Akshit Jain- IBDP 2

ACID BASE TITRATIONS

AIM: To determine the concentration of hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid through
titration technique using 1M solution of NaOH as titrate.
HYPOTHESIS: Acid base titration involves a neutralization reaction in hich an acid
reacts ith an equivalent amount of base. Neutralization occurs hen acid and bases e!ist in
comparable stoichiometry" for instance the amount of the hydrochloric acid #mole$ is
equivalent ith the amount of sodium hydro!ide #mole$. The endpoint of titration can be
determined using an indicator.
NaOH is a strong base and usually ionizes %%& or more in solution.
H
'
(O
)
is also a strong acid but is diprotic" it has ' hydrogen or ' protons that can be
dissociated in a chemical reaction if enough base is present.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND BACKGROUND:
*oncentration #M$ or molar concentration is a common unit for e!pressing the concentration
of solutions. +t is defined as the number of moles of solute per litre of solution #or millimoles
of solute per millilitre of solution$.
The concentration of a basic solution can be determined by titrating it ith a volume of a
standard acid solution #of ,non concentration$ required to neutralize it. The purpose of the
titration is the detection of the equivalence point" the point at hich chemically equivalent
amounts of the reactants have been mi!ed. The amount of reactants that have been mi!ed at
the equivalence point depends on the stoichiometry of the reaction.
Akshit Jain- IBDP 2
+n the neutralization reaction of H*l and NaOH" #equation-1a$" the equivalence point occurs
hen one mole of H*l reacts ith one mole of NaOH. Hoever" in the reaction of H
'
(O
)
and
NaOH" #equation-1b$" the equivalence point occurs hen one mole H
'
(O
)
of reacts ith '
moles of NaOH.
Equation- 1a
VARAIBLES:
1. +ndependent variable. *oncentration of hydrochloric acid" sulphuric acid and sodium
hydro!ide #base$.
'. /ependant variable. 0olume of sodium hydro!ide #base$ used in titration.
1. *ontrolled variable. The volume of acid #H*l and H
'
(O
)
$ and deionised ater as ,ept
constant throughout the e!periment.
METHOD FOR CONTROLLING VARIABLES:
1. Measuring cylinder as used to measure the volume of acid and ater. This avoided
inconsistent readings as the volumes ere constant.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Measuring *ylinder #12cm
1
$
'. 3ilter funnel
1. 4ea,er #'52cm
1
$
). 4urette #122cm
1
$
5. 6ipette #'5cm
1
$
7. *onical 3las,#'52cm
1
$
MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Equation-

Equation-
Akshit Jain- IBDP 2
1. Hydrochloric acid #5cm
1
$#1M$
'. (ulphuric acid #5cm
1
$#1M$
1. (odium hydro!ide #122cm
1
$#1M$
). 6henolphthalein indicator
5. /istilled ater
PROCEDURE:
1. To standardized acid solutions #H*l and H
'
(O
)
$ of 1M ill be available.
'. 6our 5cm
1
of hydrochloric acid #H*l$ solution in a conical flas,.
1. Add about 12cm
1
of deionised ater to dilute the acid poured in the conical flas,.
). 8sing a clean pipette transfer to drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the conical flas,.
5. 3ill the burette ith 122cm
1
of sodium hydro!ide #NaOH$ using a filter funnel for
titration.
7. 9ecord the initial volume. (tart Titrating H*l ith NaOH from the burette until a pale
pin, colour solution is obtained. This is the end-point.
:. 9ecord the final volume and calculate the volume of base used.
;. *alculate the concentration of H*l by stoichiometric calculations.
%. 9epeat steps ' to ; using sulphuric acid #H
'
(O
)
$ of 1M concentration.
DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING:
Acid used. H*l
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3
Volu! o" #$%& u'!& ()*+1$
3
, 5.2 5.2 5.2
Co-$!-./#.%o- o" #$%& u'!& (M, 1.2 1.2 1.2
I-%.%#l 0u/!..! /!#&%-1 ()*+1$
3
, 2.2 2.2 2.2
F%-#l 0u/!..! /!#&%-1 ()*+1$
3
, 1.: 1.; ).2
Volu! o" N#OH u'!& ()*+1$
3
, 1.: 1.; ).2
Co-$!-./#.%o- o" N#OH 'olu.%o- 1.2 1.2 1.2
Acid used. H
'
(O
)
Akshit Jain- IBDP 2
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2
TRIAL 3
Volu! o" #$%& u'!& ()*+1$
3
, 5.2 5.2 5.2
Co-$!-./#.%o- o" #$%& u'!& (M, 1.2 1.2 1.2
I-%.%#l 0u/!..! /!#&%-1 ()*+1$
3
, 2.2 2.2 2.2
F%-#l 0u/!..! /!#&%-1 ()*+1$
3
, ;.% %.2 ;.%
Volu! o" N#OH u'!& ()*+1$
3
, ;.% %.2 ;.%
Co-$!-./#.%o- o" N#OH 'olu.%o- 1.2 1.2 1.2
CALCULATIONS AND DATA PRESENTATION:

