Mbay City has a unique area that consists of three parts : hilly, urban and rice field plain. An Integrated Approach is extremely needed to solve this situation. The Water Trap Series which are placed along the drainage gullies could slow down the runoff water and as such the water has a greater chance to infiltrate to the soil as groundwater recharge.
Original Description:
Original Title
(Full Paper) draft Water Trap Series as Integrated Approach.doc
Mbay City has a unique area that consists of three parts : hilly, urban and rice field plain. An Integrated Approach is extremely needed to solve this situation. The Water Trap Series which are placed along the drainage gullies could slow down the runoff water and as such the water has a greater chance to infiltrate to the soil as groundwater recharge.
Mbay City has a unique area that consists of three parts : hilly, urban and rice field plain. An Integrated Approach is extremely needed to solve this situation. The Water Trap Series which are placed along the drainage gullies could slow down the runoff water and as such the water has a greater chance to infiltrate to the soil as groundwater recharge.
(Case Study of Mbay City, Aesesa District, age!eo "egency, TT Pro#ince$ Susilawati 1 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Widya Mandira Chatolic University U!"#$ %&''&, #(( )#D*#ES)" E+mail, srsusipi-yahoo.com Abstract: Mbay city has a unique area that consists of three parts : hilly, urban and rice field plain. The hilly part being highly deforested and eroded brings sediment to the lowest part: urban and rice field plain. This causes flash floods and inundates urban area for quite a long time during rainy season. An integrated approach is extremely needed to solve this situation. The concept of Eco drainage that is how to channel away the flood water to the sea and how to manage the runoff water and use it during the drought season could be the solution. The water trap series which are placed along the drainage gullies could slow down the runoff water, and as such the water has a greater chance to infiltrate to the soil as groundwater recharge. This means that Ecodrainage also represents flood control and protection against and adaptation to drought by conserving this runoff water and using it during drought situation. Keywords: Eco-drainage, groundwater recharge, water trap, deforestation, erosion 1. IT"%D&CTI% M/ay city has an uni0ue area that consists of three parts i.e. hilly on the upstream part, ur/an plain and rice field plain 1Fig. 12. (he hilly parts /eing highly deforested and eroded /rings huge sediment to the lowest part i.e. ur/an and rice field plain. When the rainfall comes it causes flash floods which inundate ur/an area for 0uite a long time /ecause the ur/an plain is covered /y alluvium sediment that form an impervious layer. Figure ' Satellite i(age of Mbay City 3ice Field plain )illy parts &rban settle(ent plain Sea Ur/an plain often has flood pro/lem during rainy season. (hat happens /ecause of deforestation on the hills causing the water to flow directly to the ur/an area without any drainage that channels the runoff to the sea or prevents if from gushing into the paddy field area downstream. Ur/an plain area also has drought pro/lem during the dry season /ecause of no ground water recharge during rainy season, so the dug wells dry out. (riggered /y these flood and drought challenges that happen time and again, we thin4 it necessary to develop a water trapped system to cope up with and to overcome this situation, especially the one that ta4es place in M/ay. (he main pro/lems of this area are, 112 how to cope with the flash flood and drought disasters that fre0uently happen, causing losses /oth in the ur/an area and in the rice+field area5 1'2 6ow to develop an integrated and sustaina/le system to cope with these flood and drought pro/lems which includes the idea of environmental conservation. *+ F,AS) F,%%D AD D"%&-)T DISAST." *+'+ Defnition of Flash Flood and Drought Disaster Flash flood, as far as ur/an area is concerned, is defined as an inundation of ur/an area during a certain period of time with a certain depth that hampers daily activity which inflicts a financial loss. While drought disaster is defined as or refers to the fact that daily water re0uirement to support daily life cannot /e fulfilled. )n agricultural area, however, flood is defined as an inundation of agricultural field during a certain period of time with the certain depth, rendering the reduction of agricultural production or even death of crops. While drought disaster is defined as the fact that crop water re0uirement which support the optimum process of crop production cannot /e fulfilled, causing the reduction of agricultural production