Mobile and Adhoc Network Introduction

Mobile & Ad Hoc Network
Chandra Prakash
Assistant Professor
LPU
1
Chandra Prakash, LPU
Course Overview
Textbook:
C.K Toh, Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks, Pearson
Education, 2007
+ C. Siva Ram Murthy and B.S. Manoj, Ad Hoc Wireless
Networks: Architectures and Protocols , Pearson Education,
Inc.
( Research Papers literature)
Goal: Fundamental, design issues, solution to these issues
architecture & protocol , developments in ad-Hoc Field
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Related Sites
Advanced Network Technologies Division, NIST,
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, http://w3.antd.nist.gov/wahn_home.shtml
Autonomous Networks Research Group, USC
WSN bibliography, http://ceng.usc.edu/~anrg/SensorNetBib.html
IETF MANET WG
http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter.html
IEEE 802 WG
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/dots.html
Virtual lab
http://virtual-labs.ac.in/cse28/ant/ant/7/references/
3 Chandra Prakash, LPU
Objectives of the Chapter
Introduction
Fundamentals of Wireless Communication Technology
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radio Propagation Mechanisms
Characteristics of the Wireless Channel
Evolution of mobile Cellular Networks
Generations of Cellular Mobile Communication
GSM, GPRS,CDMA ,PCS, UMTS
Wireless LANs, Wi-Fi
IEEE 802 Networking Standard
We know
What is NETWORK ?
Type of Networks
Wired
Wireless
Introduction
Wireless Networking:
refers to any kind of networking that does not involve cables.
Wireless telecommunications networks are generally implemented
and administered using a transmission system called radio waves.
This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of
the network structure
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Some mobile devices
Clamshell handhelds
Tablets
Netenabled mobile phones
Palm-sized
Laptop computers
Type of Networks
By Network Formation and Architecture
Infrastructure-based network.
Infrastructureless (ad hoc) network.
By Communication Coverage Area.
1. Wireless Wide Area Networks (Wireless WANs)
Infrastructure-based networks
Connections can be made over large geographical areas, across cities or even
countries
Use of multiple antenna sites or satellite systems maintained by wireless service
providers.
Examples :Cellular networks (like GSM networks or CDMA networks) and satellite
networks
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Type of Networks
2. Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (Wireless MANs).
Referred as fixed wireless , infrastructure-based networks
Enable users to establish broadband wireless connections among multiple locations ,for
example, among multiple office buildings in a city or on a university campus
Serve as backups for wired networks
Radio waves and infrared light can be used to transmit data.
3. Wireless Local Area Network (Wireless LANs)
Enable users to establish wireless connections within a local area with in a 100 m range
Provide flexible data communication systems that can be used in temporary offices or
other spaces that can operate in infrastructure-based or in ad hoc mode
Include 802.11 (Wi-Fi) and Hiperlan2
4. Wireless Personal Area Networks (Wireless PANs).
Enable users to establish ad hoc, wireless communication among personal wireless
devices such as PDAs, cellular phones, or laptops that are used within a personal
operating space, typically up to a 10 meter range.
Two key Wireless PAN technologies are
Bluetooth : is a cable-replacement technology that uses radio waves to transmit data
to a distance of up to 910 m,
Infrared: connect devices within a 1 m range.
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Wireless Network Technology
Wireless Networks
Wireless Networks
Infrastructured Network
Cellular Network (3GPP or 3GPP2)
Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11)
Infrastructureless Network
Ad Hoc Network
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Internet
WLAN
Cellular
[Mobile/Wireless] Ad Hoc Networks
Fundamental of Wireless Networks
Fundamentals of Wireless Communication Technology
where v is the speed of the wave (c in a vacuum, or less in other
media), f is the frequency and is the wavelength.
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13
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High frequency wave such as X-rays and gamma rays though
theoretically better for information propagation, are not used due to
practical concerns
Difficulty to generate and modulate these waves
Harm they cause to living things.
Do not propagate well through building
Low frequency band comprised of the radio, microwave, infrared
and visible light.
Radio waves are easy to generate and are widely used for indoor and
outdoor communication due to
Ability to pass through building and ability to travel long distance.
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At low frequencies the wave can pass through obstacles easily but at
the cost of power
o Power falls with an invers squared relation with respect to the distance.
o VLF, LF and MF band
o Ground waves , follow curvature of Earth.
o Up to few hundred km.
o Microwaves transmission in SHF band travel in straight line and hence
narrowly focused. Eg: used for mobile and TV transmission . Need repeaters at
regular distance.
o Infrared waves and waves in the EHF . Short range communication .
o Widely used in television, VCR, and stero remote control.
o Visible Light used of lasers to connect LANs on two building through roof-
top antennas .
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Spectrum allocation
17 Frequency bands and their common uses
Radio Propagation Mechanisms
Reflection
Diffraction
scattering
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Characteristics of the Wireless Channel
Path loss
Fading
Interference
Doppler shift
Multiple Access Techniques
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)/Spread spectrum multiple
access (SSMA)
Space division multiple access (SDMA)
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Frequency Division Multiple Access
Available bandwidth is divided into multiple frequency channels/bands
Frequency band are separated from each other by guard frequency band to
eliminated inter channel interference.
But this result in under-utilization of frequency spectrum.
FDMA can be used with both analog and digital signal.
Eg: analog system for portable telephone and automobile telephone.
Base station (BS) dynamically allocates a different carrier frequency to each node.
To conserve energy at Mobile station (MS) the uplink frequency is always lower
than downlink frequency.
Time Division Multiple Access
Share available bandwidth in the time domain (time slot/channels).
Each node is assigned one or more time slots in each frame, and the node
transmits only in those slots.
Guard intervals are introduced between time slot to prevent
synchronization error and inter-symbol interference.
FDMA requires devices to have the capability of simultaneously receiving
and transmitting signals, which leads to increased cost.
But in TDMA device can use same slot for transmitting and receiving
signals
Used in GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
Time Division Multiple Access
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Code Division Multiple Access
All users share the same frequency all the time
Every channel uses the entire spectrum.
Individual conservation are encoded with a pseudo-random digital
sequence.
CDMA employs spread-spectrumtechnology and a special coding scheme
(where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be
multiplexed over the same physical channel.
CDMA was first used during World War II by English Allies.
Two techniques
Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (FHMA)
The sender receiver change frequency (calling hopping) using the same pseudo-
random sequence, hence they are synchronized
Direct Sequence Multiple Access (DSMA)
In CDMA, the narrowband message signal is multiplied by a very large bandwidth
signal called spreading signal (code) before modulation and transmission over the
air.
To pick out the signal of specific user, this signal is modulated with a unique code
sequence.
Difference in TDMA,FDMA and
CDMA
An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in
which people wish to talk to each other simultaneously. To avoid
confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at
different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages
(code division).
CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same
language can understand each other, but other languages are
perceived as noise and rejected. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each
group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same
channel, but only users associated with a particular code can
communicate.
Space division multiple access
FDMA TDMA and CDMA transmits signal in all direction
(omnidirectional in nature )
SDMA uses directional transmitters/antennas to over angular
regions.
Different area/region can be served using the same frequency
channel.
Best suited to satellite systems.
Use spot beam antennas
The different beam area can use TDMA, FDMA, CDMA
Sectorized antenna can be thought of as a SDMA
Adaptive antennas can be used in the future (simultaneously steer
energy in the direction of many users)
25
Space division multiple access
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spot beam
antenna
SDMA controls the radiated energy for each user in space.
The different beam area can use TDMA, FDMA, CDMA
Wireless Network Setup
There are two types of wireless network types.
Infrastructure
Ad Hoc
Infrastructure
Referred to as a hosted or managed wireless network.
Consists of one or more access points (know as gateways or wireless
routers) being connected to an existed network.
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Infrastructure Wireless Network
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Ad-Hoc Wireless Network
Also referred to as an unmanaged or peer to peer wireless
network
it consists of each device connecting directly to each other.
Allow someone sitting outside in the garden with a laptop to
communicate with his desktop computer in the house and access the
Internet.
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The MANET problem
Mobile
Random and perhaps constantly changing
Ad-hoc
Not engineered
Networks
Elastic data applications which use networks to communicate
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Motivation
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Terminology and Paradigms
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Basics
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Wireless Ad-hoc Network
A wireless ad-hoc network is a decentralized type of wireless
network.
The network is ad hoc because it does not rely on a pre-existing
infrastructure, such as routers in wired networks or access points in
managed (infrastructure) wireless networks. Instead,
each node participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes,
and so the determination of which nodes forward data is made
dynamically based on the network connectivity.
In addition to the classic routing, ad hoc networks can
use flooding for forwarding the data.
Mobile Ad-hoc Network
Self-configuring network of mobile routers (and associated
hosts) connected by wireless links
This union forms a random topology
Routers move randomly free
Topology changes rapidly and unpredictably
Standalone fashion or connected to the larger Internet
While MANETs are self contained, they can also be tied to an
IP-based global or local network Hybrid MANETs
Suitable for emergency situations like natural or human-
induced disasters, military conflicts, emergency medical
situations, etc.
