Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics.

Page 1



MAHALAKSHMI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TIRUCHIRAPALLI 621213.

NUMERICAL METHODS-MA2264
UNIT I
Solution of Equations and Eigen value Problems
PART-A



1. Define an algebraic equation.
f (x)=0 will represent an algebraic equation of degree n.
ie). + + . + represent an algebraic equation of degree n.
Eg : .
2. Define transcendental equation.
If contains functions like trigonometric, logarithmic (or) exponential.
Eg:
3. State the sufficient condition for convergence of iterations.
for all in I. [ I be any interval)
4.what is the criterion for the convergence in Newton Raphsm method?
The sequence . Converge, to the exact value if . (AU (M/J 2012)
5. Write the iterative formula of Newton Raphrm method.
(AU (N/D2010)
6. What is the order of convergence of N.R method if the multiplicity of the root is one.
(AU (N/D2011)
Order of convergence of N.R. Method is 2.
7. What is the rate of convergence in N.R. Method. (AU (M/J2012)
The rate of convergence in N.R Method is of order 2.
8. Show that the N.R. formula to find can be expressed in the form.
, n =0,1,2,3 .. (AUN/D 2011)

Solution:
If then
Let

By N.R. Rule,




Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics. Page 2

, n = 0,1,2,
9. Write the merits of Newtons method of iteration?
Merits
i) Newtons method is successfully used to improve the result obtained by other methods,
ii) Also applicable to the solution of equation involving algebraical functions as well as
transcendental functions.
10. when we apply Newtons method?
Newtons method is useful when the graph of the function when it crosses the axis is nearly
vertical.

11. Find the value ,N [AU (M/J 2012]
Solution:
,
Let



Type :2 Fixed point iteration:
12.What is the order of convergence for fixed point iteration? [AU N/D 2012]
The convergence is linear and the convergence is of order 1.
13. Can we apply iteration method to find the root of the equation Justify.
Solution :
The given equation can be written as









Hence we can apply iteration method.
14. Explain the term Pivot element.
In an augmented matrix


11 12 1n
21 22 2n
n1 n2 nn
a a .... a
a a .... a
.... .... .... .....
a a .... a

1
2
n
b
b
....
b


Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics. Page 3

The elements
11
a , , . which have been assumed to be non zero are called pivot
elements .
15. Define round off error
The round off is the quantity R which must be added to the finite representation of a
computed number in order to make it the tree representation of that number.
16. what are the two types of solving linear equations?
i) direct (Gauss elimination , Gauss- Jordan)
ii) indirect (Gauss Jacobi, Gauss seidel)



17. For solving a linear system, compare Gaussian elimination method and Gauss Jordan
method? (AU N/D 2007)
Gaussian elimination Gauss Jordan
1. Coefficient matrix is
transformed into upper
triangular matrix.
C-m is transformed into
diagonal matrix Direct
method
2. Direct method Direct Method
3. Back substitution method No need of back
substitution method
18. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss Jordan method. (AU May 1999)


Solution
The given system is equivalent to

A x = B
Now,
= =
And we make the matrix A is a diagonal matrix .

5 4 15
0 2315


115 0 285
0 2315


(4 decimal)
-
- (4 decimal)
19. When Gauss elimination method fails.
This method fails if the element in the top of the first. Column is zero. We can rectify this by
interchanging the rows of the matrix.
20. Solve the system of equation by Gaussian elimination method.
Solution: The given system is equivalent to (AU M/J 2006, 2010)

Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics. Page 4


A x = B
Here =
Now we have to make the matrix A as a upper triangular.
ie,
----------------------------- (1)
Which is an upper triangular matrix by back substitution method,


Gauss seidal method
21. Write a sufficient condition for Gauss seidel method to converge. (AU M/J2007, A/M2010)
The process of iteration by Gauss seidel method will converge if in each equation of the
system, the absolute value of the largest coefficient is greater than the sum of the absolute
values of the remaining coefficients.
22. State a sufficient condition for Gauss Jacobi method to converge
Solution:
Let the given equation be

1
2


3

The sufficient condition is




23. compare Gauss elimination and Gauss seidel methods (AU A/M 2011)

Gauss elimination Gauss Seidel
i) finite it is for any non-
singular set of equations
i) converges only for special
system of equations
ii) round off error is smaller ii) not like that

