Richard Dawkins

For the archaeologist, see Richard MacGillivray

Dawkins.
Clinton Richard Dawkins /dknz/, DSc, FRS, FRSL
(born 26 March 1941) is an ethologist, evolutionary bi-
ologist,
[1]
and writer. He is an emeritus fellow of New
College, Oxford,
[2]
and was the University of Oxford's
Professor for Public Understanding of Science from1995
until 2008.
[3]
Dawkins came to prominence with his 1976 book The
Selsh Gene, which popularised the gene-centred view
of evolution and introduced the term meme. In 1982, he
introduced into evolutionary biology the inuential con-
cept that the phenotypic eects of a gene are not neces-
sarily limited to an organisms body, but can stretch far
into the environment, including the bodies of other or-
ganisms. This concept is presented in his book The Ex-
tended Phenotype.
[4]
Dawkins is an atheist, a vice president of the British Hu-
manist Association, and a supporter of the Brights move-
ment.
[5]
He is well known for his criticism of creationism
and intelligent design. In his 1986 book The Blind Watch-
maker, he argues against the watchmaker analogy, an ar-
gument for the existence of a supernatural creator based
upon the complexity of living organisms. Instead, he
describes evolutionary processes as analogous to a blind
watchmaker.
He has since written several popular science books, and
makes regular television and radio appearances, predomi-
nantly discussing these topics. In his 2006 book The God
Delusion, Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator
almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith
is a delusion extquotedbla xed false belief.
[6]:5
As
of January 2010, the English-language version had sold
more than two million copies and had been translated into
31 languages.
[7]
Dawkins founded the Richard Dawkins
Foundation for Reason and Science to promote the teach-
ing of evolution and to counteract those who advocate
classroom programs against evolution.
1 Background
1.1 Kenya
Dawkins was born in Nairobi, Kenya.
[8]
He is the son
of Jean Mary Vyvyan (ne Ladner) and Clinton John
Dawkins (19152010), who was an agricultural civil ser-
vant in the British Colonial Service in Nyasaland (now
Malawi).
[9][10]
Dawkins self-identies as being English
and currently lives in Oxford, England.
[11][12]
Having
been born in Kenya, he is a British citizen.
Dawkins has a younger sister.
[13]
His father was called up
into the Kings African Ries during World War II;
[14][15]
he returned to England in 1949, when Dawkins was eight.
His father had inherited a country estate, Over Norton
Park in Oxfordshire, which he turned into a commer-
cial farm.
[9]
Both his parents were interested in natural
sciences; they answered Dawkinss questions in scientic
terms.
[16]
Dawkins describes his childhood as a normal Anglican
upbringing.
[17]
He was a Christian until halfway through
his teenage years, at which point he concluded that the
theory of evolution was a better explanation for lifes
complexity, and ceased believing in a god.
[13]
Dawkins
states: the main residual reason why I was religious was
from being so impressed with the complexity of life and
feeling that it had to have a designer, and I think it was
when I realised that Darwinism was a far superior expla-
nation that pulled the rug out from under the argument of
design. And that left me with nothing.
[13]
1.2 Education
Dawkins attended Oundle School in Northamptonshire,
an English public school with a distinct Church of Eng-
land avour,
[13]
from 1954 to 1959, where he was in
Laundimer house.
[18]
He studied zoology at Balliol Col-
lege, Oxford, graduating in 1962; while there, he was tu-
tored by Nobel Prize-winning ethologist Nikolaas Tin-
bergen. He continued as a research student under Tin-
1
2 2 WORK
bergens supervision, receiving his MA and DPhil de-
grees by 1966, and remained a research assistant for an-
other year.
[8]
Tinbergen was a pioneer in the study of ani-
mal behaviour, particularly in the areas of instinct, learn-
ing and choice;
[19]
Dawkinss research in this period con-
cerned models of animal decision-making.
[20]
1.3 Teaching
From 1967 to 1969, he was an assistant professor of
zoology at the University of California, Berkeley. Dur-
ing this period, the students and faculty at UC Berkeley
were largely opposed to the ongoing Vietnam War, and
Dawkins became heavily involved in the anti-war demon-
strations and activities.
[21]
He returned to the University
of Oxford in 1970, taking a position as a lecturer. In
1990, he became a reader in zoology. In 1995, he was ap-
pointed Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding
of Science at Oxford, a position that had been endowed
by Charles Simonyi with the express intention that the
holder be expected to make important contributions to
the public understanding of some scientic eld,
[22]
and
that its rst holder should be Richard Dawkins.
[23]
Since 1970, he has been a fellow of New College, Ox-
ford.
[24]
He has delivered a number of inaugural and other
lectures, including the Henry Sidgwick Memorial Lec-
ture (1989), the rst Erasmus Darwin Memorial Lec-
ture (1990), the Michael Faraday Lecture (1991), the T.
H. Huxley Memorial Lecture (1992), the Irvine Memo-
rial Lecture (1997), the Sheldon Doyle Lecture (1999),
the Tinbergen Lecture (2004) and the Tanner Lectures
(2003).
[8]
In 1991, he gave the Royal Institution Christ-
mas Lectures for Children on Growing Up in the Universe.
