No Word Definition

1 Embryo
An embryo is a multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching,
or germination
2 Morula
A morula (Latin, morus: mulberry) is an embryo at an early stage of embryonic development, consisting of cells (called blastomeres) in a
solid ball contained within the zona pellucida.
3 Blastocyst
The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early development of mammals. It possesses an inner cell mass (ICM) which subsequently
forms the embryo.
4 Blastula
Theblastula(from Greek (blastos), meaning "sprout") is a hollow sphere ofcells, referred to asblastomeres, surrounding an inner
fluid-filled cavity called theblastocoeleformed during an early stage ofembryonic developmentinanimals
5 Foetus
A fetus also spelled foetus (or archaically faetus), is a developing mammal or other viviparous vertebrate after the embryonic stage and
before birth
6 Trophoblast
Pathology . The invasion of a specific type of trophoblast (extravillous trophoblast) into the maternal uterus is a vital stage in the
establishment of pregnancy
7 Implantation
In humans (as in all other mammals, except for monotremes), implantation is the very early stage of pregnancy at which the conceptus
adheres to the wall of the uterus.
8 Identical twins The correct term for identical twins is monozygotic.Monozygotictwins form when a single fertilized egg splits.
9 Fraternal twins Fraternal, or dizygotic twins, are two individuals from the same pregnancy who form from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate
10 Siamese twins Conjoined twins are identical twins joined in utero.
11 Chorion
Layers . The chorion consists of two layers: an outer formed by the trophoblast, and an inner formed by the somatic mesoderm; the amnion
is in contact with the latter
12 Chorionic villi Chorionic villi are villi that sprout from the chorion in order to give a maximum area of contact with the maternal blood.
13 Placenta
The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas
exchange via the mother's blood supply, fights against internal infection and produces hormones to support pregnancy.
14 Amniotic fluid Amniotic fluid or liquor amnii is the protective liquid contained by the amniotic sac of a pregnant female.
15 Umbilical cord
In placental mammals, the umbilical cord (also called the navel string,[1]birth cord or funiculus umbilicalis) is a conduit between the
developing embryo or fetus and the placenta
16 Umbilical vein The umbilical vein is a vein present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus.
(i) Early Development of a Human Zygote
17 Umbilical Arteries
Theumbilical arteryis a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in theabdominalandpelvicregions. In thefetus, it
extends into theumbilical cord
18
Pools of maternal
blood
. These villi within the placenta are bathed in a pool of maternal blood, making this area the only place in the body (with the exception of
the heart) where blood is not contained within blood vessels.
1 Contraception Birth control by prevention of conception or impregnation
2 Fertile Period The most fertile period is that period in a womans life when her chances of getting pregnant are the highest.
3 Safe period
Calendar-based methodsare various methods of estimating awoman's likelihood offertility, based on a record of the length of
previousmenstrual cycles.
4 Sperm Bank
A sperm bank, semen bank or cryobank is a facility or enterprise that collects and stores human sperm from sperm donors for use by
women who need donor-provided sperm to achieve pregnancy
5 IUD
Anintrauterine device(IUDorcoil)
[1]
is a small contraceptive device, often 'T'-shaped, often containing either copper or levonorgestrel,
which is inserted into the uterus. They are one form oflong-acting reversible contraceptionwhich are the most effective types of reversible
birth control
6 Spermicide Spermicideis a contraceptive substance that destroyssperm, inserted vaginally prior to intercourse to prevent pregnancy
7 Diaphragm a small rubber dome placed in the vagina to wall off the cervix, thus preventing sperm from entering
8
Depo-Provera
Injection
Depo-Proverais a brandedprogestogen-only contraceptive,depot medroxyprogesterone acetate(DMPA)long acting reversiblehormonal
contraceptivebirth controldrug that is injected every 3 months
9
Contraceptive
Implants
Acontraceptive implantis a type ofbirth control. It is a small flexible tube measuring about 40mm in length which is inserted under the
skin by a doctor (typically the upper arm)
10 Female Sterilisation Sterilization (also spelled sterilisation) is any of a number of medical techniques that intentionally leave a person unable to reproduce.
11 Vasectomy Vasectomy is a surgical procedure for male sterilization and/or permanent birth control.
12 Surrogate mother A surrogate mother is a woman who carries a fetus for someone else, usually a couple struggling with fertility issues.
13 IVF In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process by which an egg is fertilised by sperm outside the body: in vitro
14 Gonorrhoea
Gonorrhea(alsospeltgonorrhoeaorgonorrha;colloquiallyknownastheclap
[1]
) is a common humansexually transmitted infectioncaused
by the bacteriumNeisseria gonorrhoeae .
15 Female Condom
Afemalecondom(also known as afemidom) is a device that is used duringsexual intercourseas abarrier contraceptiveand to reduce the
riskofsexuallytransmittedinfections(STIssuchasgonorrhea,syphilis,andHIV)andunintendedpregnancy.
16 Syphilis Syphilis is an STD that can cause long-term complications and/or death if not treated correctly.
17 Genital Herpes Genital Herpes - CDC Fact Sheet Herpes is a common sexually transmitted disease (STD) that any sexually active person can get
(ii) Appreciating the Contribution of Science and Technology to Human Reproduction
18 AIDS A diseaseof the humanimmune systemcaused by infection withhuman immunodeficiency virus(HIV)
1 Filament Part of astamen, the male part of a flower
2 Anther The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.
3 Stigma Thestigmais the receptive tip of acarpel, or of several fused carpels, in thegynoeciumof aflower.
4 Style
Gynoecium(fromAncientGreek,gyne , meaningwoman ,and,oikos , meaninghouse ) is most commonly used as a collective
term for the structures (often referred to as thefemaleportion) of aflowerthat produceovulesand ultimately develop into
5 Pistil pistil, the female reproductive part of a flower.
6 Stamen Thestamen(pluralstamina orstamens , fromLatinstamen meaning "thread of thewarp") is thepollen-producing reproductiveorganof
7 Pollen Mother a cell that is derived from the hypodermis of the pollen sac and that gives rise by meiosis to four cells each of which develops into a
8 Pollen grain one of the microscopic grains of which pollen is made up
9 Ovary The enlarged basal portion of the pistil where ovules are produced.
10 Pollen tube A pollen tube is part of the male gametophyte of seed plants.
11 Tapetum Thetapetumis a layer of nutritive cells found within thesporangium, particularly within theanther, offlowering plants.
12 Tetrad
The paired and replicated chromosomes are called bivalents or tetrads, which have two chromosomes and fourchromatids, with one
chromosome coming from each parent
13 Embryo Sac Thefemalegametophytespecificallytermeda"megagametophyte"isalsocalledtheembryosacinangiosperms
14 Antipodal cells The haploid cells, usually three in number, found in the embryo sac at the opposite end to the micropyle
15 Nucellus A rounded or oval mass of parenchymatous tissue in an ovule, containing the embryo sac.
16 Integument
A protective structure that develops from the base of an ovule and encloses it almost entirely except for an opening, the micropyle, at the
tip of the nucellus.
17 Micropyle The small channel that remains between the tips of the integuments at the apex of the ovule.
18 Antipodal relating to or denoting cells formed at the chalazal end of the embryo sac.
19 Synergid One of two small cells lying near the egg in the mature embryo sac of a flowering plant.
20 Triploid nucleus
The triploid nucleus that results from fusion of the polar nuclei or definitive nucleus of the embryo sac with one of the male gametes
released from the pollen tube.
21 Endosperm The storage tissue in the seeds of most angiosperms, derived from the fusion of one male gamete with two female polar nuclei.
22 Double fertilisation The process found in most flowering plants where two male gametes enter the embryo sac and both participate in fertilization.
(iii) Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
23 Diploid Zygote
The product of the fusion of two gametes, before it has undergone mitosis or meiosis having twice the haploid number of chromosomes in
the nuclei of its somatic cells
1 Growth
Growth refers to a positive change in size, often over a period of time. Growth can occur as a stage of maturation or a process toward
fullness or fulfillment.
2 Quantitive changes
Quantitative differences in child development refer to the changes children encounter as they acquire more knowledge and grow physically
larger and stronger.
3 Qualitative changes Qualitative differences focus on changes in the way children think, behave, and perceive the world differently as they mature.
4 Zon of cell division
Anapical meristemlies under and behind the root cap and, like the stem apical meristem, it produces the cells that give rise to the primary
body of the plant.
