Comprehensive Bridge Engineering

Dec. 2 (am), 2008

9.4 Maintenance Methods for
Concrete Structures

Hiroshi Watanabe


MINISTRY OF LAND, INFRASTRUCTURE,
TRANSPORT AND TOURISM
JAPAN BRIDGE ASSOCIATION
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
2007 Nov.
Maintenance Methods for
Maintenance Methods for
Concrete Structures
Concrete Structures
Public Works Research Institute
Public Works Research Institute
Structure Management Technology Team Structure Management Technology Team
2007 Nov.
Outline
Outline
1.
1.
Maintenance Cost of Deteriorated Concrete
Maintenance Cost of Deteriorated Concrete
Bridges
Bridges
2.
2.
Deterioration Mechanism of Concrete Bridges
Deterioration Mechanism of Concrete Bridges
3.
3.
J SCE Standard Specifications for the
J SCE Standard Specifications for the
maintenance of Concrete Structures
maintenance of Concrete Structures
4.
4.
Recent Research Topics in the Maintenance
Recent Research Topics in the Maintenance
Methods for Chloride Induced Corrosion
Methods for Chloride Induced Corrosion
2007 Nov.
1. Maintenance Cost of
1. Maintenance Cost of
Deteriorated Concrete
Deteriorated Concrete
Bridges
Bridges
2007 Nov.
Maintenance Costs of Deteriorated Bridges
Maintenance Costs of Deteriorated Bridges

Case Study (Four Bridges)
Case Study (Four Bridges)
Concrete bridges near coastal line
Severely deteriorated by chloride induced
corrosion

Considered Costs in this Case Study
Considered Costs in this Case Study
Direct work cost ONLY
Initial, Maintenance work and Demolition
User cost is NOT considered
2007 Nov.
Maintenance cost is Maintenance cost is
bigger than initial bigger than initial
construction cost in construction cost in
three cases. three cases.
Maintenance Costs in Actual Bridges
Maintenance Costs in Actual Bridges
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 10 20 30 40
A
B
C
D
T
o
t
a
l

C
o
s
t
(
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n

C
o
s
t

=

1
0
0
)
Time after Completion (year)
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 10 20 30 40
A
B
C
D
T
o
t
a
l

C
o
s
t
(
I
n
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a
l

C
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i
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n

C
o
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t

=

1
0
0
)
Time after Completion (year)
2007 Nov.
Maintenance Costs; an example
Maintenance Costs; an example
Demolition cost is Demolition cost is
considerably big in considerably big in
this case study. this case study.
User cost can be User cost can be
bigger than direct cost. bigger than direct cost.
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 10 20 30 40
T
o
t
a
l

C
o
s
t
(
I
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a
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C
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i
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n

C
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=

1
0
0
)
Time after Completion (year)
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 10 20 30 40
T
o
t
a
l

C
o
s
t
(
I
n
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l

C
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n

C
o
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t

=

1
0
0
)
Time after Completion (year)
1. External Cable 1. External Cable
2. Bent 2. Bent
3. External Cable, 3. External Cable,
Adhesion of CFRP Adhesion of CFRP
4. 4. Demolition Demolition, ,
Temporally bridge Temporally bridge
1. 1.
3. 3.
2. 2.
4. 4.
2007 Nov.
Maintenance Costs of Deteriorated Bridges
Maintenance Costs of Deteriorated Bridges

In Severely Deteriorated Bridges,
In Severely Deteriorated Bridges,
Maintenance Cost can be Bigger than
Maintenance Cost can be Bigger than
Initial Construction Cost.
Initial Construction Cost.
Demolition cost is considerable.
User cost in maintenance work should be
considered.