Trial 1
1000 cm
3
is equal to 1 dm
3
; thereore 3!"cm
3
is equi#alent to 0!003"dm
3
Number of Moles (n) = Concentration (M) Volume (V)
n (NaOH) = 1.0 0.0037
Terefore! n = 0.0037mol
Te abo"e e#uation su$$ests 1mol of HCl re#uires 1mol of NaOH to form 1mol of
so%ium clori%e an% &ater eac.
$%l &a'$
1 mol 1 mol
2 *+**33 ol
Hence" if NaOH is 2.221:mol then H*l is also 2.221: mol according to stoichiometric
calculations.
Akshit Jain- IBDP 2
Therefore" concentration of H*l #M$ < 2.:)M


Trial 2
1000 cm
3
is equal to 1 dm
3
; thereore 3!(cm
3
is equi#alent to 0!003(dm
3
Akshit Jain- IBDP 2
Number of Moles (n) = Concentration (M) Volume (V)
n (NaOH) = 1.0 0.003'
Terefore! n = 0.003'mol
Te abo"e e#uation su$$ests 1mol of HCl re#uires 1mol of NaOH to form 1mol of
so%ium clori%e an% &ater eac.
$%l &a'$
1 mol 1 mol
2 *+**34ol
Hence" if NaOH is 2.221;mol then H*l is also 2.221; mol according to stoichiometric
calculations.
Therefore" concentration of H*l #M$ < 2.:7M
Akshit Jain- IBDP 2
Trial 3
1000 cm
3
is equal to 1 dm
3
; thereore )!0cm
3
is equi#alent to 0!00)0dm
3
Number of Moles (n) = Concentration (M) Volume (V)
Akshit Jain- IBDP 2
n (NaOH) = 1.0 0.00(0
Terefore! n = 0.00(0mol
Te abo"e e#uation su$$ests 1mol of HCl re#uires 1mol of NaOH to form 1mol of
so%ium clori%e an% &ater eac.
$%l &a'$
1 mol 1 mol
2 *+**5* ol
Hence" if NaOH is 2.22)2mol then H*l is also 2.22)2 mol according to stoichiometric
calculations.
Therefore" concentration of H*l #M$ < 2.;2M
Akshit Jain- IBDP 2

