Lecture 8

Introduction to
Frequency Selective Circuits Frequency Selective Circuits
(chapter 14)
Learning Goals
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to
identify the RL and RC circuit configurations that act as low-pass filters;
design circuit component values to meet a specific cutoff frequency;
identify the RL and RC circuit configurations that act as high-pass filters;
design circuit component values to meet a specific cutoff frequency.
Identify the RLC circuit configurations that act as bandpass filters; Identify the RLC circuit configurations that act as bandpass filters;
define the relationship among the center frequency, cutoff frequency,
bandwidth, and quality factor of a bandpass filter;
design circuit component values to meet design specifications;
identify the RLC circuit configurations that act as bandreject filters;
define the relationship among the center frequency, cutoff frequency,
bandwidth, and quality factor of a bandreject filter; and
design circuit component values to meet design specifications.
Concepts
Have analyzed circuit with sinusoidal sources but the source frequency
was kept as constant factor. Now the effect of varying source frequency
on circuit voltages and currents will be examined. The result of this
analysis is FREQUENCY RESPONSE of a circuit.
So far, the circuits responses depend on
The element types in the circuit
The ways that elements are connected The ways that elements are connected
The impedance of the elements
Vary source frequency will not change types of elements or their
connection but will alter impedance of capacitors and inductors (as it is a
function of frequency)
Therefore, careful select of element values and their connections will
help to construct circuits that pass to output only those input signals that
reside in s designed range of frequencies. Such circuits are called
FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE CIRCUITS
Frequency selective circuits are also named as FILTERS
Some Preliminaries
Filters are frequency selective circuits
| ) ( | j H
Several common types
| ) ( | j H
c

High Pass Filter

c
= Filter cutoff frequency
c

707 . 0
Low pass filter
| ) ( | j H
| ) ( | j H
Some Preliminaries
Filters are frequency selective circuits
Several common types
1 c

2 c

1 c

2 c

2
Cut-off frequency is usually defined at half-power point,
i.e. where the response has fallen by a factor of
c

If we vary
0
O i
O i
R
V V
R j L
V V

=
+
=
r r
r r
r
i
v
o
v
Low Pass Filter RL Circuit
0
O
V
r
i
v
o
Higher the frequency, lower the response
0
( )
( )
( )
V s R
H s
V s R sL
= =
+
( )
i
V s
0
( ) V s
What happen in between?
Use transfer function:
Low Pass Filter RL Circuit
c

| ) ( | j H
707 . 0
then
2 2
( )
( ) ( )
( )
|
i
s j
V s R sL
R
H j H s
R j L
R
H j
R L

=
+
= =
+
=
+

1
( ) max ( )
2
c
H j H j =
c
Cut-off frequency : transfer function magnitude is
1
decreasing by the factor of from its maximum value
2

Low Pass Filter RL Circuit

2
max( ( ) ) 1 H j =
Then
Therefore:
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
1
( )
2
2
c
c
c
c
R
H j
R L
R L R
R
L
R
L

= =
+
+ =
=
=
1
c
F KHz =
Example: Design RL lowpass filter
Given:
v
Low Pass Filter RL Circuit
c
R R
2 f 2000
L L
= =
Answer
i
v
o
v
( ) j
O i
O
R
V V
R j L
V R

=
+
=
r r
r
r

RL lowpass phase response:
Low Pass Filter RL Circuit
0 0 ( ) 0
( ) -90 ( )
j L j
j L j j


=

O
i
V R
R j L V
=
+
r

0
1
( ) ( )
1
i
sC
V s V s
R
=
+
+
( ) V s
R
Transfer Function
Low Pass Filter RC Circuit
0
1
( ) 1
( )
1
( ) 1
i
R
sC
V s
sC
H s
V s sRC
R
sC
+
= = =
+
+
-
( )
i
V s
0
( ) V s
1/sC
+
-
( )
i
V s
0
( ) V s
R
1/sC
Low Pass Filter RC Circuit
Evaluate the transfer function at :

The magnitude of transfer function:
This has a maximum at DC, 0
giving H(
2 2 2
1
( )
1
1
( )
1
s j
H j
j RC
H j
R C

=
=
+
= =
+
j ) when 0 1 = =
2 2 2
1
( )
1
H j
R C

=
+

From previous slide:
+
-
( )
i
V s
0
( ) V s
R
1/sC
Low Pass Filter RC Circuit
The cut-off frequency is where the response has fallen
from its maximum by a factor of 2
This yields,
; at this frequency:

2
( ) 1
1 1
( )
2
c c
RC
H j
RC

=
= =
Bode Plot
A Bode plot is a graphical technique that gives a feel for
the frequency response of a circuit.
The Bode magnitude and phase plots can be quickly and
easily approximately by using a series of straight lines.
Poles and Zeros indicate break frequencies. Poles and Zeros indicate break frequencies.
The frequency of the Bode plots are plotted against a
logarithmic frequency axis (3 or 4 decades).
The Bode magnitude plot measures the system
Output/Input ratio in special unit called decibel (dB).
10
20log
out
in
V
dB
V
=
Bode Plot - Bode Magnitude Plots
Step 1: Solve zeros and poles of the transfer function.
Step 2: Use frequency=0 as the starting point, and
convert the magnitude into decibel.
How to plot ?
The locations of every magnitude Poles and Zeros are The locations of every magnitude Poles and Zeros are
break frequencies. At Zero break frequency, the slope of
the line increases by 20dB/decade per zero. At a pole,
the slope of the line decreases by 20dB/decade per pole.
At a Zero break frequency, the actual value of the zero
increases from the straight line plot by 3 dB, and pole is
3 dB decreases.
Bode Plot - Bode Phase Plots
For every Zero, slope the line up 45/decade, while
is one decade before the break frequency. Flatten the
slope when the phase change by 90.
For every Pole, slope the line down 45/decade, while
is one decade before the break frequency. Flatten the
slope when the phase change by -90. slope when the phase change by -90.
Plot H(j ) on a log-log scale
pole of H(s) is
For and
1
1 ( ) 1
1
c
c
s
RC
RC H j

= =
<< >>
( ) , H j dB
2 2 2
1
( )
1
H j
R C

=
+

Bode Plot
For and
Then providing a plot: log vs. log
1
1 ( )
( ) , ,
c
c
RC H j
RC
H j

>> << =
log ,
1000
c

c
100
c
10
c

10
c

100
c

High Pass Filter RC Circuit

+
-
( )
i
V s ( )
o
V s R
1/sC
Evaluate the transfer function at
( )
1
s j
j
H j
j
RC

=
=
+

0
0
( ) ( )
1
( )
( )
1 1
( )
i
i
R
V s V s
R
sC
V s R s
H s
V s
R s
sC RC
= =
+
= = =
+ +
Transfer Function:
c
magnitude is then:

cut-off frequency:

2
2
( )
1
1 1
( )
2
c
RC
H j
RC
H j
RC

=

+


= =
Pole
=
1
/
( )
1 / 1
c
c
c
p
RC
j j
H j
j j

= =
=
+ +

Plot the Bode magnitude of the transfer function (Bode)

High Pass Filter RC Circuit
c
c
for ; and
for ;

1 / 1
1 ( )
( ) 1
c
c
j j
RC H j
H j

+ +
<< <<
>>
( ) , H j dB
log ,
c

+
-
( )
i
V s
( )
O
V s
R
sL
( )
1
s j
L
j
R
H j
L
j
R

=



=

+


Evaluate the transfer function at

The magnitude of the transfer function is then:
High Pass Filter RL Circuit
2
2
( )
1
L
R
H j
L
R

=

+


The magnitude of the transfer function is then:

0
( )
( )
( )
1
i
L
s
V s sL
R
H s
L
V s R sL
s
R



= = =
+
+



max
cut-off frequency:

H 1 while ; therefore
max
1
( )
2
c
c
c
H j H
R
L

=
= =
( ) , H j dB
Plot the magnitude of the transfer function (Bode)
Pole

/
( )
c
c
R
p
L
j
H j

= =
=
High Pass Filter RL Circuit
log ,
c

c
c

for ;
for ;

/
( )
/ 1
( )
( ) 1
c
c
c
j
H j
j
H j
H j

=
+
<<
>>
| ) ( | j y
sL
C
Series LC:
( ) Z j
Band Pass Filter LC Circuit
0

| ) ( | j y

0
0
,
0,
y at
Z at

when numerator
0
1
; 0
LC
= =
2
2
1 1
1-
( )
LCs
Z sL
sC sC
LC
Z j
j C

+
= + =
=
sL
2 2
2
1 1
1-
( )
s LCs
Z sC
sL sL
LC
y j
j L

+
= + =
=
Parallel LC:
Band Pass Filter LC Circuit
1/sC
0

| ) ( | j Z

0
, at Z
0

| ) ( | j y

0
0
0,
,
y at
Z at

when ; numerator 0
0
1
LC
= =
j L
( )
O
V s
using voltage divider rule

0
( )
( )
1
( )
i
V s R
H s
V s
sL R
sC
= =
+ +
Series RLC Band pass filter:
Band Pass Filter RLC Circuit
( )
O
V s
( )
i
V s

2
( )
1
sC
sRC
H s
s LC sRC
=
+ +
0
R
s
s
Q

Series RLC Band pass filter:

Re-write H(s) to standard form
for 2
nd
order denominator: ( )
O
V s
( )
i
V s
Band Pass Filter RLC Circuit
0
c1

Where : ( center frequency)
Quality factor(ratio of center frequency to bandwidth)
bandwidth)

2 2 2
0
0
0
2
( )
1
1
(
c
s
s
Q
L
H s
R
s s s s
L LC Q
LC
Q

= =
+ + + +
=
=
=

0
R
Q L

= In this example:
0 R
s
s
Q
L

( )
O
V s
( )
i
V s
Therefore,
Band Pass Filter RLC Circuit
0 0
2 2
0
2 2 2 2
0
0
0
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
j
Q Q
H j H j
j
Q
Q

= =
+ +
+
so that
2 2 2
0
0
( )
1
s
Q
L
H s
R
s s s s
L LC Q

= =
+ + + +
Evaluate transfer function using s=j
0
2 2 2 2
0
0
( )
( ) ( )
Q
H j
Q

=
+
0
The maximum occurs while =
Band Pass Filter RLC Circuit
( ) ( )
This condition yields:

2
2
2 2 2 2
0 0
0 0
c c
c c
Q Q



= =


( )
The cutoff frequency:

2 2
2
2 2
0 0
0
( ) 1;
1
( ) 2
2
c c
c c
H j
H j
Q Q

=

= + =


The cutoff frequencies are then
2
2
0 0
0 2
2 4
c
Q Q

= +
Take only the 2 postive roots:
2
1 1
, (
| }
, (
Band Pass Filter RLC Circuit
c1 c2
0

The bandwidth is
For the series RLC BPF
1 0
2
2 0
0
1 1
1
2 2
1 1
1
2 2
c
c
Q Q
Q Q
Q
R
Q L

, (
| }
, (
= +
| ]
, (
\
_
, (
| }
, (
= + +
| ]
, (
\
_
= = =
= =
Using voltage divider rule

0
1
( )
( )
1
( )
i
sL
V s
sC
H s
V s
sL R
sC
+
= =
+ +
( )
O
V s
( )
i
V s
Band Reject Filter RLC Circuit


write this as:


2
2 2
0
2 2
2 0
0
1
( )
1
s
s
LC
H s
R
s s
s s
Q
L LC

+
+
= =

+ +
+ +




2
2
1
( )
1
sC
s LC
H s
s LC sRC
+
=
+ +
2 2
2 2
0
0
( ) ( ) H j H j

= =
This has the same denominator as the series RLC BPF
0
0
1
;
R
Q L
LC

= =
Band Reject Filter RLC Circuit
2 2
0
2 2 2 2
0
0
0
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
H j H j
j
Q
Q

= =
+
+

The maximum occurs while or 0
( 0) ( ) 1 H j H j
=
= =
( ) ( )
The cutoff frequency are where the magnitude
has fallen by 2 ; leads to:

(same condition as for the series BPF)
2
2
2 2 2 2
0 0
0 0
c c
c c
Q Q



= =


Band Reject Filter RLC Circuit
(same condition as for the series BPF)
2
0
2
0
1 1
1
2 2
1 1
1
2 2
Q Q
Q Q


, (
| }
, (
= +
, ]
, (
\

, (
| }
, (
= + +
, ]
, (
\

c1
c2

Filter Characteristics
Consider:

1 1
1
( ) ( )
1
H s H j
s
= =
+
j 1 +
1
Low Pass

2 2
( ) ( )
1
s
H s H j
s
= =
+
Denominator (poles): determine characteristics such as
Numerator (zeros): determine which part of the band is passed
0
, , Q
j 1 +
j
High Pass
Second order filter transfer function:
Write the polynomials of s in increasing powers of s
Filter Characteristics
Example
0
v
i
v
R=300
+
-
L=40H C=25nF
+
-
0 0
c1
c2
(a) (b) f
(c) Q (d)
(e) (f)
Find:
0
v
i
v
( )
s
V s
1
L
Ls
Answer:
Example
0
( )
1 1
( )
i
s
V s
L
V s RCL LS R
s
C RC LC
= = = =
+ +
+ + + +
2
2
L
Ls
C RC
H(s)
R
s
RLs s
sC

2 12
0 6 9
6
1 1
10
40 10 25 10
10
LC
r
s

= = =

=
0
(a)

0
0
0
0
2
2
1
1
f
Q
Q RC

= =
1
= =
1

= =
1
1
| }
1
= + = +
1
| 1
6 -9
6
(b) 159.15KHz
(c) RC
10 300 25 10 7.5
1 1 1
(d) 1 10 1
Answer:
Example
1
15
1
15

1
| }
1
= + = +
1
| 1
1 \ /


=
1
= + +
1

6
c1 0
6
c2
1 1 1
(d) 1 10 1
2Q 2Q 225
kr
935.55
s
1
(e) 10 1
225

0
068.89
133.33
Q

=
= = = =
c2 c1
kr
1
s
kr
(f)
s