or even the death of crops. Small islands which are surrounded /y the sea generally have limited ground water resources and are vulnera/le to flood disaster or tsunami. (he ground water in small islands is formed as floating lens on the /rac4ish water or salt water, where its depth depends on the recharge. (his ground water lens is also vulnera/le to sea water intrusion 16ehanusa, 17%82. Fal4land 1'99'2 gives some description a/out ground water /alance which has fresh water lens for coral reef island 1Figure '2. For the hilly island, the rainfall will flow rapidly as water runoff to the sea, so it has no chance to infiltrate into the soil as ground water recharge. )t will cause limited ground water reservoir the amount of which is insufficient to fulfill the re0uirement that causes drought disaster. (he surface runoff that flows rapidly into the sea also causes flood disaster for the downstream plain. (hat is the condition of small islands. :ecause of their small si;e we need to develop a rainwater management so that it will not cause flood as well as draught disasters. Figure * The ground /ater balance /ith fresh /ater lens on typical coral reef island (Fal!land, *00*$ *+*+ Several Factor Causes Flood and Drought Factually, determinant factors that cause flood and drought are e<treme weather condition, distur/ance of hydrological /alance, and inappropriate land use. (he magnitude of flood and drought depend on the 0uantity of rain, the intensity of its triggering factors, and its duration. (he climate change due to E#S*, )*D and M=* has caused evaporation and clouds in many parts of )ndonesia to vary from e<tremely high to e<tremely low or vice versa rendering the climate to deviate from its normal condition. )nteraction /etween the three factors determines the magnitude of climatologically factor that ta4es place. Drought and flood are also influenced /y hydrological factors, which are indicated /y the ma<imum and minimum difference in the river>s water flow+rate. 6ydrological damage is generally caused /y degradation of river /asin especially in the upstream area where its sloping riverside has changed its function from vegetation ;one to impermea/le non+vegetation ;one. "ccording to the data from Department of Forestry, out of ?89 river /asins in )ndonesia, @' are in critical condition. #o wonder flood and drought often ta4e place. 6ydrological damage in the upstream catchment area has caused that the surface runoff cannot /e controlled and does not have sufficient time to percolate into the soil as recharge for groundwater deposit. (he e<tremely high rainfall has caused runoff that ends up in flood. *n the contrary, the small 0uantity of groundwater deposited during the rainy season has caused the groundwater deposit during the dry season to /ecome very low that triggers drought. 6ydrological damage also causes the river water+flow to drop drastically even to ;ero. Data from Department of !u/lic Wor4s indicate that from &,&79 main rivers that are grouped into %7 3iver Aone Units, @99 can potentially cause flood, @' of which are categori;ed as critical or supercritical. !lanting schedule and selection of plants without considering water supply may cause agronomic drought. (his phenomenon is often found in irrigated rice+fields of group ))) or a/ove, rain+fed areas or in land cultivated outside the irrigated rice+field. (he most e<treme conse0uence of this type of cultivation is that all the plants get dried up. (his agronomic drought generally results from the farmers> ha/it of /eing adamant in planting rice although the water supply is not enough. Conse0uently we need intensive guidance and counseling, pilot proBect, adBustment to and assistance in correct planting pattern, the opening of alternative mar4eting of commodities, and the empowerment of farmers to compensate their financial loss. *+1+ Flood and Drought Protection and Adaptation "ccording to !owel et al. 1'99%2 water trap ponds can decrease the flood rate /etween '&+&9 percent of surface runoff. (his has inspired the development of water trap system to overcome flood and drought. (he approach used to overcome the pro/lem of drought and flood is ecological, environment+conscious, integrated and sustaina/le. (his means that the pro/lem is not solved merely on conventional /asis through technical and hydraulic approach, /ut through an integrated approach considering various aspects, one of which is ta4ing into account local wisdom so that the recommended system can /e sustaina/le and does not damage the environment. (his approach is 4nown as Eco+drainage approach. :ased on this concept, we develop a water trap system which is already 4nown and developed /y local communities. :y employing local wisdom, this system can /e easily adopted. (he hypothesis we develop is that the water trap system can overcome flood and drought in small islands. (o verify this, we develop a hydrological model that can /e used to simulate how far this water trap system can overcome flood and drought that ta4e place. (his developed hydrological model is located M/ay plains, Flores, #((, which is also the capital city of #age4eo regency. (he water trap that we develop is a simple construction on natural drainage gullies. (he construction is made in a series of chec4+dams whose main function is to impede the surface runoff so that instead of /eing wasted away the water percolates into the soil as recharge for groundwater around the water trap. )n this research it is assumed that the water volume a/sor/ed into the soil as recharge for groundwater can /e availa/le water deposit that can /e used during the dry season /y digging wells downstream of the water trap. $roundwater is assumed to flow linearly to the downstream of water trap. (he research area is limited in M/ay plains which /ecome the location of case study "gus Maryono, '99&, in his /oo4 on how to handle flood, drought and environment mentions four main methods of handling flood. (he four methods are, 1. Massive reforestation in river /asins /oth in the forest area and in the settlement, in rural as well as in ur/an areas. (his reforestation cannot /e delayed /ecause deforestation has /een rampant nationwide and has gone /eyond tolera/le limit. (he e<hortation of many parties to initiate reforestation and to stop cutting trees should /ecome a national program. *therwise the disasters of drought in dry season and flood in rainy season will /e worsening. (he cause of these disasters is /asically the same, that is the devastation of river /asins> ecology. '. Strengthening the rivers> retention of flood. (his means that the flood is spread out along the river from the upstream to the downstream. "s such instead of allowing a huge flood to ta4e place in a particular spot, we create a condition that allows smaller and shorter floods to ta4e place along the river /asin. :eside wea4ening the flood, moderate overflow would /enefit the river>s ecology and is needed to conserve water upstream and along the river. (he conse0uence of increasing the river>s retention capacity is to refrain from /uilding di4es, ma4ing connecting passages /etween canals, and corro/orating the river/an4s, /ecause these methods will wea4en the river>s capacity to resist flood along the gully. Moreover these will cause a huge flood to ta4e place in a particular place especially in the downstream where the water flow is faster. (herefore the method of ma4ing water par4ing lots along the river/an4s is recommended. (he greater the num/er of water par4ing lots the smaller the chance of flood occurrence will /e. C. )ncreasing the num/er of retention ponds in all places, in the plantation, in the farming area, in the office area /oth in ur/an and in rural areas. (his retention pond that /ecomes a conservation pond should /e sociali;ed to all social strata and to government /ecause this method can prevent flood in the upstream significantly. Conservation pond can /e made with a simple method /y digging holes in the lowland. (his can /e affected through a policy of o/liging any new house to ma4e a conservation pond in the /ac4yard of the house, so that the rainwater from a settlement does not flow directly to the river, /ut is stored into the conservation pond and a/sor/ed into the soil as groundwater conservation. (his method /ecomes a total correction against the old method of areal corro/oration in order to 0uic4ly channel the water into the river ?. (he /uilding of socio+hydraulic character or water culture. Socio+hydraulic character /uilding is an approach to solve the pro/lems of water, environment, and flood /y enforcing a social awareness of water in society. )f the social /ehavior is already correct towards water and its ecological components, then the solution of flood and environmental pro/lems will /e easier. "s such counseling, dialogs and education is necessitated. *+2+ Concept and Strategy of .co3Drainage Contrary to the concept of conventional drainage where the /asic idea is the physical strengthening of an area, Eco+drainage is an integrated concept of sustaina/le development. :ased on this principle, development of drainages is not only meant to channel the rainwater, /ut to contri/ute positively to social, economic and environmental aspects. (he /enefits of Eco+drainage other than flood prevention are that, a. )t increases the 0uality of standard water /. )t /ecomes recharge for groundwater c. )t develops recreation spots d. )t supports economic activity, and e. )t evaluates the implementation of spatial planning. (he conventional drainage is /asically in the form of conveyance. )n conventional drainage 1Figure C2 the whole rainwater that falls on a particular place must /e channeled into the river as soon as possi/le, and further to the sea. (his will result in the fact that groundwater deposit decreases in such a way that it will cause drought disaster in the future. Figure 1+ The concept of con#entional drainage (Agus Maryono, *004$ *n the contrary the concept of Eco+drainage is how to manage the surplus water /y not immediately channel it to the sea /ut to percolate it to the soil as a recharge for groundwater. (his can /e done in various methods 1"gus Maryono, '99&2, 1. Conservation pond method. 