Delay in Starting Repair Work can
Delay in Starting Repair Work can
Increase Maintenance Cost Extremely.
Increase Maintenance Cost Extremely.
2007 Nov.
2. Deterioration
2. Deterioration
Mechanism of Concrete
Mechanism of Concrete
Bridges
Bridges
2007 Nov.
Deterioration Mechanism of Concrete
Deterioration Mechanism of Concrete
Structures
Structures

Corrosion in Concrete
Corrosion in Concrete
Chloride Induced Corrosion
Carbonation

Deterioration of Concrete
Deterioration of Concrete
Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
Freezing and Thawing
(Chemical Attack)

Fatigue
Fatigue
Deterioration of Deterioration of
Concrete can Concrete can
facilitate Corrosion facilitate Corrosion
in Concrete. in Concrete.
2007 Nov.
A defect of concrete A defect of concrete
structures can be affected by structures can be affected by
more than one mechanism. more than one mechanism.
Defect of Concrete Structures
Defect of Concrete Structures

Poor Construction Work
Poor Construction Work
Cracking (Thermal stress, Drying shrinkage)
Cold joint
Honeycomb
Shortage of cover concrete
2007 Nov.
Chloride Induced Corrosion
Chloride Induced Corrosion

Countermeasures in
Countermeasures in
Latest Construction
Latest Construction
Thick cover concrete
Epoxy coated Re-bar
Surface coating (epoxy)

Mechanism
Mechanism
Chloride ions facilitate the corrosion of re-bar in
concrete.
Chloride ions can be brought by sea wind.
Chloride ions can be brought as deicing salt.
2007 Nov.
Carbonation
Carbonation

Countermeasures in
Countermeasures in
Latest Construction
Latest Construction
Minimum cover
thickness
Maximum W/C of
concrete

Mechanism
Mechanism
Carbonation of concrete facilitate the corrosion of
re-bar in concrete.
Often shortage of cover concrete cause corrosion
by carbonation.
2007 Nov.
Alkali
Alkali
-
-
Aggregate Reaction
Aggregate Reaction

Countermeasures in
Countermeasures in
Latest Construction
Latest Construction
Maximum alkali
compounds in concrete
Use of blast-furnace slag
and fly-ash
Use of non-reactive
aggregate

Mechanism
Mechanism
Chemical reaction between some types of
aggregate and alkali compounds in concrete
cause the swelling of concrete.
2007 Nov.
Freezing and Thawing
Freezing and Thawing

Mechanism
Mechanism
Freezing of water in
concrete cause the
cracking and scaling of
concrete.

Countermeasures in
Countermeasures in
Latest Construction
Latest Construction
Use of chemical admixture
(AE water reducing agent)
2007 Nov.
Fatigue
Fatigue

Countermeasures in
Countermeasures in
Latest Construction
Latest Construction
Waterproofing layer on
the slab

Mechanism
Mechanism
Excessive loading
2007 Nov.
Poor Construction
Poor Construction
2007 Nov.
Nationwide Survey on Soundness of
Nationwide Survey on Soundness of
Concrete Structures in J APAN
Concrete Structures in J APAN

The Survey was carried out in 1999 by Ministry
The Survey was carried out in 1999 by Ministry
of Construction.
of Construction.

Visual Inspection was carried out in
Visual Inspection was carried out in
2099
2099
Structures
Structures
.
.
Bridge Superstructures: 371
Bridge Pier and Abutment: 390
Other Structures: 1338

Deterioration Mechanism was estimated from
Deterioration Mechanism was estimated from
the Record of Visual Inspection.
the Record of Visual Inspection.
2007 Nov.
Nationwide Survey on Soundness of
Nationwide Survey on Soundness of
Concrete Structures in J APAN
Concrete Structures in J APAN

Deterioration of Investigated Concrete
Deterioration of Investigated Concrete
Structures were Classified into Five Categories.
Structures were Classified into Five Categories.
No Deterioration
May be Deteriorated, but low possibility
(There is some defects.)
Deteriorated a little
Deteriorated remarkably
Deteriorated fatally (Need some action)
2007 Nov.
0
20
40
60
80
100
-
1
9
6
4
1
9
6
5
-
7
4
1
9
7
5
-
8
4
1
9
8
5
-
I : no (sound)
II : may
III : a little
IV : remarkably
V : fatally
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
%
)
completion year
0
20
40
60
80
100
-
1
9
6
4
1
9
6
5
-
7
4
1
9
7
5
-
8
4
1
9
8
5
-
I : no (sound)
II : may
III : a little
IV : remarkably
V : fatally
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
%
)
completion year
0
20
40
60
80
100
-
1
9
6
4
1
9
6
5
-
7
4
1
9
7
5
-
8
4
1
9
8
5
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
%
)
completion year
0
20
40
60
80
100
-
1
9
6
4
1
9
6
5
-
7
4
1
9
7
5
-
8
4
1
9
8
5
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
%
)
completion year
Bridge Superstructures Bridge Superstructures Bridge Pier and Abutment Bridge Pier and Abutment
Most concrete structures were in sound condition.
Deterioration was observed more frequently in older
concrete structures.
2007 Nov.
0 20 40 60 80 100
Low-Quality Concrete
Shortage of Cover Concrete
Chloride Induced Corrosion
Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
Freezing and Thawing
Uncertainty
numbers
Superstructure
Pier and Abutment
Deterioration Mechanism in Actual Concrete
Deterioration Mechanism in Actual Concrete
Structures
Structures
The effect of deterioration is considerable.
The effect of deterioration is considerable.
2007 Nov.
Poor Construction Work
Poor Construction Work
Shortage of cover concrete (bridge girder)
2007 Nov.
Poor Construction Work
Poor Construction Work
Honeycomb (Bridge pier)
2007 Nov.
0 20 40 60 80 100
Low-Quality Concrete
Shortage of Cover Concrete
Chloride Induced Corrosion
Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
Freezing and Thawing
Uncertainty
numbers
Superstructure
Pier and Abutment
Deterioration Mechanism in Actual Concrete
Deterioration Mechanism in Actual Concrete
Structures
Structures
Poor Construction Work
Poor Construction Work
2007 Nov.
Chloride induced corrosion
Chloride induced corrosion
(PC girder)
PC tendon was broken.
2007 Nov.
Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
(Abutment)
2007 Nov.
3. J SCE Standard
3. J SCE Standard
Specifications for the
Specifications for the
maintenance of Concrete
maintenance of Concrete
Structures
Structures
2007 Nov.
Standard Specifications for Concrete
Standard Specifications for Concrete
Structures
Structures
-
-
2001
2001

Maintenance
Maintenance

Overview of Maintenance
Overview of Maintenance
for Concrete Structures are
for Concrete Structures are
shown by J SCE
shown by J SCE (J apanese (J apanese
Society of Civil Enginieers). Society of Civil Enginieers).
2007 Nov.
Standard Procedure of Maintenance
Standard Procedure of Maintenance
Set of the
Maintenance Category
Initial Inspection
Determination of the
Maintenance Category
Prediction of Deterioration
Progress
Remedial Measures
Assessment / J udgment Inspection
2007 Nov.
Maintenance Category
Maintenance Category

Maintenance Category
Maintenance Category
Preventive : Do not allow any
deterioration
Corrective : Do remedial
measures after deterioration
becomes visible
Observational : Use structures as
long as usable (without remedial
measures)
Set of the
Maintenance Category
Initial Inspection
Determination of the
Maintenance Category
Prediction of Deterioration
Progress
Remedial Measures
Assessment / J udgment
2007 Nov.
Inspection
Inspection

To detect any defects, damage
To detect any defects, damage
or deterioration
or deterioration

To determine the deteriorating
To determine the deteriorating
mechanism
mechanism
Visual observation
Simple test methods
Set of the
Maintenance Category
Initial Inspection
Determination of the
Maintenance Category
Prediction of Deterioration
Progress
Remedial Measures
Assessment / J udgment
2007 Nov.
Prediction of Deterioration Progress
Prediction of Deterioration Progress

Deterioration progress of
Deterioration progress of
inspected structures is
inspected structures is
estimated in accordance with
estimated in accordance with
deterioration mechanism.
deterioration mechanism.

Grading method will be
Grading method will be
employed in evaluation process.
employed in evaluation process.
Initiation stage
Propagation stage
Acceleration stage
Deterioration stage
Set of the
Maintenance Category
Initial Inspection
Determination of the
Maintenance Category
Prediction of Deterioration
Progress
Remedial Measures
Evaluation / J udgment
2007 Nov.
Prediction of Deterioration Progress
Prediction of Deterioration Progress
<Chloride Ion Induced Corrosion>
<Chloride Ion Induced Corrosion>
Time
S
p
e
e
d
o
f

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
e
d

m
e
m
b
e
r
s
Start to corrode
Start to corrode
Formation of crack
Formation of crack
(1) Initiation
(2) Propagati
(3) Accelerati
(4) Deteriorat
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2007 Nov.
Remedial Measures for Deteriorated
Remedial Measures for Deteriorated
Structures
Structures

Remedial measures will be
Remedial measures will be
selected in consideration of;
selected in consideration of;
maintenance category
maintenance category
deterioration mechanism
deterioration mechanism
degree of deterioration
degree of deterioration
.
.