He has also served as editor of a number of journals, and
has acted as editorial advisor to the Encarta Encyclopedia
and the Encyclopedia of Evolution. He is a senior editor
of the Council for Secular Humanism's Free Inquiry mag-
azine, for which he also writes a column. He has been a
member of the editorial board of Skeptic magazine since
its foundation.
[25]
He has sat on judging panels for awards as diverse as the
Royal Societys Faraday Award and the British Academy
Television Awards,
[26]
and has been president of the Bio-
logical Sciences section of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science. In 2004, Balliol College, Ox-
ford instituted the Dawkins Prize, awarded for outstand-
ing research into the ecology and behaviour of animals
whose welfare and survival may be endangered by human
activities.
[27]
In September 2008, he retired from his
professorship, announcing plans to write a book aimed
at youngsters in which he will warn them against believ-
ing in 'anti-scientic' fairytales.
[28]
1.4 Personal life
Dawkins has been married three times, and has one
daughter. On 19 August 1967, Dawkins married fel-
low ethologist Marian Stamp in Annestown, County Wa-
terford, Ireland;
[29]
they divorced in 1984. Later that
same year, on 1 June, he married Eve Barham (19 Au-
gust 1951
[30]
28 February 1999) in Oxford. They had a
daughter, Juliet Emma Dawkins (born 1984, Oxford).
[30]
Dawkins and Barham also divorced.
[31]
In 1992, he mar-
ried actress Lalla Ward
[31]
in Kensington and Chelsea,
London.
[30]
Dawkins met her through their mutual friend
Douglas Adams,
[32]
who had worked with her on the
BBCs Doctor Who.
2 Work
2.1 Evolutionary biology
Further information: Gene-centred view of evolution
In his scientic works, Dawkins is best known for his pop-
ularisation of the gene as the principal unit of selection in
evolution; this viewis most clearly set out in his books:
[33]
The Selsh Gene (1976), in which he notes that all
life evolves by the dierential survival of replicating
entities.
The Extended Phenotype (1982), in which he de-
scribes natural selection as the process whereby
replicators out-propagate each other.
Dawkins has consistently been sceptical about non-
adaptive processes in evolution (such as spandrels, de-
scribed by Gould and Lewontin)
[34]
and about selec-
tion at levels above that of the gene.
[35]
He is par-
ticularly sceptical about the practical possibility or im-
portance of group selection as a basis for understanding
altruism.
[6]:169172
This behaviour appears at rst to be
an evolutionary paradox, since helping others costs pre-
cious resources and decreases ones own tness. Previ-
ously, many had interpreted this as an aspect of group
2.1 Evolutionary biology 3
Dawkins at the University of Texas at Austin, March 2008
selection: Individuals are doing what is best for the sur-
vival of the population or species as a whole. British evo-
lutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton had used the gene-
centred view to explain altruism in terms of inclusive t-
ness and kin selectionthat individuals behave altruis-
tically toward their close relatives, who share many of
their own genes.
[36][a]
Similarly, Robert Trivers, thinking
in terms of the gene-centred model, developed the the-
ory of reciprocal altruism, whereby one organism pro-
vides a benet to another in the expectation of future
reciprocation.
[37]
Dawkins popularised these ideas in The
Selsh Gene, and developed them in his own work.
[38]
He has also been strongly critical of the Gaia hypothesis
of the independent scientist James Lovelock.
[39][40][41]
In June 2012 Dawkins was highly critical of fellow bi-
ologist E.O. Wilsons 2012 book The Social Conquest of
Earth.
[42]
Critics of Dawkinss approach suggest that taking the
gene as the unit of selection (a single event in which an
individual either succeeds or fails to reproduce) is mis-
leading; the gene could be better described, they say, as a
unit of evolution (the long-termchanges in allele frequen-
cies in a population).
[43]
In The Selsh Gene, Dawkins ex-
plains that he is using George C. Williams's denition of
the gene as that which segregates and recombines with
appreciable frequency.
[44]
Another common objection is
that a gene cannot survive alone, but must cooperate with
other genes to build an individual, and therefore a gene
cannot be an independent unit.
[45]
In The Extended Phe-
notype, Dawkins suggests that from an individual genes
viewpoint, all other genes are part of the environment to
which it is adapted.
Advocates for higher levels of selection (such as Richard
Lewontin, David Sloan Wilson, and Elliott Sober) sug-
gest that there are many phenomena (including altruism)
that gene-based selection cannot satisfactorily explain.
The philosopher Mary Midgley, with whom Dawkins
clashed in print concerning The Selsh Gene,
[46][47]
has
criticised gene selection, memetics, and sociobiology as
being excessively reductionist;
[48]
she has suggested that
the popularity of Dawkinss work is due to factors in
the Zeitgeist such as the increased individualism of the
Thatcher/Reagan decades.
[49]
In a set of controversies over the mechanisms and in-
terpretation of evolution (what has been called 'The
Darwin Wars),
[50][51]
one faction is often named af-
ter Dawkins, while the other faction is named after
the American palaeontologist Stephen Jay Gould, re-
ecting the pre-eminence of each as a populariser of
the pertinent ideas.
