Fundamentals of

Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering

Electronic & Communication Engineering
Danang University of Technology
Lecture 8
Response of Second-Order
RLC Circuit RLC Circuit
(chapter 8)
Preview
Be able to determine the natural response of both
parallel RLC & series RLC circuits
Be able to determine the step response of both parallel
RLC & series RLC circuits
Understand the circuit with two Integrating Amplifiers Understand the circuit with two Integrating Amplifiers
Problem & Methodology
Circuits with two energy storage elements are called second
order circuits, because they give rise to second order linear
differential equations.
The most interesting behavior of these circuits happens in
the RLC circuit, with an inductor and a capacitor. the RLC circuit, with an inductor and a capacitor.
Second order circuits are solved in much the same way as
first order circuits, by writing the form of the solution and
then finding the coefficients from initial and steady state
conditions. It's a little more complicated.
General Configurations
Parallel RLC circuit for studying
Series RLC circuit for studying
Parallel RLC circuit for studying
natural response
Parallel RLC circuit for studying
step response
Series RLC circuit for studying
natural response
Series RLC circuit for studying
step response
Natural Response of Parallel RLC Circuit
Natural response:
v
0
: initial voltage across capacitor C
i
0
: initial current through inductor L
Look for general solution to the parallel RLC circuit ?
Second-Order Differential Equation
Classical Approach
(why A & e
st
<> 0 ?)
Solution to Characteristic Equation
Denote that sum of these 2 Denote that sum of these 2
solutions is a solution too
or complex frequencies
(rad/s)
(rad/s)
(rad/s)
Solution to Characteristic Equation
(both roots will be real & distinct)
(both roots will be real)
(both roots will be complex &
conjugate each other)
Damping affects the way that the voltage response reaches its
final state which is named as Steady-State
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
Solution to Characteristic Equation
Solution to Characteristic Equation
Example/ Overdamped Response
Example/ Overdamped Response
Example/ Overdamped Response
The Underdamped Response
The Underdamped Response
The Underdamped Response
Example/ Underdamped Response
Example/ Underdamped Response
Characteristics of Underdamped Response
(damping coefficients)
(when = 0)
(whenever there is a dissipative element R in the circuit, is not zero)
The Critically Damped Response
(two independent initial conditions)
The Critically Damped Response
Example/ Critically Damped Response
Example/ Critically Damped Response
overdamped example
Summary: Natural Response
Step Response of Parallel RLC Circuit
Step Response of Parallel RLC Circuit
(V
0
: initial voltage stored in C)
(I
0
: initial current stored
in L)
Step Response of Parallel RLC Circuit
O
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
Example/ Step Response
(the current source I flows
through C completely)
Example/ Step Response
Summary: Step Response
Summary: Natural / Step Response
KVL:
Natural Response of Series RLC Circuit
Rearrange:
Differentiate:
KVL:
Characteristic Equation:
Solution to Characteristic Equation
Solution to Characteristic Equation
Step Response of Series RLC Circuit
Example/ Natural Response
(V
C
= constant at SS)
Find V
C
after opening switch at t = 0 ?
Example/ Natural Response
Example/ Natural Response
( i
L
(0+) = i
C
(0+) = 5A )
Example/ Natural Response
Study Guide Section 8.1
a. What two variables represent initial stored energy in RLC circuits?
b. How can you tell whether the response form of an RLC circuit is the
natural response or the step response by looking only at the circuit?
c. Why are RLC circuits also called second-order circuit?
d. Define the term characteristic equation. What is the characteristic
equation for a parallel RLC circuit?
e. How can you determine whether a parallel RLC circuits response will
be underdamped, overdamped, or critically damped?
f. Solve Assessment Problem 8.1 and Chapter Problem 8.1.
Study Guide Section 8.2
a. Why is it best to calculate the voltage drop across the capacitor in a parallel RLC
circuit? Once you have determined the capacitor voltage, how can you determine
the voltage and current for the resistor and inductor, and the current for the
capacitor?
b. The overdamped natural response, given in Eq. 8.18, has four unknowns: s
1
, s
2
,
A
1
, and A
2
. s
1
and s
2
are easy to find just find and
0
from the values of R, L,
and C and substitute them into Eq. 8.14 and 8.15. Remember that s
1
and s
2
are real and C and substitute them into Eq. 8.14 and 8.15. Remember that s
1
and s
2
are real
numbers for the overdamped response. A
1
and A
2
are harder to find. We must
solve two simultaneous equations for v(0
+
) and dv(0
+
)/dt to find A
1
and A
2
. The first
equation is constructed by equating v(0
+
) for the natural response equation (Eq.
8.18) with v(0
+
) from the circuit. From the equation,
From the circuit, the initial value of v must be the initial voltage drop across the
capacitor.
2 1
) 0 (
2
) 0 (
1
) 0 (
2
) 0 (
1
2 1
) 0 ( A A e A e A e A e A v
s s
+ = + = + =
+ + + +
+
Study Guide Section 8.2
The second equation is constructed by equating dv(0
+
)/dt from the natural response
equation (Eq. 8.18) with dv(0
+
)/dt from the circuit. From the equation,
The circuit does not directly yield the initial value of dv/dt. In fact, the only place
dv/dt enters into the circuit is via the equation for the capacitor current: i
C
(t) =
Cdv/dt. Therefore, dv(0
+
)/dt = i
C
(0
+
)/C. But i
c
(0
+
) is not an initial condition the
2 2 1 1
) 0 (
2 2
) 0 (
1 1 2 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
) 0 (
A s A s e A s e A s
dt
dv
e A s e A s
dt
dv
s s t s t s
+ = + = + =
+ +
+
Cdv/dt. Therefore, dv(0
+
)/dt = i
C
(0
+
)/C. But i
c
(0
+
) is not an initial condition the
initial conditions are the voltage across the capacitor and the current through the
inductor. But KCL at the top node of the circuit gives
i
C
(t) + i
R
(t) + i
L
(t) = 0 so i
C
(t) = i
R
(t) i
L
(t) and i
C
(0
+
) = i
R
(0
+
) i
L
(0
+
). While i
L
(0
+
) is
an initial condition, i
R
(0
+
) is not. But using Ohms law, i
R
(t) = v(t)/R so i
R
(0
+
) =
v(0
+
)/R. Therefore, the second equation needed to solve for A
1
and A
2
is
The only unknowns in the second equation are A
1
and A
2
, since the other variables
are component values, initial conditions, and s
1
and s
2
.
C
i R v
A s A s
L
) 0 ( / ) 0 (
2 2 1 1
+ +

