RCC design B.C.

Punmia
18.2 TYPE OF RETAINING WALLS
1 Gravity walls
2 Cantilever retaining walls a. T- shaped b. L- shaped
3 Counterfort retainig walls.
4 Buttresssed walls.
The cantilever retaining wall resist the horizontal earth pressure as well as other vertical pressure by way of beending of varios components acting as cantilever s.A coomon form of cantilever retaining waal
A gravity retaining wall shown in fig 1 is the one in which the earth pressure exrted by the
back fill is resisted by dead weight of wall, which is either made of masonry or of mass concrete . The
stress devlop in the wall is very low ,These walls are no proportioned that no tension is devloped any
where, and the resultant of forces remain withen the middle third of the base.
A retaining wall or retaining structure is used for maintaining the ground surfgaces at defrent
elevations on either side of it. Whenever embankments are involed in construction ,retaining wall are
usually necessary. In the construction of buildins having basements, retaining walls are mandatory.
Similsrly in bridge work, the wing walls and abutments etc. are designed as retaining walls , to resist
earth pressure along with superimposed loads. The material retained or supported by a retaining wall
is called backfill lying above the horizontal plane at the elevation of the top of a wall is called the
surcharge , and its inclination to horizontal is called the surcharge angle b
In the design of retaining walls or other retaining structures, it is necessary to compute the
lateral earth pressure exerted bythe retaining mass of soil. The equation of finding out the lateral earth
pressure against retaining wall is one of the oldest in Civil Engineering field. The plastic state of
strees, when the failure is imminent, was invetigated by Rankine in1860. A Lot of theoretical
experiment work has been done in this field and many theory and hypothesis heve benn proposed.
RETAINING WALL
Retaining walls may be classified according to their mode of resisting the earth pressure,and
according to their shape. Following are some of commen types of retaining walls (Fig)
The cantilever retaining wall resist the horizontal earth pressure as well as other vertical pressure by way of beending of varios components acting as cantilever s.A coomon form of cantilever retaining waal
200
0 mm f @ 8 mm f @
Hieght of cantilever wall from ground level = 3.00 m 0 mm c/c 300 mm c/c
Unit weight of Earth = 18 KN/m
3
Angle of repose = 30 Degree 0 mm f @ 0 mm f @
Safe Bearing capacity of soil = 180 KN/m
3
mm c/c 0 mm c/c
Coffiecent of friction = 0.5
Concrete M- 20 0 mm f @ 0 mm f @
m = 13.33 wt. of concrete 25000 N/m
3
0 mm c/c 0 mm c/c
Steel fe = 415 N/mm
2
s
st =
230 N/mm
2
s
cbc =
7 N/mm
2
0 mm f @ 0 mm f @
Nominal cover = 25 mm 0 mm c/c mm c/c
Foundation depth = 1.00 m
Stem thickness At footing 290 mm At top 200 mm
Toe width -400 mm Heel width 2500 mm
Footing width 2400 mm Key 290 x 290 mm
Reinforcement Summary
STEM:-
Main
2.29 10 mm F@ 80 mm c/c
1.74 10 mm F@ 160 mm c/c
Top 10 mm F@ 320 mm c/c
Distribution 8 mm F@ 180 mm c/c
Tamprecture 8 mm F@ 300 mm c/c
TOE :-
Main 16 mm F@ 80 mm c/c
Distribution 8 mm F@ 100 mm c/c
DESIGN OF L SHAPED CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL
Horizontal back fill
DESIGN SUMMARY
100% Reinforcement upto m
50% Reinforcement upto m
25% Reinforcement upto m
`
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
mm F
mm F @ c/c
@ c/c
mm F
mm F @ c/c
@ c/c
mm F
mm F @ c/c
@ c/c
mm F
@ c/c
mm F
@ c/c
mm F
@ c/c
mm F @ c/c mm F
@ c/c
8 F mm F
@ c/c
mm F
@ c/c
mm F
@ c/c
####
####
1
0
0
0
720
3000
300
300
160
####
#REF!
