Key (Defining Variables):

A Cross-sectional area (stream or pipe) [L

2
]
A Drainage basin area [miles
2
or km
2
]
A Proportionality constant (Darcys Law)
a Recession constant for basin [1/days]
Compressibility of aquifer skeleton [1/(lb/ft
2
) or 1/(N/m
2
)]
b Total thickness of aquifer/original aquifer thickness [L]
b
m
Thickness of the mth layer
Compressibility of water 1/(lb/ft
2
)or1/(N/m
2
)
C Dimensionless constant
C
u
How well/poorly sorted a sediment is (<4 is well sorted, >6 is poorly sorted)
D Days b/w storm peak and end of overland flow
d Mean pore diameter [L]
d
10
Effective grain size (cm)
d
60
Ratio of grain size 60% finer by weight
db Change in aquifer thickness
d
c
Inside diameter of sample chamber
dh/dl Hydraulic gradient
d
t
Inside diameter of falling-head tube

e
Effective stress

T
Total Stress
E
K
Kinetic Energy of fluid [kg*m
2
/s
2
]
E
tm
Total Energy per unit mass [J/N]
F Force [ML/t
2
]
f
c
Equilibrium Infiltration Capacity [L/t]
f
o
Initial Infiltration Capacity [L/t]
f
p
Infiltration Capacity at time T [L/t]
g Accel of gravity [9.8m/s
2
]
h Hydraulic head (final head in falling tube)
h Avg decline in head [L]
h
0
Initial head in the falling tube [cm]
h
p
Height of the water column that provides a pressure head
H
v
Latent Heat of Vaporization [cal/g W]
K Hydraulic conductivity [L/t]
K
h
avg Average horizontal conductivity [L/t]
K
hm
Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the mth layer [L/t]
K
i
Intrinsic Permeability [L
2
]
K
v
avg Average vertical conductivity [L/t]
k Rate of Decreased Infiltration Capacity [C]
L Flow length/length of sample [L]
m Mass [M]
n Manning roughness coefficient
n % Porosity
Density [M/L
3
]

w
Density of water [kg/m
3
]
P Pressure [M/Lt
2
]
p
b
Bulk density of the aquifer material [g/cm
3
or kg/m
3
]
p
d
Particle density of the aquifer material [^] (=2.65 g/cm
3
for most rock/soil)
t Time Since Start of Infiltration [s] or recession [days]
t
1
Time it takes for baseflow to go from Q
0
to 0.1Q
0

Q Flow at time t [L
3
/t] after start of recession
Q Discharge [L
3
/t]
Q
A
Baseflow below Q
B
[L
3
/t]
Q
B
Baseflow at start of recession [L
3
/t]
Q
0
Flow at the start of recession [L
3
/t]
q Specific discharge [L/t]
R Hydraulic radius; cross-sectional area of flow on [ft
2
]/wetted perimeter [ft]
S Energy gradient, or slope of the water surface
S Storativity [C]
S
r
Specific Retention [C]
S
s
Specific Storage [C]
S
y
Specific Yield [C]
t Time
T Transmissivity [L
2
/day]
Dynamic Viscosity of fluid [C]
V Average velocity [L/t]
V Volume [L
3
]
V Unit volume of earth material, including both voids & solids [L
3
]
V
tp
Volume of total potential GW discharge
V
v
Volume of void space in a unit volume of earth material [L
3
]
V
w
Volume of water drained from an aquifer as head is lowered [L
3
]
Specific weight of fluid
z Elevation head

Conversions:
1 darcy = 9.87*10
-9
cm
2
or 10
-8
cm
2

KNOW SI CONVERSIONS

Bernoulli equation: E
tm
= (v
2
/2) + gz + (P/ ) OR (v
2
/2) + gz + (P/ ) = constant
Total hydraulic head: h = z + (P/ g) OR h = z + h
p

Pressure at a Point (piez1 or piez2) for Fluid at Rest: P = gh
p

Force Potential: = gh, where h is either given or h = z + h
p

Darcys Law in terms of head and potential (122)
Reynolds Number (123)
Specific Discharge and Average Linear Velocity (124)
Average Linear Velocity (125)
Bosuuinesq Equation (129)
Flow Net Equation (Generalized GW Flow Eq) (134)
Flow through each stream tube (137) maybe?
Quantity of Flow Per Unit Width (139)
Dupuit Equation (141)
*alphabetize these eqs for ease of use


Latent Heat of Vaporization: H
v
= 597.3 0.564T (where T is in C)
The Hydrologic Equation: Inflow = outflow +/- s
Infiltration Capacity Curve: f
p
=f
c
+(f
o
-f
c
)e
-kt

Baseflow Recession Equation: Q=Q
0
e
-at
or a= -(1/tln Q/Q
0
)
Overland flow Equations: D=A
0.2
(miles) D=0.827A
0.2
(km)
Increase in Potential Baseflow from Recession A-Recession B: V
tp
= (Q
B
t
1
/2.3026)
(Q
A
t
1
/2.3026)
Discharge: Q=VA
Manning Equation: V = (1.49R
2/3
S
1/2
)/n OR V= (1/n)(R
2/3
S
1/2
)
Density: =m/V
Pressure: P=F/A
Porosity: n = (100V
v
)/V
Total Porosity: n= 100[1-(p
b
-p
d
)]
Uniformity Coefficient: C
u
=d
60
/d
10

Porosity: n=S
y
+S
r

Darcys Law: Q = -KA[(h
A
-h
B
)/L]
Variations of Darcys Law: q= -K(dh/dl) OR K= [-Q/(A(dh/dl))]
Intrinsic Permeability: K
i
=Cd
2

Relationship b/w hydraulic conductivity and intrinsic permeability: K=K
i
(/) OR
K=K
i
(g/)

Hazen Method: K=C(d
10
)
2

Hydraulic Conductivity of a Constant-Head Permeameter: K=[(VL)/(Ath)]
Hydraulic Conductivity of a Falling-Head Permeameter: K=(d
t
2
L/d
c
2
t)ln(h
0
/h)
Transmissivity: T=bK *for multilayer aquifer, total transmissivity=sum of each layer
Specific Storage (S
s
): S
s
=
w
g(+n)
Storativity (S): confined: S=bS
s
unconfined: S=S
y
+ bS
s
Volume of Water Drained From an Aquifer as the Head is Lowered: V
w
=SAh; SA [L
2
]
Total Stress (
T
):
T
=
e
+P
Change in Pressure in Confined Aquifer (dP): dP= -d
e
Aquifer Compressibility (): = (-db/b)/( d
e
) OR + = (db/b)/(dP), *- sign denotes that aquifer
gets smaller with increase in
e

Average Horizontal Conductivity: K
h
avg = (K
hm
b
m
/b)
Average Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity: K
v
avg = (b/ (b
m
/K
hm
))
Kinetic Energy of a Moving Body or Fluid: E
K
=1/2mv
2