= +
Study Guide Section 8.2
c. Make a table with three columns labeled Overdamped, Underdamped, and
Critically Damped, and with rows labeled Relation between and
0
, Form of
the voltage response, Roots of the characteristic equation, and Equations for
unknowns in the voltage response. Fill in the overdamped column. Title the table
Natural and Step Response of Parallel RLC Circuits and subtitle it with the
equations for and
0
.
d. Solve Assessment Problem 8.2 and Chapter Problem 8.16.
e. What is the difference between s
1
and s
2
for the overdamped response and s
1
and s
2
for the underdamped response?
f. We also need two equations to find the values of B
1
and B
2
in the underdamped
response (Eq. 8.28). Those equations again arise by equating v(0
+
) for the circuit
with v(0
+
) from the equation for the underdamped response, and equating dv(0
+
)/dt
for the circuit with dv(0
+
)/dt from the equation for the underdamped response. Of
course, v(0
+
) from the circuit is the same as it was for the overdamped response
and dv(0
+
)/dt from the circuit is the same as it was for the overdamped response.
Study Guide Section 8.2
For the equation for the underdamped response,
The first equation is thus v(0
+
) = B
1
, where v(0
+
) is the initial capacitor voltage. Also
so
1 2 1
) 0 (
2
) 0 (
1
) 0 )( 1 ( ) 1 )( 1 ( ) 0 ( sin ) 0 ( cos ) 0 ( B B B e B e B v
d d
= + = + =
+ + +
+ +


) cos sin ( ) sin cos ( / ) (
2 1
t e t e B t e t e B dt t dv
d
t
d d
t
d
t
d d
t


+ + =
2 1 2 1
)] 1 )( 1 ( ) 0 )( 1 ( [ )] 0 )( 1 ( ) 1 )( 1 ( [ / ) 0 ( B B B B dt dv
d d d
+ = + + =
+
The second equation is thus
g. Fill in the column in your table with the heading Underdamped.
h. Describe in words the difference between the overdamped response and the
underdamped response.
i. Solve Assessment Problem 8.4 and Chapter Problem 8.17.
j. How are s
1
and s
2
for the critically-damped response different from s
1
and s
2
for
the other two response forms?
2 1
) 0 ( / ) 0 (
/ ) 0 ( B B
C
i R v
dt dv
d
L
+ =