-400
320
80
300
10
16
####
####
10
Heel
2500
2400
Heel
10
####
####
320
10
80
10
160
2500 -400
180
####
####
290
Toe
200
720
Earth side
2.29
8 180
Out side
300
1.74
4000
8
10
####
2.29
1.74
####
8
80
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
Hieght of cantilever wall from ground level = 3.00 m
Unit weight of Earth g = 18 kN/m
3
= N/m
2
Angle of repose = 30 Degree
Safe Bearing capacity of soil
q
0 = 180 kN/m
2
Coffiecent of friction m = 0.5
Concrete = M 20
Steel fe = 415
Nominal cover = 25 mm
Foundation depth = 1.00 m
1 Design Constants:- For HYSD Bars = 20
s
st
= = 230
N/mm
2
= ####
N/m
3
= 25 kN/m
3
s
cbc
= = 7
N/mm
2
m = 13.3
x
13.33 x 7 + 230
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.289 / 3 = 0.904
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.904 x 0.289 = 0.913
2 Diamension of base:-
height of wall above base, H = 3.00 + 1.00 = meter
The ratio of length of slabe (DE) to base width b is given by eq.
q
0
2.2 y H 2.2 x 18 x 4.00
Keep a
= -0.14 Eq (1)
The width of base is given by Eq. sin = 0.5
1 - 0.5
1 + 0.5
( 1 - -0.14 )x( 1 + -0.42 )
x 4.00 x 0.33
( 1 - -0.14 )x 0.5
0.6 x b = 0.60 x 4.00 = m
Hence Provided b = m
Width of toe slab = a x b = -0.14 x 2.40 = -0.34 m m
Let the thickness of stem = H/12 = 4.00 / 12 = 0.33 or say = 0.30 m
= 2.40 - 0.30 - -0.40 = 2.50 m
4 Thickness of stem:-
= 4.00 - 0.30 = 3.70 m consider 1 m length of retaining wall
K x y x H
1
3
0.33 x 18 x( 3.70 )
3
BM 50.65 x 10
6
Rxb 0.913 x 1000
= 240 mm and total thickness = 240 + 50 = 290 mm
Assuming that 10 mm F bar will be used. a nominal cover of = 50 - 5 = 45 mm
= 200 mm at top so that effective depth of = 150 mm
m
= 0.33
m
-0.40
for design
purpose
50.65 Kn-m
Reduce the total thickness
Heigth AB
Maximum Bending momentat B =
236 =
=
6
- 1 =
= 0.95
=
=
18000
180
=
= 0.289
1-sin F
4.00
6
Hence width of heel slab
0.95 H
=
Keep d
0.7
2.40
mm
= x
(1- a)x(1+3 a)
wt. of concrete
13.33 7
The wall will be unsafe against sliding. This will be made safe by providing a shear Key at base .
b
0.333
=
2.70
K
a
4.00
This width is excessive. Normal practice is to provide b between 0.4 to 0.6 H .
m*c+sst
= x
-0.14
m*c
1 -
1+sinF
Ka =
(1-a) m
= =
0.7HKa
k=
b
The base width from the considration of sliding is given by Eq.
.
b
a
=
= 1.64
Provided toe slab =
Cocrete M
DESIGN OF L SHAPED CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL with horizontal back fill
30
= Effective depth required
Taking value of H = 2.40
5
Full dimension wall is shown in fig 1a
Let W
1
= weight of rectangular portion of stem
w
2
= weight of triangular portion of stem
w
3
= weight of base slab
w
4
= weight of soil on heel slab.
