Static Pressure
Stator exit static pressure ol tLe lan is one ol tLe important and
uselul parameters. Static pressure Las been measured at tLe
casing and represents tLe tip static pressure. JLe stator exit
static pressure ol all tLe lour combinations ol blades are plotted
in mm ol H
2
C at tLe design speed and stagger, lor two axial gaps
ol 30% and 50% (Iigure 6). JLe Y-axis represents stator exit
static pressure (in mm ol water). JLe type ol rotor and tLe axial
gap appears to be tLe inlluencing parameter lor tLe static
pressure. JLis is evident lrom tLe static pressure increase wLen
30% and 50% axial gap is compared. At 30% axial gap, tLe
gradient lor tLe straigLt rotor irrespective ol tLe stator is seen
LigLer tLan tLe swept rotor. HigLer static pressure is acLieved
lor straigLt blades. JLis observation can be supported by tLe
Iigure 1 Photographs depicting torward swept blade and coated straight blade
Vc/ 85, Nc.ember 2005 +9
lact tLat tLere occurs ollloading at tLe swept rotor blade tip.
AltLougL tLe static pressure lor swept blade is lower tLan tLe
straigLt blade but tLe elliciency ol tLe swept blade is LigLer tLan
tLe straigLt blade. Llliciency is based on total pressure
cLaracteristics ol tLe lan and lower static pressure discourages
tLe development ol tip casing boundary layer.
WLen tLe axial gap is increased to 50%, all tLe advantages ol tLe
straigLt rotor eroded, to tLe extent tLat it becomes lesser tLan
tLe swept rotor blade static pressure. A larger plateau is
noticed lor tLe swept blade at tLe region ol maximum
elliciency. JLe lower loading ol tLe swept blades is lully in
consonance witL tLe cascade study, wLere it is seen tLat tLe
swept blading sLows 'oll-loading` near tLe stall points.
Stall Margin
In elliciency plots (Iigure 5), tLe last point wLere tLe line ends
towards tLe lelt side is tLe lull stall point. JLe stall point lor
swept-swept combination and lor straigLt blades are sLown in
Iigure 5. Static pressure (Iigure 6) at tLe corresponding mass
llow rate sLows tLe peak value. It can be noticed tLat tLe swept
blades stalled at approximetely 8% lower mass llow rating tLan
tLe straigLt blades. JLe LigLest stall margin is noticed lor tLe
swept-swept combination. Ior a straigLt rotor, even wLen tLe
swept stator replaces tLe straigLt stator, tLe stall margin
increases. JLe static pressure plots sLow tLat complete stall
occurs at about 15% lower llow rate tLan wLen partial stall is
noticed in tLe elliciency plots.
oise
JLe noise generated by dillerent combinations ol tLe blades is
given in tLe plots lor botL 30% and 50% axial gaps (Iigure /). JLe
LigLest noise Las been lor tLe straigLt-straigLt combination.
JLe swept straigLt combination is marginally lower tLan tLe
straigLt-straigLt, and tLe straigLt-swept is lurtLer lower. JLe
Rotor with coated blades
Inlet bell mouth
Surface finish of the rotor blades
Stator assembly
Iigure 2 Existing experimental set-up modules
50 IL (I jcurna/-AS
least noise is produced in case ol swept-swept combination in
botL tLe axial gaps. Cne ol tLe remarkable leatures about swept
blade is tLe warning ol tLe impending stall. JLere is an increase
in noise level alter a minimum. JLis attribute could be tapped
ellectively to obviate stalls. It is always noted tLat tLere is an