[52][53]
In particular, Dawkins and
Gould have been prominent commentators in the con-
troversy over sociobiology and evolutionary psychology,
with Dawkins generally approving and Gould generally
being critical.
[54]
A typical example of Dawkinss posi-
tion is his scathing review of Not in Our Genes by Steven
Rose, Leon J. Kamin, and Richard C. Lewontin.
[55]
Two
other thinkers who are often considered to be allied with
Dawkins on the subject are Steven Pinker and Daniel
Dennett; Dennett has promoted a gene-centred view of
evolution and defended reductionism in biology.
[56]
De-
spite their academic disagreements, Dawkins and Gould
did not have a hostile personal relationship, and Dawkins
dedicated a large portion of his 2003 book A Devils
Chaplain posthumously to Gould, who had died the pre-
vious year.
Dawkinss book The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evi-
4 2 WORK
dence for Evolution expounds the evidence for biological
evolution,
[57]
and coincided with Darwin's bicentennial
year.
[58]
2.2 Meme
Main article: Meme
Dawkins coined the word meme (the behavioural equiv-
alent of a gene) as a way to encourage readers to think
about how Darwinian principles might be extended be-
yond the realm of genes.
[59]:11
Indeed, it was intended as
an extension of his replicators argument, but it took on
a life of its own in the hands of other authors such as
Daniel Dennett and Susan Blackmore. These popularisa-
tions then led to the emergence of memetics, a eld from
which Dawkins has distanced himself.
[60]
Dawkinss meme refers to any cultural entity that an ob-
server might consider a replicator of a certain idea or
complex of ideas. He hypothesised that people could
view many cultural entities as capable of such replica-
tion, generally through exposure to humans, who have
evolved as ecient (although not perfect) copiers of in-
formation and behaviour. Because memes are not always
copied perfectly, they might become rened, combined,
or otherwise modied with other ideas; this results in new
memes, which may themselves prove more or less e-
cient replicators than their predecessors, thus providing
a framework for a hypothesis of cultural evolution based
on memes, a notion that is analogous to the theory of bi-
ological evolution based on genes.
[61]
Although Dawkins invented the specic term meme inde-
pendently, he has not claimed that the idea itself was en-
tirely novel,
[62]
and there have been other expressions for
similar ideas in the past. For instance, John Laurent has
suggested that the term may have derived from the work
of the little-known German biologist Richard Semon.
[63]
In 1904, Semon published Die Mneme (which appeared
in English in 1924 as The Mneme). This book discusses
the cultural transmission of experiences, with insights
parallel to those of Dawkins. Laurent also found the
term mneme used in Maurice Maeterlinck's The Life of
the White Ant (1926), and has highlighted the similarities
to Dawkinss concept.
[63]
Author James Gleick describes
Dawkinss concept of the meme as his most famous
memorable invention, far more inuential than his selsh
genes or his later proselytizing against religiosity.
[64]
2.3 Criticism of creationism
Dawkins is a prominent critic of creationism (the reli-
gious belief that humanity, life, and the universe were
created by a deity
[65]
without recourse to evolution
[66]
).
He has described the Young Earth creationist view that
the Earth is only a few thousand years old as a pre-
posterous, mind-shrinking falsehood,
[67]
and his 1986
book, The Blind Watchmaker, contains a sustained cri-
tique of the argument fromdesign, an important creation-
ist argument. In the book, Dawkins argues against the
watchmaker analogy made famous by the 18th-century
English theologian William Paley via his book Natural
Theology, in which Paley argues that just as a watch is too
complicated and too functional to have sprung into exis-
tence merely by accident, so too must all living things
with their far greater complexitybe purposefully de-
signed. Dawkins shares the view generally held by sci-
entists that natural selection is sucient to explain the
apparent functionality and non-randomcomplexity of the
biological world, and can be said to play the role of watch-
maker in nature, albeit as an automatic, nonintelligent,
blind watchmaker.
[68]
Dawkins at the 34th annual conference of American Atheists,
2008
In 1986, Dawkins and biologist John Maynard Smith par-
ticipated in an Oxford Union debate against A. E. Wilder-
Smith (a Young Earth creationist) and Edgar Andrews
(president of the Biblical Creation Society).
[b]
In gen-
eral, however, Dawkins has followed the advice of his
late colleague Stephen Jay Gould and refused to partic-
2.4 Advocacy of atheism 5
ipate in formal debates with creationists because what
they seek is the oxygen of respectability, and doing so
would give them this oxygen by the mere act of engag-
ing with them at all. He suggests that creationists don't
mind being beaten in an argument. What matters is that
we give themrecognition by bothering to argue with them
in public.
[69]
In a December 2004 interview with American journal-
ist Bill Moyers, Dawkins said that among the things that
science does know, evolution is about as certain as any-
thing we know. When Moyers questioned himon the use
of the word theory, Dawkins stated that evolution has
been observed. Its just that it hasn't been observed while
its happening. He added that it is rather like a detective
coming on a murder after the scene... the detective hasn't
actually seen the murder take place, of course. But what
you do see is a massive clue... Huge quantities of circum-
stantial evidence. It might as well be spelled out in words
of English.
[70]
Dawkins has ardently opposed the inclusion of intelligent
design in science education, describing it as not a sci-
entic argument at all, but a religious one.
[71]
He has
been referred to in the media as Darwins Rottweiler
extquotedbl,
[72]
a reference to English biologist T. H.
Huxley, who was known as Darwins Bulldog extquot-
edbl for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's evolutionary
ideas. He has been a strong critic of the British or-
ganisation Truth in Science, which promotes the teach-
ing of creationism in state schools, and he plans through
the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science
to subsidise schools with the delivery of books, DVDs,
and pamphlets that counteract their (Truth in Sciences)
work, which Dawkins has described as an educational
scandal.
[73]
2.4 Advocacy of atheism
Dawkins is an outspoken atheist
[74]
and a sup-
porter of various atheist, secular, and humanistic
organisations.
[8][75][76][77][78][79][80]
Although he was
conrmed into the Church of England at the age of
thirteen, he started to lose his religious faith when he
discovered Darwin.
[81]
He revealed that his understand-
ing of evolution led him to atheism
[82]
and is puzzled by
belief in God among individuals who are sophisticated
in science.
[83]
He disagrees with Stephen Jay Gould's
principle of nonoverlapping magisteria
[84]
and considers
the existence of God to be a scientic hypothesis like
Dawkins lecturing on his book The God Delusion, 24 June 2006.
any other.
[6]:50
Dawkins became a prominent critic of religion and has
stated his opposition to religion is twofold: Religion is
both a source of conict and a justication for belief
without evidence.
[6]:282286
He considers faithbelief
that is not based on evidenceas one of the worlds
great evils.
[85]
He rose to prominence in public debates
relating science and religion since the publication of his
book The God Delusion in 2006, which became an inter-
national best seller.
[86]
Its success has been seen by many
as indicative of a change in the contemporary cultural
zeitgeist and has also been identied with the rise of New
Atheism.
[87]
Dawkins sees education and consciousness-raising as the
primary tools in opposing what he considers to be re-
ligious dogma and indoctrination.
[21][88][89]
These tools
include the ght against certain stereotypes, and he has
adopted the term bright as a way of associating positive
public connotations with those who possess a naturalistic
worldview.
[89]
He has given support to the idea of a free
thinking school,
[90]
which would not indoctrinate chil-
dren in atheism or in any religion but would instead
teach children to be critical and open-minded.
[91][92]
In-
6 2 WORK
spired by the consciousness-raising successes of femi-
nists in arousing widespread embarrassment at the routine
use of he instead of she, Dawkins similarly suggests
that phrases such as Catholic child and Muslim child
should be considered as socially absurd as, for instance,
Marxist child, as he believes that children should not be
classied based on their parents ideological or religious
beliefs.
[89]
Dawkins with Ariane Sherine at the Atheist Bus Campaign launch
in London
Dawkins suggests that atheists should be proud, not
apologetic, stressing that atheismis evidence of a healthy,
independent mind.
[6]:3
He hopes that the more atheists
identify themselves, the more the public will become
aware of just how many people actually hold these views,
thereby reducing the negative opinion of atheism among
the religious majority.
[93][94]
Inspired by the gay rights
movement, he founded the Out Campaign to encourage
atheists worldwide to declare their stance publicly and
proudly.
[95]
He supported the UKs rst atheist advertis-
ing initiative, the Atheist Bus Campaign in 2008, which
aimed to raise funds to place atheist advertisements on
buses in the London area.
Dawkinss advocacy of atheism has been controversial.
Writer Christopher Hitchens defended the perceived stri-
dency of Dawkinss stance towards religion while Nobel
laureates Sir Harold Kroto and James D. Watson and psy-
chologist Steven Pinker lavished praise on his book The
God Delusion.
[96][97]
In contrast, literary critic Terry Ea-
gleton, theologian Alister McGrath, and science philoso-
pher Michael Ruse
[98][99]
have accused Dawkins of hav-
ing fundamentally misapprehended the theological argu-
ments he claimed to refute, while scientists Martin Rees
and Peter Higgs have criticised Dawkinss confrontational
stance towards religion as unhelpful, with Higgs going as
far as to label him a fundamentalist.
[100][101][102][103][104]
In response to his critics, Dawkins maintains that the-
ologians are no better than scientists in addressing deep
cosmological questions and that he himself is not a fun-
damentalist as he is willing to change his mind in the face
of new evidence.
[6]:5556[105][106]
Recently, in May 2014,
at the Hay Festival in Wales, Dawkins was quoted as say-
ing, I would describe myself as a secular Christian in
the same sense as secular Jews have a feeling for nostal-
gia and ceremonies.
[107]
2.5 Foundation
Main article: Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason
and Science
In 2006, Dawkins founded the Richard Dawkins Founda-
tion for Reason and Science (RDFRS), a non-prot organ-
isation. The foundation is in a developmental phase. It
has been granted charitable status in the United Kingdom
and the United States. RDFRS plans to nance research
on the psychology of belief and religion, nance scien-
tic education programs and materials, and publicise and
support charitable organisations that are secular in na-
ture. The foundation also oers humanist, rationalist,
and scientic materials through its website.
