- What happens when your heart relaxes?

- It fills with blood

- What happens when your heart contracts?
- It squeezes the blood out into the arteries
- What is blood pressure a measure of?
- Blood pressure is measure of the force of blood per unit area it flows through. It is
measured in mm Hg
- What is systolic blood pressure?
- Systolic blood pressure (1
st
number) is the pressure in your arteries when the heart
contracts
- What is diastolic blood pressure?
- Diastolic blood pressure (2
nd
number) is the pressure in you arteries when the heart
relaxes
- How can you reduce high blood pressure?
- Regular aerobic exercise to strengthen the heart
- Maintain a healthy diet
- What are the factors that lead to high blood pressure?
- Excess weight: The body has to work harder to pump blood around a person that is
overweight
- High stress levels
- Excess alcohol
- Unhealthy diet: Too much salt can raise blood pressure. Too much saturated fat can
cause a build-up of cholesterol in the arteries, forming plaque. This prevents blood
flow through the arteries, which can cause a heart attack
- Smoking: Carbon monoxide replaces oxygen in haemoglobin so the oxygen carrying
capacity is greatly reduced. Heart rate and pressure increase in order to compensate
for oxygen loss
- Why is high blood pressure dangerous?
- Blood vessels can weaken and eventually burst
- What happens when someone has low blood pressure?
- Low blood pressure means that their blood doesnt circulate efficiently so parts of
their body is deprived of glucose and oxygen. This can cause dizziness, fainting, cold
hands and feet.
- What factors increase risk of heart disease?
- High blood pressure
- Smoking
- High fat diets
- Too much salt
- Define being healthy:
- Being healthy is when someone is free from infection
- Define being fit:
- Being fit depends on the amount of physical activity you are capable of doing and
how fast your body recovers afterwards.
- Define cardiovascular efficiency:
- How well your heart copes with aerobic exercise and how quickly it recovers
afterwards.
- Describe what will happen to a fit persons heart rate after exercise:
- A fit persons heart rate will return to normal much quicker than a less fit persons
heart.
- What must a balanced diet contain?
- Carbohydrates and fats to provide energy
- Protein for growth and development
- What are carbohydrates, fats and proteins made of?
- Carbohydrates: Simple sugars like glucose
- Fats: Fatty acids and glycerol
- Proteins: Amino acids
- How are carbohydrates and fats stored?
- Carbs are stored in the liver as glycogen
- Fats are stored under the skin and round organs as adipose tissue
- Why do you need minerals, vitamins, fibre and water?
- Mineral: Iron to make haemoglobin in red blood cells
- Vitamins: Vitamin C needed to prevent scurvy
- Fibre: Needed to prevent constipation and maintain healthy bowels
- Water: Needed to prevent dehydration and help remove waste
- How do you calculate BMI?
- BMI= Weight/ Height
- What can obesity lead to?
- Heart disease
- Arthritis
- Type II Diabetes
- What are protein molecules made up of?
- Long chains of amino acids
- How can essential amino acids be taken in?
- Essential amino acids can be taken in through eating food, as the body doesnt make
them
- What are first class proteins?
- Proteins that contain all essential amino acids (like meat and fish)
- What disease can occur with protein deficiency and why is it common in
developing countries?
- Kwashiorkor- Its common in developing countries due to overpopulation and limited
investment in agriculture.
- How do you calculate EAR?
- EAR= 0.6 x Body Mass
- What are some causes of non-infectious diseases?
- Poor diet: Lack of Vitamin C causes scurvy
- Organ Malfunction: Pancreas fails to produce insulin, which can then cause diabetes
- What is cancer?
- Cancer is a non-infectious disease where cells grow out of control to form
tumours.
- Define Benign:
- A tumour that grows in 1 place
- Define Malignant:
- Where cells break off and secondary tumours grow in other parts of the body
- How to reduce likelihood of getting cancer?
- Dont smoke
- Dont drink excess amounts of alcohol, avoid sunburn
- What are infectious diseases caused by?
- They are caused by pathogens which are microorganisms that attack and invade the
body
- What is athletes foot, flu, cholera, and malaria, caused by?
- Athletes foot: Fungus
- Flu: Virus
- Cholera: Bacterium
- Malaria: Protozoan
- Describe how malaria is spread:
- 1) A mosquito (the vector) sucks the blood of a human (the host)
- 2) If malaria parasite is present in the blood stream, they mate and move from the
mosquitos gut, to its salivary glands.
- 3) The mosquito bites another human, releasing the malaria parasite into their blood
stream.
- 4) The malaria parasite move to the liver where they mature and reproduce
- 5) The new generation malaria parasite move to the blood and replicate in red blood
cells, bursting them open
- How can malaria be prevented?
- Sleeping under mosquito nets
- Using insect repellents
- What are some defences against pathogens your body has?
- Skin acts as a barrier against microorganisms
- The blood clots in wounds to prevent microorganisms from entering the blood stream
- The respiratory system is lined with cells that produce a sticky liquid mucus to form a
mucus membrane for trapping microorganisms
- What 2 ways do white blood cells deal with pathogens?
- 1) By engulfing and digesting pathogens they find in the bloodstream
- 2) By making antibodies attack pathogens. The antibodies recognize antigens, lock
onto the antigen which then kills the pathogen.
- Describe how the immunisation vaccine works:
- 1) A person is injected with a dead or weakened strain of pathogen. Harmless as its
incapable of multiplying
- 2) Even though its harmless, the antigens trigger the production of antibodies by the
white blood cells
- 3) After the pathogen has been dealt with, the white blood cells remain in the blood
producing memory cells. Meaning, if the same pathogen was to enter, more
antibodies would made, and quicker.
- Define passive immunity:
- Passive immunity occurs when antibodies are put into an individuals body rather
than the body producing them itself. Its usually used when a very quick response is
needed ( like snake bite)
- How can bacteria or fungi be treated?
- Using antibiotics
- How can virus be treated?
- Antivirals
- What happens if doctors over prescribe antibiotics?
- All the population of bacteria are killed, except for the resistant ones which spread,
so the antibiotic becomes useless.
- What bacteria has become resistant to most antibiotics?
- MRSA
- How can a drug be tested?
- Using computer models to predict how it will affect cells
- Using animals to see how it affects living organisms
- Using human tissue grown in a laboratory to see how it affects human cells.
- What happens in a blind trial?
- The patient doesnt know whether he/she has been given the placebo or the drug,
this eliminates any psychological factors and provides a fair comparison.
- What happens in a double blind trial?
- Neither the doctor nor the patient know whether they have been given the placebo or
the drug, this eliminates any bias from the doctor so cant influence response. Again
giving a fair comparison.































