Lecture 3

Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

(III) (III)
(chapter 9)
Learning goals
Understand physical meanings of sinusoidal (ac) (ac) signals
Understand the meaning of rms value of sinusoidal (ac) (ac)
signals
Understand phasor concepts and be able to perform a
phasor transform and an inverse phasor transform phasor transform and an inverse phasor transform
Be able to transform a circuit with a sinusoidal source
into frequency domain using phasor concepts
Know how to apply circuit analysis methods to solve a
circuit in frequency domain
Be able to analyze circuits containing ideal transformer/
linear transformers using phasor method
Phasor
V

Phasor operation transfer v(t) from time domian to a frequency
domain
( ) cos( )
m
v t t = + = + = + = + V time domain
cos sin
m
j
m
m
m m
V e
j




= = = =
= = = =
= + = + = + = +
V frequency domain
V
V V
(complex domain)
Abbreviation of polar form
rectangular form
Inverse Phasor Transform
Inverse phasor transform :
{ {{ { } }} } { {{ { } }} }
1 j j j t
m e m
V e R V e e


= == =

P
1
P
Inverse phasor operation transfers the v(t) from
a frequency domain to a time domain

j t
e
R V e



= == =
` ` ` `
) ) ) )
o
45
100 ; 300 ,
rad
V e
s


= = = = = = = = Find v(t)=?
( ) 100cos(300 45 ) v t t V = + = + = + = +
o
Answer:
Example:
Definition: Two configurations are equivalent if any
resistor R
L
between a and b experiences the same
current flow (and thus the same voltage drop).
Source Transformation
Source Transformation
Relationship between v
s
and i
s
This results into i
s
= v
s
/R
If the polarity of v
s
is reversed, the orientation of i
s
must
be reversed as well.
L
s
L
R R
v
i
+
=
s
L
L
i
R R
R
i
+
=
Source Transformation
What happens if there is a resistor R
P
parallel to v
s
, or a
resistor R
S
in series to i
s
?
Source Transformation
What happens if there is a resistor R
P
parallel to v
s
, or a
resistor R
S
in series to i
s
?
R
P
and R
S
have no effect on equivalent circuit w.r.t.
terminals a and b, because the circuit produces the
same voltage and current in any load R
L
.
So, if we are only interested in the load between a and So, if we are only interested in the load between a and
b, then we can ignore R
p
and R
s
But the total power is different !
Source Transformation
Whats wrong with the following solution ?
Source Transformation
Find the power associated with the 6V source
Source Transformation
Find the power associated with the 6V source
Source Transformation
Find the power associated with the 6V source
The power associated with 6V source is
p = (19.2 - 6)/16 * 6 = 4.95w
Source Transformation and Th-No
Equivalent Circuits in Frequency-Domain
The techniques for finding the Th. equ. Voltage &
impedance are identical to those used for resistive circuits,
except that the frequency-domain equivalent circuit
involves the manipulation of complex quantities
Source Transformation
0
( ) ? Find v t =
Example:
Source Transformation
4000
240cos(4000 53.13 ) 240 53.13
96sin 4000 96 90
0.015 60
r
s
t
H j L j

=
+

=
o o
o


Apply phasor transformation
Answer:
0.015 60
25 1
60
6
H j L j
j
j C

=
=


0
( ) v t
240cos(4000 53.13 ) t +
o
96sin 4000t
Source Transformation
96 90
o
240 53.13
o
Answer:
source transform on series
parallel
o
o o
o
o
240 53.13 60
240 53.13 4 53.13
4 36.87 60
60 90
j
I j
j



= = = = = = = = = = = =

Source Transformation
source transform on series
parallel
o
o
o
96 90 20
96 90 24
90 20
20 5
I



