Microwave Passive Components:

3. Four-port networks
Wave guide Directional Coupler
Prof. D. Kannadassan,
School of Electronics Engineering
1
In general.
Basic requirements for 4-port n/w
Matched
Reciprocal
Lossless.
Such 4-port devices are possible, but with some limitations
2
Matched and reciprocal 4-port network
S matrix will be,
For lossless network, the matrix will lead to 10 possible equations In
this, we shall take multiplication of row-1 and row-2, and multiplication
of row-3 and row-4
1.1
1.2 (a)
1.2 (b)
Multiply the equation 1.2(a) by S
24
* and equation 1.2(b) by S
13
*
When we subtract them,
1.3 (a)
3
1
4
2
3
S
21
S
31
S
41
Similarly we will get by selecting the other possible combinations
1.3(b)
Which imply that S
14
= S
23
= 0,
Such possible 4 port network is Directional Coupler
4
Directional coupler
A directional coupler, of the 4 ports, 2 of them are outputs [port 2 and 3]
4
th
port is isolated by S
14
=S
23
=0.
Further design specification can be included by introducing angles
between port 2 and 3.
That:


Here , are real variables, where , are angles.
And we can argue that,
[product of row-2 and row-3]
To get this relation,
Thus, the addition of both angle must be equal to always.
5
This is possible in two cases,

Symmetric coupler,
= = /2






Anti-symmetric coupler
=0, = .
, are not independent,
6
Basic coupler-properties
Coupling factor,
Directivity,
Isolation,
These are called Coupling factor indices, they are related by
I=D+C [dB]
7
Types
Wave guide Bethe Hole coupler
Quadrature hybrid or 90
o
hybrid coupler
180
o
hybrid coupler
Coupled line coupler
Lange coupler
Hybrids are special couplers, coupling will be 3dB always..
8
Bethe Hole Coupler
The simplest directional coupler, waveguide based, is bathe hole coupler.
The two version are shown below









The small aperture theory can explain the working of this directional
coupler
Parallel
waveguide- DC
Skewed
waveguide- DC
9
Small Aperture theory
A plane wave is traveling near and parallel to a conducting wall. A small
discontinuity is giving a positive and negative polarization of magnetic
moment, will result in secondary radiation







is polarizability of respective fields
x
0
, y
0
, and z
0
are specifying the position of
hole from the origin
10
x
y
z
Relating the coupling and aperture radius
The field incident at the port-1 (TE
10
)






Due to the aperture, the generated polarization current (electric/magnetic)
E
y
H
x
11
at x
0
=s, y
0
=b
At the secondary waveguide, the coupled components
To port-4
To port-3

e
and
m
are electric and magnetic polarizability, respectively




12
Coupling factor





13
s-0.909cm, f-8.75 GHz
14
15
16
Multi-Hole Directional coupler
The single hole directional coupler is narrow band with respect to directivity.
To improve, multi-hole directional couplers have been introduced.
ECE102 - Microwave Engineering Fall
2012_13
17
Two hole Directional coupler: For understanding
The simplest multi-hole directional coupler is two-hole one
The two hole are identical and separated by a distance of
g
/4








Cancellation of backward component at port 4
Addition of component in port 3
ECE102 - Microwave Engineering Fall
2012_13
18
Multi-Hole DC
ECE102 - Microwave Engineering Fall
2012_13
19
Numerical
Coupling factor,
Directivity,
Isolation,
These are called Coupling factor indices, they are related by
I=D+C [dB]
ECE102 - Microwave Engineering Fall
2012_13
20
For a lossless directional coupler, the measured coupling coefficient and
Isolation are -10dB and -62dB. Calculate the following
Directivity
Insertion loss from port-1 to port-2
Scattering matrix
Clues:
Numerical
ECE102 - Microwave Engineering Fall
2012_13
21
For a directional coupler, the measured coupling coefficient and Isolation
are -10dB and -62dB. Calculate the power delivered to all output ports
(when all ports are matched properly)
Also calculate the reflected power at port-1 and delivered powers at other
ports when ports are connected with load mismatch of
n
, where n is
respective to port number.
Clues: