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UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING
FCE 351: ENGINEERING SURVEYING II
OUTLINE ANSWERS CAT - 6
th
Nov!"# $%13
_____________________________________________________________________
&UESTION 1
(a)The main sources of error in vertical staf tacheometry may be
identifed as: -
(i) Errors in the reading of the staf.
(ii) Non-verticality of the staf.
(iii) Errors in the measurement of the vertical angle.
(b)o! the scale on a cadastral "lan may be determined# if the "ortion on
!hich the scale is !ritten has been torn of. $ number of o"tions are
available: -
%se a scale and the grid-line values on the "lan to !or& out the scale.
%se a scale'ruler and the given distances of "lot boundary lines to !or&
out the scale.
%se the coordinates of any t!o "oints: !or& out the distance bet!een
them using a (oin com"utation and the use a scale'ruler to !or& out the
scale of the "lan
(c) The ray trace is not as suitable as the closed traverse for "rovision of
control
)losed traverse: *"ening and closing stations are &no!n. as o"ening
and closing orientations. $d(ustment can be carried out.
+ay trace traverse: Traverse !hose end "oints are &no!n but o"ening
and'or closing orientations missing. The ray trace does not ofer a !ay of
su,ciently detecting errors in the observations during traversing.
-asic assum"tions !hen the ray trace is used:
That the end-"oints are correctly identifed.
End "oints have not moved since they !ere coordinated.
There are no gross errors in the feld observations for the ray trace.
(d).odulating !aves and carrier !aves in E/. instruments:
.odulating !aves are measuring !aves in E/. instruments (fre0uency
range 122.3 - 4.1.35 6 2.7m to 82m) - es"ecially in "hase
com"arison techni0ues. These !aves have di,culty in transmission
through the atmos"here due to fading# re9ection# scatter# interference
etc. They are su"erim"osed on carrier !aves electronically (modulation)
to assist in transmission. )arrier !aves have higher fre0uency than
modulating !aves.
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)arrier !aves are mainly of t!o ty"es: :isible and near infrared (E*/.).
;hort and medium range ( 6 2.81 to < = <2
-7
m)..icro!aves (micro!ave
bands ># ; and ?). 6 @ = <2
-A
to < = <2
-<
m. They travel better through
fog# mist and rain than E*/.. The ? band is the most "o"ular micro!ave
band.
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&UESTION $
a) The gradient bet!een - and ):
;lo"e distance 6 L ksCos = ori3ontal distance 6 6
2
ksCos
:ertical distance# : 6
1
2
2 ksSin
:
$
6 <7.2A2m :
-
6 - <B.<@Am
R'()' Lv* o+ A 6 +C
D
E F E : G m 6 <<81.22 E<.4B E<7.2A2 G
B.7H@ 6 116%,%35!
R'()' Lv* o+ B 6 +C
D
E F - : G m 6 <<81.22 E<.4B - <B.<@A - B.7<1
6 1131,-$$!
b) eight of sight rails# above ground# at IB and I8 if a boning rod#
A.22m long# is used during construction.
W$ W.
I/v#t *v* 0!1 14A.122 148.422
G#o(/' *v2t3o/ 0!1 141.<2 147.<H
435ht o+ 635ht #23*6 0!1 147.122 144.422
435ht o+ 635ht #23*6 2"ov
5#o(/' 0!1
<.822 <.1<2
&UESTION 3
(a)+econstructed readings
Backsight
(m)
Intermediat
e sight
(m)
Foresight
(m)
Height of
Instrument
(m)
Reduced
level (m)
Remarks
1.43 526.73 525.30
2.01 524.72
1.01 525.72
3.37 0.40 529.70 526.33
2.98 526.72
1.41 528.29
0.68 529.02
4.80 529.02
1.08 525.30
3.72 3.72
.issing readings and reductions: -
a: <.8Am
b: 1B8.4Bm
c: <.2<m
d: 1BH.42m
e: 1B7.4Bm
f: 2.7@m
g: 8.@2m
h: <.2@m
(: 1BH.2Bm
&: 1B1.A2m
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m: A.4Bm
(b))alculate the side !idths and area of the cross-section on Jigure <.
w
1
w
2
/
$ - )
d
<
7 8 <2 d
B
;ide !idths w
1
and w
2
d
1
= 2.611m w
1
=6.0 +4.0 +2.611 = 12.611m
d
2
= 13.33m w
2
=10.00 + 13.33 = 23.33m
Area of KcutL cross section:
AREA = A + B + C + D = 2.044 +11.196 +38.497 + 22.221 = 73.96m
2
Not v2*(6 62! 26 tho6 +#o! +o#!(*2
&UESTION FOUR
(a) Bearing sheet
Station Observation
s
Orientatio
n
Prov.
Beari
ng
Misclosur
e
Final
beari
ng
At !"
!#
!$
!%
At !%
!"
#&
At #&
!%
!$
At !$
#&
!"
22# !' &#
#( 12 #!
1!1 2$ #$
!11 2$ "1
&( 2& !!
1(( 2& !&
&$ &2 1'
1($ &2 &$
22( 1! &'
) !*
+1*
) 1*
+#*
+1*
) 1&*