[108]
Dawkins has said the trend toward theocratic think-
ing in the United States is a danger not only for Amer-
ica but for the entire world.
[109]
Connected to this con-
cern, Dawkins invited Sean Faircloth to serve as opening
speaker on Dawkinss 2011 US book tour. Faircloth is
author of the book Attack of the Theocrats, How the Reli-
gious Right Harms Us All and What We Can Do About It.
The Richard Dawkins Foundation (United States branch)
later hired Faircloth, who has ten years experience as a
state legislator, as Director of Strategy and Policy.
[109]
2.6 Other elds
In his role as professor for public understanding of
science, Dawkins has been a critic of pseudoscience
and alternative medicine. His 1998 book Unweaving
the Rainbow considers John Keats's accusation that by
explaining the rainbow, Isaac Newton diminished its
beauty; Dawkins argues for the opposite conclusion.
He suggests that deep space, the billions of years of
lifes evolution, and the microscopic workings of biology
and heredity contain more beauty and wonder than do
myths and pseudoscience.
[110]
For John Diamond's
2.6 Other elds 7
Dawkins speaking at Keplers Books, Menlo Park, California, 29
October 2006
posthumously published Snake Oil, a book devoted to de-
bunking alternative medicine, Dawkins wrote a foreword
in which he asserts that alternative medicine is harmful,
if only because it distracts patients from more successful
conventional treatments and gives people false hopes.
[111]
Dawkins states that there is no alternative medicine.
There is only medicine that works and medicine that
doesn't work.
[112]
Dawkins has expressed concern about the growth of
the planets human population and about the matter of
overpopulation.
[113]
In The Selsh Gene, he briey men-
tions population growth, giving the example of Latin
America, whose population, at the time the book was
written, was doubling every 40 years. He is crit-
ical of Roman Catholic attitudes to family planning
and population control, stating that leaders who for-
bid contraception and express a preference for 'natu-
ral' methods of population limitation will get just such a
method in the form of starvation.
[59]:213
As a supporter of the Great Ape Projecta movement to
extend certain moral and legal rights to all great apes
Dawkins contributed the article Gaps in the Mind to
the Great Ape Project book edited by Paola Cavalieri and
Peter Singer. In this essay, he criticises contemporary
societys moral attitudes as being based on a discontin-
uous, speciesist imperative.
[114]
Dawkins also regularly comments in newspapers and
weblogs on contemporary political questions; his opin-
ions include opposition to the 2003 invasion of Iraq,
[115]
the British nuclear deterrent, the actions of US Presi-
dent, George W. Bush.
[116]
and the ethics of designer ba-
bies.
[117]
Several such articles were included in A Devils
Chaplain, an anthology of writings about science, reli-
gion, and politics. He is also a supporter of the Republic's
campaign to replace the British monarchy with a demo-
cratically elected president.
[118]
Dawkins has described
himself as a Labour voter in the 1970s
[119]
and voter for
the Liberal Democrats since the partys creation.
[120]
In
2009, he spoke at the partys conference in opposition to
blasphemy laws, alternative medicine, and faith schools.
In the UK general election of 2010, Dawkins ocially
endorsed the Liberal Democrats, in support of their cam-
paign for electoral reform and for their refusal to pan-
der to 'faith'.
[121]
In August 2014, Dawkins was one of
200 public gures who were signatories to a letter to The
Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up
to Septembers referendum on that issue.
[122]
In the 2007 TVdocumentary The Enemies of Reason,
[123]
Dawkins discusses what he sees as the dangers of aban-
doning critical thought and rationale based upon scientic
evidence. He specically cites astrology, spiritualism,
dowsing, alternative faiths, alternative medicine, and
homoeopathy. He also discusses how the Internet can be
used to spread religious hatred and conspiracy theories
with scant attention to evidence-based reasoning.
Continuing a long-standing partnership with Channel
4, Dawkins participated in a ve-part television series
Genius of Britain, along with fellow scientists Stephen
Hawking, James Dyson, Paul Nurse, and Jim Al-Khalili.
The ve-episode series was broadcast in June 2010. The
series focuses on major British scientic achievements
throughout history.
[124]
In a More4 documentary entitled Faith School Menace?
and presented by Dawkins, he argues for us to reconsider
the consequences of faith education, which... bamboozles
parents, and indoctrinates and divides children.
[125][126]
In 1998, Dawkins expressed his appreciation for two
books connected with the Sokal aair:
Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its
Quarrels with Science by Gross and Levitt.
8 3 AWARDS AND RECOGNITION
Intellectual Impostures by Sokal and Bricmont.
These books are famous for their criticism of
postmodernism in US universities (namely in the
departments of literary studies, anthropology, and other
cultural studies).
[127]
In the same occasion, Dawkins
also criticised Cambridge University for awarding
philosopher Jacques Derrida an honorary doctorate.
[127]
In 2011, Dawkins joined the professoriate of the New
College of the Humanities, a new private university in
London established by A. C. Grayling, which opened in
September 2012.