instantaneous average rise ol about 5 dB at stall point lor tLe
straigLt blades and about 3 dB lor tLe swept blade.
Ott-design Pertormance
Lven in tLe oll-design rpm ratings, tLe trend Las been seen to be
tLe same as tLat in tLe design rating (Iigure 8 and Iigure 9). JLe
swept rotor blade is seen to Lave better perlormance in terms ol
elliciency. JLe advantage ol sweep in elliciency diminisLes
wLen tLe axial gap between tLe blades is increased to 50% cLord.
JLe maximum elliciency remains around tLe design mass llow
ol +.05 kg/s. At LigLer axial gap, tLe swept blade elliciency is
seen to diminisL more rapidly lor mass llow LigLer tLan tLat ol
tLe design mass llow tLan tLe otLer combinations. Llliciency
plots at LigLer tLan design rpm are more or less similar to tLe
design rpm. JLere is a large dillerence in elliciency at 30% axial
gap, wLicL narrows down at 50%. JLis is sLown in Iigure 8. JLe
LigLest elliciency is seen at around + kg/s, wLicL is near tLe design
mass llow. However, tLe swept-swept blades retain tLeir
supremacy in elliciency.
Ilow Visualization over Swept Blade
Jitanium-di-oxide powder suspended in oil Las been used to
visualize tLe llow over tLe surlace ol stator blades. It is seen tLat
tLe llow near tLe end wall region is directed towards tLe
mid-span region wLile llowing lrom tLe leading edge to trailing
Iigure 3 Schematic representation ot axial tlow tan test set-up
Table 1 Kotor and stator design parameter
Maximum dia ol lan, m : 0.+06
Hub dia, m : 0.200
Design lan speed, rpm : 2+00
Leading edge radius, % ol cLord : 1.2
Maximum tLickness ol aeroloil, % ol cLord : 10
CLord lengtL, m : 0.100
Mass llow rate, kg/s : +.050
Aspect ratio : 1.000
Table 2 Swept rotor and swept stator design parameter
Kotor Hub Mean Tip
Dia 0.20 0.30 0.+0
PeripLeral velocity (L), m/s 25.10 3/./0 50.20
Solidity 1./+ 1.16 0.8/
Swirl velocity, m/s 32.10 22./0 20./0
Alter swirl coellicient 0.91 0.65 0.59
Ilow coellicient 1.+0 0.92 0.69
Degree ol reaction 0.36 0.69 0./9
Dillusion lactor 0.38 0.++ 0.++
Camber 55./0 32.20 22.+0
Stagger /.80 31.00 +3.90
Stator Hub Mean Tip
Dia 0.20 0.30 0.+0
Degree ol reaction 0.63 0.30 0.20
Dillusion lactor 0.+2 0.35 0.38
Solidity 2.06 1.3/ 1.03
Camber 50.60 +1.00 39.60
Stagger 1/.20 12.+0 10.80
Iigure 4 Ditterent combinations ot rotor and stator blades
Rotor
Stator
Rotor
Stator
Rotor
Stator
Rotor
Stator
Bell mouth Rotor Stator
Variable stator
Diffuser
Throttle cone
Fan
Belt
Measurement
plane
Concrete base
!
Vc/ 85, Nc.ember 2005 51
edge avoiding tLe corner vortices, so tLe end wall losses are
minimized. JLis can be seen clearly in Iigure 10. JLis explains
tLe improvement in tLe secondary loss as seen in tLe overall
perlormance ol tLe swept blades. Visualization study on swept
and straigLt cascade Las been conducted in detail and it is
noticed tLat tLe llow migrates lrom end wall region to mid-span
section because ol sweep. JLus, it provides tLe benelit in terms
ol elliciency and stall margin.
Disadvantages ot Swept Blades
Iollowings are tLe disadvantages ol swept blades.
Static pressure rise is lower tLan tLe straigLt blades at
lower axial gaps.
Iigure 5 Etticiency at design ratings tor 30 and 50 axial gap
Static Pressure 0
Stagger and 30% axial gap
StSt
StSw
SwSw
SwSt
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
S
t
a
t
i
c

