Optics Optics: Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

OPTICS OPTICS
Chapter 11: OPTICS Chapter 11: OPTICS
11.1 Properties of light 11.1 Properties of light
11.2 Light Emission 11.2 Light Emission
11.3 Color 11.3 Color
11.4 Law of Reflection & Refraction 11.4 Law of Reflection & Refraction
11.5 Light Waves 11.5 Light Waves
OPTICS (LIGHT) OPTICS (LIGHT)
Nature of light Nature of light
1. 1. Light waves are part of a group of electromagnetic waves or radiation, that Light waves are part of a group of electromagnetic waves or radiation, that
includes x includes x--rays, ultra rays, ultra--violet, infra violet, infra--red rays and radio waves. red rays and radio waves.
2. 2. Light waves have a certain properties which are common, these are: Light waves have a certain properties which are common, these are:
a) a) They travel through space at the speed of light. 186,000 miles per They travel through space at the speed of light. 186,000 miles per a) a) They travel through space at the speed of light. 186,000 miles per They travel through space at the speed of light. 186,000 miles per
second (300 000 km/s) second (300 000 km/s)
b) b) They obey the equation They obey the equation
c) c) They carry energy from one place to another and on absorption cause They carry energy from one place to another and on absorption cause
a rise in temperature of the absorbing body. a rise in temperature of the absorbing body.
f = v
OPTICS (LIGHT) contd. OPTICS (LIGHT) contd.
400nm and 400nm and
700nm 700nm
visible light visible light
Light Dispersion Light Dispersion
1. 1. Within the light spectrum there are 6 colors that can be readily identified: Within the light spectrum there are 6 colors that can be readily identified:
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet with indigo being difficult to red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet with indigo being difficult to
distinguish. distinguish.
2. 2. Sir Isaac Newton was the first person to explain this band of colors known Sir Isaac Newton was the first person to explain this band of colors known
as the spectrum using glass prism. as the spectrum using glass prism.
3. 3. When light passes from one medium to another it is refracted (changes When light passes from one medium to another it is refracted (changes
angle). When white light passes through a prism it is refracted twice with angle). When white light passes through a prism it is refracted twice with
red light refracted the least and violet light refracted the most. red light refracted the least and violet light refracted the most.
4. 4. The separation of white light in this manner, into the colors of the spectrum The separation of white light in this manner, into the colors of the spectrum
is called is called Dispersion. Dispersion.
Colour combination Colour combination
1. 1. Objects appear coloured because their Objects appear coloured because their
surface will absorb some of the surface will absorb some of the
frequencies and reflect others. frequencies and reflect others.
2. 2. A red filter for example will only allow light A red filter for example will only allow light 2. 2. A red filter for example will only allow light A red filter for example will only allow light
with the longer wavelengths associated with the longer wavelengths associated
with the colour red to pass through. with the colour red to pass through.
3. 3. Red, green and blue are known as light Red, green and blue are known as light
primary colours as they cannot be created. primary colours as they cannot be created.
Secondary colours can be created by Secondary colours can be created by
mixing two primary colours. mixing two primary colours.
Reflection Reflection
1. 1. Reflection is the change in direction of a Reflection is the change in direction of a
light wave when it bounces off a boundary. light wave when it bounces off a boundary.
2. 2. There are two laws of reflections: There are two laws of reflections:
a. a. The angle of incidence i is equal to The angle of incidence i is equal to a. a. The angle of incidence i is equal to The angle of incidence i is equal to
the angle of reflection r and; the angle of reflection r and;
b. b. The reflected ray lies in the same plane The reflected ray lies in the same plane
as the incident ray and the normal at as the incident ray and the normal at
the point of incident. the point of incident.
3. 3. These laws of reflection apply equally to These laws of reflection apply equally to
curved and flat surfaces. curved and flat surfaces.
4. 4. Curved mirrors are of two types: Curved mirrors are of two types: Concave Concave
and and Convex Convex..
Concave & Convex Mirror Concave & Convex Mirror
1. 1. A concave mirror is a surface that is shaped in towards the middle and A concave mirror is a surface that is shaped in towards the middle and
away from the observer away from the observer
2. 2. A convex surface is a surface where the centre is shaped out towards the A convex surface is a surface where the centre is shaped out towards the
observer. It is in opposite direction to a concave surface. observer. It is in opposite direction to a concave surface. observer. It is in opposite direction to a concave surface. observer. It is in opposite direction to a concave surface.
3. 3. Point P is known as the POLE and is the centre of a curved mirror. Point P is known as the POLE and is the centre of a curved mirror.
4. 4. Point C is the centre of curvature and is the centre of the sphere of which Point C is the centre of curvature and is the centre of the sphere of which
the curved mirror is part. the curved mirror is part.
5. 5. Point F is called the principal focus or focal point. In the case of concave Point F is called the principal focus or focal point. In the case of concave
mirror this is the point where rays are converge, meanwhile for a convex mirror this is the point where rays are converge, meanwhile for a convex mirror this is the point where rays are converge, meanwhile for a convex mirror this is the point where rays are converge, meanwhile for a convex
mirror the rays diverge. mirror the rays diverge.
Refraction Refraction
1. 1. A change in direction of the light ray occurs when light rays move from A change in direction of the light ray occurs when light rays move from
one medium to another, e.g. air to water. This is called one medium to another, e.g. air to water. This is called refraction refraction
2. 2. The direction in which they are refracted depends upon whether they move The direction in which they are refracted depends upon whether they move
into a more dense or less dense medium and respectively slow down or into a more dense or less dense medium and respectively slow down or
speed up. speed up. speed up. speed up.
Observation on light refraction Observation on light refraction
The ray of light is bent towards The ray of light is bent towards
the normal when it enters an the normal when it enters an
optically denser medium at an optically denser medium at an
angle. angle. angle. angle.
The ray of light is bent away from The ray of light is bent away from
the normal as it enters an the normal as it enters an
optically less dense medium i.e. optically less dense medium i.e.
as it moves from glass to air. as it moves from glass to air.
Should the ray be arranged to Should the ray be arranged to
enter the block along the normal enter the block along the normal
(at 90 (at 90
oo
to the surface) it is not to the surface) it is not
refracted. refracted.
Light refractive index Light refractive index
substance in the light of velocity
vacuum a in light of velocity
n =
1. 1. The refractive index n depends on the wavelength of the light. The refractive index n depends on the wavelength of the light.
2. 2. In a vacuum, light waves travel at 300,000 km/s whereas in glass the In a vacuum, light waves travel at 300,000 km/s whereas in glass the
velocity falls to 200,000 km/s. velocity falls to 200,000 km/s.
Therefore; Therefore;
1.33 n For water;
glass) of index refractive the as (known 1.5 n
km/s 000 200
km/s 000 300
n index, refractive absolute The
=
=
=
Snells Law Snells Law
C constant, a
) refraction of (angle sin
incidence) of (angle sin
2
1
=
1. 1. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction at the boundary of the two substances is always constant. refraction at the boundary of the two substances is always constant.
2. 2. The constant may be expressed as the refractive index of substance 2 The constant may be expressed as the refractive index of substance 2
with respect to substance 1 that is 1n2. with respect to substance 1 that is 1n2.
index) refractive relative (the n
sin
sin
2 1
2
1
=