- How do we detect change in our surrounding using receptors?
- Light receptors in our eyes
- Sound receptors and balance receptors in our ears
- Taste receptors in our tongue
- Touch, pressure and pain receptors in our skin
- What are do sensory neurones do?
- Sensory neurones carry nerve impulses from the receptors to your brain
- What do relay neurones do?
- Relay neurones make connection between neurones in the brain and spinal chord
- What do motor neurones do?
- Motor neurones carry nerve impulses from the brain to your muscles and glands
- How are neurones adapted to their job?
- They have a long axon to enable connections from one part of the body to the other
- They have an insulated sheath to speed of nerve impulses
- They have dendrites to allow a single neurone to act on many muscle fibres
- What happens at a synapse?
- An electrical message travels down a neurone until it reaches a synapse
- A transmitter substance diffuses across the synapse
- Transmitter substance binds with receptor molecules on the next neurone, causing
an electrical message to be initiated in that neurone.
- Reflex arc:
- Stimulus---- Receptor------Sensory Neurone----Relay Neurone----Motor Neurone-----
Effector------Response
- Voluntary arc:
- Stimulus----Receptor-----Sensory Neurone----Brain-----Motor Neurone-----Effector-----
Response
- Describe the jobs of the iris, cornea, lens, retina
- Iris: controls the amount of light that enters the eye
- Cornea: Refracts light
- Lens: Focuses light onto retina so rays converge at a single point to produce a clear
image
- Retina: Light-sensitive receptor cells on retina cause nerve impulses to pass along
sensory neurones in the optic nerve to your brain.
- What happens when the eye receives light rays from a near object:
- The ciliary muscles contract
- The suspensory ligaments relax
- The lens is short and fat to refract a lot of light
- What happens when the eye receives light rays from a distant object?
- The ciliary muscles relax
- The suspensory ligaments contract
- The lens is long and thin as only a little bit of light needs to be refracted.
- How can long sight be corrected?
- Wearing a convex lens
- How can short sight be corrected?
- Wearing a concave lens
- How does laser eye surgery work?
- Corrective laser eye surgery works by cutting a flap into the cornea, folding it back
and using a laser to reshape the cornea.
- Binocular vision:
- Eyes are positions close together on the front of the head
- Each eye has limited field view
- Can judge distance and speed accurately
- Monocular vision:
- Eyes are positioned on either side of the head
- Each eye has wide field view
- Found on prey






