1Figure ?2 What is done is ma4ing water ponds in ur/an area, in the settlement area, in farms and in plantation. Conservation pond is made to store rainwater /efore percolating it into the soil while the rest is channeled slowly into the river. Conservation pond is made /y utili;ing topographically low areas, e< sand mining location, and other a/andoned e<cavations or /y digging a specified area. Conservation pond is also advantageous for recreation area. Figure 2 "ain/ater Conser#ation Pond .co3 Drainage (Agus Maryono, *004$ '. "/sorption well method. (his method is done /y digging wells to store rainwater that falls from the roof or from any heights 1Figure &2. (his a/sorption well can also /e developed in sport and tourism ;ones. Construction and depth of the well is adBusted to the local soil condition. )t should /e noted that the a/sorption well is specifically meant for rainwater so that the people around the area should /e notified not to put gar/age into it. Figure 4 "ain/ater conser#ation /ith Absorption Well (5PPT, '666$ C. 3iver side polder method. (his is a method of retaining flowing water and managing the DrainE water surplus Figure 7 "i#er Side3Polder in the upstrea( and central areas (Agus Maryono, *004$ )n the management of an integrated and environment+conscious drainage 1eco+drain2 we develop strategies how to implement and develop it. (he strategies are as follows, '+ Fro( the source strategy (his strategy concentrates on the source that /ears drainage pro/lems and how to prevent them. (he application of this strategy on a ;onal scale is nothing /ut an approach of rain management that minimi;es the si;e of impermea/le area through a drainage which is made in resem/lance of its natural condition. (his will /e more economic and more esthetical and technically /etter. (his concept is /ased on the following principles. a2 That e#ery 8one is part and parcel of a ri#er basin. 3elated to eco+drain, the handling of drainage pro/lems would /e most effective if it is made on a ;onal scale which is part and parcel of a river /asin. "ctivities in ;one management are part of a preventive approach. /2 5eginning fro( the source. When the rain falls on an area, gravitationally and in accordance with the land physics the water percolates into the soil. When the soil is covered with impermea/le material such as roof, concrete, or asphalt the rainwater will find its way to lower areas where together with other waters they ma4e runoff. )f the runoffs are collected in a pipe or a long canal /efore treatment, it is 0uite possi/le that along the waterway the water 0uality will decrease. (he strategy of Fend of pipeG such as the construction of /ig retention ponds will /e more comple< and costly compared to the >from the source> strategy. (he strategy with a small storage and simple treatment, which is located on a place where all runoffs meet is to /e repeated consistently for the whole proBect. (his will preserve the water 0uality with a low cost. )f the runoffs are retained or percolated into the source area, then ('$ )t will /e less e<pensive and simple in management, compared to the possi/ility that the water is canali;ed to certain location for treatment. (*$ Maintenance cost will increase if the runoff is canali;ed to the spillway for treatment. (1$ (reatment cost will /e very high and necessitates an intensive maintenance, if the runoff is canali;ed directly to the spillway for treatment. (2$ )t will /e more economic if water treatment is located in the source of runoff. c2 ,ight rain is /orth paying attention to+ (he volume of rain with low intensity is increasing. (he fre0uency of light rain increases every other year ma4ing its 0uantity is 0uite /ig in the total runoffs. )n the upstream area as well in coastal and /ay areas light rain may reach %9 percent of the total annual rainfall. :y targeting on the management of light rain, the rainfall can /e managed to improve the water 0uality through a relatively small water management system. (he management of light rain 1that turns out to /e highly fre0uent2 will contri/ute positively to recovery of polluted water. )n the past rainwater management was focused e<clusively on flood control and heavy rain control. )n the planning, the o/Bective is protection against flood while ignoring the importance of light rain and its impact. With a new awareness of how important the handling of light rain is for the protection of water 0uality, a planner will ta4e into account the importance of light rain /ecause its fre0uency and its cumulative impact are e0ual to heavy rain that does not often ta4e place. d2 Si(ple but effecti#e+ Since in many rainwater management 1drainage2 people would focus more on comple< pro/lems, small pro/lems with simple solution are often ignored and considered as less effective. Up to now simple solution can only /e effective if it is done through an engineering analysis 1hydraulic2 which is more accurate than a comple< approach. (he difference is that a simple system that generally employs simple material technology and natural material which is united with a ;onal landscape is /etter than mechanical or other human+made process in rainwater management. e2 Integrated approach+ 3ain management system 1drainage2 can /e one of the organi;ational elements in spatial planning and design. "/sorption area, drainage swales, and retention areas can /e integrated into one planning location where planners would develop regional aesthetics /y, for e<ample, preparing a resource for recreation activities. For e<ample, if in a landscape there are natural ditches, they can /e used as temporary detention ponds. #atural ditches can /e planted with various river vegetations. Small roads can /e constructed on the sides of the ditches ma4ing a contrast with the green /elt. Sandy area can /e made a playground for children in dry season /ut it remains a conservation pond during rainy season. *+ Priority3based actions )n handling an area, priority is given to the place vulnera/le to water pollution, water gar/age, flood and inundation. :eside the area, a rapid change is ta4ing place in land+use /ecause of high population growth and fast physical constructions. )n this area the pro/lems /eing faced are water pollution, river gar/age, uncontrolla/le flood, and other ecological pro/lems. )n handling these pro/lems, priority should /e /ased on scoring tools. 1+ Disaster (anage(ent approach (he condition of flood and water pollution due to gar/age and ur/an li0uid waste that flow into drainage can /e categori;ed as a disaster as regulated in the Haw #um/er 8 of the year '99? on Water 3esources. "s such the strategy used in handling this pro/lem is a holistic and integrated strategy of disaster management. "n integrated and environment+conscious drainage management 1eco+drain2 is carried out through stages, from prevention of water pollution and the piling up of gar/age, the handling of them 1responseIintervention2, and the recovery after the occurrences. (he stages go through a cycle of disaster management activities. )n an emergency of water pollution, sedimentation and the piling up of water gar/age, the handling strategy is from downstream to upstream with the o/Bective of water recovery. 2+ Solution tryout, cost sa#ing and adapti#e and sustainable (anage(ent+ (he e<ecution of pilot proBect of eco+drain too4 place in the cities of :andung, Sura/aya, and Denpasar. :andung was the place where the integrated and environment+conscious drainage management was tried out. )t was e<pected that various pro/lems, o/stacles and successes in the process of planning, implementation, controlling and monitoring, and evaluation of eco+drain in these cities can /e a lesson learned for the e<ecution of similar activities in other cities. Further application of various technologies and pro/lem solution of eco+drain was not only effective /ut also efficient in terms of time and cost, in a concept of management which is fle<i/le and adaptive to the condition and characteristics of the pro/lem /eing faced. 3. WAT." T"AP S."I.S AS A IT.-"AT.D APP"%AC) 1+'+ Definition of Water Trap Series Water trap is a construction to trap water that flows in natural drainage gullies or in dried up /oo4s with the purpose of inhi/iting the surface runoff. (he water trap is made in a series so that the purpose of slowing down the surface runoff can /e fulfilled. (he water em/an4ed in the traps is percolated into the soil as recharge for groundwater deposit. (he water that overflows around the trap can /e used to irrigate plants around the trap construction. 