3. 3. The relative refractive index (of the two media) is the ratio of the sine of the The relative refractive index (of the two media) is the ratio of the sine of the
angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction for a ray passing out angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction for a ray passing out
of one media into the other. of one media into the other.
4. 4. If the relative refractive index, i.e. the refractive index of water with respect If the relative refractive index, i.e. the refractive index of water with respect
to air is to air is
air air
nn
water water
= 1.33 then the refractive index of air with respect to water is = 1.33 then the refractive index of air with respect to water is
nn = 1/1.33 = 0.75 = 1/1.33 = 0.75
air air water water
water water
nn
air air
= 1/1.33 = 0.75 = 1/1.33 = 0.75
5. 5. An assumption made is that light follows the same path whether it is An assumption made is that light follows the same path whether it is
traveling in the same sense and direction or in the opposite direction. This traveling in the same sense and direction or in the opposite direction. This
is known as is known as the principle of reversibility of light. the principle of reversibility of light.
2 2 1 1
sin n sin n =
Figure 10 the angle theta 2 is increased until the emerging beam produces an Figure 10 the angle theta 2 is increased until the emerging beam produces an
angle of refraction theta 1 of 90 angle of refraction theta 1 of 90
o o
. The angle of incidence theta 2 in this case is . The angle of incidence theta 2 in this case is
then known as the then known as the critical angle C critical angle C
Figure 11 the angle theta 2 has been increased which is greater than the Figure 11 the angle theta 2 has been increased which is greater than the
critical angle C. As a result the ray is totally reflected back into the same critical angle C. As a result the ray is totally reflected back into the same
medium. This is known as medium. This is known as total internal reflection total internal reflection
Examples: Examples:
The absolute refractive index for air to The absolute refractive index for air to
glass is 1.5 and the absolute refractive glass is 1.5 and the absolute refractive
index for air to water is 1.33 index for air to water is 1.33 index for air to water is 1.33 index for air to water is 1.33
Lenses Lenses
There are two basic lenses. Convex lens or also known as converging lens There are two basic lenses. Convex lens or also known as converging lens
the other one is concave lens or known as diverging lens. the other one is concave lens or known as diverging lens.
1. 1. The distance between the focal point and the optical center is known as The distance between the focal point and the optical center is known as
the focal length and is given the symbol f. the focal length and is given the symbol f.
2. 2. It is on this value that the calculation of power is made. It is on this value that the calculation of power is made.
f
1
Power =
1. 1. How an image appears, when using a lens can be obtained by drawing two How an image appears, when using a lens can be obtained by drawing two
of the following rays: of the following rays:
a) a) A ray parallel to the principal axis which is refracted through the focal A ray parallel to the principal axis which is refracted through the focal
point F. point F.
b) b) A ray through the optical centre O, assuming no deviation caused by A ray through the optical centre O, assuming no deviation caused by b) b) A ray through the optical centre O, assuming no deviation caused by A ray through the optical centre O, assuming no deviation caused by
lens thickness. lens thickness.
c) c) A ray through the focal point F which is refracted parallel to the A ray through the focal point F which is refracted parallel to the
principal axis. principal axis.
2. 2. Where the image is positioned and its nature (real or virtual) can be found Where the image is positioned and its nature (real or virtual) can be found
by using the formula: by using the formula:
1

1

1
+ =
Object Object
Image Image
uu
vv
v

u

f
+ =
v
1

u
1

f
1
+ =
Where; Where; Where; Where;
U = distance of object from the lens U = distance of object from the lens
V = distance of image from the lens V = distance of image from the lens
F = focal length of lens F = focal length of lens
Since this formula may be used for Since this formula may be used for
both convex and concave lenses, both convex and concave lenses,
involving both real and virtual images involving both real and virtual images
a sign rule (+ or a sign rule (+ or --) must be applied. ) must be applied.
Example: Example:
Calculate the position and nature of an image that is formed by using a Calculate the position and nature of an image that is formed by using a
convex lens of focal length 2.5cm when the object is placed 1.7cm from the convex lens of focal length 2.5cm when the object is placed 1.7cm from the
optical centre of the lens. optical centre of the lens.
LIGHTS LIGHTS LIGHTS LIGHTS
LIGHTS LIGHTS
Electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves (lights) consists of coupled Electric and Electromagnetic waves (lights) consists of coupled Electric and
Magnetic fields that vary periodically as they move through space. Magnetic fields that vary periodically as they move through space.
These fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of These fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of
the wave. Hence, the waves are transverse. the wave. Hence, the waves are transverse.
It requires no medium to travel and can transport energy. It requires no medium to travel and can transport energy.
Radio waves, light waves, X Radio waves, light waves, X--rays and gamma rays are examples of rays and gamma rays are examples of
electromagnetic waves. electromagnetic waves. electromagnetic waves. electromagnetic waves.
LIGHTS LIGHTS
Electromagnetic waves (continued) Electromagnetic waves (continued)
They differ only in frequency. They differ only in frequency.
The color sensation depends on their frequency with red being the The color sensation depends on their frequency with red being the
lowest visible frequency and violet is the highest. lowest visible frequency and violet is the highest.
In free space all electromagnetic waves have the velocity of light In free space all electromagnetic waves have the velocity of light
which is, which is, c = 3 x 10 c = 3 x 10
8 8
m/s = 186,000 miles/sec m/s = 186,000 miles/sec. .
LIGHTS LIGHTS
Characteristics of light Characteristics of light
Travels in straight lines Travels in straight lines
It spreads out as it leaves the source. It spreads out as it leaves the source.
Reflection Reflection The angle of reflection is the same as the angle of The angle of reflection is the same as the angle of
incidence. The image has the same size and shape but with left and incidence. The image has the same size and shape but with left and
right reversed. The object also has the same distance behind the right reversed. The object also has the same distance behind the
mirror as the object in front of it. mirror as the object in front of it.
LIGHTS LIGHTS
Characteristics of light (continued) Characteristics of light (continued)
Refraction Refraction When light passes from one medium to another, its When light passes from one medium to another, its
velocity is different and its direction changes. If it goes from high velocity is different and its direction changes. If it goes from high
velocity medium to lower, it bends towards the normal and vice versa. velocity medium to lower, it bends towards the normal and vice versa.
Light moving along the normal is not deflected. Light moving along the normal is not deflected.
LIGHTS LIGHTS
Characteristics of light (continued) Characteristics of light (continued)
Index of refraction is ratio of velocity of light in free space, c and Index of refraction is ratio of velocity of light in free space, c and
its velocity in the medium, v ie. c/v its velocity in the medium, v ie. c/v
The greater the index, the more its beam being deflected on The greater the index, the more its beam being deflected on
entering a medium from air. entering a medium from air.
In general, the beam of white light is separated into its In general, the beam of white light is separated into its
components of frequencies, each produce a sensation of its own components of frequencies, each produce a sensation of its own
color when passes through object whose not parallel, a glass color when passes through object whose not parallel, a glass color when passes through object whose not parallel, a glass color when passes through object whose not parallel, a glass
prism. The result is called a prism. The result is called a spectrum spectrum. .
LIGHTS LIGHTS
Characteristics of light Characteristics of light
Apparent depth Apparent depth
An object submerged in water appears closer to the surface because An object submerged in water appears closer to the surface because
the light leaving the surface bends away from the normal as it leaves. the light leaving the surface bends away from the normal as it leaves.
The object also seems shallower than it actually is. The ratio of The object also seems shallower than it actually is. The ratio of
apparent depth and true depth is equal to refraction index of liquid apparent depth and true depth is equal to refraction index of liquid
and refraction index of air. and refraction index of air.
LIGHTS LIGHTS
Lenses Lenses
There are two basic types of lense ie. Converging and diverging There are two basic types of lense ie. Converging and diverging
lens. lens.
Properties of lenses Properties of lenses
Focal length Focal length
The focal length of a The focal length of a thin thin lenses is given by lensmakers equation, lenses is given by lensmakers equation,
1/f = (n 1/f = (n--1)(1/R 1)(1/R