Remedial measures
Remedial measures
Extensive inspection
Repair
Strengthening
Demolition / Removal etc.
Set of the
Maintenance Category
Initial Inspection
Determination of the
Maintenance Category
Prediction of Deterioration
Progress
Remedial Measures
Evaluation / J udgment
2007 Nov.
Remedial Measures
Remedial Measures
<Chloride Ion Induced Corrosion>
<Chloride Ion Induced Corrosion>

Repair
Repair
Removal of penetrated Cl
-
Penetration restraint of Cl
-
Potential control of steel reinforcement

Strengthening
Strengthening
Bonding method, J acketing method, External
Cable construction method, etc.
2007 Nov.
Remedial Measures
Remedial Measures
<Chloride Ion Induced Corrosion>
<Chloride Ion Induced Corrosion>
Adhesion of FRP, Patching, External cables, Adhesion of FRP, Patching, External cables,
Concrete lining, Increasing thickness Concrete lining, Increasing thickness
Deterioration stage Deterioration stage
Patching Patching Latter acceleration Latter acceleration
stage stage
Surface coating, Patching, Surface coating, Patching, Cathodic Cathodic protection, protection,
Electrochemical desalination Electrochemical desalination
Former acceleration Former acceleration
stage stage
Surface coating, Surface coating, Cathodic Cathodic protection, protection,
Electrochemical desalination Electrochemical desalination
Propagation stage Propagation stage
(Surface coating) (Surface coating) Initiation stage Initiation stage
Standard repair/strengthening method Standard repair/strengthening method Appearance grade of Appearance grade of
structure structure
2007 Nov.
4. Recent Topics in the
4. Recent Topics in the
Maintenance Methods for
Maintenance Methods for
Chloride Induced
Chloride Induced
Corrosion
Corrosion
2007 Nov.
Tokyo Tokyo
Tsukuba Tsukuba
(PWRI) (PWRI)
Osaka Osaka
Tokyo to Tsukuba 50km Tokyo to Tsukuba 50km
Tokyo to Osaka 560km Tokyo to Osaka 560km
Monsoon Monsoon
(Winter) (Winter)
Severe Chloride Attack Severe Chloride Attack
J apan J apan
Sea Sea
Pacific Pacific
Ocean Ocean
Typhoon Typhoon
(Summer) (Summer)
Corrosion of Reinforcing steel Corrosion of Reinforcing steel
Background
Background
2007 Nov.
Regular Inspection for Concrete Structures
Regular Inspection for Concrete Structures
in Coastal Area
in Coastal Area

Visual Inspection
Visual Inspection
Visual inspection is essential but should be supported
by additional tests.
The degradation of concrete structures can
happen rapidly.
It is difficult to introduce effective repair to the
heavily deteriorated structures.

Other Test Methods
Other Test Methods
Measurement of chloride ion concentration in
concrete
Half-cell potential
2007 Nov.
Measurement of Chloride Ion Concentration
Measurement of Chloride Ion Concentration
in Concrete
in Concrete

Start of Corrosion
Start of Corrosion
can be Predicted by
can be Predicted by
Fick
Fick

s
s
second law of
second law of
pure diffusion.
pure diffusion.
Co
Distant form the concrete surface
Distribution of Cl
-
ions
C
l
-
i
o
n

c
o
n
t
e
n
t
Present
Future
2007 Nov.
Measurement of Chloride Ion Concentration
Measurement of Chloride Ion Concentration
in Concrete
in Concrete