24. Compare Gauss Jacobi and Gauss seidel method.

Jacobi Seidel
i)Convergence rate is slow The rate of convergence of
Gauss-seidel method is roughly
twice that of Gauss - Jacobi
ii)Indirect method Indirect method
iii) diagonally dominant Diagonally dominant

25. Distinquish between direct and iterative (indirect) method of solving simultaneous equation
Direct method Iterative method
1.we get exact solution Approximate solution
2.simple, take less time Time consuming laborious


Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics. Page 5

26. what do you mean by diagonally dominant? (AU N/D 2010)
A matrix is diagonally dominant if the numerical value of the leading diagonal element in
each row is greater than (or) equal to the sum of the numerical values of the other value of the
other element in that row.
27. Check the conditions for convergence for the system of equations
(AU N/D 2011)


Solution :



The diagonal elements are dominant.

28. Using gauss Jordan method find the inverse of the matrix (AU M/J 2012)
Solution:
Let =



A
-1

29. What type of eigen value can be obtained using power method. (AU A/M 2004)
The dominant eigen value can be obtained by power method.
30. Find the dominant eigen value of A = by power method.
AUN/D,A/M2004,2011
Solution:
Let X
1
=
AX
1
= =7 X
2
AX
2
= = =5.29 =5.29X
3


AX
3
= = =5.38 =5.38X
4

The dominant eigen value = 5.38
The corresponding eigen vectir =
31. Explain power method of finding the eigen values of a matrix. (AU N/D 2005)
i) The power method is an iterative technique .

Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics. Page 6

ii) May not converge very fast.
iii) We can accelerate the convergence as well as get eigen values of magnitude intermediate
between the largest and smallest by shifting.
32. Define eigen value and eigen vector. (AU N/D 2007)
Lef A be a square matrix of order n
If there exists a non zero column vector X and a scalar such that AX = X then is called
an eigen value of the matrix A and X is called eiger vector corresponding to the eigen value .
33. Locate the negative root of , approximately.
Let



Root lies between -2 and -3 closer to -2, since 1
Evaluate applying Newton formula
Let



Take
= 3.5
= 3.4642
The root is 3.4642.
34. Establish an iteration tormula to find the reciprocal of a positive number N by Newton
Raphson method.


The Newtons formula is



= .
Part B

1. Find the positive root of correct to three decimal places using Newton
Rephson method. (AU A/M 2010)
Solution:

Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics. Page 7

Let

Now
Hence the root lies between 1 and 2
Take
Formula :
=1.8709
= = =1.8709
= 1.871 (3 decimal places )

= 1.856

= 1.856

The better approximate root is 1.856
2. Using Newtons iterative method find the root lies between o and 1 of
correct to two decimal places. (AU N/D 2011)
Solution :
Let =

Given that root lies between o and 1
Since
The root is nearer to 1.
Formula
Take x
0
=1
Applying the formula,



Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics. Page 8


The root is 0.73 correct to 2 decimal places.
3. Find the real positive roof of . By N.R method correct to 6 decimal
places.
(AU N/D 2006)
Solution:
Lef


A root lies between 0 and 1
Since , the root is nearer to 1.

by N.R method
=

=0.607102
III
ly


The root is 0.607102 ( 6 decimal places)
4. Obtain Newtons iterative formula for finding where N is a positive real number.
Hence find (AU N/D 2006)
Solution:
Let


By N.R. formula
+
+
---------------------------------------(1) which
Is the iterative formula for
To find
Let

Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics. Page 9


=3.31667



The approximate value of = 3.31663 (5 decimal places)
Similarly
=2.2361

5. By Newton Raphsm method, find the root of near correct to 4 decimal
places.
Solutions:


The root lies between 2 and 3, it is closer to 2
Take





The root is 2.1533 (4 decimal places)
6. Try yourself
i) ( AU M/J 2012
[Hint root = 2.7984 ( 4 decimal places)
ii) Obtain the positive root of that lies between 1 and 2 (AUM/J 2007
Ans : 1.7838
7. Type : 2 (Find point iteration)
Find the real of the equation (AU N/D 2010)
Solution:
Let






since there is a real root between 4 and 5.
The equation can be written as
=100
Now,

Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics. Page 10


= =
is less than 1 in interval (4,5)
Let x
0
= 4.2








.
.
.



The root is 4.33105. (5 decimal)
8. Solve : (AU N/D 2011, M/J 2012)
Solution:



The root lies between 0 and 1.