5
Zon of Cell
Elongation The cells in this zone stretch and lengthen as small vacuoles within the cytoplasm coalesce and fill with water.
6
Zon of cell
differentiation The elongating cells complete their differentiation into the tissues of the primary body in this zone.
7 Vacuolation the process of forming vacuoles; the condition of being vacuolated.
8 Apical meristem A meristem at the tip of a plant shoot or root that causes the shoot or root to increase in length.
9 Growth curve A growth curve is an empirical model of the evolution of a quantity over time.
10 Growth Rate Ratio of positive change in size, often over a period of time. Growth can occur as a stage of maturation or a process toward fullness or
11 Sigmoid Curve Asigmoid functionis amathematical functionhaving an "S" shape (sigmoid curve)
12 Intermittent growth Growth that starts and stops at intervals
13 Lag phase The period of physiological activity and diminished cell division following the addition of inoculum of bacteria to a new culture medium.
14
Rapid/exponential
phase Period where cells divide as fast as possible according to the growth medium, the microorganism itself and environmental conditions.
15 Slow growth phase the rate of cell death begins to match the rate of cell division.
16 Stationary phase Phase in which colony of bacteria is not getting any bigger or smaller, it is simply living.
17 Senescene phase End of reproductive phase when the metabolism decrease
18 Death phase Phase which bacteria die due to lack of nutrients, a temperature which is too high or low, or the wrong living conditions.
19 Edysis Ecdysis is the moulting of the cuticula in many invertebrates.
(iv) Growth in Multicellular Organisms, The Groth Curve, Primary & Secondary Growth in Plants
20 Instar
An instar (from the Latin form, likeness) is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, between each moult (ecdysis), until
sexual maturity is reached.
21 Primary Growth Growth in vascular plants resulting from the production of primary tissues by a primary meristem.
22 Secondary growth
Secondary growth is the growth that results from cell division in the cambia (see below), or lateral meristems, and that causes the stems
and roots to thicken.
23 Lateral meristem A meristem in vascular plants, such as the cambium, in which secondary growth occurs. l
24 Vascular cambium A lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants
25 Cork cambium Cork cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a tissue found in many vascular plants as part of the periderm.
26 Secondary xylem Thexylemformed as a result of secondarygrowthfromvascular cambium.
27 Secondary phloem The type ofphloemderived from thesecondary meristemsof avascular plant.
28 Secondary cortex
Secondary cortex (secondary phloem) is formed by the cambium and is composed of sieve-tube members, companion cells, phloem
parenchyma, and phloem fibers; it serves for transporting the products of phostosynthesis down through the plant, functioning as a
transmittal tissue for one to two years.
29 Medullary Rays Radial sheets or ribbons extending vertically through the tree across and perpendicular to the growth rings.
1 Gene A gene is the molecular unit of heredity of a living organism.
2 Allele An allele, or allel, is one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene or same genetic locus.
3 Chromosome
Achromosomeis a structure ofDNA,protein, andRNAfound incells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing
manygenes,regulatory elementsand othernucleotide sequences.
4 Dominant allele A dominant allele produces a dominant phenotype in individuals who have one copy of the allele, which can come from just one parent.
5 Recessive allele An allele that to produce a recessive phenotype, the individual must have two copies, one from each parent
6 Phenotype
Aphenotype(fromGreekphainein , meaning "to show", andtypos , meaning "type") is the composite of anorganism's observable
characteristics ortraits, such as itsmorphology,development, biochemical or physiological properties,phenology,behavior, and products
of behavior (such as a bird's nest)
7 Genotype Thegenotypeis thegeneticmakeup of a cell, an organism, or an individual usually with reference to a specific characteristic under
8
Dyhybrid cross
Cross betweenF
1
offspring (first-generation offspring) of twoindividualsthat differ in twotraitsof particular interest.
9 Monohybrid Cross Amonohybrid crossis a mating between individuals who have differentallelesat onegenetic locusof interest.
10 Trait Characteristics orattributesof anorganismthat are expressed bygenesand/or influenced by theenvironment
11 Characteristic A distinctive mark, feature, attribute, or property of an individual or thing.
(v) Inheritance
12
Homozygous
dominant Similar stronger traits
13
Homozygous
recessive Similar weaker traits
14 Heterozygous Of, or pertaining to anindividual(or a condition in acellor anorganism) containing two differentallelesfor a particulartrait.