The calculation are arrenged in Table
force(kN)
w
1
1 x 0.20 x 3.70 x 25 =
w
2
1/2 x 0.09 x 3.70 x 25 =
w
3
1 x 2.40 x 0.30 x 25 =
w
4
1 x 2.10 x 3.70 x 18 =
Sw =
Total resisting moment = kN-m ..(1)
0.33 x 18 x( 4.00 )
2
2
4.0
3.0
mSw 0.5 x
P
H
- 64 = kN-m
\ Distance x of the point of application of resultant, from toe is
SM 149 b 2.40
Sw 181 6 6
b 2.40
2 2
SW 6 e 181 6x 0.38 146.0 < 180
b b 2.40
SW 6 e 181 6x 0.38 4 < 180
b b 2.40
146.00 - 4.00
146.00 - 4.00
6
(1) (2) Down ward weight of slab
= 0.30 x 1 x 1.00 x 25 = 7.50 kN-m
2
= 146.00 - 7.50 = kN-m
2
under D
= 4.00 - 7.50 = kN-m
2
= 0.50 x( 138.50 + -3.50 ) x 2.40 = kN
-3.50 + 2.00 x 138.50 2.40
-3.50 + 3
\ B.M. at E = 162.00 x 1.62 = kN-m
BM 262.56 x 10
6
Rxb 0.913 x 1000
= 550 mm and total thickness = 550 + 50 = 600 mm
= 200 mm or m at edge say = 0.6 m
x
230 x 0.904 x 550
213.00
188.81
lever arm
48 kN
Moment (KN-m)
18.50
4.16
= 1.89 > 1.5
Shear key Not
required
BM x 10
6
sst x j x D
And at under E
138.5
-3.50
Pressure p at the junction of stem with Heel slab is
p = 146.00 -
= 2297
10
6
0.20
mm Effective depth required =
Keep effective depth d
262.56
m
The upward pressure distribution on the slab is shown in fig 1b .The weight of soil above the
toe slab is neglicted . Thus two forces are acting on it
Up ward soil pressure
162.00
x from E
138.50
x
Down ward weight of slab per unit area
=
1.62 =
= x 2.50
mm
2
=
2.40 kN -m
2
Hence safe
x -0.40 =
=
0.38 0.40
2.40
=
m <
kN -m
2
0.82 m =
=
181.00
2
Over turning moment Mo = 64 kN-m x
Earth pressure p =
Over turning
K
a x
y x H
2
64
= 3.33
..(2) =
Hence safe 1.5
1.85 0.100
Detail
1 -
1.200
1.35
=
213.00
>
total M
R
149
48
181.00
2.40
2.40
Reduce the total thickness to
Ast =
= -
Total S.F.
=
Pressure p
1
at
Heel
= 1 -
= p
Design of Bottom slab:-
Pressure distribution net moment SM =
18.00
139.86
=
=
48
213
\
Hence safe -
F.S. against sliding
0.245
x
<
Pressure p
1
at
toe
= 1 + =
x
Pressure p at the junction of stem with toe slab is
x
146.00
Eccenticity e
= =
=
Hence net pressure intensities will be
-
Stability of wall:-
536
0.82 = =
x 1 +
262.56
= =
=
213.00
21.60
= 0.40
F.S. against over turning
1.02
kN-m
2
kN-m
2
169.67
-1.92
Hence safe
<
180
180
Hence safe
Hence safe
3.14 x 16 x 16
4
\ Spacing A x1000 / Ast = 201 x 1000 / 2297 = mm
Hence Provided 16 mm F bar, @ mm c/c
Let us check this reinforcement for development length Ld=45 F = 45 x 16 = 720 mm
Providing 25 mm clear side cover actual length available = -400 - 25 = -425 mm
-425 < 720 Hence not safe
0.12 600 + 200
100
P D
2
3.14 x ( 8 )
'2
4
1000 x 50
8 Reinforcement in the stem:-
We had earliar assume the thickeness of heel slab as = 0.30 m
0.6
m only. Hence revised H
1
= 4.00 - 0.6 = 3.40
m
H
1
3
0.33 x 18 x( 3.40 )
3
6
BM x
Rxb x
= 210 mm and total thickness = 210 + 50 = 260 mm
= 200 mm or m at edge
x
230 x 0.904 x 210
P D
2
3.14 x ( 10 )
'2
4
1000 x 79
79
80
Continue alternate bars in the toe slabto serve as tensile reinforcement ther.Discontinue the remaining
45 x 10 = 450 mm beyond B, In th etoe slab.