Take



The root is 0.6190.
9. Try your self:
i) Ans : 0.3919 ( AU N/D 2010)
Ans : 0.7549 (AU M/J 2011)

Type: 3 Gaussian elimination:
10. Solve the system of equations

Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics. Page 11



(Apr 92 ECE)
Solution:
The Augmented matrix
Select the pivotal element.

Pivot



2 2 1
3 3 1
R R - R
R R - 2R

Select the new pivot
New pivot







Select New Pivot
New pivot


Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics. Page 12


Applying back substitution method.
z = 1.8485
z =

=1.50697

= 0.9936
Hence x = 0.9936, y = 1.50697, z = 0.9936
Type 4
11. Using Gauss Jordan method solve the following equation


(AU N/D 2010)
Solution :
=

2 2 1
3 3 1
R R - 2R
R R - 10R



1 1 2
3 3 2
R R - R
R R + 9R



1 1 3
1 2 3
R R - 6.125R
R R + 1.125R

x=1, y=1, z=1.

Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics. Page 13

Try yourself:
12. Solve x+3y+3z=16, x+4y+3z=18, x+3y+4z=19 by Gauss- Jordan method.
Solution:
x+3y+3z=16
x+4y+3z=18
x+3y+4z =19



2 2 1
3 3 1
R R - R
R R + R




Hence x=1, y=2, z=3
Type : 5 Gauss Jacobi method: (AU A/M 2011)
13. 27x+ 6y z = 85
6x+15y+ 2y = 72
x+ y+ 54z =110
Now,



Let to initial values be x=0, y=0, z=0
Iteration : 1



Iternation:2

= 2.157
= 3.269
=1.890

Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics. Page 14

Iteration: 3

Iteration: 4

Iteration:5

Iteration: 6

Iteration: 7

Iteration:8

Iteration:9


Hence x = 2.426, y=3.573, z = 1.926.
Type :6 Gauss seidel method;
14. 27x+6y z = 85
x+ y + 54z=110
6x+15y+2y = 72 (AU A/M 2011)
Solution:
Let the initial values be y=0, z=0
Iteration:1

=
= 3.148

=
= 3.541


=
=1.913
Iteration:2

=
= 2.432

=
= 3.572

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=
=1.926
Iteration:3

Iteration:4



x=2.426, y=3.573, z=1.926
15. 20x + y 2z = 17
3x +20y z = -18
2x - 3y+20z=25 (AU N/D 2010, M/J 2012)
Ans, x=1, y=-1, z=1

16. 6x+3y+12z = 35
8x- 3y+ 2y =20
4x +11y- z=33 (AU N/D 2012)

Ans, x=3.017, y=1.986, z=0.912
17. 28x +4y z = 32
X+3y+10z = 24
2x+17y+4z=35
Ans, x=0.9936, y=1.507, z=1.8486
Type : 7
18. Using Gauss Jordan Method find the inverse of
(AU M/J 2012)
Solution :
Let


2 2 1
3 3 1
R R - R
R R + 2R



2 1 2
3 3 2
R R - R
R R + 2R


Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics. Page 16


2 1 2
3 3 2
R R - R
R R + 2R


1 1 3
2 2 3
R R - 6R
R R + 3R

=
=
Verification


19. Using Gauss Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix
(A.U N/D 2012)
Solution:



2 2 1
3 3 1
R R - 2R
R R + 6R




2 1 3
2 2 3
R R - 6R
R R + 3R


Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics. Page 17



=
Type :8
20. Find the dominant eigen value and the corresponding Eigen vector of the matrix
(AU M/J 2012)
Solution:
Let = be an approximate eigen value
=1.
=7. .
=3.5714
=4.12
=3.9706
=4.0072
=3.9982
=4
Dominant eigen value = 4

Prepared by S.A.Vasantha Gowri M.Sc.,M.Phil.,AP ,Mathematics. Page 18

Corresponding eigen vector = (1,0.5,0)
The find the least eigen value Let B=A- 4I,
- =
We will find the dominant eigen value of B.
Let be the initial vector.
= = =-3 = -3y
2
III
ly

By
2
= -5y
3
, By
3
=-5
Dominant Eigen value of B is -5.
Adding 4, smallest eigen value of A = -5+4=-1 sum of eigen values = Trace of
A=1+2+3 = 6
4+(-1) +
3
= 6,
3
=3
All the three eigen value are 4,3,-1.
21. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix using Jacobi
method. (AU N/D 2012)
Ans : The Corresponding eigen vectors are .