Fundamental Concepts
Ad hoc networks are autonomous networks operating either in
isolation or as stub networks connecting to a fixed network
Do not necessarily rely on existing infrastructure
No access point
Each node serves as a router and forwards packets for other nodes in
the network
Topology of the network continuously changes
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Differences to other wireless
networks
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET)
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Mobile nodes
Access points
Backbone
Wireless Mobile Network
MANET
Ad Hoc Networks vs.
Ad hoc networks vs. Wireless mobile networks
Infrastructureless vs. Infrastructured Network
All devices of an ad hoc network are likely to have similar
constraints
Ad hoc networks vs. Peer-to-peer networks
P2P devices use existing networked structures such as Internet
All P2P networks are not ad hoc network
Because NOT all ad hoc network utilize an existing structure
for the communication among devices
Ad hoc networks
Temporary network composed of mobile nodes without
preexisting communication infrastructure, such as Access
Point (AP) and Base Station (BS).
Each node plays the role of router for multi-hop routing.
Self-organizing network without infrastructure networks
Started from DARPA PRNet in 1970
Cooperative nodes (wireless)
Each node decode-and-forward packets for other nodes
Multi-hop packet forwarding through wireless links
Proactive/reactive/hybrid routing protocols
Most works based on CSMA/CA to solve the interference
problem
IEEE 802.11 MAC
Ad Hoc Network
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Ad hoc networks
Mobile ad hoc networks
(MANETs)
Wirelss Mesh Networks
(WMN)
Wireless
sensor networks
The application areas, the security requirements and the
constraints of the single devices differ
Cellular Net vs. Ad Hoc Net
Cellular Net vs. Ad Hoc Net
Cellular and ad hoc wireless
networks.
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Cellular and ad hoc networks.
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Comparison of wireless cellular and wireless ad-hoc network
concepts
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MANET Application
Applications Descriptions/Services
Tactical Networks Military communication, operations
Coordination of military object moving at high speeds such as fleets
of airplanes or ships
Automated battlefields
Sensor networks Collection of embedded sensor devices used to collect real time data
to automate everyday functions. Data highly correlated in time and
space, e.g., remote sensors for weather, earth activities; sensors for
manufacturing equipments.
Can have between 1000 -100,000 nodes, each node collecting sample
data, then forwarding data to centralized host for processing using low
homogeneous rates.
Emergency
services
Search, rescue, crowd control, and commando operations as well as
disaster recovery
for e.g. Early retrieval and transmission of patient data ( record,
status, diagnosis ) from /to the hospital
Replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes,
hurricanes, fire etc.
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MANET Application
Commercial
environments
E-commerce, e.g., electronic payments from anywhere (i.e., in taxi).
Business:
dynamic access to customer files stored in a central location on
the fly provide consistent databases for all agents
Mobile office
Vehicular services:
transmission of news ,road conditions ,weather, music
local ad hoc network with nearby vehicles for road/accident
guidance
Home and
enterprise
networking
Home/office wireless networking(WLAN), e.g., shared whiteboard
application, use PDA to print anywhere, trade shows
Personal area network (PAN)
Educational
applications
Set up virtual classrooms or conference rooms
Set up ad hoc communication during conferences, meetings, or
lectures
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MANET Application
Entertainment Multiuser games
Robotic pets
outdoor internet access
Location- aware
Services
Follow- on services, e.g., automatic call forwarding, transmission of the
actual workspace to the current location
Information services
push, e.g., advertise location-specific services, like gas stations
pull, e.g., location-dependent travel guide; services( printer, fax,
phone, server, gas stations) availability information; caches,
intermediate results, state information, etc.
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Major Applications
Military
Emergency Service
Collaborative and Distributed Computing
Wireless Mesh Network
Wireless Sensor Network
Telematics
Wireless Personal Area Network
Home Network
Ad Hoc Relay for Cellular Network
Networks for ubiquitous computing
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Demands for
group
communications
Military
Emergency Service
MANET Overview
MANET
No infrastructure
Self organizing networks
Communications via mobile
nodes
Dynamic topology
Heterogeneity bandwidth-
constrained variable-capacity
links
Limited physical security
Nodes with limited battery life
and storage capabilities
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Issues in Ad Hoc Networks
Medium access scheme
Routing
Multicasting
Transport layer protocol
QoS provisioning
Security
Energy management
Addressing and service discovery
Scalability
Deployment considerations

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