1 1
+ 1/R + 1/R
2 2
) where ) where
n = index of refraction of the lens material to the medium it is in. n = index of refraction of the lens material to the medium it is in.
RR
11
and R and R
2 2
= radii of curvature of the two surfaces of the lens. = radii of curvature of the two surfaces of the lens. RR
11
and R and R
2 2
= radii of curvature of the two surfaces of the lens. = radii of curvature of the two surfaces of the lens.
A positive f corresponds to a converging lens and negative f to a A positive f corresponds to a converging lens and negative f to a
diverging lens. diverging lens.
LIGHTS LIGHTS (Spherical mirrors) (Spherical mirrors)
Concave Concave mirrors mirrors
The reflecting surface has the shape of the The reflecting surface has the shape of the inside inside of a sphere. It of a sphere. It
converges converges parallel beams of light to a focal point, F parallel beams of light to a focal point, F in front of in front of the the
mirror. Light passes through this focal point and thus called mirror. Light passes through this focal point and thus called real. real.
The distance from the focal point to the mirrors surface is the focal The distance from the focal point to the mirrors surface is the focal
length, length, f = R/2 f = R/2 where R is the radius of curvature of the mirror. where R is the radius of curvature of the mirror.
Convex Convex mirrors mirrors
The reflecting surface has the shape of the The reflecting surface has the shape of the outside outside of a sphere. It of a sphere. It The reflecting surface has the shape of the The reflecting surface has the shape of the outside outside of a sphere. It of a sphere. It
diverges diverges parallel beams of light so that the reflected rays parallel beams of light so that the reflected rays appear appear to be to be
from a focal point, F from a focal point, F behind behind the mirror. Because the light does not the mirror. Because the light does not
actually pass through this focal point and thus called actually pass through this focal point and thus called virtual virtual. .
The distance from the focal point to the mirrors surface is the focal The distance from the focal point to the mirrors surface is the focal
length, length, f = f = --R/2 R/2 where R is the radius of curvature of the mirror. It is where R is the radius of curvature of the mirror. It is
considered considered negative negative because the focal point is because the focal point is virtual virtual. .
LIGHTS LIGHTS
Lenses Lenses
Example : Example :
1) A planoconvex lens has one plane surface and one convex surface. If 1) A planoconvex lens has one plane surface and one convex surface. If
a planoconvex lens of focal length 12cm is to be ground from glass of a planoconvex lens of focal length 12cm is to be ground from glass of
index of refraction 1.60, find the radius of curvature of the convex index of refraction 1.60, find the radius of curvature of the convex
surface. surface.
Answer : Answer : 7.2 cm 7.2 cm
2) 2) A camera has a telephoto lens whose focal length is 150mm. What A camera has a telephoto lens whose focal length is 150mm. What
range of adjustments should the lens have in order to be able to bring range of adjustments should the lens have in order to be able to bring
to a sharp focus objects as close as 1.5m from the camera? to a sharp focus objects as close as 1.5m from the camera?
Answer : Answer : a) 17mm a) 17mm
LIGHTS LIGHTS
LIGHTS LIGHTS
Properties of lenses (continued) Properties of lenses (continued)
Lense Equation Lense Equation
1/p + 1/q = 1/f where 1/p + 1/q = 1/f where p = object distance p = object distance
q = image distance q = image distance
f = focal length f = focal length
positive p or q = real object or real image positive p or q = real object or real image
negative p or q = virtual object or virtual image negative p or q = virtual object or virtual image
Magnification Magnification
m = h/h = m = h/h = -- q/p where q/p where h = image height h = image height
h = object height h = object height
p = object distance p = object distance
q = image distance q = image distance
positive m or h = an erect/straight image positive m or h = an erect/straight image
negative m or h = an inverted image negative m or h = an inverted image
LIGHTS LIGHTS
Properties of lenses (continued) Properties of lenses (continued)
LIGHTS LIGHTS
Summary table Summary table
Quantity Quantity Positive Positive Negative Negative
Focal Length, Focal Length, ff Concave lens Concave lens Diverging lens Diverging lens
Object distance, Object distance, pp Real object Real object Virtual object Virtual object
Image distance, Image distance, qq Real image Real image Virtual image Virtual image
Magnification, Magnification, mm Erect image Erect image Inverted image Inverted image
Height, Height, hh Erect image Erect image Inverted image Inverted image
LIGHTS LIGHTS
Lenses Lenses
Example : Example :
1) A coin 3 cm in diameter is placed 24 cm from a converging lens whose 1) A coin 3 cm in diameter is placed 24 cm from a converging lens whose
focal length is 16 cm. Find the location, size and nature of the image. focal length is 16 cm. Find the location, size and nature of the image.
Answer : Answer : q =48 cm, h= q =48 cm, h=--6cm, image is inverted and twice 6cm, image is inverted and twice
bigger. bigger.
2) 2) A key 6cm long is 100cm from a converging lens whose focal length A key 6cm long is 100cm from a converging lens whose focal length 2) 2) A key 6cm long is 100cm from a converging lens whose focal length A key 6cm long is 100cm from a converging lens whose focal length
is 40cm. Find the location and size of the image. is 40cm. Find the location and size of the image.
Answer : Answer : location = 66.7cm location = 66.7cm size = size = - -4cm 4cm

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