[128]
3 Awards and recognition
Dawkins receiving the Deschner Prize in Frankfurt, 12 October
2007, from Karlheinz Deschner
Dawkins was awarded a Doctor of Science by the Univer-
sity of Oxford in 1989. He holds honorary doctorates in
science from the University of Hudderseld, University
of Westminster, Durham University,
[129]
the University
of Hull, the University of Antwerp, and the University
of Oslo,
[130]
and honorary doctorates from the University
of Aberdeen,
[131]
Open University, the Vrije Universiteit
Brussel,
[8]
and the University of Valencia.
[132]
He also
holds honorary doctorates of letters from the University
of St Andrews and the Australian National University
(HonLittD, 1996), and was elected Fellow of the Royal
Society of Literature in 1997 and the Royal Society in
2001.
[8]
He is one of the patrons of the Oxford Univer-
sity Scientic Society.
In 1987, Dawkins received a Royal Society of Literature
award and a Los Angeles Times Literary Prize for his book
The Blind Watchmaker. In the same year, he received a
Sci. Tech Prize for Best Television Documentary Sci-
ence Programme of the Year for his work on the BBCs
Horizon episode The Blind Watchmaker.
[8]
His other awards include the Zoological Society of
London's Silver Medal (1989), the Finlay Innovation
Award (1990), the Michael Faraday Award (1990), the
Nakayama Prize (1994), the American Humanist As-
sociation's Humanist of the Year Award (1996), the
fth International Cosmos Prize (1997), the Kistler Prize
(2001), the Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Repub-
lic (2001), the 2001 and 2012 Emperor Has No Clothes
Award from the Freedom From Religion Foundation, the
Bicentennial Kelvin Medal of The Royal Philosophical
Society of Glasgow (2002),
[8]
and the Nierenberg Prize
for Science in the Public Interest (2009).
[133]
Dawkins topped Prospect magazines 2004 list of the top
100 public British intellectuals, as decided by the readers,
receiving twice as many votes as the runner-up.
[134][135]
He was short-listed as a candidate in their 2008 follow-
up poll.
[136]
In 2005, the Hamburg-based Alfred Toepfer
Foundation awarded him its Shakespeare Prize in recog-
nition of his concise and accessible presentation of sci-
entic knowledge. He won the Lewis Thomas Prize for
Writing about Science for 2006, as well as the Galaxy
British Book Awards's Author of the Year Award for
2007.
[137]
In the same year, he was listed by Time maga-
zine as one of the 100 most inuential people in the world
in 2007,
[138]
and he was ranked 20th in The Daily Tele-
graph's 2007 list of 100 greatest living geniuses.
[139]
He
was awarded the Deschner Award, named after German
anti-clerical author Karlheinz Deschner.
[140]
Since 2003, the Atheist Alliance International has
awarded a prize during its annual conference, honour-
ing an outstanding atheist whose work has done the most
to raise public awareness of atheism during that year; it
is known as the Richard Dawkins Award, in honour of
Dawkinss own eorts.
[141]
In February 2010, Dawkins was named to the Freedom
From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distin-
4.2 Documentary lms 9
guished achievers.
[142]
In 2012, ichthyologists in Sri Lanka honored Dawkins by
creating Dawkinsia as a new genus name (members of
this genus were formerly members of the genus Puntius).
Explaining the reasoning behind the genus name, lead re-
searcher Rohan Pethiyagoda was quoted as stating that
Richard Dawkins has, through his writings, helped us
understand that the universe is far more beautiful and
awe-inspiring than any religion has imagined [...] We
hope that Dawkinsia will serve as a reminder of the el-
egance and simplicity of evolution, the only rational ex-
planation there is for the unimaginable diversity of life on
Earth..
[143]
In a poll held by Prospect magazine in 2013, Dawkins was
voted the worlds top thinker based on 65 names chosen
by a largely US- and UK-based expert panel.
[144]
4 Media
4.1 Selected publications
Main article: Richard Dawkins bibliography
Richard Dawkins (1976). The Selsh Gene. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-286092-5.
Richard Dawkins (1982). The Extended Pheno-
type. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-
19-288051-9.
Richard Dawkins (1986). The Blind Watchmaker.
New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-
393-31570-3.
Richard Dawkins (1995). River Out of Eden. New
York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-06990-8.
Richard Dawkins (1996). Climbing Mount Improb-
able. NewYork: W. W. Norton &Company. ISBN
0-393-31682-3.
Richard Dawkins (1998). Unweaving the Rainbow.
Boston: Houghton Miin. ISBN 0-618-05673-4.
Richard Dawkins (2003). A Devils Chaplain.
Boston: Houghton Miin. ISBN 0-618-33540-4.
Richard Dawkins (2004). The Ancestors Tale.
Boston: Houghton Miin. ISBN 0-618-00583-8.
Richard Dawkins (2006). The God Delusion.
Boston: Houghton Miin. ISBN 0-618-68000-4.
Richard Dawkins (2009). The Greatest Show on
Earth: The Evidence for Evolution. Free Press
(United States), Transworld (United Kingdom and
Commonwealth). ISBN 0-593-06173-X.
Richard Dawkins (2011). The Magic of Reality:
How We Know Whats Really True. Free Press
(United States), Bantam Press (United Kingdom).
ISBN 978-1-4391-9281-8. OCLC 709673132.
[145]
Richard Dawkins (2013). An Appetite for Wonder:
The Making of a Scientist. Ecco Press (United King-
domand United States). ISBN978-0-06-228715-1.