- What are stimulants?
- (Caffeine, nicotine) They increase brain activity and leads to a feeling of alertness
- What are depressants?
- (Tranquilizers, alcohol) They decrease brain activity which makes you feel tired and
slows down you reactions
- What are Painkillers?
- (Aspirin, paracetamol) reduce pain by blocking nerve impulses
- What are performance enhancing drugs?
- (Anabolic steroids) Increase muscle development (sometimes abused by sports
people)
- What are hallucinogens?
- (LSD) Distort what you hear and see.
- What effect do stimulants have on your nervous system?
- Stimulants cause more neuro-transmitters to cross the synapse, this speeds up the
nervous impulses.
- What effect do depressants have on the nervous system?
- Depressants bind with receptor molecules in the membrane of the next neurone,
blocking the transmission of the impulse. This slows everything down.
- What are the short term effects of drinking alcohol?
- Lack of balance
- Blurred vision
- Slurred speech
- Poor judgement
- What are the long term effects of drinking alcohol?
- Liver damage due to the liver working hard to remove toxic alcohol from the body
- Bran damage due to dehydration
- What damage does smoking cause?
- Smoking causes damage to cilia, this prevents dirt and mucus from being removed
from the lungs, which leads to a smokers cough as the body tries to cough up the
mucus. Excess coughing can damage alveoli and cause emphysema.
- What does tar contain?
- Tar contains chemicals that are irritant and carcinogens. Particulates in cigarette
smoke accumulate in bodys tissue, can cause cancer.
- Define homeostasis:
- Maintaining a constant internal environment
- What happens when the body temperature becomes too high?
- Blood vessels widen and blood flows closer to skin to allow heat to be transferred to
the environment. Sweating starts.
- What happens when the body temperature falls too low?
- Blood vessels constrict, blood flow near the skin is reduced, sweating stops, and
muscles start to make tiny contractions shivering. These contractions need energy
from respiration and heat is released as a by-product.



- What is insulin and where is released?
- Insulin is released from the pancreas in an attempt to control blood sugar levels
- What is type I diabetes caused by?
- Type I diabetes is caused by the pancreas failing to produce insulin. This can lead to
blood sugar rising fatally high where someone can become hyperglycaemic ,
resulting in a coma or death. Blood sugar has to be controlled by injecting insulin in
the blood
- What is Type II diabetes caused by?
- Type II diabetes affects the cells that respond to insulin so injecting insulin in no use
as cells dont respond to insulin. It can be treated by adjusting diet.
- Before injecting insulin, a person with diabetes tests the amount of sugar in their
blood with a prick test.
- In plants, describe how shoots grow:
- Shoots grow towards light (positive phototropism)
- Shoots grow against gravity (negative geotropism)
- In plants, describe how roots grow:
- Roots grow away from light (negative phototropism)
- Roots grow in the direction of gravity to absorb water and provide support for plant
(positive geotropism)
- Describe how shoots grow towards light:
- 1) Cut a hole in the side of a box; put 3 cuttings in a box. Cuttings detect light coming
from the hole and grow towards it.
- 2) Cut a hole in another box; put 3 cuttings in the box, wrap the tips with tin foil.
These shoots cant detect light so they will grow upwards.
- What happens when light shines on a shoot?
- 1) The hormones in direct sunlight are destroyed
- 2) The hormones on the shaded side continue to function, causing the cells to
elongate
- 3) The shoot bends towards the light
- Why would rooting powder be used?
- Its a hormone which encourages the growth of roots in stem cuttings so many plants
can be obtained from one plant.
- Why would fruit-ripening hormone be used?
- It causes fruit to ripen.
- Why would selective weedkillers be used?
- Hormones in the weedkiller disrupt the growth of target plants without harming other
plants.
- What are alleles?
- They are different version of genes
- What does homozygous mean?
- If both chromosomes in a pair contain the same allele of a gene they are
homozygous
- What does heterozygous mean?
- If the chromosomes in a pair contain different alleles.
- Inherited disorders such as cystic fibrosis are mostly caused by recessive
faulty alleles.