P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

m
m
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Mass Flow Rate , kg/ s
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
S
t
a
t
i
c

P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

m
m
Mass Flow Rate , kg/ s
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
StSt
StSw
SwSw
SwSt
Static Pressure 0
Stagger and 50% axial gap
Iigure 6 Static pressure at 0 degree stator stagger at 30 and 50 axial gap
Efficiency at Design RPM 0
Stagger and 30% axial gap
Efficiency at Design RPM 0
Stagger and 50% axial gap
StSt
StSw
SwSw
SwSt
StSt
StSw
SwSw
SwSt
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Mass Flow Rate , kg/ s
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Mass Flow Rate , kg/ s
1
2
Iigure 7 oise level design rpm tor 30 and 50 axial gap
StSt
StSw
SwSw
SwSt
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
N
o
i
s
e
,

d
B
2 3 4 5
Mass Flow Rate , kg/ s
Mass Flow Rate , kg/ s
StSt
StSw
SwSw
SwSt
Noise at Design RPM
50% axial gap
N
o
i
s
e
,

d
B
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
2 3 4 5
Noise at Design RPM
30% axial gap
2
1
3
4
2 1
3
4
52 IL (I jcurna/-AS
Seriously allects compression system recovery lrom
stall.
Dillicult to labricate.
Lower loading near stall regimes.
Bending stresses in rotor blades complicates tLe
induced stresses.
COCLLSIO
Aerodynamic testing sLows tLat perlormance ol tLe lan lies
witLin a band widtL ol about _ +% ol tLe pressure rise
predictions and tLe volume llow rate near tLe design point,
ellectively validating tLe design procedure lor selection ol tLe
blading parameters. JLe uncertainty in tLe recordings is _ 2.3%
lor elliciency measurements, 1% lor static pressure and 0.13%
lor noise measurements. WitL tLe present experiment,
lollowing inlerences can be made.
It is observed tLat tLe swept rotor along witL swept stator
provides tLe best overall perlormance in terms ol stable
operating range, noise and elliciency at tLe expense ol static
pressure rise.
JLe elliciency is LigLly inlluenced by tLe axial gap between
tLe rotor and tLe stator and tLe stagger. WitL a variable stagger
mecLanism control, tLere exists a possibility ol setting a stagger
setting law and incorporating it in tLe engine control system to
obtain LigLest elliciency in tLe entire operating range.
It locusses primarily on 30

parabolically lorward swept

blade but dillerent sLapes ol blades can also be tried witL
rigorous experimentation to develop some design criteria lor Iigure 10 Ilow visualization on the suction surtace ot swept blade stator
Off Design Rating 0
Stagger, 30% axial gap at 2000 rpm
StSt
StSw
SwSw
SwSt
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Mass Flow Rate , kg/ s
Mass Flow Rate , kg/ s
StSt
StSw
SwSw
SwSt
Off Design Rating 0
Stagger, 50% axial gap
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Iigure 8 Etticiency at 2000 rpm with design ratings tor ditterent axial gap (a) 30 and (b) 50
Off Design Rating 0
Stagger, 30% axial gap
StSt
StSw
SwSw
SwSt
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
Mass Flow Rate , kg/ s
Mass Flow Rate , kg/ s
StSt
StSw
SwSw
SwSt
Off Design Rating 0
Stagger, 50% axial gap
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
Iigure 9 Etticiency at 2600 rpm with ditterent axial gap (a) 30 and (b) 50
Vc/ 85, Nc.ember 2005 53
tLe same. Since tLe mecLanism ol reducing losses is to drive tLe
casing boundary layer lrom tLe unstable tip region towards tLe
stable mid-span, it migLt be possible tLat only local sweep at tLe
tip will do and tLere is ellectively no need ol complete swept
blade.
Present experiment only proves tLe benelits ol sweep but
doesn`t tLrow ligLt on design metLodology lor swept blade so
tLat optimum design could be obtained lor a given
specilication. So, tLere is a need to explore tLe stator exit llow
lield to tLrow some ligLt on tLe mecLanism ol benelits tLat
would provide tLe idea about tLe design parameter sensitivity
in swept blade design. It Las also been lelt tLat local sweep at tLe
blade tip only will be more ellective tLan a totally swept blade
to improve tLe perlormance.
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