Trial 1
1000 cm
3
is equal to 1 dm
3
; thereore (!*cm
3
is equi#alent to 0!00(*dm
3
Number of Moles (n) = Concentration (M) Volume (V)
n (NaOH) = 1.0 0.00')
Terefore! n = 0.00')mol
Te abo"e e#uation su$$ests 1mol of H
*
+O
(
re#uires *mol of NaOH to form 1mol
of so%ium sul,ate an% &ater eac.
$
2
+'
)
&a'$
1 mol 2 mol
2 *+**46 ol
Akshit Jain- IBDP 2
Hence" if NaOH is 2.22;%mol then H
*
+O
(
is 2.22))5mol according to
stoichiometric calculations.
Therefore" concentration of #M$ < 2.;%M
Akshit Jain- IBDP 2
Trial 2
1000 cm
3
is equal to 1 dm
3
; thereore (!*cm
3
is equi#alent to 0!00(*dm
3
Number of Moles (n) = Concentration (M) Volume (V)
n (NaOH) = 1.0 0.00)0
Terefore! n = 0.00')mol
Te abo"e e#uation su$$ests 1mol of H
*
+O
(
re#uires *mol of NaOH to form 1mol
of so%ium sul,ate an% &ater eac.
$
2
+'
)
&a'$
1 mol 2 mol
2 *+**6* ol
Hence" if NaOH is 2.22;%mol then H
*
+O
(
is 2.22)5mol according to stoichiometric
calculations.
Therefore" concentration of #M$ < 2.%2M
Akshit Jain- IBDP 2
Akshit Jain- IBDP 2
Trial 3
1000 cm
3
is equal to 1 dm
3
; thereore (!*cm
3
is equi#alent to 0!00(*dm
3
Number of Moles (n) = Concentration (M) Volume (V)
n (NaOH) = 1.0 0.00')
Terefore! n = 0.00')mol
Te abo"e e#uation su$$ests 1mol of H
*
+O
(
re#uires *mol of NaOH to form 1mol
of so%ium sul,ate an% &ater eac.
$
2
+'
)
&a'$
1 mol 2 mol
2 *+**46 ol
Hence" if NaOH is 2.22;%mol then H
*
+O
(
is 2.22))5mol according to stoichiometric
calculations.
Therefore" concentration of #M$ < 2.;%M
Akshit Jain- IBDP 2
OBSERVATIONS AND OVERVIE7:
1. An indicator in the conical flas, as poured to determine the end-point. The end-point is
hen the solution changes to another colour. =!ample" 6henolphthalein indicator changes
from colourless #acid$ to pale pin, #base$.
'. Titrate sloly and sha,e the volumetric flas, for about '2 seconds as the solution sloly
changes from colourless to pale pin,.
CONCLUSION:
Akshit Jain- IBDP 2
The e!periment proved to be successful" as the data collected alloed the calculation
of the apparent concentration of the respective acids" the average e!perimental concentration for H*l
as calculated to be 2.::M compared to the theoretical concentration > 1M" ith a & error of '1.1
&.The e!perimental concentration for H
'
(O
)
as determined to be 2.;%M" ith a & error of 12.: &.
The equality point is very close to this change in colour here" the concentration of OH- ions is equal
to the concentration of hydrogen ions. ?OH
-
@ < ?H
A
@
The ?H
A
@ in the conical flas, is determined by the volume NaOH dispensed from the burette hen the
equivalence point is reached" i.e. it is appro!imately equal or close to the end-point.
+f the titrant volume and concentration is ,non" and the volume of the acid put into the flas, is
,non" it is possible to calculate the concentration of the sulphuric acid.
EVALUATION:
As in every e!periment" there are some errors hich need to be evaluated" in this e!periment
the volume of the acid could be more compared to the titrate #NaOH$. +t is also difficult to
determine the end-point in a titration process" i.e. more titrate is added even after the end-
point is reached leading to an e!cess of volume. To overcome such problems" the e!periment
needs to be carried out ith a lot of caution.
The other reason is the use of volumetric flas, hich has been used ith other solutions.
Thus" the concentration of the ne solution is affected ith impurities. To avoid such errors"
the volumetric flas, should be clean and dry.
/ue to such errors" the results ere not precise and accurateB this is evident from the & errors
for the acids.
REFERENCES:
1+ C=!periment 1 Acid and 4ase Titration.CScribd. N.p." n.d. Deb. 1: Euly '211.
Fhttp.GG.scribd.comGdocG'2122)%'G=!periment-1-Acid-and-4ase-TitrationH.
Akshit Jain- IBDP 2

IBDP (2*1282*15,
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT COVER PAGE
CHEMISTRY
NAME OF STUDENT NAME OF TEACHER
TITLE OF INVESTIGATION

LEVEL 8 HI (I
TOPIC 8 TIME (IN HOURS,

USE OF ICT (IF ANY, 9
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CRITERIA ASSESSED
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.
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Akshit Jain- IBDP 2
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