210 - 140
210 - 140
H3
d'
h A
st
' d'
1/3
H
1
A
st
d
where Ast' = reinforcement at depth h Ast = reinforcement at depth H
1
d' = effective depthat depth h d = effective depthat depth H
1
A
st
' 1 h 1 d'
1/3
A
st
2 H1 2 d
Subsituting d = 245 =( 140 + 20.6 x h ) we get
140 + 20.6 x h
1/3
x
140 x 20.6 x h
1/3
x
h = 0.431 x ( 140 + 20.6 x h
)
1/3
..(3)
h = 2.50 m 0.431 x ( 140 + 20.6 x h)
1/3
- h =
2.50 m.Thus half bars can be curtailed can be curtailed at this point
.Howerver, the bars should be extented by a distance of 12 F = 12 x 10 = 120 mm
= 480 mm
2
2
\ Spacing =
Using 8
= x x
mm
2
4
= 105 mm say = 100 mm c/c
= 50
This can be solved by trial and error,
Solving (3) by trial, we get h =
x h )
H
3.40
x
x
= 140
Hence
-0.01
=( 140 + + h
The effective depth d' at section is = 140
=( A
st
d
half bars after a distance of 45 F =
Between A and B some of bars can be curtailed. Cosider a section at depth below the top of stem
)
1/3
,,,'(1)
(where h In meter)
20.59
h
d'
or H Now As A
st
=
= 982 mm
2
\
Actual A
S
provided = 1000 x
Spacing = =
79 mm
2
4
mm say = 80 mm c/c 87
901
901
= mm
2
= =
Keep effective depth d
Reduce the total thickness to
Using 10 mm F bars, Area =
0.20
Ast =
39.30 10
6
=
sst x j x D
BM x100
4
3.14xdia
2
=
480
= mm F bars, Area =
using 16 mm bars 201 mm
2
Distribution steel
80
80
=
1000
= A
x
M K
a
y
= \
2 245
245 2
=
x
if A
st
=
mm and d'
than
While it has now been fixed as
=
1/2 A
st
h = H
1
+
h = 3.40 x
x
Effective depth required =
=
6
=
39.30
0.913
39.30
1000
10
6
kN-m
= = 207 mm
Or d = 210 mm whichever is more beyond the point.
\ h = 2.5 - 0.21 = 2.29 m. Hence curtailed half bars at at height of
2.29 m below the top . If we wish to curtailed half of the remaining bars so that remaining
A
st
'
1
A
st 4
h 1 x d'
1/3
140 + 20.6 x h
1/3
H1 4 d x
x 140 x 20.6 x h
1/3
4 x
h = 0.342 x ( 140 + 20.6 x h
)
1/3
..(4)
h = 1.95 m 0.342 x ( 140 + 20.6 x h)
1/3
- h =
1.95 m.Thus half bars can be curtailed can be curtailed at this point
.Howerver, the bars should be extented by a distance of 12 F = 12 x 10 = 120 mm
Or d = 210 mm whichever is more beyond the point.
\ h = 1.95 - 0.21 = 1.74 m. Hence stop half bars the remaining bars
by 1.74 m below the topof the stem . Continue rest of the bars to the top of the stem nanagh
Check for shear:-
18
2
34.68 x 1000
1000 x 250
Distribution and temprechure reinforcement:-
= 260 + 200
0.12
100
P D
2
3.14 x ( 8 )
'2
4
1000 x 50
= 8 = 300 mm c/c both way in outer face
9 Design of shear key:-
P
p
= K
p
P = 3.00 x 169.67 = kN/m
3
Kp=1/ka = 3.00
Pp x a = a
18
2.00
or P
H
= 3.00 x( 4 + a )
2
= 2.40 ax 18 = 43.20 a
\ SW = 181.00 + 43.20 a Refer force calculation table
=
m Sw+P
p
0.5 x ( 181.00 + 43.20 a)+ 509.00 a
3 x( 4
+ a
2
)
0.5 x ( 181.00 + 43.20 a)+ 509.00 a
1.5
( 4 +
a)
2
= 90.50 + 21.6 a+ 509.00 a
4.5
( 4 + a)
2
= 20.11 + 118 a
16 + 8 a + a
2
= 117.91 a- 8 a + 20.11 - 16
a
2
= 109.9 a 4.11
or a = a2 - 109.9 a +
or a = -0.04 m say = -40 mm
= 300 mm. Keep width of key 290 mm (equal to stem width)
=
4
a)
2
-0.01
245
= H
1
remaining reinforcement is one forth of that provided ar B, we have Hence from .(2)
\
h = 3.40
\ h x =
Solving (4) by trial, we get h =
245
This can be solved by trial and error,
x = 0.33 x kN 3.40
2
=
<
Shear force = 34.68
2
= t
v
Permissible shear stress table 3.1
Average thickness of stem
2
= 230
\
p =
kayH
2
0.18 = 0.14
mm
\ Distribution reinforcement = x 1000 x 230 = 276
The wall is in unsafe in sliding, and hence shear key will be provided below the stem as shown in fig.