= = = = = = = =
j60
-j60
30
20
Answer:
Redraw the circuit:
24
90
5

o
4 36.87
o
96 90
o
240 53.13
o
Source Transformation
24
90
5

o
4 36.87
o
Answer:
Add two current sources together
24
4 36.87 ( 90 )
5
24 24
4cos( 36.87 ) sin( 36.87 ) cos( 90 ) sin( 90 )
5 5
24
3.2 2.4 3.2 2.4
5
j j
j j j
+ + + +
= + = + = + = +
= + = + = + = + = + = + = + = +
o o
o o o o
Source Transformation
Equivalent Z :
1 1 1 1
24
90
5

o
4 36.87
o
Answer:
Equivalent Z :
1
1 1 1 1
60 30 60 20
12
eq
eq
Z
j j
Z

= + + + = + + + = + + + = + + +

= = = =
0
0
12 (3.2 2.4) 48 36.86
( ) 48cos(4000 36.86 )
V j
v t t

= + = = + = = + = = + =
= + = + = + = +
o
o
volt
Find the phasor voltage V
0
?
Source Transformation
Example:
Hint: Apply source transformation and equivalent
impedance of series/parallel impedances
40 0
o
Replace a series combination of the voltage source
& the impedance with the parallel combination of a
current source and the impedance
Answer:
40 0
o
(polarity of voltage source defines
reference direction for current source I)
Combine two parallel branches into a single
impedance
Apply source transformation to convert the parallel
combination to a series combination
Answer:
Combine two parallel branches into a single
impedance.
Apply source transformation to convert the parallel
combination to a series combination.
Answer:
Every network consisting of independent and dependent
sources and resistors with two terminals a and b can be
replaced with equivalent circuits of the following form:
Thvenin & Norton Equivalence
Thvenin & Norton Equivalence
Only useful if we are interested in effect on a load
How to calculate v
Th
and R
Th
?
Open circuit (R
L
= )
v
Th
is open circuit voltage of original circuit
Short circuit (R = 0) Short circuit (R
L
= 0)
i
short
= v
Th
/ R
Th
R
Th
= v
Th
/ i
short
Dead network resistance (all sources = 0)
R
Th
= v
T
/ i
T
Thvenin & Norton Equivalence
Open circuit: (v
0
-25)/5 + v
0
/20 3 = 0
v
0
= v
Th
= 32V
Short circuit: (v
0
-25)/5 + v
0
/20 3 + v
0
/4 = 0
v
0
= 16V i
short
= 16/4=4A R
Th
= v
Th
/i
short
= 8
Can we apply Source Transformation to obtain the same
result ? How ?
Thevenin/Nortons Equivalent Circuits
V
Th
: Thevenin voltage or open
circuit voltage
I
n
: Norton current or short
circuit current
Z
s
: Source impedance dead
network impedance
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit
Thevenin/Nortons Equivalent Circuits
Example:
Need to find two of
{ }
, ,
Th N s
V I Z

40 0
o
and appear the quickest to find:
Find : short
N s
N
I Z
I a b



s
T
eq
V
I
Z


= == =
Answer:
Thevenin/Nortons Equivalent Circuits
40 0
(1 3) [(9 3) / /(0.2 0.6)]
s
eq
V
Z j j j

= = = =
= + + + = + + + = + + + = + + +
o
40 0
o
T
I

1
I

N
I

1 3 j +
9 3 j
0.2 0.6 j +
10 19 j
N
I

40 0
o
T
I

1
I

N
I

1 3 j +
9 3 j
0.2 0.6 j +
10 19 j
N
I

Answer:
Thevenin/Nortons Equivalent Circuits

40 0 40 0
10.55 70.92
1.239 3.584 3.79 70.92
3.45 9.97
9 3
2.77 10.15
(9 3) (0.2 0.6)
T
N T
I
j
j Amp
j
I I j Amp
j j



= = = = = = = = = = = =
+ ++ +
= = = =

= = = = = = = =
+ + + + + + + +
o o
o
o
The dead network impedance
Turn off all sources in the network:
4
I