=
+ +
+
Study Guide Section 8.2
k. We also need two equations to find the values of D
1
and D
2
in the underdamped
response (Eq. 8.34). Those equations again arise by equating v(0
+
) for the circuit
with v(0
+
) from the equation for the critically-damped response, and equating
dv(0
+
)/dt for the circuit with dv(0
+
)/dt from the equation for the critically damped
response. Of course, v(0
+
) from the circuit is the same as it was for the other
response forms, and dv(0
+
)/dt from the circuit is the same as it was for the other
response forms. For the equation for the critically damped response,
= + = + =
+ +
+ +
The first equation is thus v(0
+
) = D
2
, where v(0
+
) is the initial capacitor voltage. Also
so
The second equation is thus
2 2 1
) 0 (
2
) 0 (
1
) 1 ( ) 1 )( 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( D D D e D e D v = + = + =
+ +
+ +
) ( ) ( / ) (
2 1
t t t
e D te e D dt t dv



+ =
2 1 2 1
)] 1 ( [ )] 1 )( 0 ( ) 1 [( / ) 0 ( D D D D dt dv = + =
+
2 1
) 0 ( / ) 0 (
/ ) 0 ( D D
C
i R v
dt dv
L
=

=
+ +
+
Study Guide Section 8.3
In the first-order RL and RC circuits from Chapter 7, a step response occurred when
the circuit had a source present as t . The same holds true for second order
RLC circuits. In the parallel RLC circuit the source will be a current source and the
easiest final value to compute is the final current in the inductor.
This is because as t the capacitor behaves as an open circuit, the inductor
behaves as a short circuit, so all the current from the source flows through the
inductor. The final value of the inductor current is thus the source current. The inductor. The final value of the inductor current is thus the source current. The
three response forms are
) ( ' ' ) (
2 1
2 1
overdamped e A e A I t i
t s t s
f L
+ + =
) ( sin ' cos ' ) (
2 1
d underdampe t e B t e B I t i
d
t
d
t
f L


+ + =
) ( ' ' ) (
2 1
damped critically e D te D I t i
t t
f L

+ + =
Study Guide Section 8.3
Thus,
And
) ( ' ' ) 0 (
2 1
overdamped A A I i
f L
+ + =
+
) ( ' ) 0 (
1
d underdampe B I i
f L
+ =
+
) ( ' ) 0 (
2
damped critically D I i
f L
+ =
+
) ( ' ' / ) 0 (
2 2 1 1
overdamped A s A s dt di
L
+ =
+
From the circuit, i
L
(0
+
) is the initial inductor current and di
L
(0
+
)/dt = v
C
(0
+
)/L, since v
L
= Ldi
L
/dt and v
L
= v
C
.
Add the equations above to your table using a row labeled Step Response Inductor
Current and Coefficient Equations for Step Response.
) ( ' ' / ) 0 (
2 1
d underdampe B B dt di
d L
+ =
+
) ( ' ' / ) 0 (
2 1
damped critically D D dt di
L
=
+
Study Guide Section 8.3
b. Look at the current response plots in Fig. 8.13. Predict what the plot
would look like for R = 5 k. Predict what the plot would look like for R
= 50 .
c. Once you have determined i
L
(t) for the parallel RLC step response,
what is the easiest way to get
i. The voltage drop across the parallel elements, v(t)? i. The voltage drop across the parallel elements, v(t)?
ii. The current through the resistor, i
R
(t)?
iii. The current through the capacitor, i
C
(t)?
d. Solve Chapter Problems 8.24 8.26.
Study Guide Section 8.4 8.5
a. Create a table just like the one for the parallel RLC circuit. Use the same row and
column headings, use the title Series RLC Natural and Step Response, and
subtitle with the equations for and
0
. Complete the table as you read this section
and make note of the following differences between the two tables:
i. The equation for : Parallel: 1/2RC; Series: R/2L;
ii. The variable used to define the natural response: Parallel: v(t); Series: i(t);
iii. The equation from the circuit for the initial value of the derivative in the natural
response: response:
Parallel: dv
C
(0
+
)/dt = (v
C
(0
+
)/R + i
L
(0
+
))/C; Series: di
L
(0
+
)/dt = (v
C
(0
+
) +Ri
L
(0
+
))/L;
iv. The variable used to define the step response: Parallel: i
L
(t); Series: v
C
(t);
v. The equation from the circuit for the initial value of the derivatives in the step
response: Parallel: di
L
(0
+
)/dt = v
C
(0
+
)/L; Series: dv
C
(0
+
)/dt = i
L
(0
+
)/C;
Compare the two tables and note the symmetry!
b. Solve Chapter Problems 8.40, 8.42, and 8.46.
c. Describe in words the relationship between v
g
and v
o
in the circuit of Fig. 8.18.
d. What is the purpose of adding the feedback resistors R
1
and R
2
in the circuit of
Fig. 8.20?
e. How has the relationship between v
g
and v
o
changed from Fig. 8.18 to Fig. 8.20?