15 Inheritance The acquisition oftraitsgenetically transmitted fromparentstooffspring
16 Genetic Of, pertaining to, or relating togeneticsorgenes.
17 Segregate separationfrom others; aparting.
18 Law of segregation
Gregor Mendel's law stating that pairedallelesseparate duringgameteformation. Consequently, eachgametewould contain only one copy
of every paired unit factors
19
Law of independent
Assortment Mendelianlawstating that for every pair ofunit factors , each of them would assort independently into the newly formedgametes.
20 Codominance
Aconditionin which theallelesof agene pairin aheterozygoteare fully expressed thereby resulting inoffspringwith aphenotypethat is
neitherdominantnorrecessive.
21 Rhesus positive A person diagnosed to suffer from Rh disease one of the causes of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
22 Rhesus negative A person not suffering from Rh disease, one of the causes of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
23 Antigen
Any of the various substances that when recognized asnon-self by the adaptiveimmune systemtriggers an immune response, stimulating
the production of anantibodythat specifically reacts with it.
24 Antibody
Any of the numerous Y-shapedgamma globulinproteinsfound in thebloodorlymph, and produced byB cellsas an immune defense
against foreign agents (antigens)
25 Autosome
Anychromosomenot considered as asex chromosome, or is not involved insexdetermination. It occurs in pairs in somatic cells and
singly insex cells(gametes)
26 Sex Chromosome
A type ofchromosomein thegenomethat is involved in the determination of thesexas well as the development of sexual characteristics
in anorganism. It occurs in pairs insomatic cellswhile singly insex cells(gametes).
27 Karyotype The characterization of thechromosomecomplement of aspecies(such as the shape, type, number, etc. of chromosomes).
28
Sex linked
inheritance Atraitgenetically determined by anallelelocated on thesex chromosome
29 Haemophilia Haemophiliaa (classichaemophilia,factorVIIIdeficiency), an Xlinkeddisorderdue todeficiencyofcoagulation factorVIII.
30 Carrier Anorganismpossessing arecessivegenefor atrait, hence, not expressing thetrait.
31 Haemophiliac
apatientafflicted with asex-linkedgeneticdiseaseaffectingmalesthatresultsfrom adeficiencyof aspecificproteinfactorthat is required
fornormalbloodcoagulation.
32 Colour blindness
asex-linkedinheritedconditionwhere there is an inability todistinguishcolours. Very fewwomenarecolourblind, but up to 10% of
allmenhave somedegreeofcolour blindness.
33 Adenine
anitrogenous base, onememberof the basepair a-T (thymine). (biochemistry)Purinebasefound indnapairedwiththymine,
inrnapairedwithuracil.
34 Guanine
Apurine basefound indnaand RNA;pairswith cytosine.One of the fourbases, one of the constituentbasesofnucleic
acids,nucleosidesandnucleotides.
35 Thymine
pyrimidinebasefound indNA(inplaceofuracilofrNA). A base found in DNA (but not in RNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with
adenine.
36 Cytosine
Glycosylatedbaseis cytidine, it's derived frompyrimidine. It is one of the fournitrogenous bases, including indnaadenine,thymine,
andguanine, and inrnaadenine,uracil, andguanine.
37 Nucleotides
The basic building block ofnucleic acids, such asDNAandRNA. It is anorganic compoundmade up ofnitrogenous base, asugar, and
aphosphate group.
38 Deoxyribose sugar Thesugarcomponent in theside chainsofDNA, in contrast to theribosein the side chains ofRNA
39
Phosphate group
Afunctional grouporradicalcomprised ofphosphorusattached to fouroxygen, and with a net negative charge, thus represented as PO
4
-
40 Nitrogenous base Nitrogen-bearingcompoundwith chemical properties of abase
41 Double helix
Aconformationor shape describing astructurethat typically consists of two matching helices intertwined about a commonaxis, such as
the structure of theDNAmolecule, which is made of two linear strands held together in opposite direction through chemical bonds, and
which has become twisted into ahelix(that is a three-dimensional spiralsimilar to the shape of a railing on a spiral staircase ).