3
I

1 3 j + 0.2 0.6 j +
2
I

1
I

Answer:
Thevenin/Nortons Equivalent Circuits

{[(1 3) / /(9 3)] (0.2 0.6)} / /(10 19)
2.63 2.84 3.87 47.2
s
Z j j j j
j
= + + + = + + + = + + + = + + +
= + = = + = = + = = + =
o
(10.54 74.3 )(3.87 47.2 )
40.79 27.53
Th N s
V I Z

= = = = = = = =
= = = =
o o
o
volt
s
Z
9 3 j 10 19 j
V
X
Find the Thevenins equivalent
in frequency domain
Apply 2 source
Answer:
Apply 2 source
transformations to 120V,
12om, 60om in order to
get a 100V source in
series with a 10om.
How to find V
Th
?
V
X
Answer:
How to find R
Th
?
Use test voltage source V
T
,
deactivate Ind. Sou.
Apply Kichhoffs laws:
Answer:
How many source transformations will be applied ?
Apply 2 source transformations to v
1
, 15mH
and v
2
, 20om
Answer:
Combine the parallel impedances:
Answer:
Combine the parallel impedances:
How to calculate V
Th
: ?
How to calculate R
Th
: ?
To calculate V
Th
: many ways, use node voltage equs.
To calculate R
Th
: many ways, use test voltage source
+
-
V
1
+
-
V
Th
Answer:
-
Answer:
Find the Thevenin impedance: remove independent current
source, then apply a test voltage source
Node-Voltage Method

40 j
40
60
A
V

Example:
0
? Find V

=
100 0
o
40
20 j
0
V

Node-Voltage Method
Answer:
100 0
0
40 40 60 20
1 1 1 100 0
( )
40 40 60 20 40
A A A
A
V V V
j j
V
j j j



+ + = + + = + + = + + =
+ ++ +

+ + = + + = + + = + + =
+ ++ +
o
o
0
30 40
20
15.8 18.45
60 20
A
A
V j
j
V V
j


= = = =
| | | | | | | |
= = = = = = = =
| | | |
+ ++ +
\ \ \ \
o
volt
Mesh-Current Method

rad
= =
x
v
2
20 C F =
1
100 C F =
100 R =
Find using mesh current analysis:
x
V
Given:
Example:
1
2
60 120
10 0
20 60

volt
volt
o
o
rad
f Hz
s
V
V

= =
=
=
1
I
1
200 L mH =
1
v
2
I
2
v
3
500 R =
2
10 R =
1
100 R =
Mesh-Current Method
Convert time domain to f-domain
1
2
100 26.5
20 133
C F j
C F j


= = = =
= = = =
X
V
2
133
C
Z j =
1
26.5
C
Z j =
100 R =
Answer:
KVL:
1
200 75.36 L mH j = = = =
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3
2 1 2 3 1 2 2 2 2
( )( )
( )( )
C L
L C
V I R I Z I I Z R
V I I R Z I Z I R


= + + + = + + + = + + + = + + +
= + = + = + = +
1 I

1
75.36
L
Z j =
1 V

2 I

2
V

3
500 R =
2
10 R =
1
100 R =
Mesh-Current Method
Standard form:
1 1 1 1 3 2 1 3 1
1 1 3 2 1 3 2 2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
C L L
L L C
I R Z Z R I Z R V
I Z R I Z R Z R V


+ + + + = + + + + = + + + + = + + + + =
+ + + + + = + + + + + = + + + + + = + + + + + =
Answer:

Solving this gives:

1
2
600 48.9 500 75.4
10 0
500 75.4 510 57.2
20 60
I j j
j j
I


( ( ( (
+ + + + ( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
= == =
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (




( ( ( (

o
o
volt
1
2
1 2 1 3
82.6 46.2 94.7 29.2
74.8 58.7 95.1 38.1
( )( ) 2.96 6.84 7.45 66.6
x L
I j mA mA
I j mA mA
V I I Z R j



= = = = = = = =
= = = = = = = =
= + = + = = + = + = = + = + = = + = + =
o
o
o