1!1 2$ #'

&( 2& 2%
&$ &2 1$
22( 1! &'
- '*
- 1#*
- 21*
- 2(*
- !"*
22# !' &'
#( 12 #2
1!1 2$ #&
&$ 2& 1"
&$ &1 ""
22( 12 #2
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!' #( #! 2% #% #! !% - 2&* #( #! 1%
,raverse co-.utation.
!" + !% !"/ 12 #"'.#% 2" &(#.2$
1!1 2$ #& + 1&".%2 11%.%$
1$&.&!&- (+&.&2) (&.&2)
!% + #& !%/ 12 !"1."" 2" 2&#.2#
&( 2& 1" 1&$.%" 1".$'
1&(.&%"- (+&.&1) (&.&1)
#& + !$ #&/ 12 #"(.#% 2" 21%.%2
&$ &1 "" 1!2.(! 1#.&#
1!!."$(- (+&.&2) (&.&2)
12 "%1.!& 2" 2!!.%(
&.&& &.&&
!$/ 12 "%1.!& 2" 2!!.%(
0 (-) 1
By 2atu-/ 1!!.(1 1#%.'2
By traverse/ 1!!.($ 1#%.$'
Misclosure/ + &.&" &.&"
3ength o4 traverse/ #&1.$%!-
Accuracy/ 15"'&& (a..ro6.)
&UESTION 5
(a):olumes
(i) M2/ A#26 Mtho': :olume 6
A
L
n

351 379 396 412 428 455 478
120 1000
7
x x
+ + + + + +


6 .-6-71.$,-!
3

8 .-6-71.3!
3
(ii) The End $reas .ethod
:olume 6 D
A A
A A
n
n
1
2 1
2
+
+ + +
+
;
T
%
:
I

b g
.... !here 2 6 B2m
Vo*(! 8 .-6-%%%%!
3

(iii) :olume using the Mrismoidal Jormula
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:olume !ill be determined by the Mrismoidal formula but the volume
bet!een the last "air of areas !ill be determined using the end-areas
method.
:olume 6
D
X E O EA
Lastprismoid
3
4 2 + + + b g !here 2 6 B2m
Vo*(! 8 .-7.%%%%!
3
(b)eights !ere ta&en for t!elve grid intersections at a building site to
enable the contractor to estimate the volume of material to be
e=cavated. Ff the formation level of the building is to be 448.22m#
calculate the volume of material to be e=cavated# if the site is divided
u" into triangles# as sho!n on Figure 2
Figure 2
A 82.2m B 82.2m C
7educed levels at grid corners
(- )
B1.2m $ 6 44@.B1 E 6
44@.B4
G - 6 4@B.84 J 6 4@<.2<
D 4 ) 6 444.<A . 6 447.28
B1.2m / 6 4@8.1B N 6
4@B.B4
N 6 4@2.41 O 6 4@A.BH
9 P N 6 441.A7 M 6 447.@1
B1.2m
E F M