4.2 Documentary lms
Nice Guys Finish First (1986)
The Blind Watchmaker (1987)
[146]
Growing Up in the Universe (1991)
Break the Science Barrier (1996)
The Big Question (2005) - Part 3 of the TV series,
titled Why Are We Here? extquotedbl
The Root of All Evil? (2006)
The Enemies of Reason (2007)
The Genius of Charles Darwin (2008)
Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed (2008) as him-
self
The Purpose of Purpose (2009) Lecture tour
among American universities
Faith School Menace? (2010)
Beautiful Minds (April 2012) BBC4 documentary
Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life (2012)
[147]
The Unbelievers (2013)
10 6 REFERENCES
4.3 Other appearances
Doctor Who: extquotedblThe Stolen Earth extquot-
edbl (2008) as himself
The Simpsons: extquotedblBlack Eyed, Please ex-
tquotedbl appears in Ned Flanders dream of Hell;
provided voice as a demon version of himself
[148]
5 Notes
a.
^
W. D. Hamilton hugely inuenced Dawkins and the
inuence can be seen throughout Dawkinss book The
Selsh Gene.
[21]
They became friends at Oxford and fol-
lowing Hamiltons death in 2000, Dawkins wrote his obit-
uary and organised a secular memorial service.
[149]
b.
^
The debate ended with the motion That the doctrine
of creation is more valid than the theory of evolution
being defeated by 198 votes to 115.
[150][151]
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Watchmaker. BBC. Archived from the original on 16
June 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
[147] Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life. Channel 4. Re-
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[148] Richard Dawkins Appears in Ned Flanders Nightmare
on The Simpsons Patheos.com, 10 March 2013 By He-
mant Mehta
[149] Dawkins, Richard (3 October 2000). Obituary by
Richard Dawkins. The Independent. Archived from the
original on 18 March 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
[150] Critical-Historical Perspective on the Argument about
Evolution and Creation, John Durant, in From Evolution
to Creation: A European Perspective (Eds. Sven Ander-
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mark
[151] 1986 Oxford Union Debate: Richard Dawkins, John
Maynard Smith. RichardDawkins.net. Archived from
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Debate downloadable as MP3 les.
7 External links
General
Works by or about Richard Dawkins in libraries
(WorldCat catalog)
Richard Dawkins collected news and commentary
at The Guardian
Richard Dawkins collected news and commentary
at The New York Times
Collection of Richard Dawkins Quotes
Video
National Geographic Interviews A series of video
interviews with National Geographic Channel with
Richard Dawkins on Darwin, Evolution and God.
Appearances on C-SPAN

Richard Dawkins at TED

Video interview with Riz Khan for Al Jazeera En-
glish
Video interview at Big Think
An Appetite for Wonder: Richard Dawkins in Con-
versation at the Royal Institution
Selected writings
The Real Romance in the Stars (1995) A critical
view of astrology.
Snake Oil and Holy Water (1999) suggests that
there is no convergence occurring between science
and theism.
What Use is Religion? (2004) suggests that reli-
gion may have no survival value other than to itself.
Race and Creation (2004) On race, its usage and
a theory of how it evolved.
The giant tortoises tale, The turtles tale and The
lava lizards tale (2005) A series of three articles
written after a visit to the Galpagos Islands.
16 8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
8.1 Text
Richard Dawkins Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins?oldid=627513587 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Derek Ross,
Lee Daniel Crocker, GayCommunist, Bryan Derksen, The Anome, Taw, Slrubenstein, Clasqm, Jan Hidders, Css, Ed Poor, Full Decent,
Danny, Neurofun, WilliamAvery, Mswake, Gog, Mintguy, RLowry, Susano, Olivier, Edward, Bdesham, Michael Hardy, Paul Barlow, Alan
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Ec5618, Timwi, Nedward, EALacey, Lfh, Slark, WhisperToMe, Ewald, Steinsky, Tpbradbury, E23, Jerey Smith, Furrykef, Bhuston,
Tempshill, Samsara, Bevo, Fvw, Belthil, Wetman, BenRG, Dimadick, Donarreiskoer, Bearcat, Robbot, Rossnixon, ChrisO, Fredrik,
Chris 73, Schutz, Chocolateboy, Altenmann, Netizen, Stephan Schulz, Modulatum, Postdlf, Pingveno, Academic Challenger, Rursus,