Let the depth of key =a intensity of passive pressure P
p
devloped in front of key depend upon
the soil pressure P in front of the key
\ total passive pressure P
p
= 509.00
509.00
= = 50.24 mm
2
4
mm c/c
at the inner face of wall,
along its length
=
mm
2
Using 8 mm F bars, Area
182
=
a )
2
mm say = 180
for tempreture reinforcement provide
\ spacing
276
=
mm bars
0.33 x x( 4 Sliding force at level D
1
C
1
=
1.5
x 3
=
.(2)
Weight of the soil between bottom of the base and D
1
C
1
= x( 4 + 1.5
+
Hence equilibrium of wall, permitting F.S. 1.5 against sliding we have
P
H
=
However, provided minimum value of a
-4.11
F where (45 + F/2) =
2 shearing angle of passive resistance
\ a
1
= 0.3 x ( 3.00 )
1/2
a
1
= 0.52 m = DE = -0.40 m
Hence satisfactory.
Now size of key = 300 x 290 mm
P
H
= 3.00 x( 4.00 + a )
2
= 3.00 x( 4.00 + 0.30 )
2
P
H
= kN
= a = x
= kN Hence
SW =
181.00 + 43.20 a
= 181.00 + 43.20 x 0.30
= kN
Actual force to be resisted by the key at F.S. 1.5 is = 1.5P
H
- mSW
= 1.5 x 55.5 - 0.5 x
= kN
-13.78 x 1000
300 x 1000
-13.78 x 150 x 1000
1/6 x 1000 x( 300 )
2
= N/mm
2
Hence safe
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
= a k
p
a
1
=
-0.14
193.96
509.00
55.47
it should be noted that passive pressure taken into account above will be devloped only when length
a
1
given below is avilable in front of key ;
Actual length of the slab available
Bending stress =
\ shear stress =
193.96
-13.78
= -0.046 N/mm
2
509.00 0.30
152.70
45 + a tan F = a tan x
0.20
0 mm F @
mm c/c c/c
0 mm F @ 0 mm C/C
0 mm F @
mm c/c
0 mm F @ 0 mm C/C
3.70
0 mm F @
mm c/c
0 mm F @ 0 mm C/C
0 mm F @
mm c/c 0 mm F @ 0 mm C/C
0.29
0 mm F @
mm c/c 0.29
2.40
0 mm F @
mm c/c 0 mm F @
mm c/c
A A A
m H
1
= m m H
1
= m m m
toe heel
D E B C D E B C D E B C
Toe Toe a
1
m m
K
a
y(H+a)
D
1
e C
1
P
p
= K
p
p
####
b =
1
6
9
.
6
7
2.40 2.40 b =
P
=
P
=
1
4
6
.
0
0
-
1
.
9
2
3.70
####
3.00
W2 2.50 0.00
2.40
W1
2.40
3.70
0.20
H= 4.00
0.20
-0.40
a b
W1
H=
0.20
3.00
W1
3.70
0.30 0.30
2.50 W2 -0.40 W2 2.50
3.00
a
0.30
1
4
6
.
0
0
1
6
9
.
6
7
4
.
0
0
A
Outer side face
mm F Earth side Face
@ c/c `
mm F
@ c/c
m mm F@
mm F@
mm F
mm F @ c/c
@ c/c
mm F@
mm F
@ c/c
mm F@
N.S.L.
mm F mm F@
@ c/c
Toe Heel
Reinforcement Detail Reinforcement Detail
Foundation level
mm F mm F
@ c/c @ c/c `
C/C
C/C
80
####
Outer side face
8
300
8
300
290
160
Earth side Face
200
10 80
10
C/C
####
###
####
300
290
0.20
10 320
200
4.00 H=
###
####
####
3000
8
8
8
####
300
180
#REF!
1
0
0
0
290
1
.
7
4
2
.