Cl
Cl
- -
distribution at 80 points in a concrete bridge
distribution at 80 points in a concrete bridge
Located on the costal line
16years from construction
Eight sections in
the bridge
Five cores from a section
2007 Nov.
Measurement of Chloride Ion Concentration
Measurement of Chloride Ion Concentration
in Concrete
in Concrete
Short Short
Long Long
Remaining time
Remaining time
to corrode
to corrode
Min 6 Min 6 years years
Max 192 Max 192 years years
after inspection. after inspection.
SpanNo.1 Span No.2
(A) (B) (C) (A) (B) (C) (A) (B)
Sea 58 26 29 46 17 24 28 17

58 42 64 78 26 20 50 82

41 26 16 26 14 14 51 12

79 53 43 48 23 30 52 26
58 42 27 34 17 19 60 12
74 106 33 26 12 11 52 11

39 34 21 18 12 6 34 38

71 21 30 18 14 14 31 50

77 52 28 21 161 161 90 96
Land 63 69 35 61 115 105 192 88
Span No.3
(year (year) )
2007 Nov.
Measurement of
Measurement of
Cl
Cl
- -
Concentration in
Concentration in
Concrete
Concrete

Corrosion of re
Corrosion of re
-
-
bars can be predicted before its
bars can be predicted before its
start.
start.

Measured result can vary widely.
Measured result can vary widely.

Measurement has recently introduced in the
Measurement has recently introduced in the
maintenance for J apanese highways.
maintenance for J apanese highways.
2007 Nov.
Half
Half
-
-
cell Potential
cell Potential

Half
Half
-
-
cell potential of re
cell potential of re
-
-
bar reflects the
bar reflects the
possibility of corrosion
possibility of corrosion

Measuring method has described by
Measuring method has described by
ASTM C 876
ASTM C 876
2007 Nov.
Application in Actual Bridges
Application in Actual Bridges
Completion: 1963 Completion: 1963
Bridge length: 11m Bridge length: 11m
Distance from coastline: 10m Distance from coastline: 10m
Sea side Sea side Mountain side Mountain side
RC deck RC deck PC bridge PC bridge
Completion: 1975 Completion: 1975
Span length: 25m Span length: 25m
Distance from coastline: 200m Distance from coastline: 200m
Measurement area Measurement area
Sea side Sea side
Located in chloride environment Located in chloride environment due to airborne salt due to airborne salt
No corrosion sign No corrosion sign (rust, cracking, (rust, cracking, spalling spalling, etc) appears on the , etc) appears on the
surface, surface, but corrosion could start but corrosion could start behind concrete. behind concrete.
2007 Nov.
Detail of Half
Detail of Half
-
-
cell Potential Measurement
cell Potential Measurement
Measure in accordance with ASTM C 876
Silver/Silver Chloride reference electrode
Measured in Summer (30 degree C.) and winter
(5 degree C.)
Pre Pre- -wetting wetting
Half Half- -cell potential cell potential
measurement measurement
2007 Nov.
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
a
b
c
-550 --500 -500 --450 -450 --400 -400 --350 -350 --300
-300 --250 -250 --200 -200 --150 -150 --100 -100 --50
-500 to -450 -450 to -400 -400 to -350
-150 to -100
-550 to -500
(mV/CSE)
5
.
6
m
5
.
6
m
@
2
0
0
m
m
@
2
0
0
m
m
10.6m 10.6m @200mm @200mm
-250 to -200 -300 to -250
-350 to -300
-200 to -150 -100 to -50
Sea Sea
side side
Mountain Mountain
side side
[measurement point of chloride content] [measurement point of chloride content]
: before half : before half- -cell potential measurement (3points) : after half cell potential measurement (3points) : after half- -cell potential measurement (2points) cell potential measurement (2points)
8.97 8.97kg/m
3
4.86 4.86kg/m
3
2.19 2.19kg/m
3
1.33 1.33kg/m
3
1.29 1.29kg/m
3
Potential mapping and chloride content of
Potential mapping and chloride content of
RC deck
RC deck
2007 Nov.
Potential mapping and chloride content of
Potential mapping and chloride content of
PC bridge
PC bridge
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73
A
B
C
D
E
D'
C'
B'
A'
-350 --300 -300 --250 -250 --200 -200 --150
-150 --100 -100 --50 -50 -0 0 -50
-350 to -300 -300 to -250 -250 to -200 -200 to -150
(mV/CSE)
21.9m 21.9m @300mm @300mm
-150 to -100 -100 to -50 -50 to 0 0 to 50