Blainster, Timrollpickering, Gnomon Kelemen, Jeroen, Demerzel, Mushroom, Raeky, Pmcray, Xanzzibar, MikeCapone, Jooler, Juhaz,
Alan Liefting, Aomarks, Matthew Stannard, Centrx, Christopher Parham, Jacoplane, Barbara Shack, Jonth, Ryz, Jacob1207, Anville,
Michael Devore, Gamaliel, Brequinda, FeloniousMonk, Duncharris, Rparle, Tagishsimon, Edcolins, Utcursch, VoX, Pgan002, Andycjp,
Alexf, Kums, Marriex, LucasVB, Antandrus, BozMo, Bcameron54, PDH, Khaosworks, Rdsmith4, JimWae, Rattlesnake, Kuralyov, Icairns,
Histrion, Greenwave75, Marcos, Gscshoyru, Neutrality, JohnArmagh, Clemwang, Guybrush, Eisnel, Lacrimosus, Clubjuggle, Gazpacho,
Porges, Grstain, D6, Bonalaw, DanielCD, Dceck, An Siarach, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, KillerChihuahua, Guanabot, Leibniz,
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son, Bobo192, NetBot, Longhair, Ebradsha, Robotje, Smalljim, Nectarowed, Beachy, Redlentil, John Vandenberg, BrokenSegue, Enric
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Asav, Uncle G, Ganeshk, James Kemp, Madchester, Briangotts, Before My Ken, JBellis, JosefK, Mat813, Jok2000, Trevor Andersen, Ter-
ence, Macaddct1984, Kriegman, Tutmosis, Gimboid13, Essjay, Isambard, Palica, Thirty-seven, Mandarax, Coert, SqueakBox, Graham87,
Chupon, Alienus, Amayzes, Kbdank71, Mloclam901, Dpr, Dwaipayanc, Zoz, Mendaliv, Lord.lucan, Ketiltrout, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu,
Tim!, Nightscream, Koavf, Robotwisdom, Jweiss11, Urbane Legend, Harry491, Bob A, Rillian, Bruce1ee, Pitan, Bubba73, Boccobrock,
Brighterorange, Afterwriting, FOBioPatel, The wub, Cfortunato, MarnetteD, Reinis, Nigosh, Matjlav, Yamamoto Ichiro, FayssalF, FlaBot,
Duagloth, Chris Pressey, Old Moonraker, CalJW, AdnanSa, Hiding, Brianreading, MacRusgail, Nivix, *nondescript, Gurch, Alexjohnc3,
Born2cycle, DannyDaWriter, Pete.Hurd, Diza, OpenToppedBus, Neilj, Gareth E Kegg, Amchow78, Chobot, Michaelritchie200, SirGrant,
SideSwept, Raider Duck, Helios, DVdm, Bdelisle, Bgwhite, Gwernol, Banaticus, Wavelength, John Stumbles, Sceptre, Ste1n, RussBot,
Sarranduin, Severa, Albert Einsteins pipe, Hede2000, Limulus, Splette, TWSummer, Ajc, Lar, Stephenb, Gaius Cornelius, Mike Young,
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etsofg, Aaron Schulz, Gertie, Ltalarico, Cerejota, DeadEyeArrow, BraneJ, Moncubus, Aofrancis, Wknight94, Eurosong, Xabian40409,
Mtze, Pawyilee, FF2010, Donbert, Dtemp, 2over0, Agapetos angel, Lt-wiki-bot, Encephalon, Kmunkittrick, Closedmouth, Rdnzl, Cyrus
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NeilN, Finell, Tom Morris, Entheta, NetRolller 3D, Snalwibma, Sarah, A bit iy, Laurence Boyce, SmackBot, MattieTK, Unschool, David
Kernow, Rtc, HamiltonHabs32, Reedy, Prodego, InverseHypercube, KnowledgeOfSelf, McGeddon, Grazon, David.Mestel, DCDuring,
C.Fred, Saimdusan, Od Mishehu, Jim62sch, Bomac, Masoodamin, ScaldingHotSoup, Mdebruijn, Trevdna, JAStewart, Mdd4696, Monty
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Hmains, The Famous Movie Director, Mkimemia, Betacommand, GwydionM, Squiddy, Tyciol, Bluebot, KaragouniS, Autarch, Jcc1, An-
thonzi, Bduke, Hibbleton, Emufarmers, Sirex98, Thumperward, DroEsperanto, Eseymour, SchftyThree, Dabigkid, Firstcrusader, Kap-
tKos, Je5102, Robth, Jacob no. 9, Yanksox, Mikker, Stedder, Scwlong, George Ho, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Jere, Danielkueh,
Sephiroth BCR, Snowmanradio, Avb, Darthgriz98, Yidisheryid, EvelinaB, Nunocordeiro, Parent5446, Kittybrewster, Chcknwnm, Robma,
PrometheusX303, Mightyxander, Khukri, Savidan, MichaelBillington, Blake-, Dreadstar, Dacoutts, TechPurism, Richard001, RandomP,
BullRangifer, Jan.Kamenicek, Ladlergo, Metamagician3000, Springnuts, Muhammad Hamza, Vina-iwbot, Ck lostsword, Leungchuenyan,
Will Beback, Byelf2007, CIS, Apeitheo, Jwwebman, Mchavez, Nishkid64, Serein (renamed because of SUL), Zymurgy, Harryboyles, Rk-
lawton, Giovanni33, Sophia, Vanished user 9i39j3, Kuru, Khazar, John, Stuartea, Macphisto12, Johnnyb 61820, -ramz-, Loodog, Disavian,
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8.2 Images
File:Ariane_Sherine_and_Richard_Dawkins_at_the_Atheist_Bus_Campaign_launch.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Ariane_Sherine_and_Richard_Dawkins_at_the_Atheist_Bus_Campaign_launch.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0
Contributors: Atheist Bus Campaign Launch Original artist: Zoe Margolis
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