2
9
16
### C/C
8 180 C/C
mm F
c/c
mm F
c/c
M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
(N/mm2) Kg/m
2
(N/mm2) Kg/m
2
M 10 3.0 300 2.5 250
M 15 5.0 500 4.0 400
M 20 7.0 700 5.0 500
M 25 8.5 850 6.0 600
M 30 10.0 1000 8.0 800
M 35 11.5 1150 9.0 900
M 40 13.0 1300 10.0 1000
M 45 14.5 1450 11.0 1100
M 50 16.0 1600 12.0 1200
M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
Modular Ratio 18.67 13.33 10.98 9.33 8.11 7.18
s
cbc
N/mm
2
5 7 8.5 10 11.5 13
m s
cbc
93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33
k
c
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
j
c
0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867
R
c
0.867 1.214 1.474 1.734 1.994 2.254
P
c
(%) 0.714 1 1.214 1.429 1.643 1.857
k
c 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329
j
c 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89
R
c
0.732 1.025 1.244 1.464 1.684 1.903
P
c
(%) 0.433 0.606 0.736 0.866 0.997 1.127
k
c
0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289
j
c
0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904
R
c
0.653 0.914 1.11 1.306 1.502 1.698
P
c
(%) 0.314 0.44 0.534 0.628 0.722 0.816
k
c
0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253
j
c
0.916 0.916 0.916 0.914 0.916 0.916
R
c
0.579 0.811 0.985 1.159 1.332 1.506
P
c
(%) 0.23 0.322 0.391 0.46 0.53 0.599
(d) s
st
=
275
N/mm2
(Fe 500)
(c ) s
st
=
230
N/mm2
(Fe 415)
(b) s
st
=
190
N/mm2
(a) s
st
=
140
N/mm2
(Fe 250)
9
(9.33)
8
(8.11)
7
(7.18)
Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS
Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO
Grade of concrete
Modular ratio m
31
(31.11)
19
(18.67)
13
(13.33)
11
(10.98)
1.1 110
1.2 120
1.3 130
1.4
140
0.9 90
1.0 100
0.6 60
0.8 80
Direct (a
cc
)
(N/mm2) in kg/m
2
-- --
Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
Grade of
concrete
Permission stress in compression (N/mm
2
) Permissible stress in bond (Average) for
plain bars in tention (N/mm
2
) Bending a
cbc
2.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4
Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS
Grade of concrete
Tensile stress N/mm
2
1.2
M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60
0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
0.44 0.51 0.57 0.6 0.62 0.63
300 or more 275 250 225 200 175 150 or less
1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30
M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5
Grade of concrete M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 M-45 M-50
t
bd
(N / mm
2
) -- 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
t
bd
(N / mm2) t
bd
(N / mm2)
M 15
M 20
M 25
M 30
M 35
M 40
M 45
M 50
1.3
1.76
28
1.4 25 2.24 26
36
27 2.08
33
1.2 29 1.92 30
1.1 32
60
0.8 44 1.28 45
40
0.6 58 0.96
0.9 39 1.44
1 35 1.6
Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table t
bd
in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
Table 3.5. Development Length in tension
Grade of
concrete
Plain M.S. Bars H.Y.S.D. Bars
k
d
= L
d
F k
d
= L
d
F
Grade of concrete
t
c
.
max
Over all depth of slab
k
Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress t
c.max
in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
3.00 and above
Table 3.2. Facor k
2.50
2.75
2.00
2.25
1.25
1.50
1.75
< 0.15
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table t
c
in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
100A
s Permissible shear stress in concrete t
c
N/mm
2
bd
Degree sin cos tan
10 0.174 0.985 0.176
15 0.259 0.966 0.268
16 0.276 0.961 0.287
17 0.292 0.956 0.306
18 0.309 0.951 0.325
19 0.326 0.946 0.344
20 0.342 0.940 0.364
21 0.358 0.934 0.384
22 0.375 0.927 0.404
23 0.391 0.921 0.424
24 0.407 0.924 0.445
25 0.422 0.906 0.466
30 0.500 0.866 0.577
35 0.573 0.819 0.700
40 0.643 0.766 0.839
45 0.707 0.707 1.000
50 0.766 0.643 1.192
55 0.819 0.574 1.428
60 0.866 0.500 1.732
65 0.906 0.423 2.145
Value of angle