A B
C
D
A B
C
D
E
Sea side Sea side
Mountain Mountain
side side
Measurement
point
[measurement point of chloride content] [measurement point of chloride content]
: before half : before half- -cell potential measurement (3points) cell potential measurement (3points)
: after half : after half- -cell potential measurement (2points) cell potential measurement (2points)
0.68 0.68kg/m
3
0.73 0.73kg/m
3
1.25 1.25kg/m
3
1.57 1.57kg/m
3
2.53 2.53kg/m
3
Potential mapping Potential mapping is an effective tool to visualize potential is an effective tool to visualize potential
distribution and select chloride analysis points. distribution and select chloride analysis points.
2007 Nov.
Summer Summer: Aug. 2006, : Aug. 2006, 30 30 degree C. degree C.
Winter Winter: Dec. 2005, : Dec. 2005, 6 6 degree C. degree C.
PC bridge PC bridge RC deck RC deck
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Measurement point
H
a
l
f
-
c
e
l
l

p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l

(
m
V
/
C
S
E
)
Summer
Winter
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Measurement point
H
a
l
f
-
c
e
l
l

p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l

(
m
V
/
C
S
E
)
Summer
Winter
Half-cell potential varied with temperature, but its
distribution pattern remained the same.
Half Half- -cell potential varied with temperature, but its cell potential varied with temperature, but its
distribution pattern remained the same distribution pattern remained the same. .
Change in half
Change in half
-
-
cell potential with
cell potential with
temperature
temperature
2007 Nov.
RC deck RC deck
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
a
b
c
-550 --500 -500 --450 -450 --400 -400 --350 -350 --300
-300 --250 -250 --200 -200 --150 -150 --100 -100 --50
-500 to -450 -450 to -400 -400 to -350
-150 to -100
-550 to -500
-250 to -200 -300 to -250
-350 to -300
-200 to -150 -100 to -50
Half-cell potential: -496mV
Chloride content: 8.97kg/m
3
Half Half- -cell potential: cell potential: - -496mV 496mV
Chloride content: Chloride content: 8.97kg/m 8.97kg/m
3 3
Half-cell potential: -140mV
Chloride content: 1.33kg/m
3
Half Half- -cell potential: cell potential: - -140mV 140mV
Chloride content: Chloride content: 1.33kg/m 1.33kg/m
3 3
Half Half- -cell potential is effective for selecting chloride analysis cell potential is effective for selecting chloride analysis
points, but points, but not necessarily reflects corrosion condition not necessarily reflects corrosion condition. .
Corrosion state of reinforcing steel
Corrosion state of reinforcing steel
2007 Nov.
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73
A
B
C
D
E
D'
C'
B'
A'
-350 --300 -300 --250 -250 --200 -200 --150
-150 --100 -100 --50 -50 -0 0 -50
-350 to -300 -300 to -250 -250 to -200 -200 to -150
-150 to -100 -100 to -50 -50 to 0 0 to 50
PC bridge PC bridge
Half-cell potential: -324mV
Chloride content: 2.53kg/m
3
Half Half- -cell potential: cell potential: - -324mV 324mV
Chloride content: Chloride content: 2.53kg/m 2.53kg/m
3 3
Half-cell potential: -42mV
Chloride content: 0.73kg/m
3
Half Half- -cell potential: cell potential: - -42mV 42mV
Chloride content: Chloride content: 0.73kg/m 0.73kg/m
3 3
Localized negative potential Localized negative potential is a good indicator to detect is a good indicator to detect
latent corrosion and high chloride content points. latent corrosion and high chloride content points.
Corrosion state of reinforcing steel
Corrosion state of reinforcing steel
2007 Nov.

Half
Half
-
-
cell potential measurement is a good tool
cell potential measurement is a good tool
to
to
select chloride analysis points
select chloride analysis points
and
and
detect
detect
localized corrosion
localized corrosion
behind concrete cover.
behind concrete cover.

Potential mapping is an effective way to
Potential mapping is an effective way to
identify localized negative potential.
identify localized negative potential.
Half
Half
-
-
cell Potential
cell Potential