1Figure82 Figure 9 )ydraulic S!etch of Water Trap Series (Susila/ati, *0''$ 1+*+ Concept of Water Trap Series (he development of water trap system is /ased on the idea of natural conservation. (he concept of this natural conservation are, 112 to prevent runoff from flowing directly downstream and to the sea, 1'2 to trap water /y several chec4 dam series along the natural drainage gullies so that it will slow down the flow of runoff, 1C2 to give the chance for water to infiltrate to the soil as a ground water recharge. (he concept of water trap includes the ideas of, first, the slowing down of surface runoff in natural gullies or in dried up /roo4s. )t is e<pected that this will overcome the flood that ta4es place in the rainy season. Mutunga et al. 1'9912 descri/ed it as reclamation of water gullies according to ale4ye system 1Figure %25 second, infiltrating the water into the soil as recharge for groundwater deposit. )t is e<pected that this will overcome drought that ta4es place in dry season. m.a.t Haut Haut Figure : "ecla(ation of -ullies according to ;ale!ye syste( (Mutunga et+al, *00'$ 2+ DISC&SSI% AD C%C,&SI% 4.1. Discussion Untu4 studi 4asus M/ay, pende4atan sistem Be/a4an air untu4 mengatasi masalah /anBir dan 4e4eringan secara terpadu dila4u4an /erdasar4an 4onsep Be/a4an air secara /erantai yang ditempat4an pada alur drainase alam primer, se4under dan tersier. !enempatan leta4 Be/a4an air /erantai ini ditentu4an dengan mengguna4an model sistem pendu4ung 4eputusan 1Decision Support System2 J DSS+M/ay Drain yang di4em/ang4an sesuai dengan situasi dan 4ondisi dari daerah studi. Wilayah studi di/agi dalam ? unit sistem area yang di/eri nama, M/ay iri, M/ay anan, M/ay (engah dan M/ay Empat. Dengan mensimulasi4an setiap unit sistem area yang mema4ai program DSS+M/ay Drain, ma4a dapat ditemu4an leta4 Be/a4an+Be/a4an air /erantai 1water trap series2. =e/a4an air /erantai yang ditemu4an terse/ut dileng4api dengan data luasan daerah tang4apan huBan 1Catchment "rea2 dimana potensi air huBan yang dapat di4endali4an dengan meresap4annya 4e dalam tanah dapat ditentu4an pula. Se/agai contoh simulasi diBelas4an dalam $am/ar 7, 19 dan 11 /eri4ut ini. $am/ar 7 menunBu44an layout leta4 Be/a4an air /erantai dengan catchment areanya pada alur drainase alam primer pada sistem area M/ay iri. $am/ar 19 menunBu44an layout leta4 Be/a4an air /erantai dengan catchment areanya pada alur drainase alam se4under M/ay iri, sedang4an $am/ar 11 menunBu44an hal yang sama pada alur drainase alam tersier M/ay iri. 4.2. Conclusion Dengan mengem/ang4an sistem Be/a4an air /erantai, ma4a air limpasan permu4aan yang menye/a/4an /anBir dapat di4endali4an dengan memperlam/atnya. "ir limpasan yang diperlam/at dengan /angunan Be/a4an air /erantai ini a4an sempat meresap 4e dalam tanah, menBadi im/uhan air tanah 1groundwater recharge2 sehingga dapat mengatasi 4e4eringan yang terBadi di musim 4emarau 4arena cu4upnya cadangan air tanah. Dengan 4ata lain, sistem Be/a4an air /erantai dapat mengatasi /anBir dan 4e4eringan yang terBadi, secara terpadu, /er/asis4an 4onservasi sum/er daya air. Figure 6 ,ayout 5angunan Infrastru!tur <eba!an Air 5erantai Pada Alur Pri(er di Mbay ;iri Figure '0 ,ayout 5angunan Infrastru!tur <eba!an Air 5erantai Pada Alur Se!under di Mbay ;iri Figure '' ,ayout 5angunan Infrastru!tur <eba!an Air 5erantai Pada Alur Tersier di Mbay ;iri 4+ ".F.".C.S "gus Maryono, '99&. Menangani !an"ir, #e$eringan dan %ing$ungan. $aBah Mada University !ress, Kogya4arta :"!!ED" dan Statisti4, '919. %aporan A$hir &enyusunan Master &lan 'rainase #ota Mbay. :!!(, 1777. Te$nologi #onservasi Air Tanah dengan (umur )esapan. :!!(, =a4arta Departemen !ertanian, '919. &engelolaan !an"ir dan #e$eringan. http,IIpla.deptan.go.idIr/4Imain.html Fal4land, '99'. *rom +ision to Action Towards (ustainable ,ater Management in The &asific. !acific 3egional Consultation on Water in Small )sland Countries Sigato4a, FiBi )slands, '7 =uly J C "ugust '99' J (heme 1, Water 3esources Management. http,IIwww.ad/.orgIdocum e ntsI e v e ntsI'99'I /ater L s(all Lis landI(h e m e 1Iov e rvi e w.pdf $oogle Earth, '99C. (atellite -mage of Mbay .ity. 6ehanussa, !E., 17%8. (umber 'aya Air di &ulau #ecil. H)!), :andung Mutunga, . "nd Critchley, W., '991 *armers/ -nitiatives in %and 0usbandry: &romising Technologies for The 'rier Areas of East Africa. #airo/i, 3egional Hand Management Unit 13EHM"2, Swedish )nternational Development Cooperation "gency 1Sida2, 13EHM" (echnical 3eport Series 5'82. http,IIwww.prolinnova.netIDownloada/leLfilesI(3'8.pdf atau http,IIwww.wca+infonet.orgIcdsL uploadI19@'?1&8C79'?Lfarmers.pdf. !owell D.#., han "." and ";i; #.M. -mpact of 1ew )ainfall &atterns on 'etention &ond 'esign. =ournal of )rrigation and Drainage Engineering, Molume 1C? #o. ', MarchI"pril '99%, )SS# 98CC+ 7?C8, p. 178. "SCE 1"merican Society of Civil Engineers2 Susilawati, '911. &engelolaan Air 0u"an untu$ &ertanian pada &ulau #ecil di #awasan #ering -ndonesia. $ita asih, upang, )ndonesia