42 Hydrogen bonds a commonbondinorganismsthat has an attractiveforcebetween ahydrogenatomand anothermolecule.
43
Polynucleotide
chains A sequence of joined nucleotides.
44
Complementary
base pairing
Thestandardarrangementofbasesinnucleotidesinrelationto theiroppositepairing, such
asthyminebeingpairedwithadenineandcytosinepairedwithguanine.
45 DNA fingerprint
Thefingerprintsare a bar-code like occurrence which candistinguishthe uniqueness of oneindividualfrom another. This can be used
todeterminethe presence of someone at aparticulartimebymatchingtheirfingerprintsat thescene.
46
Human genome
project A reference sequence of the euchromatic human genome, which is used worldwide in biomedical sciences.
47 Stem cell
Anunspecializedcellcharacterized by the ability to self-renew bymitosiswhile in undifferentiated state, and the capacity to give rise to
variousdifferentiatedcelltypes bycelldifferentiation.
48
Genetic
engineering
Thetechnologyentailing all processes of altering thegenetic materialof acellto make it capable of performing the desiredfunctions, such
as producingnovelsubstances.
49 Gene therapy treatmentof adiseasecaused bymalfunctionof agene, by stably transfecting thecellsof theorganismwith thenormalgene.
50
Recombinant DNA
technology
The technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one
organism.
51
Genetically
modified food
Genetically modified foods(orGM foods) are foods produced fromorganismsthat have had specific changes introduced into
theirDNAusing the methods ofgenetic engineering.
1 Variation A difference ordeviation(e.g. in structure, form, function) from the recognizednormorstandard.
2 Continuous The outcome of thenumberof enviromentalfactorsinfluencing theexpressionoftraitsin apopulation
3
Discontinous
variation Variation in phenotypic traits in which types are grouped into discrete categories with few or no intermediate phenotypes.
4 Mutation
A permanent, heritable change in the nucleotide sequence in ageneor achromosome; the process in which such a change occurs in
ageneor in achromosome.
5 Albinism
Thecongenitalabsenceofpigmentationin theeyesandskinandhair.Aconditionrelatedto theproductionofmelaninin thebody,
whichcontrolscolouring inareassuch as theskin,eyesandhair.
6 Random Any egg can be fertilized by any sperm.
7
Thumb
hyperextension Thumb movement at the joint beyond the joint's normal maximum extension.
8 Gene mutation
Changes in thenucleotidesequenceof thegenetic material(i.e.DNA, orRNA, in the case ofviruses), which are usually caused by
copying errors duringreplicationthat further lead tobase substitution,insertion, ordeletionof one or more base pairs.
9
Chromosomal
mutation
It is natures intention that the exact genetic information from both parents will be seen in the offspring's DNA in the the critical stages of
fertilisation. However, it is possible for this genetic information to mutate, which in most cases, can result in fatal or negative
consequencies in the outcome of the new ogranism.
10 Polydactylism
Acongenital physical anomalyinhumans,dogs, andcatshavingsupernumeraryfingers or toes.
[1]
Polydactyly is the opposite
ofoligodactyly(fewer fingers or toes).
11 Down syndrome A genetic disordercaused by the presence of all or part of a third copy ofchromosome 21.
(vi) Variation
12 Polyploidy Cells that contain more than two paired (homologous) sets ofchromosomes
13 Tetraploid having or being a chromosome number four times the monoploid number
14 Deletion achromosomeabnormalityin which part of asinglechromosomehas beenlost.
15 Duplication
The act or process of duplicating or repeating aregionin the genetic material orchromosome, as ingene duplicationandchromosomal
duplication.
16 Inversion
A defect in thechromosomein which a segment of thechromosomebreaks off and reinserted in the same place but in thereversedirection
relative to the rest of thechromosome.
17 Translocation
Chromosomal translocation, that is a chromosomal segment is moved from one position to another, either within the samechromosomeor
to anotherchromosome.
18 Sickle-cell anemia Diseasecommon inracesof people fromareasin whichmalariaisendemic.
19 Mutagens
Chemicalagentsthatincreasetherateofgeneticmutationby interfering with thefunctionofnucleic acids. Aclastogenis
aspecificmutagenthatcausesbreaksinchromosomes.